Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Wall House 2”

The emergence of houses is a social revolution around the world. Over the past several decades, Chinese archaeologists have excavated many Neolithic to Bronze Age houses, but there is still a great amount of uncertainty about the social and environmental factors driving the differences between these house structures in the Yellow River Basin. In this paper, we summarize data from excavation reports on the shape and size of Neolithic-Bronze Age houses in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, respectively, to identify some social and environmental factors that may have affected the development of house structures across northern China. Our results show that the shape and size of the houses developed at a different pace, but in general followed a similar developmental sequence: (1) 10–8 ka BP, the bud of settlements emerged in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River; (2) 8–7 ka BP, people started to construct small pithouses without walls; (3) 7–6 ka BP, people made medium-sized pithouses with low walls, and surface buildings were made with a wood skeleton and mud walls; (4) 6–5 ka BP, ultra-large houses emerged; (5) 5–4 ka BP, house form became more varied, including pithouses, cave dwellings and surface buildings with a wood skeleton mud wall, rammed earth wall, piled mud-grass mixed walls and adobe walls; and (6) 4–3 ka BP, original palaces emerged. Our analyses indicate that the environment played an essential role in determining the house changes over time and that the early to middle Holocene’s warm and humid climate provided excellent conditions for the emergence of settlements throughout the region. Due to the shortage of trees, people chose to change their house construction methods to accommodate the growing lumber shortage. In conclusion, the rapid shift in house construction methods reflects the changing ecological condition as well as a feedback cycle between the environment and social practices driven by resource limitations.

Abstract. Convective cooling is a critical management strategy for maintaining an environment that promotes production efficiency, thermal comfort, and animal well-being in commercial broiler houses. Variations in house size, design, and equipment configuration contribute greatly to the air velocity distribution within the facility. This study assessed total airflow, air velocity distribution, and quantified the floor area in three facilities experiencing insufficient air velocity for maintenance of production efficiency, thermal comfort, and animal well-being. Test facility 1 was an 18.3 × 170.7 m solid side-wall broiler house, test facility 2 was a 15.24 × 144.8 m solid side-wall broiler house, and test facility 3 was a 12.19 × 121.9 m curtain side-wall broiler house. Total airflow of each facility, measured with a Fan Assessment and Numeration System, was 512,730, 389,495, and 329,270 m3 h-1 for test facilities 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Air velocity distribution patterns were characterized in each house with a Scalable Environment Assessment System (SEAS) and spatial statistics. The air velocity distributions within the test facilities were variable, with notable maxima immediately downstream of the tunnel inlets, which serve as a well-defined vena contracta, and local minima near the leading end of the evaporative pads and the exhaust fans. Equipment within the facilities had an impact on the air velocity distribution by creating reduced cross-sectional areas that resulted in localized increases in air velocity. The percentage of total bird-level floor area in each facility experiencing air velocities below 1.5 m s-1 was 14.3%, 20.7%, and 10.0% for test facilities 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The effective design velocity (Ved) was calculated from total airflow using the measured building cross-sectional area. The Ved measured 2.97, 2.45, and 2.34 m s-1 for test facilities 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Mean cross-sectional air velocity (Vcs) was calculated from SEAS data and normalized using each facility’s Ved to account for differences in building size for comparison. Test facility 1, the largest of the three houses, generated substantially higher Vcs/Ved than test facilities 2 and 3. Test facilities 2 and 3 maintained a larger proportion of Vcs above Ved than test facility 1. Test facility 1 showed 26.5% of the total house length below Ved, while test facilities 2 and 3 had only 20.8% and 17.5%, respectively, of the total house length below Ved. The lower-velocity regions were due to the length of the evaporative cooling pad inlet and the use of tunnel doors, and the exhaust fan placement on the side-walls in test facility 1 created an additional pronounced low-velocity area. Placement of tunnel ventilation fans on the end-wall of the facility, rather than the side-wall, eliminated the low-velocity region at the exhaust end of the facility. Modifications to current practices for broiler production facility construction and evaporative cooling pad inlet installation would be required to minimize the low-velocity region at the inlet end of these facilities. Consideration of house width and physical arrangement of the air inlets, tunnel fans, and internal equipment are critical for improving the uniformity of air velocity in commercial broiler houses. Keywords: Air velocity, Anemometer, Broiler house, FANS, Tunnel ventilation.

Abstract The Buton community has practiced mathematical culture in the form of a Buton traditional house called banua tadha (right house). The purpose of this study was to explore the comparative concepts in the ethnomathematics of the Buton traditional house. This research is qualitative research with an ethnographic approach. The results of this study indicate that every Buton traditional house contains several comparative concepts in the ethnomathematical: (1) the width of the door and the width of the stairs, (2) the walls of the house and the tutumbu, (3) the width of the house and tutumbu, (4) wall and pillar heights, (5) the height of the bhate and the length of the limana bathe, (6) the height of the front wall to the height of the side walls, (7) the width of the stair post with the size of the rungs of the stairs, and (8) wall height and house pole height, and (9) the shape of a right triangle formed by a crutch (konta), a pole (ariy), and a buffer (tadha). These comparisons can be used in learning mathematics to pass on the ethnomathematical local wisdom of the Buton traditional house.

The main considerations of building some new-type rural houses in Yinchuan are to improve indoor thermal environment and to reduce heating energy consumption by passive solar use and high-insulation envelope. Two houses were measured, a traditional one with adobe walls and a wooden roof, and a newly-built one with straw-bale insulation. Results show: (1) the linear layout of the traditional house leads to a higher heating energy consumption than the new one with climatic buffers; (2) the new house with straw-bale bricks have better thermal insulation performance than the traditional one with adobe wall; (3) lacking thermal storage is one of the main causes of larger indoor temperature fluctuation in the new house; (4) as a traditional partial interval heating mode, the “Kang”(a bed-stove made of bricks or fired clay) in the bedroom uses energy efficiently and improves the indoor thermal comfort.

As the heating demands of buildings drop considerably, the use of solar walls makes increasing sense. One of the obstacles to the development of such walls is their need for on-site implementation by specialized companies. On the other hand, a storage wall is generally composed of heavy materials with high inertia, which prevents prefabrication of the solar component. To avoid this problem and allow for solar walls to be prefabricated in the factory, a novel approach to replacing this heavy wall with a lighter storage wall incorporating phase change materials (PCM) has been proposed. This paper aims to demonstrate the impact of PCM on the thermal energy performance once they have been integrated into the storage wall of the composite Trombe wall. Addressed herein will be the heat transfer exchange inside a house located in the northern part of France, where a composite Trombe wall has been fitted without PCM. Three configurations will be investigated—(1) the model house without the solar Trombe wall, defined as the reference configuration; (2) the model house integrating the concrete solar Trombe wall; and (3) the model house integrating the PCM solar Trombe wall. Two setpoint temperatures will be introduced—(a) a constant setpoint of 20 °C, and (b) a variable setpoint of 19 °C (14 h from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.) and 16 °C (10 h from 9:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.). Furthermore, three different climate conditions will be adopted to run simulations—Paris-Orly, Lyon, and Nice. Dymola/Modelica, a dynamic thermal simulation tool, will be utilized to simulate the thermal performance of these defined configurations. The results obtained, regarding a solar Trombe wall installation that applies two distinct storage walls exposed to the weather of Paris, showed similar minimizations of the one-year energy heating demand inside the bedroom, equal to roughly 20% (i.e., 20.45% of concrete storage wall and 19.90% of PCM storage wall) compared to the reference configuration (i.e., the house with no solar Trombe wall). Based on the imposed setpoint temperature by means of night and day reductions, the resulting heating energy demand in the bedroom, through application of the two storage walls (concrete and PCM) and three different climatic regions could be minimized by 20.34% in Paris, 20.20% in Lyon, and 68.10% in Nice (for the concrete storage wall) vs. the reference configuration; and by 18.79% in Paris, 19.56% in Lyon, and 55.15% in Nice (for the PCM storage wall) vs. the reference configuration.

Salar people are Turkic-speaking Islamic people and an ethnic group with a small population in China. Wattled-wall house of Salar people is a type of traditional house threatened by extinction. In 2008, the wattled-wall house construction skills were selected for the national intangible cultural heritage list. It is mainly distributed in Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, Qinghai Province of China. So far, Salar people′s traditional wattled-wall house knowledge has been poorly documented. Therefore, a study supporting cultural preservation efforts is needed, including preserving plants used in its construction. This study mainly applied ethnobotanical methods based on data collection through observation, interviews, and documentation. Additionally, ArcGIS data analysis is also used to supplement the evaluation of the traditional wattled-wall house. This study aimed to (1) document traditional knowledge about the wattled-wall house construction, (2) and evaluate the current status of the wattled-wall house from different angles like the environmental adaptability and internal advantages and disadvantages. The result showed that the local people still apply the knowledge about the wattled-wall house from generation to generation. However, due to some practical reasons, the wattled-wall house is on the verge of extinction. There are 11 plant taxa used as construction materials in wattled-wall house. Conservation efforts for species involved in the wattled-wall house are needed, especially the ones with limited availability. Re-use of wattled-wall house is needed in order to maximize the economic benefits and to safeguard its historical and architectural values. It is recommended that the conservation of this cultural heritage needs more attention and effort from the local government or the society.

The wetland settlements are swamp ecosystems including peat swamps which are affected by fresh and brackish water. One of the characteristics of wetlands has low elevation and affected by tides. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the type of wall and roof with the temperature and humidity of the house in the wetland settlement in Desa Tamban Lupak Kecamatan Kapuas Kuala Kabupaten Kapuas. Research design with Cross Sectional Study. The sample in this study totaled 58 housing units. Data analysis using the Spearman –rho correlation test. Statistical test results showed the type of wall with house temperature has no relationship with the Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.439> α = 0.05. The type of roof with house temperature has no relationship with the Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.204> α = 0.05. The type of wall with house humidity has no relationship with the Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.767> α = 0.05. The type of roof with house humidity has no relationship with the value of Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.099> α = 0.05. This study showed that there was no relationship between the type of wall and roof with the temperature and humidity of the house in a wetland settlement.

Mellemtoft ØstAn early medieval rural settlement near Tvis KlosterIn 1999, Holstebro Museum in vestigated a rural settlement from the Middle Ages in Mejrup parish three kilometers east of Holstebro (fig. 1-2). During the investigation, a system of squares and ditches taking up an area of 6000 square meters were unearthed.The medieval structures comprises a road track running north-south between two parallel croft ditches,and east of this, three longhouses, a pen, and five Dutch barns. Moreover, a Bronze Age house site and a few pits and postholes from the Neolithic Age and Bronze Age were uncovered.House I had a length of 30.5 meters and an east-west orientation.There were traces of seven roof-bearing posts placed between 4 and 6 meters apart along the axis of the house (fig. 3). At both gables, the outermost roof-bearing posts were placed in the wall. The southern house wall consisted of an inner and an outer row of posts, placed 0.75-1.1 meters apart. The width of the house, measured between the inner walls, was 5 meters.The northern house wall seemed to have had only one row of posts. However, some of the scattered postholes were situated at such a distance from the axis of the house that they might indicate that part of this wall also had two rows of posts.The inner southern house wall had three entrances, each 1.25-meters wide and moved a bit into the house. One side of each entrance had been placed next to a roof bearing post, which indicates that the hou se had more rooms. Postholes on either side of the roof bearing post next to the westernmost entrance were probably from a partition wall. The postholes from the wall posts contained no traces from the posts, and it is impossible to determine whether the posts of the outer row were upright or slanting.House II was situated 30 meters south of house I and parallel with it. It had a length of 26 meters and a width of 4.5 meters, measured between the inner walls (fig. 4).House III was represented by a g roup·of postholes probably representing several phases of one or more houses and covering an area of 18X6 meters in the north western part of the excavation, next to ditch C (fig. 5).In the north western corner of house I, an approximately 9x9-meter large square was not contemporary with the house. The south western corner of the structure had a 5-meter wide opening. This structure is interpreted as a pen.Several postholes very close to the eastern gable of house I and the western gable of house II did not seem to belong to the house constructions, but probably represent detached buildings. From these postholes,it was possible to isolate a Dutch barn by house I and three such barns next to house II. However, the rest of the postholes outside the houses indicate the existence of still more structures. West of the pen, another group of postholes could be interpreted as a Dutch barn, whereas other postholes gave no clue as to their function.West of the longhouses, croft ditch A ran north-south, and ditch B ran parallel to th is at a distance of 9-14 meters. Between these ditches was a road track (fig. 2,6-7). The ditches and the road continued beyond the edge of the excavation.North of the presumed house III, another ditch ran at an angle from ditch A. To the east, ditch C ended close to a modern ditch, but it may continue in to the not investigated area to the east. South of the corner, at the junction between ditch A and ditch C, there was a possible entrance, as at this point, ditch A was not detectable across a 3.5-meter wide stretch.The fact that the road and the croft ditches A and B were parallel indicates that they were contemporary. Possibly, not only the road, but also the area between the ditches functioned as a common cattle walk.A common feature shared by the medieval structures was a general lack of finds.The artifacts only amount to a few potsherds from the early 13th century, fragments of a grinding stone of Rhine basalt and fragments of medieval bricks. Samples for a C-14 dating were taken from the postho es of two roofbearing posts and an entrance post. A coin found in the excavated area south of house II dates back to 1234-1259.No fireplaces or traces from floor layers were found in any of the buildings at Mellemtoft Øst. However, modern ploughing could have gradually destroyed these. In the assumed house III , the postholes contained potsherds, medieval bricks, fragments of grinding stones, and fire-cracked stones. The finds may indicate that house III was a dwelling house.Contrary to house III, the two almost identical houses I and II with central posts contained almost no finds.These houses were situated in the same area as the Dutch barns and the pen, and their function may therefore be interpreted as outbuildings rather than as dwellings.House I and II at Mellemtoft Øst are interpreted as houses with straight walls and a central row of roof bearing posts combined with a “lean-to” – an unusual type house for medieval Denmark. Houses of a type similar to I and II usually date from the 12th century. The settlement is thought to have existed from the mid-12th century until the mid-13th century.Ditch A, is disturbed by neither the long houses 1-111, northe pen, nor the Dutch barns, and it is interpreted as the western demarcation of the croft to which the buildings seem to belong.The parallel croft ditches,A and B, and the road between them, were parallel and had the same structure. They are therefore interpreted as contemporary. If ditch C is interpreted as a dem arcation of the partly uncovered farm site, then another croft must have been situated north of it. Simil rly, dit h B may be int rpreted as the eastern demarcatio of a third croft, which may have been situated west of the road. All these farms must have used the same road and cattle walk. Alternatively, the partly uncovered farm site was the only one. However, if this is the case, we are left wondering why ditches were necessary on both sides of the road.It is an obvious thought that the settlement at Mellemtoft Øst was somehow connected with the contemporary monastery of Tvis Kloster, a mere kilometer to the Southeast.The monastery was founded by Prince Buris, the son of Henrik Skadelaar, whose father was a brother of King Erik I the Evergood. Prince Buris owned landed property around Holstebro, and in a deed signed on the 20th of March, 1163, by King Valdemar I the Great, and others, he gave part of his estate to the Cistercian Order, which was to establish a monastery where the farm of Tvisel was situated. Apart from Tvisel, the monastery had other possessions, but none of them lie in Mejrup parish, and so the settlement at Mellemtoft Øst probably did not belong to the monastery. However, the two contemporary settlements must have known each other, and some connection is suggested by the road, which may well have led from the settlement to the monastery. None of the roads on the maps from the early 19th century – which are the oldest maps of this area – can be identified as the one excavated in the settlement. Whether or not the road led to the monastery will be difficult to prove archaeologically, as the lake connected to the hydroelectric power station has flooded the areas on both sides of the old river.Bo SteenHolstebro MuseumTranslated byAnnette Lerche Trolle

