Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Wage boards”
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Seltzer, Andrew J., i Jeff Borland. "The Impact of the 1896 Factory and Shops Act on the Labor Market of Victoria, Australia". Journal of Economic History 78, nr 3 (wrzesień 2018): 785–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050718000359.
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This article examines the effects of the Victorian Factory and Shops Act, the first minimum wage law in Australia. The Act differed from modern minimum wage laws in that it established Special Boards, which set trade-specific minimum wage schedules. We use trade-level data on average wages and employment by gender and age to examine the effects of minimum wages. Although the minimum wages were binding, we find that the effects on employment were modest, at best. We speculate that this was because the Special Boards, which were comprised of industry insiders, closely matched the labor market for their trades.
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Bell, David N. F., i Robert E. Wright. "The Impact of Minimum Wages on the Wages of the Low Paid: Evidence from the Wage Boards and Councils". Economic Journal 106, nr 436 (maj 1996): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2235572.
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K. J., Sophy. "Liberalisation and Abolition of Wage Boards: Supreme Court Defies the Tilt". Journal of National Law University Delhi 3, nr 1 (sierpień 2015): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277401720150109.
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Lyon, Vaughan. "Swedish Wage Earner Funds: A Glimpse of Our Future?" Canadian Journal of Political Science 19, nr 3 (wrzesień 1986): 573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900054597.
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AbstractAt the end of 1983, after a long and bitter political struggle, the Swedes adopted a system of wage earner funds. The five regionally-based funds are directed by boards dominated by employees. Using funds transferred to them by government, they invest in Swedish companies, primarily by buying shares on the stock market. The fund scheme will enable employees collectively to own about 10 per cent of Swedish business by 1990. They could control far more. Only experience can determine the impact of this new form of social ownership. But possibly the Swedes have found a socially and democratically appealing means of retaining the advantages of a market system while integrating social and economic forces.
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Blackburn, Sheila. "The problem of riches: from trade boards to a national minimum wage". Industrial Relations Journal 19, nr 2 (czerwiec 1988): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1988.tb00023.x.
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Walmsley, P. Y., i M. Ohtsu. "Teacher’s Salary Differentials and the Quality of Educational Services : Recent Developments in Saskatchewan". Relations industrielles 30, nr 4 (12.04.2005): 585–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/028653ar.
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This paper examines the relationship between teacher wage determination and the distribution of teacher skill-mix, based on recent Saskatchewan data. The authors argue that while centralized bargaining produces more uniform wage scale throughout the Province, it does not necessarily lead to the uniform distribution of teacher skill-mix among municipalities which is one of the most important conditions for the achievement of equality in the provision of educational services ; rather, it is the ability to pay of the individual school boards which has crucial bearings upon the composition of teacher skill-mix.
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Blackburn, Sheila. "Working-Class Attitudes to Social Reform: Black Country Chainmakers and Anti-Sweating Legislation, 1880–1930". International Review of Social History 33, nr 1 (kwiecień 1988): 42–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000008634.
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SummaryHistorians have recently paid serious attention to the roles of working-class groups in the creation of British social policy, but have largely ignored involvement by sweated workers. This article reveals among chainmakers long-run campaigns against sweating – successively demanding state action to abolish domestic workshops, regulate hours, restrict female work, fix rates for the job, and institute co-operative production. Failure in these campaigns led, with major initiatives from female workers, to advocacy of a statutory minimum wage. The Trade Boards Act (1909) reflected such pressures for state aid, though the form the legislation took brought only limited benefits.
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Treble, John G. "Interpreting the Record of Wage Negotiations Under an Arbitral Regime: A Game Theoretic Approach to the Coal Industry Conciliation Boards, 1893–1914". Business History 31, nr 3 (lipiec 1989): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076798900000065.
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SCHEFFER, MÁRIO CÉSAR, ALINE GIL ALVES GUILLOUX, MARIO ROBERTO DAL POZ i LILIA BLIMA SCHRAIBER. "Reasons for choosing the profession and profile of newly qualified physicians in Brazil". Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 62, nr 9 (grudzień 2016): 853–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.62.09.853.
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SUMMARY Objective To evaluate the socio-demographic profile, path to medical school admission and factors affecting the choice of becoming a physician in Brazil. Method Application of a structured questionnaire to 4,601 participants among the 16,323 physicians who graduated between 2014 and 2015 that subsequently registered with one of the 27 Regional Boards of Medicine (CRMs). Results The average age of participants is 27 years, 77.2% are white, 57% come from families with a monthly income greater than ten times the minimum wage, 65% have fathers who have completed higher education, 79.1% attended a private high school, and 63.5% selected the “will to make a difference in people’s lives or do good” as their main reason for choosing medicine, with some differences between the sexes and matriculation at a public or private medical school. Conclusion The recent politics for educational diversity and the opening of additional medical schools has not yet had an impact on the socio-demographic profile of graduates, who are mainly white, wealthy individuals.
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Michał Igielski. "Training and remuneration systems as motivational incentives based on the example of company x - case study". Współczesna Gospodarka 10, nr 2 (33) (30.06.2019): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/wg.2019.2.05.
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In the 21st century management boards of enterprises are looking for newer incentives that stimulate employees to work even better. They are now the main driver of success, and the process of motivating has become an integral part of a well-functioning company. All this in connection with the behaviour of contemporary employees, who are often not satisfied with the working conditions and who change their place of employment, has led to formulating the purpose of this study, i.e. to evaluate training systems and salaries in the surveyed construction company. The study should be treated as a pilot - a field of experience, because in the future, this experience will be translated into a study with a representative group of companies. By defining and analyzing the validity of the criteria, the author specified two methods that meet the above criteria - the audit questionnaire method and the direct questionnaire. The analysis showed that the training and remuneration systems in the surveyed company X are properly designed - they have a positive impact on the employees' motivation. It also turned out that effective motivation with non-wage elements is possible only if the staff is satisfied with the level of their remuneration.
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TOMLINSON, JIM. "CHURCHILL'S DEFEAT IN DUNDEE, 1922, AND THE DECLINE OF LIBERAL POLITICAL ECONOMY". Historical Journal 63, nr 4 (13.11.2019): 980–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000475.
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AbstractThis article uses Churchill's defeat in Dundee in 1922 to examine the challenges to liberal political economy in Britain posed by the First World War. In particular, the focus is on the impact of the war on reshaping the global division of labour and the difficulties in responding to the domestic consequences of this reshaping. Dundee provides an ideal basis for examining the links between local politics and global economic changes in this period because of the traumatic effects of the war on the city. Dundee depended to an extraordinary extent on one, extremely ‘globalized’, industry – jute – for its employment. All raw jute brought to Dundee came from Bengal, and the markets for its product were scattered all over the world. Moreover, the main competitive threat to the industry came from a much poorer economy (India), so that jute manufacturing was the first major British industry to be significantly affected by low-wage competition. Before 1914, the Liberals combined advocacy of free trade with a significant set of interventions in the labour market and in social welfare, including trade boards. The Dundee case allows us to examine in detail the responses to post-war challenges to these Liberal orthodoxies.
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Marcel, Jeremy J., Amanda P. Cowen i Gary A. Ballinger. "Are Disruptive CEO Successions Viewed as a Governance Lapse? Evidence From Board Turnover". Journal of Management 43, nr 5 (12.09.2013): 1313–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206313503011.
