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1
Xu, Chenglong, Liang Cheng i Huimin Qian. "Virtual Inertia Control of Wind Turbine Based on Model Predictive Control". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2310, nr 1 (1.10.2022): 012092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2310/1/012092.
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Abstract A useful method for system frequency adjustment of wind turbines is theoretical inertia control. The classic PD theoretical inertia control has difficulty in parameter setting, and does not provide useful inertial support for the system on a case-by-case basis. Therefore, a theoretical inertia control way for wind turbines on account of Model Predictive Control (MPC) is proposed, which provides inertia support when frequency events occur. To confirm the availability of the proposed control method, MATLAB/Simulink® software was employed for system modeling and simulation. The simulation consequences demonstrate that when the system is disturbed by the load, the proposed MPC theoretical inertia control has better robustness and frequency stability than PD theoretical inertia control.
2
Ma, Dezhi, i Wenyi Li. "Wind-Storage Combined Virtual Inertial Control Based on Quantization and Regulation Decoupling of Active Power Increments". Energies 15, nr 14 (17.07.2022): 5184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145184.
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With the increasing proportion of wind turbines in power grids, they are required to have capabilities of active and efficient virtual inertial response to maintain grid frequency stability. However, the virtual inertial control methods currently used in doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) units suffer from a secondary frequency drop (SFD) problem. Although the SFD can be inhibited by reducing the active power support strength of the DFIG units during inertia response, it will undoubtedly weaken the virtual inertia of the units. Therefore, how to eliminate the SFD while increasing the virtual inertia of the units is a worthy issue for studying. To solve this issue, a wind-storage combined virtual inertial control system based on quantization and regulation decoupling of active power increments is proposed in this paper. First, by setting the parameters of a proportional–differential (P-D) algorithm, the total active power increments required for virtual inertial response are quantified at the DFIG level. Secondly, a curve-shifting method based on the rate of change of frequency is adopted to adjust the active power output of the DFIG units. Finally, a battery energy storage system (BESS) is used to compensate for the power shortages of the units according to the quantized value of the active power increments. Simulations show that the control method can not only eliminate SFD but also effectively increase the system’s virtual inertia.
3
Mujcinagic, Alija, Mirza Kusljugic i Emir Nukic. "Wind Inertial Response Based on the Center of Inertia Frequency of a Control Area". Energies 13, nr 23 (24.11.2020): 6177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236177.
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As a result of the increased integration of power converter-connected variable speed wind generators (VSWG), which do not provide rotational inertia, concerns about the frequency stability of interconnected power systems permanently arise. If the inertia of a power system is insufficient, wind power plants’ participation in the inertial response should be required. A trendy solution for the frequency stability improvement in low inertia systems is based on utilizing so-called “synthetic” or “virtual” inertia from modern VSWG. This paper presents a control scheme for the virtual inertia response of wind power plants based on the center of inertia (COI) frequency of a control area. The PSS/E user written wind inertial controller based on COI frequency is developed using FORTRAN. The efficiency of the controller is tested and applied to the real interconnected power system of Southeast Europe. The performed simulations show certain conceptual advantages of the proposed controller in comparison to traditional schemes that use the local frequency to trigger the wind inertial response. The frequency response metrics, COI frequency calculation and graphical plots are obtained using Python.
4
Li, Congshan, Xiaowei Zhang, Ping He, Zikai Zhen i Kefeng Zhao. "Adaptive Droop Control of VSC-MTDC System Based on Virtual Inertia". Electronics 12, nr 10 (21.05.2023): 2324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12102324.
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In order to solve the problem that the voltage source converter based multi-terminal direct current (VSC-MTDC) system cannot provide inertia and participate in frequency modulation after connecting to the AC power grid under the traditional control strategy, an adaptive control strategy based on virtual inertia is proposed. First, the relationship between AC frequency and DC voltage was established by a virtual inertia control, allowing the VSC-MTDC system to provide inertia to the AC side. Second, to address the limited inertia coefficient selection due to DC voltage deviation, an adaptive control was adopted. When the DC voltage deviation is small, the inertia coefficient is increased to obtain a better inertial response; on the contrary, the inertia coefficient is reduced to prevent the DC voltage from exceeding the limit. Finally, to solve the problem of insufficient flexibility of the fixed droop coefficient, this paper introduces the power margin of a VSC-station into the droop coefficient to dynamically adjust the distribution ratio of unbalanced power and reduce the DC voltage deviation. The three-terminal VSC-MTDC system was modelled on the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation platform, and the superiority of the control strategy was highlighted in this paper by comparing it with conventional droop control and a fixed virtual inertia coefficient.