A livable house is abbreviated as the feasibility of a residential house which can be measured from 2 aspects, namely the physical quality of the house and the quality of house facilities. The physical quality of the residential house is measured by 3 variables, namely the type of roof, the type of wall, and the type of floor, while the quality of the housing facilities is measured by 2 variables, namely the source of lighting and the availability of toilet facilities. In this study, the authors use the prototype method using data analysis and system design. This web-based geographic information system for livable houses in Kandolo Village aims to assist in the data collection process for livable houses in Kandolo Village. The results of this study 257 house data have been entered, of which 247 houses are suitable for livable on, 6 houses that are less suitable for livable on, and 4 houses that are not suitable for livable on. For visitors, this system functions to select houses that are livable by looking at several registered pins, then the system will take the resident data detail page. Then in the detail section of citizen data, there will be some resident data, photos of houses, and routes to their destination. From the application trial results, the author conducted a black box test with 11 test class items and respondent tests for direct users at the Kandolo Village Office where the features are used to well and are accepted among the community.

The current paper deals with the analysis of the results yielded by a series of tests performed to evaluate the seismic behaviour of a model log construction. The study was based on an experimental investigation performed to improve the existing knowledge on log houses subject to seismic events. The main part of the experimental work is based on a full scale shaking table test, conducted on a two-storey log house designed by the Portuguese company Rusticasa® in compliance with design rules for timber buildings. The test was performed by the University of Minho within the framework of the SERIES Project Multi-storey timber buildings and was coordinated by the University of Trento, at LNEC, Lisbon, Portugal. The geometry of the specimen, the design of the test, the setup and the instrumentation layout are first presented in this paper. The test procedure was conducted in stages with maximum accelerations (bi-directional) of 0.07g, 0.28g and 0.5g. During this incremental test procedure, whenever damage occurred, identification tests were performed to assess any variation in the fundamental period of the house. The experimental results of each test have been analyzed and the resultant values of inter-storey drift, wall slippage and uplift measurements, shear deformations and hold-down forces measured are presented. Most importantly, the dynamic properties (fundamental period and mode shapes) of the system have been determined.

This paper is an analytical research of semi-subterranean houses in the Joseon period, focusing on the temporal changes in the structure and artifacts. Total 29 dwellings of the Joseon period were unearthed at Hwanggol site of Majeong-ri in Anseong. The floor plans of the houses were rectangular, square, circular, oval, unclear, and 呂-shaped. Along with pits and postholes, there were fireplaces and floor heating systems as internal facilities of the houses. Total 13 fireplaces were classified into A type and B type according to the structure. Type A, being built with protruding the house wall in a reversed U-shape, was larger than type B being built on the house wall. Considering its quite small size and absence of cooking-related facilities and tools, the fireplace seemed to have performed function of lighting or heating rather than that of cooking. The structure of only 3 was recognizable out of the 6 floor heating systems uncovered at Hangul site. The floor heating systems were reported from only unclear and 呂- shaped floor plan houses. The space of the 呂-shaped floor plan house was separated by heating facility centering on the fireplace. In the flue system consisting of a fireplace, a flue system part, and a smoke control part, a line of flue system was connected to the smoke control part by turning in a circular or square way along the house wall. The floor heating system of unclear floor plan house at the west slope of the site consisted of a fireplace and a flue system part, and the 3 lines of flue system extended to the direction of the contour. Classification of these houses based on heating and cooking facilities yielded 3 main types and 4 subtypes as following: TypeⅠ with no facilities, TypeⅡ only with a fireplace, TypeⅢ only with a floor heating system; TypeⅡ was again subdivided intoTypeⅡ-1 and Ⅱ-2 to the projection of smoke control part or not; TypeⅢ was also subdivided into TypeⅢ-1 and Ⅲ-2 to the structure of floor heating system. Consideration on uncovered artifacts helped to divided houses into two groups. While one group of houses yielded buncheong ware (a grayish-blue-powdered celadon), bamboo - joint foots, and white porcelains with clay support , the other group yielded white porcelains with sand support without buncheong ware. Buncheong ware was popular from the late 15C to 16C, bamboo-joint foot and white porcelain with clay support were popular from the early 15C to the late 16C. Considering the emergence of the sand support technique in the 17C, the date of houses was divided into before and after the 17C. Hwanggol site of Majeong-ri in Anseong, yielding archaeological features including pit houses, sites of buildings, firing features, and drainage facilities can be understood as residential sites occupied from the 15C to 17C and after.

In the 1928 movie Steamboat Bill, Jr., as Buster Keaton stands in front of a house, the front wall of the house falls toward him. Keaton is unharmed as the open attic window passes over him. See photographs 1 and 2 for two views of the scene.

Rowlock cavity wall was widely used in rural house in Southern Jiangsu Province from 1980s to 1990s. As one type of masonry structures, the seismic performance of rowlock cavity wall has rarely been studied on. Based on the report of General Seismic Investigation in Jiangsu Qidong, one 1/2-scale rowlock cavity wall structure was modeled as the existing rural house, and was tested on shaking table in lab of Southeast University. After analyzing the failure state of the model, and examining the structural parameters such as natural frequency, damping ratio, floor acceleration, floor shift, strain and crack of the model in load condition of different earthquake wave and intensity, the seismic performance of rowlock wall structure was assessed. And the seismic capacity of the whole model and each piece of rowlock wall was also analyzed. Based on the mortar strength field inspected in model wall, the seismic capacity of model structure under the action of rarely occurred earthquake of level 6 seismic precautionary intensity was estimated. The result showed that the model structure would collapse under the load condition. Obviously, this can not satisfy the seismic precautionary requirement in Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB50011-2001). Therefore, some principal reinforcement suggestions were discussed and proposed for existing rowlock cavity wall buildings. The research result of this paper could provide some theoretical foundation for the Aseismic Residential Project of rural peasant house, and also could be referred to for further research on rowlock cavity wall structures.

As an effective solution to achieve carbon neutrality, the development of low-energy solar houses is now in the ascendant in China. The Qinghai Tibet Plateau (QTP), which is rich in solar energy resources, is considered to be an important region for solar technologies studying. Rural houses are the main living form for residents in the QTP, early-stage design parameters play an important role in achieving low-energy consumption of rural houses. However, researches on the design method and parameters of low-energy solar rural house were relatively poor at present. This paper examined the influence of early-stage design parameters on the energy performance of low-energy solar rural houses incorporating building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) roof systems. A 2-storey 110 m2 rural house was studied as an archetype. Through simulation, a range of related building parameters, such as shape coefficient, window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and azimuth angle were analysed and compared. The impact of early-stage design parameters on energy consumption in winter, ventilation in summer and BIPV system annual energy yield were considered.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to monitor and evaluate the thermal environment and undertake a complete mapping of the variables air temperature, air relative humidity, and temperature-humidity index for broilers. The research was conducted during the winter, in Brazil, in a commercial poultry house fully walled with concrete-block masonry, equipped with a full-time negative-pressure mechanized ventilation system and indoor-environment air heating by a wood-burning furnace located outside the facility. The shed was fully automated and housed 30,000 birds at a density of 15 birds m-2. Thermal-environment data analysis revealed that the masonry-wall model did not ensure homogeneous thermal distribution within the poultry house, with the central region showing the highest air temperature and lowest air relative humidity values. The indoor environment did not provide thermal comfort to the housed birds, which were under thermal discomfort in certain situations in some internal regions of the shed.

Olbia Pontica, being the prominent archaeological site and one of the biggest Northern Black Sea poleis, was taken under state protection in September, 1921. Since that the renovation work concentrated at the natural exhibition of the ancient buildings has become the priority of the research in National Reserve «Olbia», National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The paper presents the results of current conservation and restoration work carried out in Olbia to expose the open-air ancient architectural objects excavated more than a hundred years ago. The history of their protection, various methods of work, and series of activities carried out on the site of residential buildings in the Lower City, excavated in 1910-1911, the fortifications, excavated in 1904, the burial crypt excavated in 1901, are studied.At the area of the Hellenistic residential buildings in the Lower City the following rehabilitation works were done in 2004-2005, 2016-2018: the transversal street with steps and its supporting wall near the house NGF-1 were renewed, the well with original water-supply was cleaned, two wells at the corners of the inner court yards in houses NGF-1 and NGF-2 were cleaned and restored in their upper parts, the steps to the cellar in the house NGF-1 was restored completely. In 2020 a series of conservation works started at the area of the Roman defensive wall and three-chambers tower. With the help of the specially calculated building facilities, the heavy stone blocks that were fallen down the wall were taken back and fixed at their original positions. The next step would be the restoration of the inner walls in the tower, destroyed by the natural factor.The annual restoration and renovation work in Olbian Reserve is in the focus of its research activity that is closely connected with the preserving of the ancient city open-air exhibition for future generations.

Liveable houses, based on national and global have various indicators criteria, they are proper access to sanitation, adequate living space, building resilience, drinking water access, and living security. In addition, the government also pays attention to the housing ownership status variable. This research aims to map Indonesia provinces based on liveable houses indicator that consists of 9 variables, they are access to adequate housing, decent drinking water, electric lighting, decent sanitation, houses area <7.2 m2, the widest land floor, the widest bamboo wall, top of the widest fibers palm, house for rent/contract. This study uses K-Means Clustering analysis and coefficient silhouette width validation method to determine the level of cluster validation. The analysis results are 4 clusters, which cluster 1 consists of 10 members, cluster 2 consists of 19 members, cluster 3 consists of 3 members, and cluster 4 consists of 2 members. Cluster 1 is the lowest percentage for houses size variable with <7,2 m2, the widest fibers roof and ownership of rent/contract houses compared to other clusters. Cluster 2 has the highest percentage of liveable access variable and descent drinking water. Cluster 3 has the lowest percentage of liveable access, descent drinking water, electric lighting, and decent sanitation, while the highest percentage of houses size variable is <7,2 m2, The Widest Land Floor and Wall. Cluster 4 has the highest percentage of other variables of electric lighting variable, descent sanitation, the widest fibers roof, and ownership of temporary rent/contract houses. Meanwhile, has the lowest percentage of the widest land floor and bamboo wall, compared to other clusters

Increasing importance is being placed on sustainability worldwide to limit climate change’s effects. In New Zealand, a sizeable increase in demand for housing is driving a residential construction boom, with new dwelling consents increasing yearly for the last decade. The New Zealand Government’s commitment to sustainability has become legislation through the Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Act 2019. Therefore, the next stage is how the construction industry can limit and reduce its carbon emissions through one of the strategies, namely material choice. This study was intended to examine the influence of various building materials on climate change and to identify how more sustainable home construction and design in New Zealand may contribute to the government’s 2050 emissions reduction targets. A life-cycle assessment (LCA) was used in this study to investigate the global warming potential (GWP) produced by five case study houses and various material options for building envelope components. The study focused on the environmental impact of materials with high usage in industry and potential new materials that have shown an ability to conform to the New Zealand Building Code standards. It was found that case study House 1 (with timber flooring founded on senton piles with concrete footings, a timber frame, plywood wall cladding, and metal roof cladding) and House 2 (with a concrete waffle slab, a light steel frame, masonry wall cladding, and metal roof cladding) had the lowest GWP emissions compared to the other case study houses, with 631.13 and 633.16 kg CO2eq/m2, respectively. However, it should be noted that all the case study houses were not similar in size and design. In addition, the study investigated the different building envelope material options for the foundation, wall cladding, framing, and roof cladding. The study found that some new materials or materials that are not common in New Zealand could be used as an option for the housing envelope by having lower carbon emissions, such as 3D-printed concrete blocks compared with brick and concrete masonry for wall cladding systems.

In this research paper, practical recommendations are given for conducting thermophysical experiments on the use of a low-temperature passive heating solar system "tromba wall" in residential buildings under construction according to a standard project in our republic. Based on the experience, a solar system solar house of the "trombone" type was improved and recommendations were given for the practical application of residential buildings in order to increase their energy efficiency.Keywords:blood clot, wall, energy, climate, solar system, solar, latitude, renewable, external, air, barrier, heat, physics

The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) was one of 16 collegiate teams from around the world that participated in the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon 2017 competition. An interdisciplinary team of students from across the university was engaged in a 2-year long process to design and build a house that is powered completely by solar power. The house was equipped to run all the typical appliances of an average modern house at similar levels on a conventional power grid. The net-zero house was built and tested on the UAB campus. Considering Birmingham’s weather, a safe room was built to ensure the safety of occupants during events of extreme weather, such as a tornado. A ductless HVAC unit consisting of an inverter-type 3-speed outdoor unit supplied refrigerant to four high-wall indoor units providing the primary source of space conditioning. To achieve a model of efficiency and cost effectiveness, the house incorporated a heavily insulated envelope and precise glazing protection. The roof, floor framing and walls had R-30 batt and foam insulation. With a design informed by southern vernacular language, the building is oriented to maximize solar access and to use roof planes for shading the majority of the year. Peak power generation of the panels was recorded at 9.6 kW. The home has a centralized energy management system that can provide access to energy consumption data and allow control of lighting, appliances, and plug loads remotely. Energy modeling showed that the annual electricity consumption for heating and cooling with variation in wall types were 8470 to 11,661 kWh. For the month of October, it was calculated varying from 683 to 763 kWh, with varying air changes per hour from 0 to 1.5.