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A wealth of governance research has examined CEO successions and the negative organizational consequences that arise when boards are unable to effect smooth leadership transitions. Despite those findings, empirical and anecdotal evidence indicates that disruptive successions are still very common. In this article, we investigate whether disruptive CEO successions are viewed as a governance lapse by the board. We focus specifically on succession processes that involve the use of an interim leader. We leverage established research that shows that the pattern of board turnover observed in the wake of negative events is indicative of whether board behaviors are—in practice—viewed as normative violations. We theorize that audiences will disapprove of boards’ use of interim CEOs and, therefore, expect that these successions will prompt higher rates of board turnover than those observed following noninterim successions. However, we also anticipate that this relationship will be moderated by situational characteristics (e.g., surprise CEO departure, dynamic industry environment) that complicate succession planning and make audiences more accepting of a board’s decision to rely on an interim CEO. Our analysis of 438 successions at publicly traded U.S. firms provides support for these arguments. We discuss the implications of our findings for successions and corporate governance.
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He, Yirong, Zhixin Zeng, Yanglei Yu i Dengfang Ruan. "Liquid fuel sloshing control of an automotive fuel tank". Noise & Vibration Worldwide 50, nr 7 (lipiec 2019): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957456519860849.
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In order to reduce the influence of fuel sloshing on the interior noise of a passenger car, the fuel tank sloshing noise was first evaluated with a subjective evaluation method to determine the driving cycle of the car and the fuel filling percentage of the fuel tank in which the fuel tank sloshing noise is serious, and then two anti-wave boards with different structural characteristics were designed to reduce the fuel sloshing. On this basis, fuel sloshing in the fuel tank equipped with the newly designed and original anti-wave boards was simulated numerically; then, the anti-wave board with the best effect of inhibiting fuel from sloshing was selected based on the numerical results; finally, the anti-sloshing effect of the selected board was evaluated through the car road test. The test results show that the vibration acceleration magnitude at each monitoring point of the tank with the selected anti-wave board is significantly reduced compared with the original fuel tank, which indicates that the selected anti-wave board inhibits fuel from sloshing greatly.
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Bouteska, Ahmed, i Salma Mefteh-Wali. "The determinants of CEO compensation: new insights from United States". Journal of Applied Accounting Research 22, nr 4 (5.04.2021): 663–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaar-08-2020-0176.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of CEO compensation for sample of the US firms. It emphasizes the presence of executive compensation persistence and the importance of CEO power besides performance while setting CEO pay.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical analysis is conducted on a large sample of US firms during the period 2006–2016. It is based on the generalized method of moments (GMM) models to assess the impact of numerous factors on CEO compensation.FindingsThe main findings reveal that firm performance proxied by accounting-based proxies, as well as market-based proxies, plays a significant role in explaining variations in levels of executive compensation. Moreover, there is a significant persistence in executive compensation among the US sample firms. The authors also document that poor governance conditions (managerial power hypothesis) lead to high compensation levels offered to CEO.Research limitations/implicationsAt the end, without a doubt, the analysis has some limitations that prompt the authors to consider future research directions. One future research avenue that can help better explain the effect of firm performance on the CEO compensation is to study this issue using an international sample to determine whether country-level characteristics (e.g. creditor rights, shareholder rights and the enforcement climate) can influence this relationship. Furthermore, it can be worthwhile to deepen the analysis of CEO power and its impact on CEO compensation. It will be interesting to emphasize how the CEO power interacts with the other governance characteristics and some CEO attributes as CEO gender.Practical implicationsThe paper's findings have implications for practitioners, policymakers and regulatory authorities. First, the findings inform regulators that performance is not the only determinant of CEO pay level. This may warrant increased firm disclosure of the details of the pay structure. Second, the study offers insights to policymakers and members of boards of directors interested in enhancing the design of executive compensation and internal corporate governance, to better align managerial incentives to shareholder interests. Firms should strengthen the board independence and properly constitute the board committees (compensation, risk, nomination…).Originality/valueThis paper presents a comprehensive overview of the CEO compensation determinants. It supplements the classic pay-for-performance sensitivity predictions with insights gained from the dynamics of wage setting theory and managerial power theory. The authors develop a composite index to measure the CEO power in order to test the impact of CEO attributes on CEO pay. Additionally, it verifies whether the determinants of CEO pay depend on firm age and size.
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Balasso, Michelle, Mark Hunt, Andrew Jacobs i Julianne O’Reilly-Wapstra. "Development of Non-Destructive-Testing Based Selection and Grading Strategies for Plantation Eucalyptus nitens Sawn Boards". Forests 12, nr 3 (15.03.2021): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030343.
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Stiffness is considered one of the most important structural properties for sawn timber used in buildings and laminated structures including mass timber elements. There is great potential to use plantation Eucalyptus timber for structural applications, and the successful development of a plantation timber supply chain for structural products will depend on the accurate selection and grading of the resource. In this study we aimed to investigate the suitability of non-destructive testing (NDT) to improve selection and grading of sawn boards sourced from a young E. nitens plantation. We studied 268 sawn boards traced from the tree through to final processing stages. We found high and positive correlations between stiffness (measured as dynamic modulus of elasticity) tested at each board processing stage through acoustic wave velocity (AWV) and the static board modulus of elasticity measured through mechanical testing on dressed boards. Position of the board in the stem and sawn board processing treatment significantly impacted board modulus of elasticity, indicating that early selection of logs would allow larger yield of stiffer boards. We investigated the grading of boards through the traditional Australian Standards using a visual-grading system and through AWV, finding a classification error of 82.5% and 45.2%, respectively. We developed a linear model which was used to re-classify the boards, obtaining a smaller classification error, including fewer boards being over-graded. Our results demonstrate that AWV can be used as an early selection method for structural boards and can also be employed to satisfactorily grade E. nitens plantation boards to be used in building structures and as elements of mass timber.
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PRAMONO, AGUS. "THE ROLE OF THE CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCIAL WAGE COUNCIL IN DETERMINING REGENCY/CITY MINIMUM WAGES IN 2020". UNTAG Law Review 4, nr 1 (20.05.2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36356/ulrev.v4i1.1526.
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<p>The purpose of the study entitled "The Role of the Central Java Provincial Wage Council in Determining Regency/City Minimum Wages in 2020" is to determine the role of the Central Java Provincial Wage Council and the procedures for setting the minimum wage in 2020 by the Governor of Central Java Province. The research method used is normative juridical, which is an approach aimed at the study of legal issues from the aspect of applicable legal regulations, in this case in the form of the role of the Central Java Provincial Wage Council in seeking regency/city minimum wages in Central Java. Before the Central Java Provincial Wages Council was formed the name of the Central Java Provincial Research, Wages and Welfare Commission. With Presidential Decree No. 107 of 2004 concerning the Wages Board stipulated by the President of the Republic of Indonesia Megawati Sukarno Putri on 18 October 2004. In principle between the Research Commission and the Wage Council there are some differences, among others, regarding the requirements to become a member of the Research Commission and the Wage Board that the requirements to become members of research do not have to bachelor, while to become a member of the Wage Board must be a S1 as well as regarding the composition in the Research Commission the ratio between representatives of workers, government and employers is 1:1:1 and universities. While in the Wage Council the ratio of government, workers, and employers is 2: 1: 1 and universities and experts. In order to follow up on the Presidential Decree on the Wage Council, the Governor of Central Java Province issued Decree No. 560/61/2005 concerning the Establishment of the Central Java Provincial Wage Council. The Governor of Central Java Province also issued Regulation No. 31 of 2005 concerning Procedures for Proposing Members of the Central Java Province Wage Council. Governor's Decree Number 560/58 2019, concerning UMK of 35 Regencies/Cities in 2020 stipulated the highest wage in Semarang City of Rp. 2,715,000,-, while the lowest was found in the Banjarnegara district of Rp. 1,748,000. Determination of wages has been through existing mechanisms and refers to applicable laws and regulations. The minimum wage is calculated based on the formula of Article 44 paragraph (2) of Government Regulation no. 78 of 2015, in accordance with the Minister of Manpower Letter No. BM 305 Year 2019.</p>
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Hipkin, I. B. "A comparison of actual and minimum wages in the iron and steel industry (1978-1983)". South African Journal of Business Management 21, nr 1/2 (31.03.1990): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v21i1.915.
