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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Want-sets"
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Smith, Mark A. "Does Business Learn?: Tax Breaks, Uncertainty, and Political Strategies. By Sandra L. Suarez. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. 192p. $47.50." American Political Science Review 95, nr 2 (czerwiec 2001): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055401492021.
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Sandra Suarez sets out to understand why corporations choose certain political strategies rather than others. She argues that firms want to maximize profits and recognize that politics affects their ability to do so, but they cannot easily translate their interests into concrete political strategies.
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Griffiths, Owen, i A. C. Paseau. "Ways of Being and Logicality". Journal of Philosophy 120, nr 2 (2023): 94–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jphil202312025.
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Ontological monists hold that there is only one way of being, while ontological pluralists hold that there are many; for example, concrete objects like tables and chairs exist in a different way from abstract objects like numbers and sets. Correspondingly, the monist will want the familiar existential quantifier as a primitive logical constant, whereas the pluralist will want distinct ones, such as for abstract and concrete existence. In this paper, we consider how the debate between the monist and pluralist relates to the standard test for logicality. We deploy this test and show that it favors the monist.
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G.-Tóth, Boglárka, i Vladik Kreinovich. "Verified Methods for Computing Pareto Sets: General Algorithmic Analysis". International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 19, nr 3 (1.09.2009): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10006-009-0031-5.
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Verified Methods for Computing Pareto Sets: General Algorithmic AnalysisIn many engineering problems, we face multi-objective optimization, with several objective functionsf1, …,fn. We want to provide the user with the Pareto set—a set of all possible solutionsxwhich cannot be improved in all categories (i.e., for whichfj(x') ≥fj(x) for alljandfj(x') >fj(x) for somejis impossible). The user should be able to select an appropriate trade-off between, say, cost and durability. We extend the general results about (verified) algorithmic computability of maxima locations to show that Pareto sets can also be computed.
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Alaeiyan, Mehdi, i Saeid Mohammadian. "Graph Polynomials". ISRN Algebra 2011 (25.08.2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/193560.
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One of the most important and applied concepts in graph theory is to find the edge cover, vertex cover, and dominating sets with minimum cardinal also to find independence and matching sets with maximum cardinal and their polynomials. Although there exist some algorithms for finding some of them (Kuhn and Wattenhofer, 2003; and Mihelic and Robic, 2005), but in this paper we want to study all of these concepts from viewpoint linear and binary programming and we compute the coefficients of the polynomials by solving a system of linear equations with variables.
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Helmbold, Bruce. "Words We Would Want: Comparison of Three Pre-programmed Vocabulary Sets With Frequently Used Words in English". Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication 17, nr 4 (grudzień 2008): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/aac17.4.156.
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Abstract In this descriptive study, three pre-programmed vocabulary sets—Picture WordPower 45 location (Inman Innovations), Unity 45 Full vs. 4.06 (Prentke-Romich Company), and Gateway 60 vs. 1.06.18 (Dynavox Technologies)—were examined for word-based vocabulary content and keystrokes per word. The vocabulary contents of the each set were then compared to the thousand most common words as identified by two different listings apiece, that published in Word Frequencies in Written and Spoken English based on the British National Corpus (BNC), and Wiktionary TV/Movie Frequency Lists (2006). The pre-programmed vocabulary set best representing these frequency lists was Unity 45 Full, followed by Gateway 60 and Picture WordPower. The vocabulary sets using the fewest average keystrokes per word, based on frequency lists, were Picture WordPower and Gateway 60 followed by Unity 45 Full. Results provide an aid for evaluating the comparative merits of pre-programmed vocabulary sets, such as inclusion of frequently used English words and relative keystroke savings.
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Akser, Murat. "Diversity and Inclusion in Film, Television and Media Sector: Policy Alternatives for an Inclusive Film Industry and Training". CINEJ Cinema Journal 9, nr 1 (14.07.2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cinej.2021.414.
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This issue of CINEJ Cinema Journal observed the slow recovery from the destructive effects of COVID-19 global pandemic on filmmaking, film distribution and exhibition, and teaching film at HE institutions. One development that is on the agenda is diversity and inclusion in film industry, film education and film studies/criticism as institution. The diversity of film sets has been voiced and is gaining momentum at creative top of the line levels of director, producer and screenwriters Still obstacles remain for those who want to move from entry to mid-level both in film industry as creatives and for academics who want to enter white dominated academia.
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Wolff, Jonathan. "Rational, Fair, and Reasonable". Utilitas 8, nr 3 (listopad 1996): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800004994.
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There can be no doubt that Brian Barry has made an enormous contribution to the clarification of the ideas of justice current in contemporary political thought. In Barry's Justice as Impartiality he explicitly distinguishes and sets in competition three models of justice: justice as mutual advantage; justice as reciprocity; and justice as impartiality (the ‘rational’, ‘fair’, and ‘reasonable’ of my title), and he argues that we should prefer the last of these. What I want to do here is to consider four questions. First, what is this competition a competition about? Second, has Barry adequately characterized the contenders? Third, can the competition be won on the grounds Barry suggests? Fourth, is it a competition that we should want to be won by a single theory? By contrast I want to argue that there are advantages in retaining a pluralist perspective in which all three approaches remain in play.