Abstract The objective of the study was to assess microbial contamination of soil collected in a swine farm and manure from animals housed there depending on the season of the year and the sampling site. The study was conducted from October to September. The soil samples were taken immediately at the pig house wall (GI), and at the distance of 15 m (GII) and 45 m (GIII) from the house wall. Besides, manure samples were collected inside the pig housing facility: at the entrance to the pig house (KI) and at 1/4 (KII) and 1/2 length of the animal facility (KIII). The soil and manure samples underwent qualitative and quantitative bacteriological evaluation. The study was conducted according to the procedure laid out in the Polish Standards. There was also assessed air temperature and relative moisture, air motion and cooling as well as sample moisture in the sampling site. The greatest number of all studied bacteria was determined in soil collected 15 m from the piggery (GII) in December/January. The highest coli titre (0.0001) was also established in the samples (GII) at that time. The qualitative analysis of soil showed solely the presence of E. coli bacteria which were recovered in the GII soils taken from November to May. The largest bacterial load in swine manure was determined in the samples collected at 1/2 length of the pig house (KII) at the end of December and January. The growth of all the analysed microbes was favoured by sample moisture, while air relative moisture prompted development of psychrophilic and proteolytic bacteria. E. coli were isolated in manure samples throughout the entire research period, whereas Enterobacter spp. were detected in the KI and KII samples from June to August and in KII samples from June to September. The winter period was shown to affect significantly microbial contamination of swine farm environment as at that time the highest bacterial load was determined in soil and manure. This is most likely to be associated with the climatic and microclimatic conditions observed in those days.

ABSTRACTThe Zhengzhou Shang dynasty site is the location of an early Shang city, vast in area and abundant in archaeological remains, which was discovered by Chinese archaeologists in the middle and lower Yellow River basin during the early fifties. Within the site there is a Shang dynasty rammed-earth wall extending north-south in a rectangular shape and having a circumference of 6960 meters. These are the earliest Shang wall remains discovered to date.Based on the stratigraphy and vessel types discovered in the course of excavating the four sides of the wall, it is certain that this wall is slightly later than the late Erlitou period, and that construction on it began before the lower strata of the Shang Erligang period, the “Yin Ruins” at Anyang. The discovery of the Zhengzhou Shang site was definitely not accidental. It represents an important stage in the development of ancient Chinese rammed-earth wall architecture. The method of construction places it in a continuous line of development from the rammed-earth wall of the Henan area middle and late Longshan culture and the late Erlitou rammed-earth platform foundation to the rammed-earth foundations of the palaces of the Yin Ruins at Anyang.The grand scale of the Zhengzhou Shang wall, and the fact that inside and outside the wall were found palace foundations and workshops for the production of bronze, bone, and ceramic articles as well as numerous widespread storage pits, wells, ditches, house foundations, and tombs, and that many bronze, jade, primitive porcelain, pottery, stone, bone, and clamshell artifacts have been excavated here, including also some carved ivory pieces, pottery sculpture, and inscribed bones and pottery, lead us to conclude that the Zhengzhou Shang site was one of the early Shang capitals. Whether it is to be identified as Ao or Bo we cannot now say. In any case, the discovery and excavation of this site has supplied direct evidence of the greatest importance for the history of early Shang politics, economics, cultural, and military affairs.

After the reconstruction of the House of the Lithuanian Independence Signatories the microclimate of its basement is damp, mycelium microorganisms, salt efflorescence occur on the enclosure wall surfaces, efflorescence and bubbles form on the facing of the walls and ceiling and an unpleasant smell appears in the building. Full-scale tests performed show that the protection of the basement exterior walls from damp is insufficient. On one spot of the outside ground the drained storm water penetrated through the basement exterior walls and streamed into the building after three hours from the beginning of the storm-water drainage. No water streams inside the building were observed at an other two storm-water drainage spots but the plaster humidity in the basement exterior walls inside the building was increased after the storm- water drainage on the outside ground. This dampness favoured the efflorescence of various salts on the facing of the basement walls and other building structures. Testing the basement air humidity showed that the relative air humidity in the middle of the basement space was 75.4–85.2%. It exceeds the maximum normative relative air humidity of 60%. The relative air humidity near the surfaces of the walls and floor was 95.3–100%. It exceeds the maximum normative relative air humidity of 80%. Such a high relative air humidity favoured the development of various mycelium microorganisms. Temperature analyses of the basement space showed that its air temperature differed from that of the wall and floor surfaces by up to 5.2°C and by up to 5.3°C, respectively. These temperature differencies exceed the maximum normative temperature difference of up to 2°C and up to 3°C for wall and floor surfaces, respectively. Such significant temperature differencies cause a great thermal discomfort. On the basis of the investigation results presented, it can be stated that the basement in the House of the Lithuanian Independence Signatories is unsuitable for a public building.

Algade 9 in AalborgDevelopment of the settlement from the Viking Age to the present dayIn 2007, a half-timbered house dating from 1574 was demolished in the centre of Aalborg. In advance of the subsequent construction project, the Historical Museum of Northern Jutland excavated a 135 m2 area at the site. The cultural layers were up to 4 m in thickness and the dating frame extended from the Viking Age to 1574. There proved to have been settlement on the site throughout this entire period, and one of the main results of the excavation was, consequently, a sequence of in all 19 buildings dating from the end of the 10th century to 1574.The site represents one of the best assem­blages of urban buildings from the Viking Age and Middle Ages. The site was almost continually occupied by dwelling houses throughout the entire Middle Ages. The excavation findings therefore reflect developments in house morphology and internal organisation from the Viking Age until the early Renaissance. This article presents the excavation findings relating to the houses at the site.The site was excavated stratigraphically and the excavated surface was recorded at 13 survey levels: The excavation plans presented in this article are digitalised, redrawn versions and interpretational levels. At one point, the excavation was very pressed for time and the houses from the period c. 1225-1350 in particular were affected by being excavated very rapidly. Machine excavation was, however, not employed.For several of the earlier houses, up to two-thirds of the building lay within the excavation trench. It was therefore possible, in most cases, to investigate large parts of the houses’ floor areas, and thereby demonstrate their internal organisation and layout.The preservation conditions for organ­ic material were good in the 4 m thick cultural layers at the site. Samples were therefore taken for dendrochronology from all suitable timbers and samples were taken for plant macro-remain analysis from the excavation sections.Algade has been the main thoroughfare throughout Aalborg’s history, and the town grew up around this street. For most of the Middle Ages, Algade 9 was a neighbour to the town’s Franciscan monastery (fig. 1). The site’s relatively large houses, situated on one of the town’s most important streets, makes it likely that their occupants belonged to the wealthier part of Aalborg’s population. Several finds, from all levels, can also be considered as high-status objects. Further­more, the finds demonstrate contacts with an international trading ­environment, primarily in the form of imported ceramics, but also including other categories of finds.The earliest dwelling houses at Algade 9 were built at the end of the 10th century. But they overlay earlier structures and features from the 8th and 9th centuries. From the end of the 10th century there is, accordingly, an almost unbroken series of habitations on the site, extending up to the present day (fig. 2). Of the 19 buildings, 17 were dwelling houses, with the two others being a byre and a smithy, respectively. The houses were primarily oriented with their north gable out ­towards Algade.From the beginning of the 11th century there were two plots represented at the site, as the boundary was displaced c. 2 m to the east relative to the present-day cadastral boundary (fig. 3). In the mid-13th century, the western plot was turned over to a churchyard, probably belonging to Aalborg’s Franciscan monastery, which was founded in the 1240s. In the mid-14th century, the area was cleared and a brief period followed without dwelling houses on the site. During this short time span, byre A350 stood on the southern part of the plot (fig. 4). The monastery churchyard was also reduced. In general, a marked change took place in the structure of the plot, possibly the result of a brief reduction in population. The Black Death, or a famine resulting from the agri­cultural crisis of the 14th century, could have been the cause. Subsequently, it appears that the present plot division was re-established and gable houses were built on the site.In the period c. 985-1075, five curved-walled longhouses stood on the site: A691, A584, A657, A625 and A578 (figs. 5, 15-17). Of the five houses, four were oriented north-south and not, as was the norm for this period, east-west. This is seen as a reflection of relatively dense settlement structure around these buildings. In the second half of the 11th century, houses became straight-walled, and during this period a curved-walled house and a straight-walled house stood side by side. This transition in the second half of the 11th century is also evident in Lund and Viborg.The preserved timber and wood from the houses enables description of a number of constructional features. This ­applies in particular to the outer walls of the houses (fig. 6). There appears to have been two different constructional types. Houses A584 and A691 have had stave walls, set in wall ditches, while houses A756, A625 and A587 had bole-like constructions. In the latter, the wall posts can be considered as double posts, because they consisted of two posts positioned closely together. The horizontal timbers occupying the spaces in between comprised cloven tree trunks with no further working. Their ends were though cut obliquely so they could be inserted into the gaps between the double posts (fig. 7). Houses A625 and A756 had external, sloping buttress posts. The angle of these revealed wall heights of at least about 2 m. House A503, from the 12th century, also had external sloping buttress posts, but here the wall height proved to be less than 2 m.Various tree species had been employed in the curved-walled houses: oak, alder and birch timbers were observed. There had been some reuse of timber, which saw expression in the very different ages of dated timbers taken from the same wall.In houses A756, A625 and A578 an internal division could be perceived in the form of a relatively large central room, flanked by smaller rooms at the gables (fig. 8). The hearths were found to be situated in this central room. This internal division and relatively slight construction corresponds in many ways to similar houses excavated in Lund and Viborg. Basic­ally, these buildings can be perceived as variants of the so-called Trelleborg house. The date of this house type has previously been presented as c. 950-1050, something which the Algade 9 houses give no reason to adjust.Houses A572, A504, A503, A452, A427, A428 and A376, which are dated to the period c. 1075-1350, had so many features in common that they probably represent a specific house type (figs. 17-21). The side walls were straight on all these buildings. They had three rooms, of which probably only the two northernmost ones, towards Algade, constituted living quarters. The rooms were connected by an internal door. The southerly, rearmost rooms were of unknown function. There was probably not internal access from the middle to the southern room (fig. 9).The most striking common feature of the houses was that they had a jamb stove, which projected into the middle room of the building, but was fired from the northern room (figs. 10-11). Jamb stoves were observed in houses A504, A452, A427, A428 and A376. All the other hearths and fireplaces were in the room to the north too. The middle room had therefore offered a comfortable and smoke-free environment. It was of a more private character, because the only access was via the northern room. The jamb stoves found in the houses were all made according to the same pattern: A rectangular clay construction with an internal layer of stones immediately below the actual working surface. The stove cupula was then built up over a skeleton of withies that were pushed into the stove base.On the basis of the findings from the Algade 9 excavation, the above house type has been identified at other sites in Aalborg and is very similar to some coeval houses excavated in Viborg. The evidence suggests that this was a common type of urban house in northern Jutland during the first half of the Middle Ages.The latest houses on the plot, A221, A71 and A55, were probably half-timbered buildings, like the demolished house A100 (figs. 22-26). The houses were built using sill (foundation) stones and the latest had decayed traces of sill beams. In house A221, the sill was possibly founded using piles that were mortised into the sill beam’s lower surface (fig. 12).Houses A221 and A55 both had a cellar below their southern part. They were built of wood and had cobbled floors (fig. 13). A possible parallel to these houses with cellars is Grønnegade 12 in Ribe: This had a room over the cellar which functioned as a living room or hostel. The latter could also have been the case with the houses at Algade 9. The demolished house A100 from 1574 also had a cellar, but this was in the northern part of the building, out towards Algade.There is evidence to suggest that houses A221 and A55 had an internal organisation, which corresponded to a northern Jutland pattern seen in several gable houses from the 16th century in Jutland. This type of internal organisation is characterised by very few rooms and the room out towards the street functioning as the entrance hall/anteroom. The kitchen hearth was in the living room behind this anteroom. In houses A221 and A55 at Algade 9 there were no definite traces of dividing walls between the two foremost rooms. But there were hearths in both houses in what was probably the second room in from the street (fig. 14). Fragments of tiles from a tiled stove were found in these two houses. From the results of several other excavations in Aalborg, it can be seen that the northern Jutland layout was probably common in the town as early as the end of the 14th century.The almost continual occupation of the site over such a prolonged period provides an insight into developments in the building stock on a plot in the centre of a Medieval market town. It can be debated how representative this development is, but parallels have been presented which suggest that, when it comes to the internal layout of the houses, types are present that can possibly be recognised in other parts of Denmark. Consequently, these houses may perhaps represent general patterns in housing for ordinary tradesmen and merchants through the Middle Ages. The main aim here, however, has been to present the excavation findings and thereby create a foundation for these comparisons. At the time of the excavation in 2007 there was a lack of published information on Medieval houses that could help us to understand the excavated building remains. The present article is an attempt to redress this situation.Christian Vrængmose Jensen Christian Klinge Nordjyllands Historiske Museum

The construction of the castle in Świecie began around 1335. It was located on the fork of the Vistula and Wda rivers. The Vistula initially passed directly under the southern walls of the castle, while the Wda was sepa�rated from it. The outer ward protected the wide moat from the west. The next moat surrounded the upper castle on three sides. The outer ward had a plan similar to that of a rectangle. To the west there was a gate with a tower and a cowshed, from the south – the house of the commander and stables, and from the north perhaps also the armoury and infirmary. Surrounded by the parcham, the convent house was built on a square plan with a cylin�drical “bergfried” (tower) in the north-west corner and three lower cylindrical towers in the other. It had two fully raised wings – in the north it housed, amongst others, a chapel and refectory, and in the eastern wing a brewery, bakery and dormitory. From the south and west there were single storey buildings present in the Middle Ages, housing a kitchen (in the south) associated rooms and a basement (in the western wing). Based on the analysis of architecture and the results of archaeological research it is possible to reconstruct the stages and techniques of construction. After setting the proportions of the building by the “ad quadratum” method, a perimeter curtain wall was first built. Subsequently, the internal buildings were successively constructed from the main (northern) wing. The area of the courtyard and the parcham were raised by 2–3 metres. Subsequently, the upper floors of the “Bergfried”, the parcham wall, and, finally, the outer ward were erected.