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In 1983 two million employees in South Africa were subject to minimum wages in terms of industrial council or wage board legislation. Studies of wage determination have been hampered by the lack of knowledge of actual wage rates. This paper compares the wage rates as laid down by the Industrial Council for the Iron. Steel, Engineering and Metallurgical Industry with the wages contained in a national salary survey, the latter representing 'actual' market wages. A job evaluation system has been used as the basis of comparison between the minimum and market rates. Both minimum and actual wages display similar characteristics in that the lowest levels have received the greatest (real) increases over the period under consideration. The upper skilled levels have seen a decrease in wages in real terms, with increases in actual wages being lower than the rates at which the minimum rates have increased. Explanations are sought both from an economic and a socio-political point of view.
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Oggiano, Luca, i Marc in het Panhuis. "Modern Surfboards and Their Structural Characterization: Towards an Engineering Approach". Proceedings 49, nr 1 (15.06.2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049065.
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Recently, manufactures who produce surfboards using computer aided design and robotic (CNC) shaping tools have gained a larger share of the surfing market, allowing board producers and shapers to produce lighter and more durable boards. The improvement in design and production process of surfboards has been directly linked with the adaption of technologies tested and validated in other industries. However, the surfing industry still lacks methodologies, standards and testing facilities to scientifically investigate and quantify the structural and hydrodynamic properties of surfboards. It is widely accepted that distributed rigidity, damping and stiffness in the three directions play a huge role in defining surfboard performance. These properties are rarely stated by producers and never measured. The present paper compares two boards with equal outline and geometric shape but built with two different technologies: one board built with a traditional high density polyurethane (PU) blank, polyester resin and a stringer to improve longitudinal stiffness and one board built with bio epoxy resin, expanded polystyrene (EPS) and two side inserts made of cork to improve longitudinal stiffness and damping. Different tests were carried out to compare the two boards and a testing methodology with the aim to evaluate board structural properties and identify key parameters that will influence the board performances. Accelerometers were used to characterize stiffness and damping while a custom-made flex machine was used to evaluate the torsional stiffness. Differences between the two boards are highlighted, leading to the fact that the two boards, even being identical in size, will behave differently in different wave conditions and for different surfers.
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Hasan, Mohammad Ashraful. "Minimum Wage in Readymade Garments Industry in Bangladesh". American Journal of Trade and Policy 6, nr 2 (31.08.2019): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v6i2.348.
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Manufacturing Ready-Made Garment (RMG) is labour intensive and low wage based industry. Nowhere, this industry was static or permanent basically on account of wage. As soon as any country became developed, the apparel and textile industry left that country. RMG is highly focused on the relocation of production. The relocation take place from high wage regions to low cost production regions just like water flows down-stream always. This single sector is dominating Bangladesh economy Since ‘80s. In Bangladesh different sectors have different wage levels according to the nature of job. The Minimum Wages Board recommended or re-recommended minimum wages of the 42 industrial sectors. The minimum wage of this very sector is lower than other sectors within the country and among the RMG manufacturing countries as well. On the contrary, within the country, for the same sector – RMG, there are dissimilarity in the minimum wage. Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA) declares the same for the industries inside Export Processing Zones (EPZ) which is higher than the declaration by Minimum Wage Board for outside EPZ factories. Minimum wage board has classified the non-EPZ workforces into seven grades according to their skills with seven different wage levels. Contrary, EPZs workers are divided into five categories. BEPZA has fixed higher wages and benefits compere to non-EPZ factories. Moreover, the study finds that the grading system has many loopholes which is not based on well thought and planned. There are so many posts and positions required to run an RMG factory that are not mentioned in the gazette. There is no guideline on how to measure workers’ competency for a particular grade and for how long a worker will be retained in the same grade. These loopholes are helping the employers to manipulate in determining workers’ grade. Minimum wage structure is applicable for whose positions mentioned in the gazette and entitled to all types of benefits mentioned in the law including overtime (OT) payment at double rate of wage. To avoid extra overtime payment factory management promotes or changes the designations like executive, supervisor etc. who are getting comparatively higher wage to keep them away from OT benefits. All those anomalies need to be addressed for properly.
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Sun, Yafei, Yueyue Peng, Tianshu Zhou, Hongwei Liu i Peiwei Gao. "Study of the mechanical-electrical-magnetic properties and the microstructure of three-layered cement-based absorbing boards". REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 59, nr 1 (16.05.2020): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2020-0014.
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AbstractIn this paper, a three-layered cement-based wave-absorbing board is designed and prepared by mixing wave-absorbing fillers such as nano-Si3N4, multi-layer nano graphene platelets (NGPs), nano-Ni, carbon fiber (CF) and carbon black (CB) into cement slurry. The effect of the amount of wave-absorbing fillers on the mechanical properties, resistivity and wave-absorbing reflectivity of cement slurry is studies. The microstructure of NGPs, nano-Si3N4 and the wave-absorbing board are characterized by TEM and SEM. Research shows that low content of NGPs and other wave-absorbing fillers can significantly reduce the resistivity of cement slurry and improve its mechanical strength, and dense massive crystals are precipitated in the cement hydration products. The reflectivity test reveals that in the frequency range of 2~18 GHz, the minimum reflectivity of the three-layered cement-based wave absorbing board reaches −18.8 dB, and the maximum bandwidth less than −10 dB reaches 15.3 GHz. This study can serve as reference for the preparation of new three-layered cement-based wave absorbing boards.
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Qui, Hua, i Yang Enhui. "Effect of Thickness, Density and Cavity Depth on the Sound Absorption Properties of Wool Boards". Autex Research Journal 18, nr 2 (1.06.2018): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2017-0020.
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Abstract A novel wool absorption board was prepared by using a traditional non-woven technique with coarse wools as the main raw material mixed with heat binding fibers. By using the transfer-function method and standing wave tube method, the sound absorption properties of wool boards in a frequency range of 250-6300 Hz were studied by changing the thickness, density, and cavity depth. Results indicated that wool boards exhibited excellent sound absorption properties, which at high frequencies were better than that at low frequencies. With increasing thickness, the sound absorption coefficients of wool boards increased at low frequencies and fluctuated at high frequencies. However, the sound absorption coefficients changed insignificantly and then improved at high frequencies with increasing density. With increasing cavity depth, the sound absorption coefficients of wool boards increased significantly at low frequencies and decreased slightly at high frequencies.