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Byrne, Chris. "Emotional Engineering". International Journal of Engineering, Social Justice, and Peace 2, nr 2 (29.12.2013): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijesjp.v2i2.5105.
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I want to talk about emotions. Well, I don’t really want to. Frankly, not having to deal with emotions was one of the attributes of engineering that attracted me to this field of study. I liked keeping interactions on an intellectual level. Answers to Math and Physics homework sets were cut and dried and the odd numbered ones could be found in the back of the book. There was security in knowing the right answer. However, despite the promise of clarity, even as an engineer, I found questions finding their way in, or their way out, questions that were rooted in my emotional landscape. Is this all there is? What do I want my life to be about? How am I making the world a better place by the work that I do? These weren’t academic questions for me; they were soul searching questions that challenged the core of my identity. Could I be an engineer and be whole, whatever that might mean? I’m proud of the work I have done to become an engineer, but there is something missing.
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SCHREIBER, THOMAS. "EFFICIENT NEIGHBOR SEARCHING IN NONLINEAR TIME SERIES ANALYSIS". International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 05, nr 02 (kwiecień 1995): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127495000296.
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We want to encourage the use of fast algorithms to find nearest neighbors in k-dimensional space. We review methods which are particularly useful for the study of time-series data from chaotic systems. As an example, a simple box-assisted method and possible refinements are described in some detail. The efficiency of the method is compared to the naive approach and to a multidimensional tree for some exemplary data sets.
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Kaczynski, Tomasz, Marian Mrozek i Anik Trahan. "Ideas from Zariski Topology in the Study of Cubical Homology". Canadian Journal of Mathematics 59, nr 5 (1.10.2007): 1008–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-2007-043-3.
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AbstractCubical sets and their homology have been used in dynamical systems as well as in digital imaging. We take a fresh look at this topic, following Zariski ideas from algebraic geometry. The cubical topology is defined to be a topology in ℝd in which a set is closed if and only if it is cubical. This concept is a convenient frame for describing a variety of important features of cubical sets. Separation axioms which, in general, are not satisfied here, characterize exactly those pairs of points which we want to distinguish. The noetherian property guarantees the correctness of the algorithms. Moreover, maps between cubical sets which are continuous and closed with respect to the cubical topology are precisely those for whom the homology map can be defined and computed without grid subdivisions. A combinatorial version of the Vietoris–Begle theorem is derived. This theorem plays the central role in an algorithm computing homology of maps which are continuous with respect to the Euclidean topology.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Want-sets"
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Mahesh, Babu Vaddi. "Adjacent Independent Row (Air) Matrices and Index Coding". Thesis, 2018. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5406.
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An index coding problem, comprises a transmitter that has a set of independent
messages and a set of receivers. Each receiver knows a subset of messages, called
its side-information, and demands another subset of messages, called its want-set.
The transmitter can take cognizance of the side-information of the receivers and
broadcast coded messages, called the index code, over a noiseless channel. The
objective is to minimize the number of coded transmissions, called the length of the
index code, such that each receiver can decode its wanted messages using its sideinformation
and the coded messages. An index coding problem is single unicast if
the want-sets of the receivers are disjoint and the cardinality of want-set of every
receiver is one. In a single unicast index coding problem, we have equal number of
messages and receivers. A single unicast index coding problem is called symmetric
if the side-information of the receivers is symmetric with respect to their wanted
message. Motivated with topological interference management problems, Maleki,
Cadambe and Jafar studied the symmetric index coding problems. This thesis
deals with the symmetric index coding problems and present some interesting
results.
In this work, we construct binary matrices of size m × n such that any n
adjacent rows of the matrix are linearly independent over every finite field for any
arbitrary positive integers m and n (m ≥ n). We call these matrices as Adjacency
Independent Row (AIR) matrices. We derive combinatorial properties of AIR
matrices.
We use AIR matrices to construct optimal or near-optimal index codes for various
symmetric settings. By using the combinatorial properties of AIR matrices,
we give a simple low-complexity decoding procedure for the constructed optimal
or near-optimal index codes. By using this decoding procedure, we give a reduced set of side-information required by each receiver to decode its wanted message. We
also derive bounds on the broadcast rate of two well known classes of symmetric
settings and derive the capacity for some special cases of the same.
The interlinked cycle (IC) structure, that generalizes cycles and cliques was
defined by Thapa, Ong and Johnson. Interlinked-cycle-cover (ICC) scheme that
leverages IC structures as side-information graphs to construct scalar linear index
codes was proposed. A class of infinitely many digraphs, where the proposed
scalar linear codes based on ICC scheme are optimal were characterized. Thapa
et. al. conjectured that for any IC structure, the ICC scheme is optimal. It was
also conjectured that for any digraph, the ICC scheme performs at least as well as
the partial-clique-cover scheme. In this work, we disprove both the conjectures.
We provide an addition to the class of IC structures by providing optimal length
index codes for IC structures with one cycle among non-inner vertex set.
Książki na temat "Want-sets"
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IGOShIN, Vladimir. Logic with elements of mathematical logic. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1856361.
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In the textbook, traditional logic is presented from the point of view of mathematical logic. Mathematization begins with the study of the topic "Concept", continues with the topic "Judgment" and reaches its greatest effectiveness in the study of deductive reasoning. Thus, the most effective part of traditional logic is subjected to mathematization.