The three-section courtyard is the most representative traditional residence in the traditional villages in northeast Sichuan. As a unique cultural landscape, it carries the local historical style and cultural connotation. However, the high temperature weather in summer leads to a poor thermal environment in traditional residential buildings, which cannot meet the needs of building users for human thermal comfort, and the wall is the most critical factor affecting the indoor thermal environment. Therefore, to optimise the indoor thermal environment of traditional residential buildings, this study designed four groups of wall renovation schemes according to the original traditional residential buildings and modern technology, and simulated and verified the feasibility of the building renovation schemes by using Design Builder. Then, the four groups of wall renovation schemes were compared and tested based on the Design Builder. Comparative results of the thermal-performance evaluation index revealed that compared with Case 1 and Case 2, the building refrigeration energy consumption of Case 3 in the hottest week was the least, only 427.7 kW·h, which indicates that the external wall renovation scheme using aerated concrete blocks had the best thermal insulation and energy-saving effects. The cooling energy consumption of Case 4 in the hottest week was 422 kW·h, which was 4.3 kW·h less than that of Case 3, indicating that the wall renovation scheme with an air inter-layer had better thermal insulation and energy-saving effects. The refrigeration energy consumption of Case 7 in the hottest week was only 409.8 kW·h, which was 4.19% lower than Case 3 (without insulation material), indicating that the scheme of selecting central insulation and extruded polystyrene board (XPS) had better thermal insulation and energy-saving effects in practical projects. In summary, the above transformation scheme not only improves the indoor thermal environment of traditional residential buildings, but also provides guidance for architectural designers on green, energy-saving and sustainable design.

This paper evaluates the potential energy savings when switchable insulation systems (SIS) are applied to walls of residential buildings located in Belgium and other locations in Europe. The study considers two low-energy prototypical dwellings (an apartment and a detached house) that are representative of post-2010 constructions and renovations in Belgium. Using an 3R2C-based analysis tool, the performance of both dwellings is evaluated with static and dynamic wall insulation systems. First, the switchable insulating system is described along with its associated simple 2-step rule-based control strategy. Then the modeling strategy and simulation analysis tools are presented. In Belgium, it was found that SIS-integrated walls allow energy savings up to 3.7% for space heating and up to 98% for cooling. Moreover, it was found that to further reduce the energy consumption of SIS-integrated buildings in various European climates, thermal mass placement needs to be considered. By optimizing the placement and the parameters of the various wall layers, it is possible to increase the space heating savings by up to a factor of 4 and those of cooling by up to a factor of 2.5.

Bronze Age cult houses in Thy Thy is renowned for its many burial mounds from the Bronze Age. During the last 150 years, the mounds have yielded numerous finds from both the early and the late Bronze Age. Naturally, the finds from inside the mounds, from the graves, have been in focus. However, recent investigations have made it increasingly obvious that the graves are sometimes just part of the story. In several cases, structures closely related to burials inside the mounds have in fact been found outside them, often built right up to the foot of the mound. In the context of the Danish Bronze Age this is a rather new realization, as demonstrated by the following presentation of cult structures from the late Bronze Age in Thy. It is a common feature of these structures that traces of them can be found next to large ploughed-over burial mounds, where the levelled filling of the mound has completely or partly protected them against destruction caused by ploughing (Fig. 1).The first well-documented structure of this type emerged more than twenty years ago outside a large, ploughed-over burial mound near Thisted in northern Thy, called “Høghs Høj” ( “høj” being the Danish word for mound). The mound had a diameter of 25 metres and was originally constructed over an inhumation grave from period III of the early Bronze Age (Fig. 2, structure N2). However, the mound also contained secondary burials, such as an urn grave from period IV of the late Bronze Age (Fig. 2, structure N5) dug into the foot of the mound towards the southwest. A number of stone-paved areas were uncovered just outside the urn grave, built right up against the row of kerb stones (Figs. 2-4). These stone-paved ­areas consisted of a single or double line of stones surrounding a square area of approximately 6 by 6 metres (Fig. 2, structure N19). Towards the north, another stone paving, separated from the first one by a stone-free area 1.5-metre wide (Fig. 2, structure N17), had a number of oval stone-free areas marked out (Fig. 3). These stone-free areas may indicate the position of posts, although no post-holes in the subsoil confirmed this theory. No other post-holes connected with the structure were found. Part of the construction furthest away from the foot of the mound has been destroyed by modern ploughing. However, the narrow outer stone paving probably continued in a curve, as strongly indicated by marks in the subsoil (Fig. 3).Connected to the stone-paved areas, and inside the square structure, lithic debitage and some late Bronze Age pottery, probably from period IV or V, were found. The finds do not differ from those known from contemporary Bronze Age settlements, yet the connection with the stone-paved areas and the mound placed the finds in a context somehow connected to the grave cult. This interpretation has been confirmed later by finds of a similar character outside burial mounds in Thy and Mors (Fig. 1). Most of those finds, however, had been severely destroyed by ploughing. Apart from Grydehøj and Gramstrup near Vestervig, the three best parallels are from ploughed-over mounds at Nørhå and near Sundby in central and eastern Thy and at Toftum in southern Thy (Figs. 1, no. 5, 6, and 12). In all three cases, the remains were found of a stone-paved area adjoining the foot of the mound, and in each case, one or more secondary graves from the late Bronze Age were found in the mound just behind the stone-paved area. Figs. 5 and 6 show the finds from Toftum and Sundby. Just as was the case at Høghs Høj, the location of the secondary graves is hardly accidental. At Toftum, two out of three graves positively date from period IV, and the Sundby mound contained an urn grave from period IV.Until now, the best example of a cult construction outside a mound is from Grydehøj in southern Thy (Fig. 1, no. 10), where it can definitely be said that an actual cult house was erected in the late Bronze Age. The mound turned out to originate from the single grave period, but it had been extended during the early Bronze Age. Three secondary cremation graves were found just inside the kerb stones, dug into the Bronze Age mound (Figs. 7, 5-7). One was a small stone cist with just a few burnt bones in the filling; the other was a cremation grave, which must have held a small wooden coffin that contained a little heap of cleaned, white-burnt, crushed bones. The third grave was an urn grave with some white-burnt, crushed bones. None of the graves contained datable grave goods. In Thy, the small stone cist and its surrounding gravel filling would normally date this grave to the first half of the late Bronze Age. The two other graves cannot yet be dated.During the first half of the late Bronze Age, two or more structures were erected outside the line of kerb stones on the southern side. Apparently, one replaced the other (Fig. 7, 8-9). The oldest and best-preserved structure is described in the following as a cult house (fig. 7, 9), which was later partly covered by a completely different, ramp-like structure (Fig. 7, 8). Other stone-paved areas lay towards the east, but they were too poorly preserved to allow any essential conclusions to be drawn about their appearance and purpose (Fig. 7, 10).Once the ramp-like structure was fully investigated, the older structure was revealed (Fig. 8). Its central part was a house with an inner dimension of 5.5 by 5.0 m. It consisted of a wall ditch with traces of rather stout posts placed at relatively regular intervals. Towards the south, the house had an approximately 1-m wide and 1.5 to 1.7-m long, funnel-shaped entrance, and outside the easternmost entrance ditch, a dug hole must have held a post or a stone. West and east of the house were narrow stone-paved areas, seven and four metres long respectively, and around 1.25-m wide. Unfortunately, ploughing had destroyed part of the stone-paved areas, which may have continued in front of the house to the entrance. Before the house was built, the terrain underneath and around it seems to have been levelled. This meant that material was added west of the house and removed east of the house, so that the house was constructed on an approximately horizontal plot. This was revealed by the fact that the western wall ditch of the house had been dug into clayey turfs that had been placed on end, and this layer continued under the long, narrow paving towards the west. Under the eastern paving, in contrast, the subsoil had been removed. The just over 1.5-metre wide area between the wall ditch and the narrow areas of paving had held a thick turf wall. This wall had been preserved to a height of 30 to 40 cm between the back wall and the row of kerb stones defining the foot of the mound. Towards the south, the turf wall seems to have continued to the entrance, which explains why the entrance was so long. Ditches were also found between the surrounding narrow stone-paved areas and the turf wall. They probably contained posts which were intended to prevent the heavy peat wall from sliding onto the paving. The stone-paved areas were either exposed or functioned as the base of an earth layer. Perhaps they should be interpreted as procession paths. No artefacts were found underneath, inside, or on top of the turf wall, whereas pottery and flint were found both on the surrounding stone-paved areas and inside the house. Numerous stones found inside the house must be the remains of a structure (Fig. 8). This could not have been a floor, as more often than not the stones were situated on top of the other finds in the house. The distribution of the stones inside the house was concentrated in the ­areas along the walls, especially the well-preserved corners beside the back wall, with a concentration descending towards the centre of the house. This indicates that they could be the remains of a levelled stone bench originally built along parts of the wall.A single, quite deep, post-hole was found in the centre of the house, underneath the stone layer and the floor layer. A post placed in this hole must have carried the roof of the house (Fig. 9, 4). Further in, closer to the back wall of the house, the bottom of a fireplace appeared in the floor layer as an area of reddish-brown burnt clay (Fig. 9, 5). The fireplace was situated at the end of one of two curved ditches which formed a semi-circular construction or enclosure built up against the back wall of the house. The opening in this enclosure was positioned directly opposite the entrance of the house. This construction probably represented the sanctum of the house. The finds from within the house consisted almost entirely of thin sherds from good-quality pottery. Most of them came from relatively small vessels, probably goblets. A preliminary dating of the sherds dates the house to period IV or V of the later Bronze Age. Most of the pottery was found just inside the entrance and in the back third of the house, on both sides of the entrance to the semi-circular enclosure (Fig. 10). A small amount of white-burnt broken bones found in the house has been investigated, but whether they were from humans or animals was not determined. If they are human, these bones may constitute a direct connection to one or more of the cremation graves situated just behind the house. It is therefore possible that for reasons still concealed to us the burnt bones were placed in the house before they were buried.Quite a few cooking-pits, apparently contemporary with the cult structures, were found outside the house and the narrow stone-paved areas (Fig. 7). The cooking-pits outside and the drinking vessels inside the house indicate that ceremonies involving eating and drinking formed part of the grave cult. The ploughed-over mound of Gramstrup is situated only 900 m northwest of Grydehøj. The investigation of this mound began in the same year as the Grydehøj excavations finished. Quite unexpectedly, a cult structure was also found near the foot of this mound. Besides having a number of similarities to Grydehøj, the Gramstrup structures provided opportunities for new observations. As in the Grydehøj case, the mound was erected during the single grave period. All in all, this mound had six or perhaps seven ­phases, the last of which – involving enlargement of the mound to a diameter of c.25 m – was probably not constructed until period II or III of the early Bronze Age. There were no preserved grave-finds from that time, however.The Gramstrup cult structure measured 8 by 13 m. As was the case at Grydehøj, the structure was flanked by narrow stone-paved areas adjoining the eastern foot of the mound (Figs. 11 and 12). The paved areas consisted of stones of a diameter of 10 to 15 cm, arranged in a single layer. The best preserved northern paving, which had a width of 0.5 to 1.0 m and a length of 6 m, continued at a right angle for another couple of metres into the area in front of the structure towards the east, as was probably also the case at Grydehøj. The southern stone paving probably had a similar course originally, but it was poorly preserved. The outer edge of the northern stone paving was made up by a row of somewhat larger stones, carefully arranged (Fig. 13). The distance between the outer edges of the two stone-paved areas was approximately 13 metres. This and other measurements were very similar to what was observed at Grydehøj. However, the Gramstrup structure had traces of a somewhat different construction inside the stone-paved areas. In the Grydehøj case, we were dealing with a square ditch structure, interpreted as an actual house, whereas in Gramstrup there were traces from a circular structure some 6.5 to 7-m in diameter, presenting itself as a border of flat stones preserved in situ, and as stone impressions (Fig. 12,2). The stone border had a width of up to 1 m, and because of its circular course, it was tempting at first to interpret it as a chain of kerb stones surrounding a completely vanished small mound, which had been built up against the Bronze Age mound. This theory, however, is contradicted by a number of circumstances – for instance the complete lack of mound-filling within the circle, and the fact that the stone border is placed exactly in the middle of the symmetrical axis of the entire cult structure. Moreover, the diameter of the circular stone border almost completely matches the inner diameter of the Grydehøj cult house. For these reasons, there is no doubt that the structure should be considered an integrated part of the cult structure; it is an entirely different matter, however, to establish whether or not a house was erected on this site, as was the case at Grydehøj.On the inside of the stone-paved areas (Fig. 12, 5), exactly as at Grydehøj, a c.1.5-m wide turf wall had been built. The turf wall was observed as being stratigraphically later, both to the north and to the south, than some collapsed filling from the mound. This is in keeping with the fact that we are dealing with a structure built onto the already existing mound. Inside the turf wall, the circular stone border may be regarded as some sort of bench or seating construction. The distance from the outer stone border to the turf wall is at least 0.5 m. The shape towards the east, where the entrance to the whole structure must have been, is unknown, as not many traces are left from the stone border in this area. As the turf structure resembles that of Grydehøj, it is possible that a cult house also existed next to the Gramstrup mound. This interpretation is supported by the fact that a post in the centre of the structure (Fig. 12,14) may have supported the roof, and that a few post-holes, perhaps from an inner partition wall, were observed on the inside of the northern turf wall, between the wall and the stone border. In the area between the turf wall and the surrounding stone paving – within the wall, that is – traces were found from a number of rammed-down posts, which probably supported the wall on the outside (Fig. 12, 3). The distance between these posts indicates that they were joined together by interlacing branches. As opposed to the Grydehøj case, no artefacts were found in the central part of the structure. Only a small concentration of pottery sherds of uncertain date was found on the northern stone paving. A strong blade-knife of flint with a retouched back, of a type usually dating from the late Bronze Age, was found close to the northern stone paving.The only Bronze Age grave found in the Gramstrup mound was dug into the mound-filling about 1 m west of the back of the cult structure (Fig. 12, 1). The structure was probably made in connection with this burial. The grave was a cremation grave in a trough-like pit measuring 1.2 by c.0.75 m. At either end there was a rather large stone resting on the bottom of the grave. Between the stones, and about half way down the filling, was a thick layer of burnt, crushed bones. The layer covered a small area of the grave pit measuring approximately 33 by 60 cm and had a depth of 5 cm. As is the case with many late Bronze Age graves in Thy, the grave filling consisted of cleaned pebbles, in this case beach stones worn by being rolled by water. The results of a C-14 dating of the bones are not yet available. The strong likeness between the Gramstrup grave and two of the Grydehøj graves indicates that they are probably closely contemporary. A dating of these graves to period IV of the late Bronze Age fits well with the dating to the transition between period III/IV or period IV of a somewhat larger, but structurally very similar male grave at Vibberstoft, Villerslev parish, which had been placed at the edge of an older mound (cf. Fig. 1, no. 7). Here, the remains of badly damaged stone-paved areas were found outside the grave and up against the foot of the mound. They are interpreted as the remains of an almost completely destroyed cult structure. If a line were drawn through the centre of the cult structure at Gramstrup, through the middle of the two flanking stone-paved areas, and through the centre of the stone border within these, it would hit the middle of the grave in the foot of the mound precisely. This cannot be a coincidence, and it confirms the connection between the grave and the cult structure, as known from other similar structures in Thy.The cult houses from Grydehøj and Gramstrup have provided us with a key to explaining a number of other structures in northwest Jutland – first of all, the structure found at Høghs Høj, which may now be interpreted with certainty as a cult house almost identical to the one found at Grydehøj. Even when it comes to size, the square inner structure from Høghs Høj (Fig. 4) matches with a surprising degree of similarity the inside of the Grydehøj house (Fig. 9). As for the Sundby mound and other finds of stone-paved areas outside mounds in Thy and on Mors (cf. Fig. 1), for the time being we must merely note that they are related to the Grydehøj house, although there is no guarantee that a house was indeed built next to these mounds. Stone-paved areas alone may have indicated a ceremonial area in front of the mounds and may not have been connected with any building.In Kobberup near Skive (Fig. 1, no. 16), an almost circular structure was excavated. It was built up against a mound with a megalith chamber as its primary grave (Fig. 14). In this particular case an inner, semi-circular enclosure had been built onto the older mound, like the examples in Thy. Behind it, inside the foot of the older mound, were two possible cremation graves. This find has both striking differences from the finds in Thy and features that strongly resemble them, but unfortunately the dating of the structure is uncertain.From the rest of Denmark, parallels to the cult structures mentioned here are still few. One find from Zealand is rather similar, though. In Ballermosen near Jægerspris in Hornsherred a small rectangular building built up against the foot of an early Bronze Age mound was interpreted by the excavator as a cult house. In spite of the differences between this find and those from NW Jutland, there are strong indications that the house in Ballermosen was connected to the grave cult in the same way that the houses of the Grydehøj type were. In the case of another site in North Zealand, the house at Sandagergård, there cannot be said to be a connection similar to the one established in Thy between the mound and the cult structure, but the cult house and the contemporary graves within the house there were most probably related. It is this connection between graves – with or without a mound – and cult structures that is no doubt the decisive element, and it can be seen in different versions also in Sweden and Northern Germany. Although the new cult structures from Thy seem to be of a local design, they should no doubt be seen as part of a larger context.There is much to indicate that structures outside the mounds were in fact extremely common, and that at a certain period they were even the rule rather than the exception. The Thy finds have really made evident in earnest the prospects opened up by this fact, as is illustrated by a new structure uncovered next to Høghs Høj.In 2000, the remains of a new cult structure were uncovered next to a hitherto unknown demolished mound, immediately southeast of Høghs Høj (Fig. 15). Although this find is poorly preserved compared with the ones excavated earlier, there is no doubt that this is a structure of the same category. One could hardly wish for a better illustration of the common nature of this type of structure.Bjarne Henning NielsenVesthimmerlands MuseumJens-Henrik BechMuseet for Thy og Vester HanherredTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle