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Xu, Chang Yan, Jie Liu i Xu Dong Zhu. "Electromagnetic Shielding Boards Produced with Tetra Paks Waste & Metal Fibers". Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (maj 2012): 3349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3349.
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Just like other paper/plastic/aluminum (PPA) composites, Tetra Pak-package-material (Tetra Paks) has excellent water and vapor barrier abilities, and is widely used in food and beverage packaging industry. However, serious environmental problem follows due to its long service life. In this paper, a novel electromagnetic shielding composite board was developed with recycled Tetra Paks and copper-iron mixed fibers. The influence of Cu/Fe ratio and mat configuration on board shielding effectiveness (SE), volume resistivity (VR) and mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that the boards with copper-iron mixed fiber layers showed better electromagnetic shielding performance than those with only iron or copper fiber layer. The SE of the boards was improved with higher copper fiber content. The location of the metal fiber layers in the mat had a significant influence on board electromagnetic shielding performance. A symmetrical sandwich structure was found beneficial to better shielding performance, and in the same condition of wave frequency and shielding material thickness, the shielding system with a Fe core exhibited better shielding performance than that with a Cu core. The ratio of Cu/Fe and the configuration of mat both had significant influences on mechanical properties of the boards. It can be concluded that qualified electromagnetic shielding composite board could be produced with Tetra Paks wastes and copper-iron mixed fibers. Showing both environmental and economic values, this type of board could be considered as an alternative material used in packaging, interior finish, furniture, and other applications.
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Lloyd-Smith, Walter, Lindsey Bampton, Julia Caldwell, Anita Eader, Helen Jones i Steven Turner. "COVID-19: a shock to the system-reflections from practice by safeguarding adults board managers". Journal of Adult Protection 23, nr 2 (5.02.2021): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jap-08-2020-0041.
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Purpose This paper aims to set out to share the reflections of safeguarding adult board managers as they worked through what is likely to be just the first wave of the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on the experience of small number of safeguarding adult board managers who have provided reflections from practice. Findings This paper illustrates just some of the responses developed by safeguarding adult board managers and their boards to continue to deliver the work of safeguarding those at risk of abuse and harm in the face of unprecedented impact of the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic on a key aspect of the safeguarding adult system in England. Originality/value The reflections reported here are not intended to offer a representative commentary on the experiences of those who oversee and manage safeguarding adults’ boards. It is intention to provide a flavour of some of the challenges and dilemmas faced and some of the creative solutions to address them used by one group of adult safeguarding practitioners.
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El Beshlawy, Hany, i Sinan Ardroumli. "Board dynamics and decision-making in turbulent times". Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review 5, nr 1 (2021): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgobrv5i1p6.
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The board of directors’ role is evolving and becoming more important in the wake of corporate scandals resulting in the collapse of large corporations and losses to shareholders. Poor governance can lead to wrong decision-making, which might destroy organizations, particularly during times of environmental turbulence. The 2008 Global Financial Crises followed by the 2011 Arab Spring throughout the MENA region and then the 2019 pandemic situation are few of many factors that created a turbulent economic and political environment for organizations, highlighting the importance of excellent decision-making skills. However, there is limited research on boards’ decision-making during difficult times in the MENA region. The authors interviewed 26 board members of 21 companies operated under duress to examine the effects on boardroom level decision making of the magnified levels of duress and stress experienced during turbulent times. Key findings from the research include trends in emotional responses in relation to decision-making, changes in the decision-making process after crises, leadership positions, and board behavior. The authors recommend that boards incorporate diversity training and awareness into all levels of their decision-making process and to the board members’ selection process. Future research should expand to different regions and industries and examine the effects of board members’ personal traits and backgrounds on their quality of choices and decision-making
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Gramatikov, Pavlin, Roumen Nedkov i Georgi Stanev. "Secondary power supply system for spacecraft potential monitor DP-1 and DP-2, "OBSTANOVKA" project, International Space Station". Aerospace Research in Bulgaria 31 (2019): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/arb.v31.e09.
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Plasma Wave Complex is a scientific instrumentation for wave parameters measurements in the ISS environment, and is implemented in the OBSTANOVKA experiment on board of Russian segment of ISS. The device Spacecraft Potential monitor „DP-1“and „DP-2“(one part of Plasma-Wave Complex) was developed in IKI BAS and measured the potential of the hull no more than 3 m from the surface of the ISS at range +/–200 V; 0to 500 Hz. There are block and functional diagrams of the "DP" and the secondary power supply system, designed to supply the measuring probe, analogue and digital circuit boards. The secondary power supply system for the device „DP-1“and „DP-2“is discussed herein detail.
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Talbi, Dorra, Mohamed Ali Omri, Khaled Guesmi i Zied Ftiti. "The Role Of Board Characteristics In Mitigating Management Opportunism: The Case Of Real Earnings Management". Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 31, nr 2 (3.03.2015): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v31i2.9147.
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<p>This study seeks to provide empirical evidence of the efficacy of board characteristics in constraining management opportunism, measured by real earnings management. The paper uses regression analysis to document empirical evidence regarding the impact of the independence of boards of directors and the independence of committees on real earnings management in 7,481 US firms over the period 2000 to 2009. This study contributes to empirical studies on the role of corporate governance in financial reporting quality by demonstrating the role of the independence of boards of directors and the independence of committees in constraining real earnings management. These results should contribute to providing an orientation for future regulators regarding possible amendments, especially in the wake of the current financial crisis.</p>
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Keay, Andrew, i Joan Loughrey. "The framework for board accountability in corporate governance". Legal Studies 35, nr 2 (czerwiec 2015): 252–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lest.12058.
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In the wake of the financial crisis, there has been much discussion about whether boards (particularly of banks) are sufficiently accountable. However, while a significant literature has grown up in relation to the study of accountability in various disciplines, particularly public administration and politics, in the field of corporate governance there has been little consideration of what accountability means or entails. This is problematic: without a clearer idea of the elusive concept of accountability, debates about board accountability may be at cross-purposes. It will be difficult to assess whether particular corporate governance mechanisms promote board accountability, and if not, why not. The lack of clarity can also mask accountability deficits. This paper addresses this gap, setting out why accountability is important and offering an account of what accountability means in the corporate governance context, focusing on board accountability, in order to provide a framework for future research.
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Heemskerk, Eelke Michiel, i Meindert Fennema. "Women on Board: Female Board Membership as a Form of Elite Democratization". Enterprise & Society 15, nr 2 (24.01.2014): 252–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/kht136.
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Corporate elites have been all-male bastions until the twenty-first century. The recent inclusion of women in the corporate elite needs explanation because it is an abrupt change in recruitment practices. We consider female presence in corporate boards as a sign of the democratization of elite social networks. Building on a case study of the Netherlands that covers the last four decades, we show that the corporate elite has become more open to nonmembers of traditional elites. In the process, women have also entered the boardroom. Initially, these were predominantly female politicians, but more recently many large corporations have recruited foreign females. We argue that the incremental feminization of the corporate elite was in the beginning—that is in the 1970s—initiated by the state but was subsequently pushed forward by the internationalization of corporate governance. We have traced the professional background of all female board members of the largest firms in the Netherlands over the period 1969–2011. We show that the female board members do not form a homogeneous group. The first wave of female directors had a political background, the second wave had an academic background, whereas the third wave was recruited from within the corporations. In this third wave, foreign female directors became predominant. Elites open up their ranks and privileged positions to women, but they do so reluctantly and under outside pressure.