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Ibrahim, Ismail, Cathal O’Loughlin i Terence O’Donnell. "Virtual Inertia Control of Variable Speed Heat Pumps for the Provision of Frequency Support". Energies 13, nr 8 (11.04.2020): 1863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081863.
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The growth in the integration of converter interfaced renewable energy has reduced the system inertia, which threatens system stability due to high rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) and frequency nadir issues unless steps are taken to mitigate it. There is a need to provide sufficient fast frequency response to maintain adequate inertia in the system. This paper investigates the capabilities of a variable speed heat pump to provide an emulated inertial response. This paper presents a virtual synchronous machine control for a variable speed heat pump that provides support for grid frequency regulation over the inertial response time frame. A small-signal model with the transfer function of the variable speed heat pump is developed to analyse the effectiveness and feasibility of providing virtual inertia at the device and grid level, respectively. Furthermore, the small-signal model is validated using hardware in the loop simulation. Finally, the aggregated frequency response and virtual inertia contribution by a population of the heat pumps are evaluated and quantified in an urban distribution system.
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Fang, Chaoxiong, Yuchen Tang, Rong Ye, Zhangsui Lin, Zhenshan Zhu, Buying Wen i Chengtao Ye. "Adaptive Control Strategy of Energy Storage System Participating in Primary Frequency Regulation". Processes 8, nr 6 (12.06.2020): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8060687.
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In order to solve the capacity shortage problem in power system frequency regulation caused by large-scale integration of renewable energy, the battery energy storage-assisted frequency regulation is introduced. In this paper, an adaptive control strategy for primary frequency regulation of the energy storage system (ESS) was proposed. The control strategy combined virtual droop control, virtual inertial control, and virtual negative inertial control. The virtual inertial control was used to reduce the frequency change rate, and the virtual droop control was used to reduce the steady-state frequency deviation. The virtual droop control and the virtual inertia control were adopted in the frequency deterioration stage to slow down the frequency drop. While in the frequency recovery stage, the virtual negative inertia control worked together with the virtual droop control to accelerate the frequency recovery. Besides, the coefficients of the control methods were related to the state of charge (SOC) of ESS to avoid over-charging and over-discharging of the battery. Finally, a simulation model was built in MATLAB/SIMULINK, and case studies were conducted to verify the proposed control strategy. Results showed that the proposed method could meet the demand for frequency regulation and was beneficial to the cycle life of ESS.
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Lin, Jinjiao, Xiangping Kong, Lei Gao, Mingzhong Zheng, Peng Li i Chenqing Wang. "Stability Enhancement of Modular Multilevel Converter - High Voltage Direct Current Systems Interacted with Weak Power Grid Based on Current-mode Virtual Inertia Control". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2488, nr 1 (1.05.2023): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2488/1/012025.
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Abstract The extensive growth of large-scale flexible high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems compromises the strength of the alternating current (AC) power grid. Sub-synchronous oscillations will likely arise within such flexible HVDC systems, which would significantly threaten the grand electric power system’s stable operation. A current-type enhanced virtual inertia control is proposed to suppress the sub-synchronous oscillations induced by a weak AC power grid in the modular multilevel converter (MMC)-based HVDC systems. Firstly, a small signal model of MMC is established to study the stability of the system under a weak power grid. Focally, a current-mode virtual inertial control is proposed to suppress the AC power grid’s sub-synchronous oscillation by directly taking the grid current as the virtual inertia control variable. Finally, the proposed virtual inertia control approach is verified using both offline and real-time simulation based on the Chongqing-Hubei flexible MMC-HVDC transmission system. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed current-mode virtual inertia control strategy can efficiently suppress sub-synchronous oscillations in the MMC-HVDC system interacting with a weak AC grid, which enhances the stability and reliability of the power system.