KoustrupA medieval thorp in Western JutlandIn the mid-1980s, a farmer ploughed up stones and clay on some fields adjoining an old road in an area known as Koustrup in the parish of Velling near Ringkøbing (fig. 1). Following this, amateur archaeologists investigated the area and located five medieval farm sites. Four farm sites were on the southern side and one was on the northern side of an east-west running road, which may go back to the Middle Ages. Some of the farm sites were visible on aerial photos (fig. 2).The farms were built on a moor in the early Middle Ages, and the settlement was probably inhabited until the 14th century. Ringkøbing Museum investigated the westernmost farm site in 1992 without recovering definite house remains. The second farm site from the East was excavated in the summers of 1994 to 1996.This paper presents the results of these in vestigations.The area to be excavated was divided into two large areas, I and II. A dwelling house and its surroundings were excavated in area I (fig. 3), and the remains of farm buildings and other structures in area II.The dwelling house first appeared as an oblong clay area: the clay floor (fig. 4). Along the edges of this floor, some large stones appeared. They were arranged in a row, and although some were missing, it was clearly the remains of a sill. In the middle of the northern row of sill stones there was a bay-like projection (fig. 5). There were only a few post holes in the house, and although some were following the axis of the house, the house did not seem to have had central roof-carrying posts. More likely, the walls were carrying the roof. Some postholes aligned across the house towards each end may indicate partition walls that divided the house into a large middle room and two smaller gable rooms. The gables were difficult to distinguish, but two oval pits containing stones may be the remains of the western gable (fig. 6), whereas a very deep posthole towards the south-east marked one corner of the eastern gable. The oldest fireplace in the house was a pit, which may have had a wooden superstructure, perhaps a spark-catcher (fig. 7). Along the inside of the northern wall east of the projection were the remains of an oven, which had had a mud-built vault. This oven belongs to the latest phase of the house. There were also traces of a couple of fireplaces on the clay floor. Postholes outside the house indicate a couple of light wooden buildings close to the dwelling house. Traces of another oven were found at the middle of the southern house wall. In the eastern end of the house was a 3-m long stone-lined pit (fig. 8), which is interpreted as a low cellar. Two stone-paved areas were excavated at the east end of the house. They may be connected with entrances in the eastern gable.The majority of the finds from the dwelling house are potsherds of the local brown/grey, coarsely tempered ware also known from the oldest layers of Ringkøbing (fig. 9). The numerous rimsherds with flanged rims indicate that the clay vessels are mainly of the gloular type (fig. 10). The rimsherds could be divided into three main groups: A, with a curved flanged rim (fig. 11); B, with a rim bent outward in an almost right angle (fig. 12); and C, with a pronounced bend between the neck and the rim and a wide rim meant to support a lid (fig. 13). Apart from sherds from globular vessels, there were sherds of unglazed jugs, dishes, and bowls (fig. 14). Only a few sherds from glazed jugs were found, one with a twisted handle (fig. 15). Other artifacts from the dwelling house were whetstones made from Norwegian micaschist (fig. 16) and some rusty iron objects, mainly nails and spikes.The dwelling house remains in area I are well preserved, although marked by cultivation in modern times. The house had a width of 5.5 meters and a length of 18 meters. Charcoal from the cooking pit and from a waste layer outside the projection were C14-dated. The result shows that the house was in use in the decades around 1250. Together with the artifacts, this point s at the 13th century as the function period.The knowledge of medieval country houses in Western Jutland is sparse, as it is limited to just a few finds. The dwelling house of an excavated medieval farm by Fjand also had a row of sill stones, but in this case, the sill was supporting massive turf walls, and the roof was supported by central roof-carrying posts. Turf walls in combination with central roof-bearing posts were common in areas with sparse timber. However, in Koustrup there was enough timber available for building, and the walls were probably half-timbered and fixed in a sill beam resting on the sill stones. The small projection in the north wall is unusual in the Danish material.Area II was situated south east of area I. It was laid out in order to locate the farm buildings of the medieval farm. Aerial photos showed faint house silhouettes in th is place. However, very little was preserved (fig. 17).The northern part of the area was characterized by a large peat layer, which had been filled into a 60- cm deep hole dug into the hill from the east – perhaps a store for house building, or for bedding in the stables. Later, a small peat-wall building with an oven (C, fig. 1 8) was erected on top of the layer. The surface had traces of two more fireplaces: A, by the western edge of the area, and B, some four meters from the western edge. In and around these structures were several medieval potsherds (fig. 19).South of the large peat blotch were the traces from a building running north-south. Unfortunately, only traces of the western wall were found, but enough of this was left for three building phases to be established. The older phase was represented by a row of postholes, which could be followed for 15 meters. The southernmost 9.5 meters consisted of six pairs of double posts. When the building was altered, these walls were replaced by peat walls resting in foundation trenches. When these walls were later replaced, new foundation trenches were dug into the old ones. However, this time stones were placed in the ditches before the peatwalls were erected on top (fig. 24). In the middle of the long wall was an interval without stones, perhaps indicating a door.Area II did not provide as much pottery as area I. Some sherds from globular vessels with the rim forms A, B, and C were collected, but just a single glazed sherd. A quern stone of garnet micaschist originates from Norway (fig. 21). Several rusty iron items were found in the area, mainly nails.The most interesting single find was a small Romanesque bronze cross (fig. 22). It was found using a metal detector and measures 3.6 x 2.8 cm. The weight is 7 g. The cross is from c. 1200 and has an ornamentation of engraved lines with traces of gilt. A missing cross arm may indicate that the cross was broken off a casket or other item.Although there were no instantly recognizable house sites, we have established medieval activity in area II. Whether the structural remains are from the farm’s stables and barns, or the remains of an older croft settlement is unknown.Aerial photos and investigation of the two areas showed trenches and ditches that may have been part of the demarcation of the medieval croft (fig. 24). A ditch running along the northern side of the dwelling house in area I may indicate the northern end of the croft. In area II, the structural remains were cut by two succeeding north-south running ditches, the assumed eastern end of the croft. Southernmost in area II was a large peat-filled ditch running east-west, which may indicate the southern perimeter (fig. 23).The early Middle Ages were times of prosperity for North-western Europe, and so the populations grew. New land was put under the plough, and many left their villages in order to found new settlements, the so-called thorps. In Denmark, around 4000 localities with the name ending ”- torp ” or the derivatives ” -tarp ”, or ”-trup ” are known. Around half of these belong to existing settlements, such as Koustrup. This name was supposedly created from the personal name of ”Kok” and ”torp”. The village was first mentioned as ”Coxtrup” in a written source from the mid-15th century.After the good times of the many thorp foundations, Denmark suffered a drastic recession in the first half of the 14th century. Civil wars and crop failure was followed by the plague, and many thorps and farms were deserted. Perhaps the Koustrup settlement was given up at that time. At least the area was uninhabited then, but new investigation has shown that Koustrup was revived in the late Middle Ages some two hundred meters to the south of the 13th century settlement. Some of the farms in this ”new” Koustrup were mentioned in late medieval sources,and three of the farms still exist (fig. 25).The excavations in Koustrup have increased our knowledge of the country settlement in Western Jutland in the late Middle Ages. Many questions have been answered, and new ones have been asked. It is a fascinating thought that the inhabitants of the first Koustrup may have witnessed both the erection of the Veiling Church and so me hundred years later the sprouting up of the market town of Ringkøbing.Helle HenningsenRingkøbing MuseumTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle

Buildings located in extreme cold climates encounter challenges (e.g., heat loss, condensation, and frozen utilities), especially within their wall envelopes. These challenges also play a pivotal role in occupant health, comfort, and the structural integrity of the building. While the existing literature has primarily focused on thermal performance, this study underscores the importance of evaluating hygrothermal performance within wall envelopes, given the existence of mold growth even in cases of high thermal resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the hygrothermal performance of an adaptable house wall (AHW) panel that incorporates composite infill panels paired with vacuum-insulated panels to endure harsh cold conditions in Alaska. Therefore, three steps were proposed to: (1) collect the material and thermal properties of the AHW; (2) model the hygrothermal performance of the AHW in WUFI® PRO v6.7 software; and (3) analyze the results. The results revealed a moderate risk of mold growth in the inner plywood layer of the AHW, whereas the outer plywood layer showed zero risk, indicating an acceptable condition. The findings aid decisionmakers in recognizing potential mold-related issues in building walls before advancing to the construction phase.

The power house of Yantan extended hydropower project, with complex geological conditions such as fault f211 below the power house and quartzite on top of it, is a huge underground cavern with large span and high wall. In order to evaluate the stability of the power house surrounded by such complex geological structure, the numerical simulation excavation of power house with different location schemes were studied by the elasto-plastic 2D FEM method. The deformation and evolutive process of the stress with the progress of excavation were analyzed. On the condition ensuring the whole stability of surrounding rock mass, comparison optimization analyses were conducted on the power house location scheme. The rational location scheme was demonstrated. The final analyses results show that: (1) The mechanical properties of quartzite and its relative location to the power house has no obvious influence to the stability of surrounding rock mass.(2) The f211 is the main bad geological structure which affect the stability of power house. (3) The case of moving 10m upward of power house is the most rational scheme for the whole stability of power house. (4) The Supporting measures, which would has an obvious effect in controlling the influence on the stability of surrounding rock mass by weak geological structure, are suggested at the out-crop of f211.