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Franek, Jaroslav, Mojmír Kollár i Ivan Makovíny. "Microwave Electromagnetic Filed and Temperature Distribution in a Multilayered Wood-Cement Board". Journal of Electrical Engineering 62, nr 1 (1.01.2011): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10187-011-0004-4.
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Microwave Electromagnetic Filed and Temperature Distribution in a Multilayered Wood-Cement Board The aim of this work was theoretical considerations of a multi-layer structure and estimation of some properties of previously designed and prepared modified wood-cement boards. These were enriched by carbon powder as electric admixture to gain a high damping of electromagnetic radiation in microwave frequency region. The dissipated power and temperature assessment based on the heat and electromagnetic wave propagation in case of perpendicular incident radiation are presented. As a practical criteria of the shielding effectiveness —the drop of the temperature measured behind an irradiated multilayered shield was utilized.
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Chen, Xiaoying, i Jasmine Yur-Austin. "Downward wage rigidity in American technology firms". Corporate Ownership and Control 15, nr 4-1 (2018): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv15i4c1p5.
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This study reviews the role of various corporate governance mechanisms to pay for performance in American technology firms. Compared to traditional business leaders, CEOs in technology firms possess stronger power for negotiating with shareholders; such power theoretically lowers the chance of interest conflicts between management and control but may increase CEOs’ wage rigidity during business downturns, especially in firms with poor corporate governance. We evaluate ownership structure; board composition; and the existence of independent compensation committees throughout the dot-com bubble and bubble-burst periods. We aim to examine during the business downturn period whether these CEOs cut their compensation effectively or exercise their negotiation power to protect their own benefit. Our empirical results provide strong evidence that given poor firm performance, CEOs with weak corporate governance negotiate higher cash-based pay rather than reduce their compensations. However, we find that venture capitalists play an important role in monitoring CEOs and revising compensation.
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Sin, Isabelle, Bronwyn Bruce-Brand i Charlotte Nesta Louise Chambers. "The gender wage gap among medical specialists: a quantitative analysis of the hourly pay of publicly employed senior doctors in New Zealand". BMJ Open 11, nr 4 (kwiecień 2021): e045214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045214.
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ObjectivesTo estimate the gender gap in hourly wages earned by medical specialists in their main jobs after controlling for age, number of hours worked and medical specialty.DesignObservational using governmental administrative and survey data.SettingNew Zealand public employed medical workforce.Participants3510 medical specialists who were employed for wages or a salary in a medical capacity by a New Zealand district health board (DHB) at the time of the March 2013 census, whose census responses on hours worked were complete and can be matched to tax records of earnings to construct hourly earnings.Main outcome measuresHourly earnings in the DHB job calculated from usual weekly hours worked reported in the census and wage or salary earnings paid in the month recorded in administrative tax data.ResultsIn their DHB employment, female specialists earned on average 12.5% lower hourly wages than their male counterparts of the same age, in the same specialty, who work the same number of hours (95% CI 9.9% to 15.1%). Adding controls for a wide range of personal and work characteristics decreased the estimated gap only slightly to 11.2% (95% CI 8.6% to 13.8%). At most, 4.5 percentage points can be explained by gender differences in experience at the same age.ConclusionsMale specialists earn a large and statistically significant premium over their female colleagues. Age, specialty and hours of work do not appear to drive these wage gaps. These findings suggest that employment agreements that specify minimum wages for each level of experience, and progression through these levels, are insufficient to eliminate gender wage gaps between similar men and women with the same experience.
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Keegan III, Charles E., Daniel P. Wichman, Gerald E. Evans i Roger D. Fight. "Employment- and Wage-Consumption Ratios for Montana's Forest Products Manufacturers". Western Journal of Applied Forestry 8, nr 2 (1.04.1993): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/8.2.54.
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Abstract This article presents information on employment and payroll generated per unit volume of timber or wood fiber processed by the various manufacturing sectors of Montana's forest products industry for 1987-1989. Average employment ranged from a high of 117 workers per million cubic feet (mmcf) of wood fiber processed at house log plants, to a low of 12 workers per mmcf at stud mills. Employment-consumption ratios for cedar products plants and producers of utility poles and posts and small poles were 48, 47, and 34 workers per mmcf respectively. At sawmills, employment-consumption ratios ranged from 23 workers per mmcf for board mills to 12 workers per mmcf for stud mills. Plywood plants are slightly more labor intensive than board mills, employing 26 workers per mmcf of wood fiber processed. The processing of mill residue from sawmills and plywood plants by such users as the pulp and paper industry adds substantially to the employment per unit volume of timber processed. Because different components of the industry often use timber of different sizes, species, and quality, changes in the kind of timber available can have considerable influence on the structure of the industry and related employment. West. J. Appl. For. 8(2):54-57.
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Majumdar, Sumit K. "Competitor entry impact on jobs and wages in incumbent firms: retrospective evidence from a natural experiment". Business and Politics 17, nr 2 (sierpień 2015): 291–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369525800001650.
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This article, situated at the interface of competition policy and labor economics literatures, examines the relationship between new competitor entry and its impact on changes in the employment levels and wage levels of incumbent telecommunications firms. The context for examining the issue is the local exchange carriers’ territories within the US. In markets with above-average competitive entry by new firms there has been a significant response by incumbent firms in increasing employment levels by 11% relative to industry average values, and wage levels have risen by 11.8% relative to average levels. In modern technologically-dynamic sectors, characterized by network effects, the impact of deregulation, competition policy changes and market entry on changes in employment and wage levels in the incumbent firms have been positive. The idea as to whether across-the-board competition leads to job losses or impacts wages negatively in incumbent firms requires re-assessment and the data suggest that promoting entry can be a powerful policy option to generate useful economic outcomes.
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Hatton, Timothy J. "Trade Boards and minimum wages, 1909-39". Economic Affairs 17, nr 2 (czerwiec 1997): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00022.
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CULHAM, J. R., P. TEERTSTRA i M. M. YOVANOVICH. "THERMAL WAKE EFFECTS IN PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS". Journal of Electronics Manufacturing 09, nr 02 (czerwiec 1999): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0960313199000039.
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Davies, Maura. "A Wake-Up Call for Healthcare Boards". Healthcare Quarterly 13, nr 1 (13.01.2010): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12927/hcq.2013.21614.
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Khaloian Sarnaghi, A., A. Rais, A. Kovryga, W. F. Gard i J. W. G. van de Kuilen. "Yield optimization and surface image-based strength prediction of beech". European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 78, nr 5 (20.07.2020): 995–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01571-4.