The issues of the relationship between logic and intuition in thought processes, the role of language in them, as well as plausible conclusions and elements of the theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic are considered.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is addressed primarily to students of mathematical fields of study and specialties of universities, especially future teachers of mathematics and computer science, studying both at the bachelor's and master's level at pedagogical and classical universities. It will also be useful for students of humanities and university specialties — lawyers, philosophers, political scientists, sociologists, economists, historians, philologists, linguists who study traditional logic and want to learn how mathematical methods penetrate into humanitarian fields of knowledge, including the direction of "Applied Informatics".
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Hatten, Timothy S. Small business: Entrepreneurship and beyond. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1997.
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Hatten, Timothy S. Small business: Entrepreneurship and beyond. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1997.
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Brooks, Stacy. How to Win People over and Make Them Want to Be Around You: Proven Sets of Tips and Strategies to Gain More Charm, Attract More People, Make Friends and Connect Seamlessly. Independently Published, 2022.
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Heath, Anthony F., Elisabeth Garratt, Ridhi Kashyap, Yaojun Li i Lindsay Richards. Beveridge’s Five Giants and Other Challenges to Social Progress. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805489.003.0001.
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In his landmark 1942 report on the reform of social insurance Sir William Beveridge talked about the ‘five giants on the road to reconstruction’—the giants of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness. This introductory chapter sets out the aims of the book, namely to measure how much progress Britain has made in tackling these five giants in the decades since Beveridge wrote, and how Britain’s social progress compares with that of peer countries such as France and Germany. Has Britain’s increased inequality been mirrored in other domains such as health, education, and housing? Have inequalities of opportunity between social classes, men and women, and different ethnic groups increased? And what have been the implications for Britain’s sense of social cohesion?
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Norris, Andrew. Receiving Autonomy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190673949.003.0006.
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This chapter presents Cavell’s Emersonian perfectionism as a response to and interpretation of Kant. For Cavell, receptivity is the key to Emerson’s inheritance of Kant’s theoretical philosophy, as partiality is the key to his inheritance of Kant’s practical philosophy. Partiality for Emerson names both the individual agent’s inherent lack and its want for change and growth. The shameful experience of lack is the precondition for the transformative encounter with an exemplary other who enables the self’s conversion of the nihilistic conformity of everyday life as it is now lived. The chapter argues that Cavell’s insistence that Emersonian perfectionism sets itself against any idea of ultimate perfection does not condemn Cavell’s agents to an endless and hence nihilistic pursuit of an unrealizable telos, as it might seem, but instead furnishes the basis for democratic hope.
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Watson, Maggie, i Luigi Grassi. Recognizing and Managing Suicide Risk. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491857.003.0004.
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Suicide rates for cancer patients are above those of the general population and higher than for patients with other medical conditions. The underdiagnosis and/or misdiagnosis of clinical depression and suicide risk by cancer health professionals emphasizes the importance of training in recognizing, assessing, and appropriately managing suicide risk. This chapter covers evidence on assessment of suicide risk, clinical management, and legal and ethical responsibilities that should help reduce and/or improve management of suicide risk. While oncology professionals may want to share with mental health professionals those aspects of cancer patient care relating to their patients’ mental health needs, the ability to manage serious psychological symptoms and deal with a patient in crisis due to suicide risk often lies primarily within the oncology professional’s domain of responsibility. This chapter briefly sets out information that should be useful in managing these aspects of cancer patient care.
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Jones, David K. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677237.003.0001.
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The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is the most significant health reform legislation enacted in generations. However, politics does not end after a bill is signed into law. This chapter outlines why states were given such a prominent role in the implementation of core elements of the ACA, including the health insurance exchanges. This sets the stage for the question of this book: given that state leaders say they want flexibility and that Republicans say they prefer market-oriented reforms, why did so many states reject state control over exchanges? I outline the four main insights from the case study chapters: (1) the importance of governors, (2) the power of the Tea Party, (3) the ways in which differences in institutional design and procedures shaped policy outcomes, and (4) the importance of leadership. I ask whether this episode supports or undermines the federalism notion of states as laboratories of learning.
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Timmermann, Marybeth, tłum. Preface to Divorce in France. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039003.003.0033.
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For most women, marriage is a trap that society sets for them starting in childhood and into which they blindly fall as soon as adolescence is over. Having no experience with life, men, or themselves, they bind their existence to that of a stranger. Certainly there are some happy unions; many are tolerable. But for many couples who have come together by chance or through misunderstandings, conjugal life is a small hell. In general, the man most easily makes the best of it because he runs away from it; he works, he is independent. Supported by him, stuck in the home, the traditional woman is imprisoned in her function as wife, even if she can no longer bear it. After several years of slavery, many women dream of liberating themselves. If they really want it, divorce is one solution that is available to them. That is what Claire Cayron has chosen. And it has not been easy for her. But she has also come to understand how fallacious are some of the arguments that condemn it. She wanted her experience to benefit all women affected by this matter....
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Pettigrew, Richard. Choosing for Changing Selves. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814962.001.0001.