The reduction of electricity use for heating and domestic hot water in cold climates can be achieved by: (1) reducing the heating loads through the improvement of the thermal performance of house envelopes, and (2) using solar energy through a residential solar-based thermal storage system. First, this paper presents the life cycle energy and cost analysis of a typical one-storey detached house, located in Montreal, Canada. Simulation of annual energy use is performed using the TRNSYS software. Second, several design alternatives with improved thermal resistance for walls, ceiling and windows, increased overall air tightness, and increased window-to-wall ratio of South facing windows are evaluated with respect to the life cycle energy use, life cycle emissions and life cycle cost. The solution that minimizes the energy demand is chosen as a reference house for the study of long-term thermal storage. Third, the computer simulation of a solar heating system with solar thermal collectors and long-term thermal storage capacity is presented. Finally, the life cycle cost and life cycle energy use of the solar combisystem are estimated for flat-plate solar collectors and evacuated tube solar collectors, respectively, for the economic and climatic conditions of this study.

The paper considers large-panel constructive system of multi-storey buildings and its industrial basis creates conditions for intensive volume growth in house construction. Application of hollow-core panels are recommended as floor slabs that allows to increase a distance between bearing walls, to improve planning solutions, and also significantly to increase thermal and sound protection properties of floor discs (coatings). Keyed joints having the highest resistance to shearing forces are used to ensure joint action of the slabs with wall panels. A supporting unit of floor elements in the precast-monolithic constructive system ARKOS by means of concrete keys is considered as a prototype of the considered joint. In order to increase a bearing capacity and improve reliability of joints it is envisaged to reinforce keys with space frames. Improvement of joint units is possible to carry out with due account of total number of the factors influencing on strength. Poltava National Technical University named after Yuri Kondratyuk has developed a general methodology for assessment of bearing capacity in keyed joints which is based on the variational method in the theory of concrete plasticity and reflects specificity of stress-strain state of the failure zone. For experimental verification of this methodology investigations have been carried out with the purpose to test operation of keys when they are reinforced in mid-height and reinforcement is distributed in two tiers. The observed experimental fracture pattern in the specimens has confirmed kinematic schemes accepted for calculations and comparative analysis of experimental and theoretical values points to their closeness. Two-level reinforcement significantly improves plastic properties of concrete keys and excludes brittle failure. The proposed design of the joint unit for floor slabs with wall panels is characterized by the ratio of key dimensions and shape of reinforcing cages in the form of hollow cylinders which ensure higher strength and seismic resistance of a joint.

The Haida plank house is one of the most important models built by the native American Indians. Built on the southwest coast of Canada, it adapts the tradition of the ancient pit houses to the requirements of the humid and cold climate characteristic of the Haida Gwaii Islands. This construction is composed by two main pieces: the central pit covered by a wooden envelope. Both protect its dwellers and their hearths. The ventilation system is based on two solutions: the gaps between the wall planks and a smoke hole that can be opened or closed in the roof at will. The aim of the present research is to analyze the way these two elements arrange the indoor airflow in order to ensure the comfortability of the house. Four cases have been proposed, according to four different dimensions for the gaps: 1, 2, 3 and 4 cm. Each case has been doubled in order to determine how the state of the smoke hole affected the corresponding results. This way, it has been concluded that if the gaps’ width becomes higher than 4 cm, the airflow velocity comfort level would be exceeded. It is been possible to observe how the state of the smoke hole influences the way the air moves around the dwelling.

On top o f a steep cliff, in a secluded spot some 90 ft above the Mediterranean, architect Eileen Gray designed and built a house for herself and Jean Badovici in the 1920's. She called it E 1027 - E for Eileen, 10 for ] which is the tenth letter of the alphabet, 2 for B and 7 for G. Some ten years låter, architect Le Corbusier lived in the house where he made eight mural paintings without asking permission by Gray who had then moved out. She was infuriated and saw the murals as vandalising graffiti. When l.e Corbusier published pictures of the murals in Oeuvre complete and L'Architecture cVaujtmrd'hui, he didn't even mention ber name. Låter on, the house and some of the furniture designed by Gray were said to be designed by him. l .e Corbusier has said that murals to him were weapons aimed at clestroying the architecture of a house, and he has described wall paintings as a hostile invasion of "the house of a stranger". I.ike all colonizers, however, he did not see the invasion as an act o f violence but rather as a present, a gift.

The construction of the Grand Dharmahusada Lagoon Apartment on Dharmahusada Mas, Mulyorejo, had a detrimental effect on the homes of local residents. Damage that occurs in general is cracks on the walls of the house ranging. Reinforcement using Diaphragm Wall and Secant Pile are designed for the Grand Dharmahusada Lagoon Surabaya project. Diaphragm wall and secant pile is a type of retaining wall that has the same advantages, the construction not noisy in workmanship, thickness and depth that can be adjusted as needed. The purpose of this thesis is to know and compare effectiveness of each plan. The results obtained in the calculation are material dimensions, wall depth, and maximum deformation. The Diaphragm wall has a thickness of 2.7 meters and a depth of 31 meters with a maximum deformation of 4.98 cm. In secant pile, the diameter of the pile is 1.2 meters with a depth of 31 meters and a maximum deformation of 4.93 cm. Based on the results of the planning comparison 2 of this method which includes maximum deformation, depth of excavation, wall thickness and estimated cost, planning was chosen using secant pile as a retaining wall. ABSTRAK Pembangunan Apartemen Grand Dharmahusada Lagoon di Jalan Dharmahusada Mas, Mulyorejo, membawa dampak buruk bagi rumah warga sekitar. Kerusakan yang terjadi pada umumnya adalah retak pada tembok rumah. Perencanaan perkuatan pada proyek Grand Dharmahusada Lagoon Surabaya menggunakan Diaphragm wall dan secant pile. Diaphragm wall dan secant pile merupakan jenis dinding penahan tanah memiliki keunggulan yang sama yaitu tidak bising dalam pengerjaan, ketebalan dan kedalaman yang dapat diatur sesuai kebutuhan. Tujuan perbandingan perencanaan dalam skripsi ini untuk mengetahui dan membandingkan keefektifan dari masing – masing perencanaan.. Hasil yang didapatkan pada perhitungan adalah dimensi material, kedalaman dinding, dan deformasi maksimum. Pada Diaphragm wall didapatkan ketebalan 2,7 meter dan kedalaman 31 meter dengan deformasi maksimum 4,98 cm. Pada secant pile didapatkan diameter pile sebesar 1,2 meter dengan kedalaman 31 meter dan deformasi maksimum 4,93 cm. Berdasarkan hasil perbandingan perencanaan 2 metode ini yang meliputi deformasi maksimum, kedalaman galian, ketebalan dinding dan estimasi biaya, dipilih perencanaan dengan menggunakan secant pile sebagai dinding penahan tanah.

Temperatures of the northern wall, ceiling and floor of a 2 &times; 12 milking house as well as of a waiting area in front of the milking house were measured for 24 hours a&nbsp;day in the winter season with an average external daily temperature of &ndash;8.6&deg;C. The influence of low external temperatures on the temperatures of cows&rsquo; mammary glands was measured with a&nbsp;non-contact thermometer RAYNGER ST 6 equipped with laser. The analysis showed that the low external temperatures and insufficiently warmed external walls [average 24-hour temperatures: (t_st&nbsp;=&nbsp;+1.32&deg;C), ceiling (t_s = +2.65&deg;C), floor (t_p = +3.29&deg;C)] as well as the waiting area in front of the milking house (t_d&nbsp;= +1.9&deg;C) produced unsuitable temperature conditions despite of the use of heaters in the milking house, resulting in the undercooling of mammary glands and the traumatising of dairy cows. The temperatures of mammary glands of tested dairy cows were evaluated by a multifactor analysis of variance. The time and place of measuring were statistically significant on the significance level 0.05. The F -test value for the factor of time was 12.342, with probability 0.0007. The F -test value for the place of temperature measuring was 1061.979, probability 0.0000. Among the equations of curves of the dependences of teat end temperature on the milking time, the closest seemed to be the logarithmic function with determination index R² = 0.7404. &nbsp;

The 2002–2003 Exotic Newcastle Disease (END) outbreak in Southern California poultry provided an opportunity to evaluate environmental air sampling as an efficient and cost-effective means of sampling flocks for detection of a circulating virus. Exotic Newcastle Disease virus was detected by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR from air samples collected using a wetted-wall cyclone-style air sampler placed within 2 m of birds in 2 commercial flocks suspected of being naturally exposed to END virus during the outbreak. Exotic Newcastle Disease virus was detected after 2 hours of air sampling the poultry-house environments of the 2 naturally infected flocks.

The first 3D-printed building in Spain is the object of this study, and it is presented and physically described herein from different points of view. This study combines on-site measurements, simulations, and a life cycle assessment to assess some relevant parameters concerning the acoustic, thermal and environmental performance of the 3D-printed house. The main objectives are to analyze whether the house complies with the acoustic and thermal regulations and to assess whether it can act as a sustainable alternative to conventional masonry construction, especially when time plays an important role. The build surface (3D prototype) of the house is approximately 23 m2. The internal space includes a living room (12.35 m2), a bedroom (7.36 m2) and a bathroom (3.16 m2). The total surface of the house is 22.87 m2 and it has a volume of 64.03 m3. The acoustic insulation was measured according to the ISO 9869-1:2014 standard. In terms of the acoustic insulation, the sound reduction index was tested following the guidelines of the ISO 140-5:1999 standard. Additionally, the study includes a comparative life cycle assessment comparing the 3D-printed façade with two conventional wall typologies. The 3D-printed house displays an excellent thermal performance, with a measured thermal transmittance of 0.24 Wm−2K−1, suitable for all Spanish climate zones. Regarding the acoustic insulation, the measured global sound reduction indexes of the façades range from 36 to 45 dB, which is adequate for areas with noise levels of up to 75 dB. The environmental results indicate that 3D-printed façade manufacturing emits 30% more CO2e than a façade constructed using concrete blocks and 2% less than a masonry block wall. Overall, this study shows that, in addition to its multiple advantages in terms of the construction time, the studied 3D-printed house has similar acoustic, thermal and environmental traits to the most common construction typologies. However, it cannot be considered a sustainable construction method due to its high amount of cement.

Background: Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), commonly known as Kala-azar is a chronic febrile disease occurs widely throughout the world. There are many risk factors which can influence the causation of kala azar in Bangladeshi people.Objective: The aim of the present study is to describe the Sociodemographic, household and environmental risk factors of kala-azar among a case series of Bangladeshi patients. Method: This case control study was carried out at inpatient department of Community Based Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh from July 2010 to June 2011, for a period of 1(one) year. The study samples were clinically and parasitologically confirmed kala-azar cases. The controls were rK 39 strip test negative hospitalized cases admitted for other reason.Results: Univariate analysis showed that nature of wall in the main structure, floor of the house, presence of cracks and crevices in walls, presence of a granary inside houses and presence of bamboo trees near houses, were risk factors for kala-azar. Multivariate analysis showed that Presence of cracks and crevices in walls (OR=3.429, 95%CI=1.037-11.338, P =0.043) and presence of bamboo tree around houses (OR=5.652, 95%CI =1.368-23.347, P =0.017) in rural areas of study region, were significant risk factors for kala-azar.Conclusion: These findings have important practical implications because they suggest that on improving housing and environmental conditions in rural areas, may be particularly effective in reducing the incidence of kala-azar and its transmission of infection by sand fly vectors.Journal of Science Foundation, 2016;14(2):56-61

ABSTRACT The aims of this study were to (1) understand the concept of geometry with geometric material, (2) understand the concept of geometry with geometric material, (3) understand the concept of geometry with geometric transformation material, and (4) understand the development of numeration contained in the design. Saung Ranggon traditional house. This study is a qualitative research conducted using an ethnographic approach to explore and understand the concept of geometry through the use of geometric materials and geometric transformation materials, as well as the development of numeration within the design of the Saung Ranggon traditional house. The data collection techniques used in this study included interviews, observations, documentation techniques, and data analysis using triangulation techniques with the Spradley model consisting of domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, and component analysis. The results of this study are the geometric concepts contained in the design of the Saung Ranggon traditional house, namely, the concept of a flat shape (a rectangle that can be seen from the door, a square that can be seen from the side wall, a triangle that can be seen from the ventilation section, a trapezoid that can be seen from the back wall, a rhombus that can be seen from the fence section, and circles that can be seen from the old well), the concept of geometric shapes (tubes), the concept of transformation geometry (reflection on the axis, axis, axis), and numeration development are used to solve the cost problem.

Humans spontaneously attend to social cues like faces and eyes. However, recent data show that this behavior is significantly weakened when visual content, such as luminance and configuration of internal features, as well as visual context, such as background and facial expression, are controlled. Here, we investigated attentional biasing elicited in response to information presented within appropriate background contexts. Using a dot-probe task, participants were presented with a face–house cue pair, with a person sitting in a room and a house positioned within a picture hanging on a wall. A response target occurred at the previous location of the eyes, mouth, top of the house, or bottom of the house. Experiment 1 measured covert attention by assessing manual responses while participants maintained central fixation. Experiment 2 measured overt attention by assessing eye movements using an eye tracker. The data from both experiments indicated no evidence of spontaneous attentional biasing towards faces or facial features in manual responses; however, an infrequent, though reliable, overt bias towards the eyes of faces emerged. Together, these findings suggest that contextually-based social information does not determine spontaneous social attentional biasing in manual measures, although it may act to facilitate oculomotor behavior.

Entrepreneurs have always born the risk of running their business. They reap a profit in return for their risk taking and work. Housing developers are no different. In many countries, such as Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, they interpret the tastes of the buyers and provide the dwellings they develop with basic fittings such as floor and wall coverings, bathroom fittings and kitchen cupboards. In mainland China, however, in most of the developments, units or houses are sold without floor or wall coverings, kitchen or bathroom fittings. What is the motive behind this choice? This paper analyses the factors affecting housing developers’ decisions to provide fittings based on 1701 housing developments in Hangzhou, Chongqing and Hangzhou using a Probit model. The results show that developers build a higher proportion of bare units in mainland China when: 1) there is shortage of housing; 2) land costs are high so that the comparative costs of providing fittings become relatively low.