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Abstract Samples of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) were used for this study. Logs of these samples covered a scatter of mild-to-strong curvatures and the boards of these samples covered strong fiber deviations. This study consists of two separate parts: (1) log reconstruction and optimization of the cutting pattern, and (2) board reconstruction and strength prediction. Information about the internal quality of the logs is missing in this study, as laser scanning has been used for surface reconstruction of logs. Therefore, two separate steps were implemented here. (1) Influence of cutting pattern and board-dimensions on yield were analyzed. For this step, 50 logs were checked. (2) A more advanced numerical method based on the finite element (FE) analysis was developed to improve the accuracy of tensile strength predictions. This step was performed, because visual grading parameters were relatively weak predictors for tensile strength of these samples. In total, 200 beech boards were analyzed in this step. However, due to the geometrical configuration of some knots, the reconstruction and numerical strength prediction of 194 boards out of 200 boards were possible. By performing tensile tests numerically, stress concentration factors (SCFs) were derived, considering the average and maximum stresses around the imperfections. SCFs in combination with the longitudinal stress wave velocity were the numerical identifying parameters (IPs), used in the nonlinear regression model for tensile strength prediction. The influence of the combination of different numerical parameters in the developed non-linear model on improving the quality of the strength prediction was analyzed. For this reason, improvement of coefficient of determination (R2) after adding each parameter to the multiple regression analysis was checked. Performance of the developed numerical method was compared to the typical grading approaches [using knottiness and the dynamic MoE (MoEdyn)], and it was shown that the coefficient of determination is higher, when using the virtual methods for tensile strength predictions.
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Ranachowski, Zbigniew, Przemysław Ranachowski, Tomasz Dębowski, Tomasz Gorzelańczyk i Krzysztof Schabowicz. "Investigation of Structural Degradation of Fiber Cement Boards Due to Thermal Impact". Materials 12, nr 6 (21.03.2019): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060944.
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the degradation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of fiber cement board (FCB), which was exposed to environmental hazards, resulting in thermal impact on the microstructure of the board. The process of structural degradation was conducted under laboratory conditions by storing the FCB specimens in a dry, electric oven for 3 h at a temperature of 230 °C. Five sets of specimens, that differed in cement and fiber content, were tested. Due to the applied heating procedure, the process of carbonization and resulting embrittlement of the fibers was observed. The fiber reinforcement morphology and the mechanical properties of the investigated compositions were identified both before, and after, their carbonization. Visual light and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray micro tomography, flexural strength, and work of flexural test Wf measurements were used. A dedicated instrumentation set was prepared to determine the ultrasound testing (UT) longitudinal wave velocity cL in all tested sets of specimens. The UT wave velocity cL loss was observed in all cases of thermal treatment; however, that loss varied from 2% to 20%, depending on the FCB composition. The results obtained suggest a possible application of the UT method for an on-site assessment of the degradation processes occurring in fiber cement boards.
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Renbi, Abdelghani, i Jerker Delsing. "Reflection Phase Shift for PWB and PCBA Production Testing". Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 9, nr 1 (1.01.2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.315.
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Testing of printed wiring boards (PWBs) and printed circuit board assemblies (PCBAs) is part of electronics production that has a great impact on profitability. High throughput and low cost testing is always needed for high quality and reliability. Bare board testing, that is, testing before loading components, is crucial, and can detect such defects as opens, bridges, near-opens, near-bridges, and characteristic impedance mismatches due to process variations and compounding raw material tolerances. If not detected at the bare board stage, the cost of defects can increase 10-fold. Another motivation for an unpopulated board test is that loading expensive components on a set of defective boards could be economically catastrophic. Flying probe systems, which were developed in late 1980s, are commonly used and favorable to perform bare board isolation and continuity testing, especially when the volume is not great enough to justify bed-of-nails purchase. Flying probe system performance for a given bare board depends on the test algorithm, the mechanical speed, and the number of probes. To reduce the cost on expensive test probes and probe maintenance and to accelerate the test time, this paper presents a new and cost-efficient approach to testing both populated and unpopulated boards with open sockets, using a single probe. Specifically, a coaxial probe injects one frequency signal into the PWB trace, and the phase shift between the reflected signal from the trace and the incident wave is detected and compared with the nominal value. This nominal value is determined by testing a defect-free board that already passed direct continuity and isolation testing. By applying this test solution to bed-of-nails equipment, we reduce the amount of probes by 50%. By employing this solution to flying probe systems with two probes, for a given design with NI isolated traces and NA adjacent pairs, we reduce the number of tests from (NI + NA) tests to NI tests as isolation and continuity are performed in one go. Flying probe systems involve mechanical movements that dominate the test time. By reducing the number of mechanical movements, we will dramatically increase test throughput. The experiments demonstrate feasibility for practical use in automatic test equipment (ATE) for PWB and PCBA testing. At the highest sensitivity of the phase shift detector, the prototyped tester is capable of distinguishing between a defective and error-free board with significant margins in case of defects such as opens, DC and RF bridges, and exceeded and different width lines. The margin in the measurement between a defective and a correct board, which depends on the type of the defect, is about 7% to 68%. In the case of loaded board testing, the approach is capable of detecting opens with important margins (our test cases showed 40% and 33%), which makes it a strong candidate approach to be applied officially to PCBA testing where probing is feasible. The approach can be applied to the complete layout or to boost the test strategy where the applied test solutions do not cover 100% of the possible defects.
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Rideout, Andrew, Calum Murray i Chris Isles. "Regional variation in COVID-19 positive hospitalisation across Scotland during the first wave of the pandemic and its relation to population density: A cross-sectional observation study". PLOS ONE 16, nr 7 (9.07.2021): e0253636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253636.
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Background There have been large regional differences in COVID-19 virus activity across the UK with many commentators suggesting that these are related to age, ethnicity and social class. There has also been a focus on cases, hospitalisations and deaths rather than on hospitalisation rates expressed per 100,000 population. The purpose of our study was to examine regional variation in COVID-19 positive hospitalisation rates in Scotland during the first wave of the pandemic and the possibility that these might be related to population density. Methods and findings This was a repeated point prevalence study. The number of COVID-19 positive patients hospitalised in the eleven Scottish mainland health boards peaked at 1517 on 19th April, then fell to a low of 243 on 16th August before rising slightly to 262 on 15th September. In July, August and September only four boards had more than 5 hospitalised patients. There was a statistically significant relationship between hospitalisation rates and population density on 97.7% of individual days during the first wave of the pandemic (Pearson’s r 0.62–0.93, with 123 of a possible 174 days having p values <0.001). Multiple linear regression analyses performed on data from the 11 mainland boards across six time points suggest that population density accounted for 70.2% of the variation in hospitalisation rate in April, 72.3% in May, 81.2% in June, 91.0% in July, 91.0% in August, and 88.1% in September. Neither population median age nor median social deprivation score at health board level were statistically significant in the final model for hospitalisation. Conclusion There were large differences in crude COVID-19 hospitalisation rates across the 11 mainland Scottish health boards, that were significantly related to population density. Given that lockdown was originally introduced to prevent the NHS from being overwhelmed, we believe our results support a regional rather than a national approach to lifting or reimposing more restrictive measures, and that hospitalisation rates should be part of the decision making process.
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Hui, I. K., i B. Ralph. "A study of the strength and shape of surface mount technology leadless chip solder joints". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 211, nr 1 (1.01.1997): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954405971516059.
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A method that directly pulled the components off printed circuit boards was used as a means for testing the bond quality of surface mount technology leadless chip solder joints. Components D7243, CC1206, RC1206, RC1210 and CC1812 were selected for the study. It was found that the ultimate tensile force that breaks a component off the printed circuit board has the potential to be used as a parameter for measuring the quality of the solder joint. The failure modes of the joints were recorded and are discussed. The effect of solder thickness on the strength of a joint has also been investigated. The shape of joints soldered by two methods, wave soldering and infra-red reflow, were compared. Joints at the two ends of a component produced by infra-red reflow were found to be more uniform than the ones produced by wave soldering. A recommendation is made here for the wave soldering approach in achieving uniform solder joints. The effects of solder shape on the joint strength were further investigated by finite element analysis. A convex joint was found to be marginally more robust than a concave joint.