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What we value, like, endorse, want, and prefer changes over the course of our lives. Sometimes this is a result of decisions we make—such as when we choose to become a parent or move to a new country—and sometimes it is caused by forces beyond our control—such as when our political views change as we grow older. This poses a problem for any theory of how we ought to make decisions. Which values and preferences should we appeal to when we are making our decisions? Our current values? Our past ones? Our future ones? Or some amalgamation of all of them? But if that, which amalgamation? This book presents a theory of rational decision-making for people whose values have changed in the past and might change again in the future. It begins with expected utility theory, the orthodox theory of rational choice, and raises the problem of choosing for changing selves in that context. It then offers a new decision theory that avoids the problem. In the process, the book considers a host of related problems: Is it rational to give less weight to your far future preferences than to those in your near future? Can we have moral obligations to pursue the goals of our past selves? Do we know enough about our future preferences to make rational decisions that are sufficiently sensitive to them? How should we combine competing sets of values into a single set?
Części książek na temat "Want-sets"
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Wagner, Martin. "Solutions to Plastic Pollution: A Conceptual Framework to Tackle a Wicked Problem". W Microplastic in the Environment: Pattern and Process, 333–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78627-4_11.
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AbstractThere is a broad willingness to act on global plastic pollution as well as a plethora of available technological, governance, and societal solutions. However, this solution space has not been organized in a larger conceptual framework yet. In this essay, I propose such a framework, place the available solutions in it, and use it to explore the value-laden issues that motivate the diverse problem formulations and the preferences for certain solutions by certain actors. To set the scene, I argue that plastic pollution shares the key features of wicked problems, namely, scientific, political, and societal complexity and uncertainty as well as a diversity in the views of actors. To explore the latter, plastic pollution can be framed as a waste, resource, economic, societal, or systemic problem. Doing so results in different and sometimes conflicting sets of preferred solutions, including improving waste management; recycling and reuse; implementing levies, taxes, and bans as well as ethical consumerism; raising awareness; and a transition to a circular economy. Deciding which of these solutions is desirable is, again, not a purely rational choice. Accordingly, the social deliberations on these solution sets can be organized across four scales of change. At the geographic and time scales, we need to clarify where and when we want to solve the plastic problem. On the scale of responsibility, we need to clarify who is accountable, has the means to make change, and carries the costs. At the magnitude scale, we need to discuss which level of change we desire on a spectrum of status quo to revolution. All these issues are inherently linked to value judgments and worldviews that must, therefore, be part of an open and inclusive debate to facilitate solving the wicked problem of plastic pollution.
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Massari, Alice. "Conclusion". W IMISCOE Research Series, 193–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71143-6_8.
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AbstractThe investigation of the four relief agencies’ organizational models – undertaken by combining analysis of websites, strategic documents and policy guidelines with fieldwork and interviews with NGO staffers – has shown the different ways in which each organization works. Exploration of the different sectors of intervention has highlighted the different roles NGOs want to have not only in the lives of their beneficiaries but more generally in the governance system of their communities. As illustrated in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-71143-6_5, the spectrum of activities is quite wide. Save the Children focuses on education and child protection (mainly through psychosocial support) complementary advocacy to secure policy change to enable a better world for children; Oxfam prioritizes ‘giving voice’ to the voiceless, water and sanitation, psychosocial support, legal counselling, combined also with a vigorous advocacy and influencing program to create lasting solutions to injustice and poverty. CARE has a similar focus on voice and empowerment especially for women and girls. Its gender transformative approach informs its work on protection, responses to gender-based violence) distribution of relief items, and, to a lesser extent, water and sanitation. As with Save the Children and Oxfam, CARE sets store by advocacy for policy reforms to end poverty and gender inequality. For its part, MSF operations focused on medical assistance, ranging from primary health care, surgery, mental health and psychosocial support, and medical evacuation. For MSF, belief in the power of témoignage has driven denunciations of those who hinder humanitarian action or divert aid and also critique of the wider disfunctionalities of the humanitarian system itself.
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Law, Duncan. "Goal-oriented practice". W Working with Goals in Psychotherapy and Counselling, 161–80. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780198793687.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on the application of goals and goal-setting in goal-oriented practice. It sets out goal-oriented practice as a therapeutic ‘stance’ and not a therapy model, and sets the clinical context for goal-oriented practice. The chapter explores how service systems and structures can support goal-oriented practice. Goal-oriented practice is defined as any therapeutic encounter that works towards helping the person move towards what they want to get from therapy. A ‘goal’ is considered shorthand for ‘what I want to be different if therapy is successful’. Its emphasis is on co-producing explicit goals for therapy that can then be revisited and tracked throughout an intervention. Therapists need to be realistic and pragmatic about the goals that are achievable in therapy and be cognizant to the complexity and adversity in the real-world contexts in which many of our clients strive to reach their goals.
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Lupia, Arthur. "How Do Political Scientists Know What Citizens Want?" W Facing the Challenge of Democracy. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151106.003.0002.
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This chapter sets out a paradox: in politics, citizens must sometimes make inconsistent choices in order, ultimately, to have made a consistent one. It examines this paradox to bring out how the preferences of citizens may appear fickle and incoherent because of measurement error. This is done by looking at how many political scientists conceptualize and measure what citizens want. The chapter then contends that we can improve our current conceptualization and measurement of citizen preferences. It further argues that progress can come from paying greater attention to how two factors, institutions and cognition, affect preferences. In examining the effect of institutions, the chapter maintains that many scholarly claims about what citizens should want ignore the moderating effect of institutions.