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Wang, Huan, i Lei Pan. "DFIG Virtual Inertia Frequency Control Strategy". Advanced Materials Research 680 (kwiecień 2013): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.680.505.
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During the DFIG maximum power tracking control process, the rotor side converter is only based on the wind turbine speed to regulate the active power output; it almost no provides effective inertia. DFIG could add auxiliary virtual inertia control system, when the system frequency is reduced, releasing the rotor "hidden" kinetic energy to support the grid dynamic frequency.
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Yang, Li, i Zhijian Hu. "Implementation of Dynamic Virtual Inertia Control of Supercapacitors for Multi-Area PV-Based Microgrid Clusters". Sustainability 12, nr 8 (18.04.2020): 3299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083299.
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In order to improve the dynamic stability of multi-area microgrid (MG) clusters in the autonomous mode, this study proposes a novel fuzzy-based dynamic inertia control strategy for supercapacitors in multi-area autonomous MG clusters. By virtue of the integral manifold theory, the interactive influence of inertia on dynamic stability for multi-area MG clusters is explored in detail. The energy function of multi-area MG clusters is constructed to further analyze the inertia constant. Based on the analysis of the mechanism, a control strategy for the fuzzy-based dynamic inertia control of supercapacitors for multi-area MG clusters is further proposed. For each sub-microgrid (sub-MG), the gain of the fuzzy-based dynamic inertia control is self-tuned dynamically, with system events being triggered, so as to flexibly and robustly enhance the dynamic performance of the multi-area MG clusters in the autonomous mode. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, a three-area photovoltaic (PV)-based MG cluster is designed and simulated on the MATLAB/Simulink platform. Moreover, a comparison between the dynamic fuzzy-based inertial control method and an additional droop control method is finally presented to validate the advantages of the fuzzy-based dynamic inertial control approach.
10
Saleh, Amr, Hany M. Hasanien, Rania A. Turky, Balgynbek Turdybek, Mohammed Alharbi, Francisco Jurado i Walid A. Omran. "Optimal Model Predictive Control for Virtual Inertia Control of Autonomous Microgrids". Sustainability 15, nr 6 (11.03.2023): 5009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065009.
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For the time being, renewable energy source (RES) penetration has significantly increased in power networks, particularly in microgrids. The overall system inertia is dramatically decreased by replacing traditional synchronous machines with RES. This negatively affects the microgrid dynamics under uncertainties, lowering the microgrid frequency stability, specifically in the islanded mode of operation. Therefore, this work aims to enhance the islanded microgrid frequency resilience using the virtual inertia frequency control concept. Additionally, optimal model predictive control (MPC) is employed in the virtual inertial control model. The optimum design of the MPC is attained using an optimization algorithm, the African Vultures Optimization Algorithm (AVOA). To certify the efficacy of the proposed controller, the AVOA-based MPC is compared with a conventional proportional–integral (PI) controller that is optimally designed using various optimization techniques. The actual data of RES is utilized, and a random load power pattern is applied to achieve practical simulation outcomes. Additionally, the microgrid paradigm contains battery energy storage (BES) units for enhancing the islanded microgrid transient stability. The simulation findings show the effectiveness of AVOA-based MPC in improving the microgrid frequency resilience. Furthermore, the results secure the role of BES in improving transient responses in the time domain simulations. The simulation outcomes are obtained using MATLAB software.
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Kerdphol, Thongchart, Masayuki Watanabe, Yasunori Mitani i Veena Phunpeng. "Applying Virtual Inertia Control Topology to SMES System for Frequency Stability Improvement of Low-Inertia Microgrids Driven by High Renewables". Energies 12, nr 20 (15.10.2019): 3902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203902.
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To integrate renewable energy into microgrids with a favorable inertia property, a virtual inertia control application is needed. Considering the inertia emulation capabilities, insufficient emulation of inertia power due to the lower and short-term power of storage systems could significantly cause system instability and failure. To enhance such capability, this paper applies a virtual inertia control topology to the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) technology. The SMES-based virtual inertia control system is implemented in a microgrid with renewables to emulate sufficient inertia power and maintain good system frequency stability. The efficacy and control performance of the proposed control method are compared with those of the traditional virtual inertia control system. Simulation results show that the shortage of system inertia due to renewable penetration is properly compensated by the proposed control method, improving system frequency stability and maintaining the robustness of system operations.