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Straže, Aleš, Denis Plavčak, Ervin Žveplan i Željko Gorišek. "Linking Visual and Stress Wave Grading of Beech Wood from the Log to the Sawmill Product". Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, nr 1 (16.11.2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-08450.
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The quality potential and possibilities of using beech logs and sawn wood was investigated. Twenty-seven beech logs, with a mean diameter of 48 cm, were cut from 10 trees from a Hacquetio epipactidis-Fagetum site in SE Slovenia. The trees were pre-selected according to the national 5-level quality scale for forest stand evaluation, using two trees per class. Beech logs were classified according to the EN 1316-1 and sawn afterwards into unedged boards of 35 mm nominal thickness. Altogether, 250 boards were visually graded according to the rules of the European Organisation of the Sawmill Industry (EOS). Longitudinal vibration of logs and boards with the determination of stress wave velocity by MTG timber grader was additionally included into the quality assessment. In the case of logs, we confirmed significance of the relationship between visually assessed log quality and stress wave velocity. The stress wave velocity in logs was also related to the stress wave velocity in boards, where it varied considerably, especially for low-graded material. In the case of sawn wood, the relationship between sawn wood grade and stress wave velocity was insignificant. The research confirmed the possibility of presorting of logs, visually or non-destructively, for better classification and utilization of sawn timber.
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Barry, Lisa. "Oversight or out of sight: the intersection between talent management, OHS governance and the issues for boards". APPEA Journal 51, nr 2 (2011): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj10104.
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In the wake of the Montara spill many companies have renewed efforts to review and implement leading safety and environmental performance; however, the issue is conceivably even more fundamental. With the recent Deepwater Horizon spillage, BP has booked a $US 32.2 billion provision to cover the costs of the spill—with the result that the company recorded the worst quarterly loss in British corporate history. What would a board need to know, in what form, and by when, in such a situation? Does the governance of such issues need to be strengthened? And in what way? How material and how effective is the oversight exercised by boards over operations of high technical expertise and remote location? What are the questions that boards should be asking about safety and environmental performance? And what are the real lead indicators of risk and performance shortfall? This presentation will draw from research by Deloitte’s Centre for Corporate Governance, as well as from interviews with Australian directors. It will also explore the issue of safety and environmental risk from the human capital perspective of talent management and shortage—mindful that the very impetus for the recently released report by the National Resources Sector Employment Taskforce was the decision to sanction the Gorgon LNG Project now underway. Finally, this presentation will outline some of the latest data analytics available to boards and management to gain insight into OHS and environmental incidents so that they can design measurable interventions to minimise risk.
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Bureneva, O. I., I. G. Gorbunov, G. V. Komarov, A. A. Konovalov, M. S. Kupriyanov i Yu A. Shichkina. "A Prototype of Automotive 77 GHz Radar". Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics 24, nr 3 (24.06.2021): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2021-24-3-22-38.
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Introduction. Automotive radars are the main tools for providing traffic safety. The development of such radars involve a number of technical difficulties due to the manufacture of high-precision extremely high-frequency (EHF) printed circuit boards. To facilitate the process of creating such devices, the existing algorithms for radar information processing should be debugged using prototypes from manufacturers of mm-band transceivers. However, the parameters of such boards are not known in advance, and the actual operating conditions of the as-produced automotive radars raise new challenges to target tracking algorithms. Therefore, checking the performance of such boards is a relevant research problem.Aim. To evaluate the performance of a millimeter-wave automotive radar prototype and to test target tracking algorithms using this prototype.Materials and methods. An original target tracking method was used, which considers the constraints on the use of additional data sources about the radar carrier movement.Results. An experimental performance evaluation of a 77 GHz automotive radar prototype was carried out. The effectiveness of primary processing for the target class “vehicle” in the millimetre range was checked. Original algorithms for target tracking were proposed and tested.Conclusion. The obtained results show that the prototype board of a transceiver chip is capable of testing tracking algorithms without creating an own automotive radar prototype. Thus, the developmental process can be significantly shortened. Moreover, after creating a hardware solution, the developer obtains a reference device to test and configure an own product without using extremely expensive and rare EHF equipment.
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Fesina, Mikhail, Igor Deryabin i Gorina Larisa. "ON THE POROUS SOUND-ABSORBING PANELS WITH THE END LOW-FREQUENCY RESONANT CAVITIES". Akustika 32 (1.03.2019): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36336/akustika20193210.
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Technical rooms of the construction units with noise generating technical objects inside require the use acoustic boards. To provide more effective dissipation of low-frequency sound energy, the acoustic boards made of porous sound-absorbing structures are used; and volume structural composition of these boards can contain hollow resonator elements. They can be represented as Helmholtz acoustic resonator (RIII), half wave (RII), and quarter wave (RI) acoustic resonators. Their distinctive feature is that their chamber, tube and throat parts can be made of non-air-blown sound transparent elastic membrane. Such types of modified acoustic boards are mounted on wall structures of technical rooms with set slotted air gaps between their opposite end faces; and open throat parts of acoustic resonators RIII,RII, and RI are on end faces of acoustic panels. Quoted results of experimental researches prove the effectiveness of using the offered technical method to modify acoustic boards.
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Renbi, Abdelghani, i Jerker Delsing. "Single Probe for Bare Board Continuity and Isolation Testing". International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, nr 1 (1.01.2011): 000311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-tp3-paper5.
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Bare board testing is vital before components loading. Defects after the PCB manufacturing process are possible such as opens, bridges, near-opens, near-bridges and characteristic impedance mismatches due to process variations and compounding raw material tolerances. Moreover, defects might cost about ten times more when detected in the next test phase, another motivation for unpopulated board test is loading expensive components on a set of defective boards might be economically catastrophic. Flying probe systems, which were developed in late 1980’s are commonly used and favorable to perform bare board isolation and continuity testing, especially when the volume is not big enough to justify bed of nails purchase. Flying probe system performance for a given bare board depends on the test algorithm, the mechanical speed and the number of probes. To reduce the cost on expensive test probes and probe maintenance and to accelerate the test time, this paper presents a new and cost efficient approach to test unpopulated and populated board with open sockets, using a single probe. Specifically, a coaxial probe injects one frequency signal into the PCB trace, the phase shift between the reected signal from the trace and the incident wave is detected and compared with the nominal value, which has been captured from a defect free board, which already underwent direct continuity and isolation testing. The conducted experiments have shown a good feasibility for practical use in the ATE (Automatic Test Equipment) for bare board and loaded board with open sockets. At the highest sensitivity of the phase shift detector, the prototyped tester is capable to distinguish between a defective and error free board with significant margins in case of defects such as opens, DC and RF bridges, exceeded and different width lines. The margin in the measurement between a defective and a correct board, which depends on the type of the defect is about 8 % to 65 %.
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Srijith, Biyyala. "Arduino based Distance Measurement Sensor using Ultrasonic Sensor". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr VI (20.06.2021): 1789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35346.