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Trowler, Paul. "The Practice Sensibility and the Challenges of Change". W Accomplishing Change in Teaching and Learning Regimes, 157–70. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851714.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 sets out synoptically the conceptual, analytical, and theoretical contribution of the book. Readers who want a concise summary of the theoretical position set out here can turn to the first few pages of this chapter. The contribution to research and for professional action is summarized, and some suggestions for research with a practice sensibility are offered. The chapter shows how the characteristics and functions of theory in general are specifically addressed in the approach taken here. It summarizes what this approach offers and outlines the areas that need supplementary theories and designs—those less amenable to the social practice approach.
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Onion, Rebecca. "Conclusion Looking Closer at “Kids Are Little Scientists”". W Innocent Experiments. University of North Carolina Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469629476.003.0007.
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Scholars working in childhood studies are quite often confronted by what I think of as the “cuteness problem.” American beliefs about childhood—“boys like trucks”; “kids are so innocent”; “children love candy”—seem ingrained enough to feel biological, exempt from cultural analysis; they are deeply appealing. The idea that “kids are little scientists” is one of these indelible tropes, a bit of twenty-first-century folk knowledge that pleases many people. Much of my own initial interest in this topic came from the inherent cuteness of the historical archive—the covers of chemistry sets, the space cadets in their helmets, the earnest “research reports” from science clubs. So I cannot much blame people who come up to me after I give a talk about chemistry sets and want to tell me anecdotes about their uncles blowing up their basements; it can be hard, indeed, to regard this history with an analytic eye....
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North, Peter, i Molly Scott Cato. "Introduction: new economies North and South – sharing the transition to a just and sustainable future". W Towards Just and Sustainable Economies. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447327226.003.0001.
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This chapter sets the scene for the edited collection which follows it, recounting the findings of an international conversation on the social and solidarity economies between participants from Europe and Latin America. It discusses problems and possibilities for learning and policy transference between different places, acknowledging the power relations involved between global north and south, centre and periphery. It introduces a four part conceptualisation of the social and solidarity economy sector between Social Enterprise and Social Entrepreneurship; the inclusive Social Economy; the Solidarity Economy, working on conceptions of how we want to live in a climate constrained world, and the Antagonistic Economy, challenging pathological aspects of contemporary neoliberalism.
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Pritchard, Duncan. "Radical Skepticism and Underdetermination". W Epistemic Angst. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691167237.003.0003.
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This chapter reveals a more nuanced way to conceive of the radical skeptical paradox—one that makes no essential appeal to a closure-style principle for knowledge. It discusses the skeptical challenge presented by, on the one hand, underdeterminationRK/rational ground-based radical skepticism and, on the other hand, closureRK-based radical skepticism. Then, in light of these general reflections about these two forms of radical skeptical challenge, the chapter sets out what, both minimally and ideally, we would want from an intellectually satisfying response to the problem of radical skepticism, where this is a response to this problem that deals with both kinds of skeptical challenge.
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"Probability and Simulations". W Examining an Operational Approach to Teaching Probability, 259–300. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3871-5.ch008.
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This chapter is fundamental in educational terms as it deals with a topic that cannot be underestimated: the use of laboratory simulation. As long as we talk about probability in the classic sense, paper, pen, and maybe a pocket calculator are sufficient tools, but when we want to analyze a probabilistic model in depth, the use of a computer tool is essential. This support not only allows us to confirm hypotheses but, in some cases, it is indispensable. In the school it is unthinkable to work on large data sets (often not available) that would require not only appropriate software but also a different approach. The balance should be sufficiently significant but easy to handle dataset.
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Collett, Jessica L., Kelcie Vercel i Kayla D. R. Pierce. "The Role of Significant Others in Shaping Fathers’ Identities and Behavior". W Identities in Everyday Life, 359–80. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873066.003.0017.
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Identities are composed of sets of meanings that people apply to themselves. These meanings vary in both content and quality, with important implications for individuals’ actions, emotions, and commitment to their identities. In this research, we reveal how men’s significant others serve as important sources of identity meanings and are key to how men interpret and enact their identities as fathers. Using data from in-depth interviews with low-income fathers, we demonstrate that fathers whose significant others offer positive examples of parenting, articulate concrete expectations, and provide explicit evaluations of men’s performances have more nuanced ideas of who they want to be as fathers and can more effectively translate those ideas into clear lines of action and engaged parenting behavior.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Want-sets"
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Console, Marco, Matthias Hofer i Leonid Libkin. "Reasoning about Measures of Unmeasurable Sets". W 17th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2020}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2020/27.