A theoretical and computational study of MHD natural convection in an isotropic non-Darcian porous medium saturated with electrically conducting helium gas in an enclosure in the presence of heat generation is presented. A Brinkman extended Darcy-Forchheimer model is employed and the working fluid is assumed to be incompressible. The model is non-dimensionalised and converted into pressure-velocity form. The Harlow-Welch marker and cell (MAC) finite difference technique is employed to solve the nonlinear boundary value problem via pressure-vorticity coupling. A parametric investigation of the influence of Grashof number ( Gr), Hartmann magnetic number ( Ha), Darcy number ( Da), and the internal heat generation parameter ( Γ) on streamline and isotherm distributions with Prandtl number ( Pr) is 0.71 (Helium) is conducted. The variation in local Nusselt number along the left and right walls of the computational 2 D enclosure is also studied. Validation house-computational numerical MATLAB code is tests are included. Local Nusselt number is elevated at both left and right walls with greater Darcy number (higher medium permeability) and Grashof number. However, with greater internal heat generation, local Nusselt number magnitudes are enhanced at the left (cold) wall only but suppressed at the right (hot) wall. Increasing magnetic field reduces local Nusselt number at both left and right walls. With increasing magnetic field, the single vortex is strongly distorted and skewed towards the top left and lower right corners of the enclosure. Temperature contours at the left and right wall are however less intense with greater magnetic field effect. The simulations are of relevance to hybrid electromagnetic gaseous fuel cells, magnetic field control of filtration processes and porous media materials processing systems.

A large two-aisled house at Nørre Holsted in southern Jutland – Analysis of a longhouse from Early Bronze Age period IIn 2011 and 2012, Sønderskov Museum investigated an area of 65,000 m2 at Nørre Holsted, between Esbjerg and Vejen. The investigation revealed a multitude of features and structures dating from several periods, including extensive settlement remains from the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age. Excavations have also been carried out in this area previously, resulting in rich finds assemblages. This paper focuses on the site’s largest and best preserved two-aisled house, K30, which is dated to Early Bronze Age period I (1700-1500 BC). This longhouse therefore represents the final generation of houses of two-aisled construction. It also contained charred plant remains, which provide information on arable agriculture of the time and the internal organisation of the building at a point just prior to three-aisled construction becoming universal. The remains indicate continuity in both agriculture and in internal organisation between the late two-aisled and early three-aisled longhouses. The two-aisled house at Nørre Holsted can therefore make a significant contribution to the long-running debate about this architectural change, which has often focussed on developments in farming: The increased importance of cattle husbandry is said to have been the main reason for breaking with the tradition of two-aisled construction.The Nørre Holsted locality comprises the top of a sandy plateau that forms a ridge running north-south. The slightly sloping plateau lies 38-42 m above sea level and the ridge is surrounded by damp, low-lying terrain that, prior to the agricultural drainage of recent times, was partly aquiferous. The site occupies a central position in the southern part of Holsted Bakkeø, a “hill island” that is primarily characterised by sandy moraine. People preferred to live on well-drained ridges with sandy subsoil throughout large parts of prehistory and this was also true in the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age. On the area uncovered at Nørre Holsted, remains were found of 16 two-aisled houses, of which three had sunken floors. Ten of these houses are dated to the Late Neolithic and three are assigned to the first period of the Bronze Age. During Early Bronze Age periods II and III, a total of 14 three-aisled longhouses stood on the sandy plateau. As can be seen from figure 2, the houses from the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age lie more or less evenly distributed across the area. However, the buildings from the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age period I form a distinct cluster in the eastern part, while a western distribution is evident for the houses from Early Bronze Age periods II-III. The western part of the site lies highest in the terrain and a movement upwards in the landscape was therefore associated with the introduction of the three-aisled building tradition. Tripartition of the dimensions can be observed in both the two- and the three-aisled houses, with this being most pronounced in the latter category. The three-aisled Bronze Age houses from periods II and III, which represent the typical form with rounded gables and possibly plank-built walls, show great morphological and architectonic uniformity. Conversely, the two-aisled house remains are characterised by wider variation. The small and medium-sized examples, with or without a partly-sunken floor, represent some very common house types in Jutland. Conversely, the largest longhouse, K30, represents a variant that is more familiar from areas further to the east in southern Scandinavia.The largest two-aisled house at Nørre Holsted was located on the eastern part of the sandy plateau, where this slopes down towards a former wetland area (fig. 3). The east-west-oriented longhouse had a fall of 1.5 m along its length, with the eastern end being the lowest part at c. 38 m above sea level. Its orientation towards the wet meadow and bog to the east is striking, and it stood a maximum of 50 m from the potential grazing area. A peat bog lay a further 100 m to the east and in prehistory this was probably a small lake. Sekær Bæk flows 600 m to the north and, prior to realignment, this watercourse was both deeper and wider where it met the former lake area. Access to fresh water was therefore optimal and opportunities for transport and communication by way of local water routes must similarly have been favourable. It should be added that the watercourse Holsted Å flows only 1 km to the south of the locality.House K30 had a length of 32 m and a width of 6.5-7 m, with the western part apparently being the broadest, giving a floor area of more than 200 m2. The eastern gable was slightly rounded, while that to the west was of a straighter and more open character. The wall posts were preserved along most of the two sides of the building and the internal (roof-) supporting posts were positioned just inside the walls. Two transverse partition walls divided the longhouse, with its ten central posts, into three main rooms (fig. 5). These posts were the building’s sturdiest and most deeply-founded examples. Charcoal-rich post-pipes could be observed in section, and these revealed that the posts consisted of cloven timber with a cross-section of c. 25 cm. The central posts were regularly spaced about 3 m apart, except at the eastern and western ends, where the spacing was 4 m (fig. 5). The posts along the inside of the walls were less robust and not set as deeply as the central posts. There were probably internal wall or support posts along the entire length of the walls. These were positioned only 0.5 m inside the walls and must therefore have functioned together with these. Based on the position of these posts, the possibility that they were directly linked to the central posts can be dismissed. It seems much more likely that they were linked together by transverse beams running across the house – a roof-supporting feature that, a few generations later, moved further in towards the central axis to become the permanent roof-bearing construction. The actual wall posts or outer wall constituted the least robust constructional element of the longhouse.Remains of the walls were best preserved in the eastern part, and the wall posts here were spaced 1.5 m apart in the eastern gable and 2 m apart in the side wall (fig. 5). The wall posts had disappeared in several places, particularly in the central part of the building. Entrances could not be identified in the side walls, possibly as a consequence of the fragmentary preservation of the post traces. Two transverse partition walls, each consisting of three posts, were present in the western and eastern parts, with the latter example being integrated into a recessed pair of posts. The western room had an area of 59 m2 and contained two pits, while the eastern part was filled with charred plant material, consisting largely of acorns. The actual living quarters may have been located here, even though the larger central room, with an area of c. 85 m2, could just as well represent the dwelling area with its large, deep cooking pit (fig. 5). The eastern room had an area of 60 m2 and therefore did not differ significantly in area from that to the west.The entire fill from features that could be related to longhouse K30 was sieved. The objective was to retrieve small finds in the form of micro flakes and pottery fragments that are normally overlooked in conventional shovel excavation. The associated aims included ascertaining whether the flint assemblage could reveal the production of particular tools or weapons in the building. Unfortunately, not a single piece of pottery or any other datable artefacts were recovered. Only a few small flint flakes, which simply show that the finds from house K30 conform to the typical picture of a general reduction in the production of flint tools at the transition from Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age. The 11 flint flakes from the longhouse merely reflect the simple manufacturing of cutting tools. Consequently, no bifacial flint-knapping activities took place within the building, and there is a lack of evidence for specialised craftsmen. The great paucity of finds is typical of houses from the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age which do not have a sunken floor. It is therefore important to look more closely at the charred plant material (plant macro-remains) concealed in the fills of the postholes and pits. In the case of house K30, the soil samples have provided a range of information, providing greater knowledge of what actually took place in a large house in southern Jutland at the beginning of the Bronze Age.The scientific dating of house K30 is based on barley grains from two roof posts and from a wall post in the eastern part. The three AMS radiocarbon dates assign the longhouse to Early Bronze Age period I, with a centre of gravity in period Ib (fig. 6). Plant macro-remains have previously been analysed from monumental three-aisled Bronze Age houses in southern Jutland. It is therefore relevant to take a look inside a large longhouse representing the final generation of the two-aisled building tradition. Do the results of the analyses indicate continuity in the internal organisation of these large houses or did significant changes occur in their functional organisation with the introduction of the three-aisled tradition?During the excavation of longhouse K30, soil samples were taken from all postholes and associated features for flotation and subsequent analysis of the plant macro-remains recovered. An assessment of the samples’ content of plant macro-remains and charcoal revealed that those from two central postholes and a pit contained large quantities of plant material (fig. 7), whereas the other samples contained few or no plant remains. It was therefore obvious to investigate whether there was a pattern in the distribution of the plant macro-remains that could provide an insight into the internal organisation of the house and the occupants’ exploitation of plant resources. The plant macro-remains can be used to investigate the organisation of the house because the house site lay undisturbed. The remains can therefore be presumed to date from the building’s active period of use. The plant remains lay on the floor of the house and they became incorporated into the fill of the postholes possibly as the posts were pulled up when the house was abandoned or when the posts subsequently rotted or were destroyed by fire. The plant macro-remains therefore reflect activities that have taken place in the immediate vicinity of the posthole in question.Only barley, in its naked form, can be said to have been definitely used by the house’s occupants, as this cereal type dominates, making up 80% of the identified grains (fig. 8). It is also likely, however, that emmer and/or spelt were cultivated too as evidence from other localities shows that a range of cereal crops was usually grown in the Early Bronze Age. This strategy was probably adopted to mitigate against the negative consequences of a possible failed harvest and also in an attempt to secure a surplus. Virtually no seeds of arable weeds were found in the grain-rich samples from the postholes where the central posts had stood; just a few seeds of persicaria and a single grass caryopsis were identified. This indicates that the crops, in the form of naked barley, and possibly also emmer/spelt, must have been thoroughly cleaned and processed. In contrast, the sample from pit A2500, in the western part of the house, contains virtually no cereal grains but does have a large number of charred acorn fragments (fig. 9). The question is, how should this pit be interpreted? If it was a storage pit, then the many acorns should not be charred, unless the pit and the remnants of its contents were subsequently burnt, perhaps as part of a cleansing or sterilisation process. It could also be a refuse pit, used to dispose of acorns that had become burnt by accident. In which case this must have been a temporary function as permanent refuse pits are unlikely to have been an internal feature of the house’s living quarters. Finally, it is possible that this could have been a so-called function-related pit that was used in connection with drying the acorns, during which some of the them became charred.From the plant macro-remain data it is clear that the occupants of longhouse K30 practised agriculture while, at the same time, gathering and exploiting natural plant resources. It should be added that they probably also kept livestock etc., but these resources have not left any traces in the site’s archaeological record – probably due to poor conditions for the preservation of bones. A closer examination of the distribution of plant macro-remains in house K30 reveals a very clear pattern (fig. 9), thereby providing an insight into the internal organisation of the building. All traces of cereals are found in the eastern half of the house and, in particular, the two easternmost roof postholes contain relatively large quantities, while the other postholes in this part of the building have few or no charred grains. This could suggest that there was a grain store (i.e. granary) in the vicinity of the penultimate roof-bearing post to the east, while the other cereal grains in the area could result from activities associated with spillage from this store, which contained processed and cleaned naked barley. No plant macro-remains were observed in the posthole samples from the opposite end of the building. The plant remains in this part of the house all originate from the aforementioned pit A2500, which contained a large quantity of acorns, together with a few arable weed seeds. The pit should possibly be interpreted as an acorn store or a functional pit associated with roasting activities or refuse disposal.The distribution of the plant macro-remains provides no secure indication of the location of the hearth or, in turn, of the living quarters. However, if the distribution of the charcoal in the house is examined (fig. 10), it is clear that there was charcoal everywhere inside house K30. This indicates that the longhouse was either burned down while still occupied or, perhaps more likely, in connection with its abandonment. A more detailed evaluation of the charcoal found in the various postholes and other features reveals the highest concentrations in the central room, suggesting that the hearth was located here, and with it the living quarters. This is consistent with the presence of a large cooking pit, found in the eastern part of this room. Perhaps this explains the presence of open pit A2500 in the western part of the house, which constitutes direct evidence against the presence of living quarters here. Another explanation for the highest charcoal concentrations being in the central room could also have been the entrance area, where there would be a tendency for such material to accumulate.Plant macro-remains have previously been analysed from large Bronze Age houses in the region, namely at the sites of Brødrene Gram and Kongehøj II, and plant remains from a somewhat smaller Late Neolithic house at Brødrene Gram were also examined. In many ways, K30 corresponds to the houses at Brødrene Gram (houses IV and V) and Kongehøj II (house K1). There is continuity with respect to the cereals represented in the Late Neolithic house at Brødrene Gram and the three-aisled Early Bronze Age houses at Brødrene Gram and Kongehøj II; naked barley and emmer/spelt are the dominant cereal types. There is, however, some variation in the cereal types present in the three-aisled Bronze Age houses, as hulled barley also occurs as a probable cultivated cereal here. It therefore seems that, with time, an even broader range of crops came to be cultivated when houses began to have a three-aisled construction. Another marked difference evident in the composition of the plant macro-remains is that the grain stores in the two-aisled houses contain only very few weed seeds, while those in the later houses are contaminated to a much greater extent with these remains. This could be due to several factors. One possible explanation is that the grain was cleaned more thoroughly before it was stored at the time of the two-aisled houses. Another explanation could be that there were, quite simply, fewer weeds growing in the arable fields in earlier periods, possibly because these fields were exploited for a shorter time and less intensively. This would mean that the field weeds were not able to become established to the same degree as later and fewer weeds were harvested with the cereal crop. As a consequence, the stored grain would contain fewer weed seeds relative to later periods. If the latter situation is true, the increase in field weeds could mark a change in the use of the arable fields, whereby each individual field was exploited for a somewhat longer period than previously.A common feature seen in all the houses is that they had grain stores in the eastern part of the building and storage was therefore one of the functions of this part. No secure evidence was however found of any of the houses having been fitted out as a byre. The three-aisled house IV at Brødrene Gram apparently also had a grain store at its western end – where K30 had its acorn-rich pit. However, while the western end of the Brødrene Gram house, and that of the other houses, is interpreted as a dwelling area, this room apparently had another function in K30, where the living quarters appear to have been located in the central room, as indicated by the cooking pit and the marked concentration of charcoal.Longhouse K30 differs from the later houses at Brødrene Gram and Kongehøj II in that these two three-aisled houses contain large quantities of chaff (spikelet forks) of wheat, possibly employed as floor covering, while no such material was observed in K30. However, it is unclear whether this is due to differences in the internal organisation of the buildings or to preservation conditions. Conversely, the use of possible function-related pits, like the one containing acorn remains in house K30, appears to have continued throughout the subsequent periods, as the Bronze Age house at Brødrene Gram also contains similar pits, the more precise function of which remains, however, unresolved. A high degree of continuity can thereby be traced, both in the crops grown and the internal organisation of the two- and three-aisled longhouses in southern Jutland. There was, however, some development towards the cultivation of a wider range of crops.In turn, this suggests that, in terms of arable agriculture and internal building organisation, there was no marked difference between the late two-aisled and early three-aisled houses – or, more correctly, between the large houses of Bronze Age periods I and II in southern Jutland. More secure conclusions with respect to continuity and change in the internal organisation of the buildings would, however, require a significantly larger number of similar analyses, encompassing several house types of different dimensions from a longer period of time and across a larger geographic area. Nevertheless, let us address the problem by including house sites in other regions, because this should enable us to gain an impression of the degree to which the picture outlined above for southern Jutland is representative of larger parts of southern Scandinavia.In several cases, both in the large two-aisled longhouses from Late Neolithic period II to Early Bronze Age period I and the large three-aisled longhouses from Early Bronze Age periods II-III, we see an internal division of the building into three main rooms. This tripartite division does, however, become clearer and more standardised with the advent of the three-aisled building tradition, which is a special characteristic of the longhouses of southern Jutland. Food stores were apparently often kept in the eastern parts of these houses. This is shown by the concentrations of charred grain found in these areas, and in some cases the larders must have been positioned immediately inside the eastern gable. Over time, traces of grain stores have been recorded from sunken areas in a number of house sites in Jutland. As a rule, these sunken floors constituted the eastern part of two-aisled houses of Myrhøj type, which were particularly common, especially in Jutland, during the Late Neolithic and the first period of the Bronze Age. One reason for lowering the house floor in this way was possibly a requirement for more space to store grain. It has been pointed out that a sunken floor gives greater head clearance in a room which, in turn, optimises the possibility of keeping the grain dry. In some cases, these sunken floors were almost totally covered by charred barley and wheat grains; surely the result of stored grain having fallen from an open loft during a house fire.In the Late Neolithic, arable agriculture apparently increased in importance as it became more intensive and diverse, with a wider range of crops now being cultivated. Agriculture in the Early Bronze Age was simply a continuation of the agricultural intensification evident in Late Neolithic arable agriculture. There was a possible difference in that fields were probably more commonly manured in the Early Bronze Age, though the first secure evidence for manuring dates from the Late Bronze Age. The plant macro-remains from the Early Bronze Age include significantly greater numbers of weeds, suggesting that individual arable fields had a longer period of use. Moreover, nutrient-demanding hulled barley came on to the scene as a cultivated crop. This has been demonstrated for example in the aforementioned longhouses at Brødrene Gram and Kongehøj II, both of which date from the Early Bronze Age period II. However, a large component of hulled barley has actually been demonstrated in remains from a Late Neolithic sunken house site at Hestehaven, near Skanderborg.Most Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age farms in what is now Denmark were located on nutrient-poor sandy soils, and this was also the case at Nørre Holsted. In itself, location on these soils suggests that soil-improvement measures were employed. Indirectly, it can also tell us something of the significance of livestock, if it is assumed that cattle supplied a major proportion of the material used to manure the arable fields. Domestic livestock is, however, virtually invisible in the Late Neolithic settlement record, compared with that from the three-aisled contexts of the Bronze Age. There are records from Jutland of about 15 longhouses with clearly evident stall dividers, but this total seems very modest relative to a total number of Bronze Age house sites of around 1000. It has long been maintained in settlement archaeology that the three-aisled building tradition was better suited to the installation of a byre. On the face of it, this seems plausible for animals tethered in stalls. But the byre situation is, however, unlikely to have been a direct cause of the change in roof-bearing construction, as highlighted by recently expressed doubts in this respect. Neither are there grounds to dismiss the possibility that byres were installed in two-aisled longhouses. There is an example from Hesel in Ostfriesland, northwest Germany, where a large two-aisled house, measuring 35 x 5-6 m, contained stall dividers in its eastern half. An example from Zealand can also be mentioned in this respect: At Stuvehøj Mark near Ballerup there was a two-aisled longhouse, measuring 47 x 6 m, with possible post-built stall dividers in its eastern half. It stood on a headland surrounded by wetland areas and, like longhouse K30 at Nørre Holsted, it had a marked fall from the west to east gable.Preserved stall dividers in Bronze Age houses are, therefore, still a rare phenomenon and phosphate analysis of soil has yet to produce convincing results in this respect. There must be another explanation for the change in building architecture. It is possible that the massive monumentalisation process of Early Bronze Age period II played a crucial role in this respect. As described in the introduction, the first three-aisled houses were built higher up in the terrain. A position on the highest points of the landscape is a recurring feature at many other localities with longhouses from Early Bronze Age periods II-III. This visualisation process involved consistent use of the timber-demanding plank-built walls and took place primarily in southern, central and western Jutland. Here, forests had to yield to the huge resource consumption involved in constructing three-aisled houses because it was here that the tradition of plank-built walls was strongest. This situation must be seen in conjunction with barrow building, where there was a corresponding and coeval culmination in the construction of large turf-built burial mounds. Was the three-aisled tradition introduced quite simply because it became possible to build both wider and higher? Period II has the largest longhouses found in Scandinavia to date and these could reach dimensions of 50 x 10 m. The buildings became much wider and the earth-set posts for the plank walls were in some cases founded just as deep as the roof-bearing post pairs, which could extend 50-70 cm down into the subsoil. This could, in turn, suggest that some longhouses had more than one storey. It should also be pointed out that the large-scale construction of longhouses and barrows came to a halt at the same time – in the course of period III, i.e. shortly before 1200 BC. It therefore seems likely that the three-aisled building tradition was introduced as an important step in the actual monumentalisation process rather than as a result of a need to adjust to new requirements for internal organisation. At the end of the Early Bronze Age and throughout the Late Bronze Age, the dimensions of three-aisled houses were reduced and the houses adopted a much less robust character. There was no longer a need for monumental construction. The significance and symbolism by the large buildings constructed in the Early Bronze Age period II and the first part of period III is though a longer and more complex story and it should not be studied in isolation from the barrow-building phenomenon of the time.Lars GrundvadMuseet på SønderskovMartin Egelund PoulsenMuseet på SønderskovMarianne Høyem Andreasen Moesgaard Museum