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The project we designed is used to develop a distance measurement system using ultrasonic waves and interfaced with Arduino UNO. We know that the human audible range is from 20hz to 20khz. We can use these frequency range waves through ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04. The main advantages of this sensor are when this sensor is interfaced with Arduino which is a control system and a sensing system, a proper calculation of the distance measurement can be done by using different types of new techniques. As huge amounts are spent on hundreds of inflexible circuit boards, the Arduino board will allow the business to bring many more unique devices. These distance measurement systems are mostly used as range meters and as proximity detectors in the different types of industries. The hardware part of the ultrasonic sensor is interfaced with the Arduino Uno board. This type of measuring distance is an efficient way to measure even small distances accurately. The distance of an object from the sensor is measured by using an ultrasonic sensor. After knowing the speed of the sound wave the distance of an object can be calculated.
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Sun, Jing, Wen Long Wang, Chun Yuan Ma i Qin Yan Yue. "Study on the Promotion Effect of Microwave-Metal Discharge on the Microwave Pyrolysis of Electronic Waste". Advanced Materials Research 1088 (luty 2015): 843–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.843.
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This paper discussed the role of microwave-metal discharge on the microwave induced pyrolysis of electronic waste. Two kinds of waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) were selected as the representatives of electronic waste and their pyrolysis processes under both conventional and microwave heating schemes were studied comparatively to reveal the effect of metal discharge. The copper-clad laminated printed circuit board (PCB) is deficient in absorbing microwaves, leading to inefficient microwave pyrolysis of this kind of electronic waste. The discharge caused by introducing metalliferous materials with metal tips or corners in the electromagnetic fields can result in high local temperature and complement the deficiency in the microwave absorption. The pyrolytic process can be promoted greatly by the thermal effect of discharge in the beginning and the enhanced consequent wave-absorption capacity as a result of the generated pyrolytic coke.
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Lowell, Eini C., Christine L. Todoroki i Ed Thomas. "Comparing Timber and Lumber from Plantation and Natural Stands of Ponderosa Pine". Western Journal of Applied Forestry 24, nr 3 (1.07.2009): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/24.3.137.
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Abstract Data derived from empirical studies, coupled with modeling and simulation techniques, were used to compare tree and product quality from two stands of small-diameter ponderosa pine trees growing in northern California: one plantation, the other natural. The plantation had no management following establishment, and the natural stand had no active management. Fifty trees of similar diameter classes were selected from each site, measured, bucked into logs, and sawn into boards, and the boards were scanned for defects. Trees from the plantation stand demonstrated less variability in tree height, crown length, and age structure. The plantation trees were on average 4 years younger than their natural cohorts, yet for all but the smallest diameter there were no significant differences between mean tree height or crown length. Predicted merchantable volumes differed significantly for the largest diameter class. Merchantable volume was estimated to be 5% greater for the plantation trees than for the natural stand trees. More logs were bucked from the plantation stands, resulting in greater lumber production and greater value overall. Butt logs from the plantation stand had an average of 9 whorls per log, whereas natural butt logs averaged 10 whorls per log. The most numerous defects, outnumbering knots and wane, were needle traces. These occupied some 31% of natural board surface area, in comparison with 19% for plantation boards. Given the shorter time frame required to grow plantation trees, the greater merchantable volumes, and more consumer-acceptable defects, plantation stands, even with a minimal level of management, offer greater product potential than natural stands.
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Giovinco, Angela. "Gender diversity in the boardroom: Context and Spanish case". Corporate Board role duties and composition 10, nr 3 (2014): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbv10i3art5.
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In the wake of the 2008 economic financial crisis, several corporate governance issues have became more relevant in the daily corporate life, among them Gender Diversity. Institutional investors, due to the critical environment began to scrupulously analyze the companies, in which they invest, monitoring the level of compliance with corporate governance best practices, something which has been neglected in the past. This lead to the view that companies in line with best practice were able to reduce risks and consequently become more stable enabling them to increase company value. Starting from 1977 several aspects of the gender diversity have been analyzed and several theories have been produced by experts in this field. In 1977, the author of Men and Women of the Corporation, Kanter, showed evidence of the benefits for a company to have a more balanced boardroom. In the last decade many researchers have dedicated their study on how more women directors could affect corporate value. The flow of theories can be classified in two categories. At the beginning, gender diversity was considered as simply the need to have more women on board, then and more recently as diversity of skills, expertise, culture and backgrounds. The interest for this argument has become wide spread, grabbing the attention of entities at different levels, including those in charge of regulating markets. Many European countries amended their Corporate Governance Codes and laws pushing for the increase of women on boards. With the intensification of different regulations, the European Commission issued a regulation, with the aim of encouraging higher participation of women at board level. Their aim was also to align all European countries rules, conscious of the relevance for companies operating in the same European environment, to work in a global market with common rules. The increased attention towards gender diversity also partly derived from the actions of proxy advisors and institutional investors. All European countries implemented their regulations at different levels, giving suggestions of targets to be reached through their corporate governance codes or through laws, as far as establishing punitive measures in case of failure to reach the established target on time. The present paper focuses on the Spanish market, an interesting jurisdiction because of the methods implemented and the progress witnessed at company level to reach the proposed targets. From 2007 to 2013 the percentage of women on boards passed from 5,78% to 14,56%. Significant the progress done in the last six years and, at the same time there is evidence that Spain moved earlier towards a balanced boardroom at legislative level, but without eliminates strong impact at corporate level except in very few cases. Country regulations did not have an effective impact on the level of women serving on boards at executive and non-executive levels due to the particular market structure. Directors can serve on the board for twelve years maintaining the status of independent director and frequently directors are re-appointed for many subsequent years. Furthermore there is not any rule for the number of boards in which a director can serve. Due to this many directors participate in more than one company board. This together with the twelve years of board tenure is obstacles to the increase of women participating to the board life. Another characteristic of the Spanish market that limits female presence on the boardrooms is the strong presence of families controlling the market. In this case many seats are covered by family representatives. This practice does not leave, much space, for external candidates to seat on the board and consequently limits the presence of women on boards. A stronger level of compliance with gender diversity is more evident from the perspective of mix of background and expertise. This level increased by 29,33% during the period considered in this study (from 2007 to 2013) and reaching 30,79% in 2013. A board that experiences a good balance in gender mix and international directors together with experts in transversal fields bring to the board expertise and knowledge to develop the company business in a more proficiency direction. This is considered to be the right recipe to enhance on corporate governance and avoid risks that could affect company value. Once more in Spain main shareholders or founding families are an obstacle to the circulation of new experience and ideas, able to ensure that the board is provided with the adequate people to take better decision in the company’s interest. Moreover, all board members have a background, in terms of academic qualifications, in line with the business of the company while there is a lack of transversal expertise. The current Spanish situation shows that regulations at local or European level are not enough to reach a balanced boardroom for gender and professional profile of board diversity. Neither of the regulations coming from the European Commission and the Spain are considered punitive measures in case of no compliance. Records provided by Catalyst at the beginning of March 2014, highlight that Norway is the country with the highest level of compliance with 40,90% of board seats held by women . Norway can be considered an example of how mandatory quota rules can work for companies. Spain could reach a high level of compliance by adopting restrictive measures, in this case, neither those characteristic elements as the Directors’ tenure or family owners, could limit or reduce the effectiveness of the measures proposed.