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In a variety of reasoning tasks, one estimates the likelihood of events by means of volumes of sets they define. Such sets need to be measurable, which is usually achieved by putting bounds, sometimes ad hoc, on them. We address the question how unbounded or unmeasurable sets can be measured nonetheless. Intuitively, we want to know how likely a randomly chosen point is to be in a given set, even in the absence of a uniform distribution over the entire space. To address this, we follow a recently proposed approach of taking intersection of a set with balls of increasing radius, and defining the measure by means of the asymptotic behavior of the proportion of such balls taken by the set. We show that this approach works for every set definable in first-order logic with the usual arithmetic over the reals (addition, multiplication, exponentiation, etc.), and every uniform measure over the space, of which the usual Lebesgue measure (area, volume, etc.) is an example. In fact we establish a correspondence between the good asymptotic behavior and the finiteness of the VC dimension of definable families of sets. Towards computing the measure thus defined, we show how to avoid the asymptotics and characterize it via a specific subset of the unit sphere. Using definability of this set, and known techniques for sampling from the unit sphere, we give two algorithms for estimating our measure of unbounded unmeasurable sets, with deterministic and probabilistic guarantees, the latter being more efficient. Finally we show that a discrete analog of this measure exists and is similarly well-behaved.
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Gutiérrez-Basulto, Víctor, Jean Christoph Jung i Leif Sabellek. "Reverse Engineering Queries in Ontology-Enriched Systems: The Case of Expressive Horn Description Logic Ontologies". W Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/255.
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We introduce the query-by-example (QBE) paradigm for query answering in the presence of ontologies. Intuitively, QBE permits non-expert users to explore the data by providing examples of the information they (do not) want, which the system then generalizes into a query. Formally, we study the following question: given a knowledge base and sets of positive and negative examples, is there a query that returns all positive but none of the negative examples? We focus on description logic knowledge bases with ontologies formulated in Horn-ALCI and (unions of) conjunctive queries. Our main contributions are characterizations, algorithms and tight complexity bounds for QBE.
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Choi, YooJung, i Guy Van den Broeck. "On Robust Trimming of Bayesian Network Classifiers". W Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/694.
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This paper considers the problem of removing costly features from a Bayesian network classifier. We want the classifier to be robust to these changes, and maintain its classification behavior. To this end, we propose a closeness metric between Bayesian classifiers, called the expected classification agreement (ECA). Our corresponding trimming algorithm finds an optimal subset of features and a new classification threshold that maximize the expected agreement, subject to a budgetary constraint. It utilizes new theoretical insights to perform branch-and-bound search in the space of feature sets, while computing bounds on the ECA. Our experiments investigate both the runtime cost of trimming and its effect on the robustness and accuracy of the final classifier.
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Masquio, Bruno P., Paulo E. D. Pinto i Jayme L. Szwarcfiter. "Emparelhamentos Conexos". W Encontro de Teoria da Computação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/etc.2020.11075.
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Graph matching problems are well known and studied, in which we want to find sets of pairwise non-adjacent edges. Recently, there has been an interest in the study of matchings in which the induced subgraphs by the vertices of matchings are connected or disconnected. Although these problems are related to connectivity, the two problems are probably quite different, regarding their complexity. While the complexity of finding a maximum disconnected mat- ching is still unknown for a general graph, the one for connected matchings can be solved in polynomial time. Our contribution in this paper is a linear time algorithm to find a maximum connected matching of a general connected graph, given a general maximum matching as input.
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Cui, Michael, Daniel D. Harabor i Alban Grastien. "Compromise-free Pathfinding on a Navigation Mesh". W Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/70.
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We want to compute geometric shortest paths in a collection of convex traversable polygons, also known as a navigation mesh. Simple to compute and easy to update, navigation meshes are widely used for pathfinding in computer games. When the mesh is static, shortest path problems can be solved exactly and very fast but only after a costly preprocessing step. When the mesh is dynamic, practitioners turn to online methods which typically compute only approximately shortest paths. In this work we present a new pathfinding algorithm which is compromise-free; i.e. it is simultaneously fast, online and optimal. Our method, Polyanya, extends and generalises Anya; a recent and related interval-based search technique developed for computing geometric shortest paths in grids. We show how that algorithm can be modified to support search over arbitrary sets of convex polygons and then evaluate its performance on a range of realistic and synthetic benchmark problems.
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Herbei, Roxana Claudia, i Mihai Valentin Herbei. "METHODS OF ACHIEVEMENT THEMATIC MAPS". W 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/2.1/s11.49.
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A thematic map contains a spatial database that allows the user to add new information to that database. The ability to combine a variety of datasets in a variety of ways makes any GIS a useful tool for almost any field of knowledge. From routinely performing work-related tasks to scientifically exploring the complexity of our world, GIS offers people the geographic advantage of becoming more productive, more aware, and more receptive to the planet Earth. A GIS can be defined as a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and visualize geographically referenced data. Thematic maps are the result of spatial analysis sets made in GIS programs. Spatial analysis includes the techniques by which the relationships between entities are studied, from a topological, geometric or geographical point of view. Depending on the requirements and the existing data in the database, the maps may have different thematic results: demographic, social, economic, analysis, prediction, evaluation, anticipation maps, etc., depending on what you want to do analyze.
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Segapeli, Jean-Luc, i Annie Cavarero. "An Artificial Intelligence Based Algorithm for Object-Oriented Design". W ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dac-1429.