Abstract This study aims to investigate the effect of natural ventilation on the thermal performance of a double-story end-lot unit residential house constructed with reinforced concrete walls and structure in Kluang, Johor. Field measurement was conducted in the master bedroom of the house. Five ventilation cases were investigated which are night ventilation (case 1), no ventilation (case 2), day ventilation (case 3), day ventilation with fan (case 4), and night ventilation with fan (case 5). The measured data were indoor air temperature, outdoor air temperature, indoor relative humidity, outdoor relative humidity, and globe temperature. Then, the thermal comfort assessment was conducted based on the adaptive thermal comfort equation for hot-humid climate for all cases. The results show that the mean indoor temperature for all cases is in the range of 29°C to 31.5°C which indicates a high indoor air temperature. Furthermore, the analysis of air temperature difference between outdoor and indoor (out-in) for different natural ventilation modes showed that the indoor thermal conditions of the master bedroom were not significantly different when compared between cases. In the thermal comfort assessment, the night ventilation case (case 1) provided the most comfortable hours during the measurement with a range of 11 to 35.4 %, thanks to the lower outdoor climate conditions at night compared to the other cases. Overall, in this study, the effect of natural ventilation modes on the indoor thermal condition of a master bedroom in a residential house with concrete walls and structures was found not significantly different in the performance of air temperature reduction and comfort hour improvement when compared between cases.

Phthalates can be found in personal care products as solvents and plasticizers in various polymers, especially PVC, wall coverings, certain paints, vinyl floor coverings, electronic devices, medical devices, food packages, toys, cables and other products. Humans are ingesting food products that contain phthalates, or they have dermal contact with phthalate-containing material, such as clothes, PVC gloves, personal care products or house dust. In this study, samples of dust from several houses in Kozani city, Greece, were collected and analyzed for phthalate concentration, and the potential association with building characteristics was examined utilizing detailed checklists. Samples were taken from the vacuum cleaner of the houses and extracted with ethyl acetate, and then analyzed with GC-MS in the SIM mode. The levels of phthalate ranged from 10.57 to 221.19 μg/g for Di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), 4.03 to 264.91 μg/g for Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), 0.72 to 20.22 μg/g for benzyl-butyl phthalate (BBP) and 62.73 to 1233.54 μg/g for Di- (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), with detection limits of 4.5, 3.3, 11.6 and 13.1 ng/g, respectively. Using the Kruskal–Wallis statistical test, several associations were found between the measured phthalate and occupant activities (duration of ventilation and location of temporary garbage storage) and building characteristics (plastic or synthetic materials inside the houses).

Abstract Shanghai Grand Opera House, which is under construction in Shanghai, China, includes two relatively large opera halls, which are named as the large opera hall and the middle opera hall. Below the stages of these two opera halls are two deep stage pits where the mechanical equipment will be arranged after construction, therefore, the structure of these stage pits is designed to be basically hollow with only a small amount of floor slabs on the edges. For the most sections of the stage pits, the depth is 16m, and the arrangement of horizontal supports and lattice columns in the stage pits during the construction period is extremely complicated. To prevent the outer walls of the stage pits from leaking and further guarantee the quality of the structure, the unilateral support formwork, which is composed of multiple steel components as load bearing members, is applied to construct the 16m outer wall of the stage pits. In this paper, first, the specific working principle of the unilateral support formwork and numerical analysis of its construction steps are introduced. Then focus on explaining that through establishing detailed digital 3D models of the complex stage pits during construction period, the practical construction sequence and construction technologies are designed and formulated, meanwhile, the on-site staff can also be guided directly through digital 3D models, which guarantee the visualization of the complex technology and the convenience of on-site construction as well. The construction of the deep stage pits is currently in progress, and part of the outer wall has already been constructed successfully. The cost of the technology is certainly more than common construction methods, but it is still acceptable since most of the formwork members can be recycled and re-use, while the advantages are obvious. Finally, the main characteristics of the construction technology of the unilateral support formwork for 16m-high concrete outer wall is summarized and discussed, which can provide a reference for the construction of similar structures.

The increasing number of tourist attractions and airport construction in the city of Kediri will impact the rising number of visitors from outside the city. The availability of adequate accommodation to accommodate the number of visitors who will come to the town of Kediri is essential. Kediri City Guest House Building is one of the solutions to the problem of availability of accommodation in the City of Kediri going forward. Calculations carried out in this study regarding the structure of the 6-story Guest House building design using SAP2000V7.40 software. The results of the standard frame elements in the structure column model with the appropriate dimensions and materials included in the plan drawing. The column section frame has dimensions 600x600 cm and diameter 600 cm. The wall load value is distributed to all frames holding the wall in the form of a uniform load of 250 kg/m2 as planned, the height of the stairs is 2 m, and the length is flat is 2.5 m. Thus, the calculation results obtained the number of stomps of 10 pcs and the number of climbs of 10 pcs with a width of 61cm stairs, aantrade (horizontal) 25 cm, and optrade (up) 20 cm. Bertambahnya jumlah tempat Wisata dan pembangunan Bandara di Kota Kediri akan berdampak pada bertambahnya jumlah pengunjung dari luar Kota. Ketersediaan akomodasi yang mencukupi untuk menampung jumlah pengunjung yang akan datang ke Kota Kediri sangat diperlukan. Gedung Guest House Kota Kediri menjadi salah satu solusi pada permasalahan ketersediaan akomodasi kedepannya. perhitungan yang dilakukan Pada penelitian ini mengenai perencanaan struktur bangunan Guest House 6 lantai dengan menggunakan software SAP2000V7.40. Hasil elemen frame biasa pada model kolom struktur dengan dimensi dan material yang sesuai telah dicantumkan dalam gambar rencana. Frame section kolom tersebut berdimensi 600 x 600 Cm dan diameter 600 Cm. Nilai beban dinding didistribusikan ke seluruh frame yang menahan dinding dalam bentuk beban merata (uniform load) sebesar 250 kg/m2 seperti rencana tinggi tangga adalah 2 m dan panjang datar adalah 2,5 m. Secara perhitungan diperoleh hasil jumlah injakan 10 bh dan jumlah tanjakan 10 bh dengan lebar tangga 61cm, aantrade (mendatar) 25 cm, dan optrade (naik) 20 cm.

This work presents the design, construction, and evaluation of a rectangular ventilated cavity. The cavity has a heated wall, a fixed air inlet port, and an air outlet port that can change in four different configurations: C-1, the outlet gap is on the upper side of the left wall; C-2, the outlet is on left of the top wall; C-3, the outlet is in the middle of the top wall; and C-4, the outlet is on right of the top wall of the cavity. The experimental tests were carried out with a heating power of 200 and 400 W. The measured indoor air temperatures in nine points, the wall surface temperatures, and heat flows are reported for validation of computer codes. Then, the numerical modeling for the ventilated cavity was done with an in-house code based on the finite volume method to show the relevance of the experimental data. From experimental result for a heating power of 400 W, the configuration C-4 presented the smallest air temperature increment of 3.3°C and the lower average indoor air temperature. In addition, configuration C-4 was more efficient to remove heat than the other configurations, with a maximum percentage of heat removed being 4.75%, 4.32%, and 2.11% more than configurations C-1, C-2, and C-3, respectively. From the validation, the maximum error was 9.9% and 11.5% for the test of 400 and 200 W, respectively. In general, most comparison points had an error smaller than 5%. From both comparisons, it can be concluded that numerical results have an acceptable quantitative approximation.