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Abstract It is possible to classify the Object-Oriented design methods in two sets. The first set, which is the most numerous, uses an entity relationship approach to build a static class schema. Then this schema is completed by the use of different models (dynamic, functional). The second set tries to obtain a class schema but they don’t provide a guide to build it. So if different designers work on the same application, it is impossible to obtain the same schema. So, in this paper we want to prove that we have defined a new design process (generalization process) which is based upon a set of rules to guide the users and the designers to build a representation of their application. The originality of our process lays upon works developped in machine learning and artificial intelligence. We try to translate the expertize of users or designers given through examples into a class schema. Therefore we have defined a new algorithm of clustering to organize examples into a hierarchy of classes. This process is included in a project called C.O.D. (Class and Object Definition). The project is composed of different processes which take into account the expertize level of the designers and their knowledge about the application domain: specialization process, which is based upon generic application and fuzzy object classes; composition process, which uses a functional application definition with an algorithm to build classes and links between classes; generalization process, which is developed in this paper.
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Digmayer, Claas, Nina Rußkamp i Eva-Maria Jakobs. "The Customer Experience of Energy Services". W 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003780.
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Climate protection and the limited availability of conventional energy sources have led to efforts to facilitate a transition to renewable sources. This trend also changes the way in which electricity is consumed and distributed: Recently, end-users have taken an increasingly active role in the electrical power system that enables a collective form of energy self-consumption and sharing - so-called ‘energy communities’ [1]. In these communities, energy is generated with solar or wind technologies and distributed between members using local grids and community battery storages.The diffusion of energy communities on a large scale could provide advantages such as increasing customers’ electricity savings, electricity suppliers' sales, and grid operators' revenues due to reduced grid tariffs for inner-community electricity transfer [2]. A barrier to a large-scale rollout is the fact that energy often remains invisible to most citizens and is merely perceived in terms of ‘energy services’ ("[…] functions performed using energy which are means to obtain or facilitate desired end services or states" [3]). This focus on energy services can give rise to a wide range of information needs but also to different attitudes in the evaluation of energy communities from the perspective of potential customers. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze whether companies address such requirements in order to establish a positive customer experience.In this study, the topic is operationalized through three research questions:Communication from the company's point of view: How are energy communities advertised by companies that support customers in implementing them? Information needs from the customer's perspective: What do potential customers want to know about energy communities?The questions are examined in a comparative analysis based on text mining methods. For this purpose, data were collected from two types of sources: Comments from social media addressing energy communities and promotional in which companies communicate energy communities to potential customers. Both data sets were analyzed with regard to the research questions.The results show a mismatch between what customers want to know about energy communities and what companies communicate about such forms of energy production and distribution. In particular, risks perceived by potential customers (such as concerns about the equitable distribution of energy) are hardly addressed. By resolving such mismatches, the diffusion of energy communities could be accelerated. The results are discussed in terms of possible measures to enhance the customer experience.References[1] Iazzolino, G./Sorrentino, N./Menniti, D./Pinnarelli, A./De Carolis, M./ Mendicino, L. (2022). Energy communities and key features emerged from business models review.Energy Policy, 165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112929.[2] Fina, B./Monsberger, C./Auer, H. (2022). A framework to estimate the large-scale impacts of energy community roll-out. Heliyon, 8 (7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09905.[3] Fell, M. J. (2017). Energy services: A conceptual review. Energy Research & Social Science, 27, 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.02.010
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Leskovar, Zalka, i Nace Pušnik. "Design of typeface with constructivistic properties and renovation of promotional material for memorial room". W 11th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p91.
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The diversity that occurs in the field of typography, more specifically in the planning and design of typefaces, plays an important role in our lives and in society more broadly. Therefore, purposeful product planning is important because it can facilitate our everyday communication and understanding of the environment. The goal of the collaborative project was to design a display typeface and use it in revised graphic products that, along with the typeface, fit the client, the Kosovel Memorial Room in Sežana, Slovenia. Srečko Kosovel is a well-known Slovenian poet whose work is representative of the cultural and social movement Constructivism. With new graphic products, we want to contribute to better publicity of Kosovel Memorial Room in Sežana. The theoretical part deals with the study and classification of typefaces in groups and larger sets. We also studied some basic properties of typefaces, contrast, stroke width and spacing, weight and height relationship within typefaces. We investigated the historical development of display typefaces, their properties, and their influence on various graphic products. Based on the content of the Kosovel Memorial Room, we examined the origin and development of the artistic avant-garde movement Constructivism abroad and in Slovenia. We highlighted important events in the life of Srečko Kosovel and familiarised ourselves with his work. Based on the client’s needs, the existing promotional material (brochure, posters, etc.) was analysed in more detail. In addition, we conceptually prepared the typeface design, drawing on his other graphic products. The display typeface was used in revised graphic products that we designed in collaboration with the client. The final products were presented in February 2022 and will continue to promote Srečko Kosovel’s work.
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Panchal, Jitesh H., Marco Gero Ferna´ndez, Janet K. Allen, Christiaan J. J. Paredis i Farrokh Mistree. "An Interval-Based Focalization Method for Decision-Making in Decentralized, Multi-Functional Design". W ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85322.
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Multi-functional design problems are characterized by strong coupling between design variables that are controlled by stakeholders from different disciplines. This coupling necessitates efficient modeling of interactions between multiple designers who want to achieve conflicting objectives but share control over design variables. Various game-theoretic protocols such as cooperative, non-cooperative, and leader/follower have been used to model interactions between designers. Non-cooperative game theory protocols are of particular interest for modeling cooperation in multi-functional design problems. These are the focus of this paper because they more closely reflect the level of information exchange possible in a distributed environment. Two strategies for solving such non-cooperative game theory problems are: a) passing Rational Reaction Sets (RRS) among designers and combining these to find points of intersection and b) exchanging single points in the design space iteratively until the solution converges to a single point. While the first strategy is computationally expensive because it requires each designer to consider all possible outcomes of decisions made by other designers, the second strategy may result in divergence of the solution. In order to overcome these problems, we present an interval-based focalization method for executing decentralized decision-making problems that are common in multi-functional design scenarios. The method involves propagating ranges of design variables and systematically eliminating infeasible portions of the shared design space. This stands in marked contrast to the successive consideration of single points, as emphasized in current multifunctional design methods. The key advantages of the proposed method are: a) targeted reduction of design freedom and b) non-divergence of solutions. The method is illustrated using two sample scenarios — solution of a decision problem with quadratic objectives and the design of multi-functional Linear Cellular Alloys (LCAs). Implications include use of the method to guide design space partitioning and control assignment.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Want-sets"
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van den Boogaard, Vanessa, Wilson Prichard, Rachel Beach i Fariya Mohiuddin. Strengthening Tax-Accountability Links: Fiscal Transparency and Taxpayer Engagement in Ghana and Sierra Leone. Institute of Development Studies, listopad 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.002.
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There is increasingly strong evidence that taxation can contribute to expanded government responsiveness and accountability. However, such positive connections are not guaranteed. Rather, they are shaped by the political and economic context and specific policies adopted by governments and civil society actors. Without an environment that enables tax bargaining, there is a risk that taxation will amount to little more than forceful extraction. We consider how such enabling environments may be fostered through two mixed methods case studies of tax transparency and taxpayer engagement in Sierra Leone and Ghana. We highlight two key sets of findings. First, tax transparency is only meaningful if it is accessible and easily understood by taxpayers and relates to their everyday experiences and priorities. In particular, we find that taxpayers do not just want basic information about tax obligations or aggregate revenue collected, but information about how much revenue should have been collected and how revenues were spent. At the same time, taxpayers do not want information to be shared with them through a one-way form of communication, but rather want to have spaces for dialogue and interaction with tax and government officials, including through public meetings and radio call-in programmes. Second, strategies to encourage taxpayer engagement are more likely to be effective where forums for engagement are perceived by taxpayers to be safe, secure, and sincere means through which to engage with government officials. This has been most successful where governments have visibly demonstrated responsiveness to citizen concerns, even on a small scale, while partnering with civil society to foster trust, dialogue and expanded knowledge. These findings have significant implications for how governments design taxpayer education and engagement programmes and how civil society actors and development partners can support more equitable and accountable tax systems. Our findings provide concrete lessons for how governments can ensure that information shared with taxpayers is meaningful and accessible. Moreover, we show that civil society actors can play important roles as translators of tax information, enablers of public forums and dialogues around tax issues, and trainers of taxpayers, supporting greater tax literacy and sustained citizen engagement.
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Obiakor, Thelma, i Kirsty Newman. Education and Employability: The Critical Role of Foundational Skills. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), listopad 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2022/048.
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A great deal of policy attention is paid to the role that education plays in driving employment outcomes. Most of this attention has focused on post-primary education— particularly Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). This paper sets out the less-discussed role that foundational skills, typically built through basic primary education, play in driving employability; how foundational skills affect TVET provision; and what implications this body of evidence has for education policy. We acknowledge the need to consider how education systems build skills which will contribute to countries’ economic aspirations. However, we suggest that the dominant discourse which focuses specifically on TVET and how it can be linked to employer demands is unlikely to be successful for several reasons. Firstly, we show that foundational skills are themselves associated with economic gains for individuals and societies. This, together with the evidence showing extremely low levels of foundational skills in many countries, suggests that focusing on improving foundational skills may be a more cost-effective approach to driving employability than has been previously acknowledged. Furthermore, we show that TVET (and other later forms of education) may struggle to add value where foundational skills are not in place. Focusing large amounts of energy and resources on reforming TVET may not achieve hoped-for impacts if TVET entrants don’t have the necessary foundations to learn. We discuss the popular policy prescription of linking TVET provision to employer needs. As well as noting our concern that this focus fails to acknowledge the binding constraint of low foundational skills, we also set out why employer demand for skills may not be a good indication of actual future skills needs. We therefore suggest a more nuanced discussion on skills for employability which acknowledges economic development goals; the skills that will be needed to achieve them; and, crucially, a country’s starting point. We end the paper by highlighting the fact that unemployment and underemployment are generally caused by a lack of jobs, not a lack of skills. We therefore urge policymakers to be realistic about the extent to which any education policy—whether focusing on foundations, technical, and vocation skills or any other type of skills—can affect employment outcomes. Considering the evidence presented in this paper, we suggest that policymakers in many low- and lower-middle income countries may want to consider a stronger focus on foundational skills. The major reason for focusing on foundational skills is that a quality education is a fundamental right for all children which will allow them to experience lifelong learning. This paper sets out that foundational skills will also be the first step towards achieving a more employable workforce—but also that policymakers should consider the full range of policies that need to be in place to deliver productive employment and economic growth.