12
Tan, Kuang-Hsiung, Faa-Jeng Lin, Tzu-Yu Tseng, Meng-Yang Li i Yih-Der Lee. "Virtual Synchronous Generator Using an Intelligent Controller for Virtual Inertia Estimation". Electronics 11, nr 1 (28.12.2021): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010086.
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Virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) with inertia characteristics are generally adopted for the control of distributed generators (DGs) in order to mimic a synchronous generator. However, since the amount of virtual inertia in VSG control is usually constant and given by trial and error, the real power and frequency oscillations of a battery energy storage system (BESS) occurring under load variation result in the degradation of the control performance of the DG. Thus, in this study, a novel virtual inertia estimation methodology is proposed to estimate suitable values of virtual inertia for VSGs and to suppress the real power output and frequency oscillations of the DG under load variation. In addition, to improve the function of the proposed virtual inertia estimator and the transient responses of the real power output and frequency of the DG, an online-trained Petri probabilistic wavelet fuzzy neural network (PPWFNN) controller is proposed to replace the proportional integral (PI) controller. The network structure and the online learning algorithm using backpropagation (BP) of the proposed PPWFNN are represented in detail. Finally, on the basis of the experimental results, it can be concluded that superior performance in terms of real power output and frequency response under load variation can be achieved by using the proposed virtual inertia estimator and the intelligent PPWFNN controller.
13
Wang, Sue, Jing Li, Saleem Riaz, Haider Zaman, Pengfei Hao, Yiwen Luo, Al-Sharef Mohammad, Ahmad Aziz Al-Ahmadi i NasimUllah. "Duplex PD inertial damping control paradigm for active power decoupling of grid-tied virtual synchronous generator". Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 19, nr 12 (2022): 12031–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022560.
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<abstract> <p>The growth of distributed generation significantly reduces the synchronous generators' overall rotational inertia, causing large frequency deviation and leading to an unstable grid. Adding virtual rotational inertia using virtual synchronous generators (VSG) is a promising technique to stabilize grid frequency. Due to coupled nature of frequency and active output power in a grid-tied virtual synchronous generator (GTVSG), the simultaneous design of transient response and steady state error becomes challenging. This paper presents a duplex PD inertial damping control (DPDIDC) technique to provide active power control decoupling in GTVSG. The power verses frequency characteristics of GTVSG is analyzed emphasizing the inconsistencies between the steady-state error and transient characteristics of active output power. The two PD controllers are placed in series with the generator's inertia forward channel and feedback channel. Finally, the performance superiority of the developed control scheme is validated using a simulation based study.</p> </abstract>
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Tamrakar, Ujjwol, Dipesh Shrestha, Naresh Malla, Zhen Ni, Timothy Hansen, Indraman Tamrakar i Reinaldo Tonkoski. "Comparative Analysis of Current Control Techniques to Support Virtual Inertia Applications". Applied Sciences 8, nr 12 (19.12.2018): 2695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122695.
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The rapid transition towards an inverter-dominated power system has reduced the inertial response capability of modern power systems. As a solution, inverters are equipped with control strategies, which can emulate inertia by exchanging power with the grid based on frequency changes. This paper discusses the various current control techniques for application in these systems, known as virtual inertia systems. Some classic control techniques like the proportional-integral, the proportional-resonant, and the hysteresis control are presented first, followed by the design and discussion of two more advanced control techniques based on model prediction and machine learning, respectively. MATLAB/Simulink-based simulations are performed, and results are presented to compare these control techniques in terms of harmonic performance, switching frequency, and transient response.
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Liu, Hao, Bo Yang, Song Xu, Mingjian Du i Shuai Lu. "Universal Virtual Synchronous Generator Based on Extended Virtual Inertia to Enhance Power and Frequency Response". Energies 16, nr 7 (24.03.2023): 2983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16072983.
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Virtual synchronous generators (VSG) are considered a new generation of grid-friendly inverters with the same inertial support characteristics as synchronous generators (SG). However, the inertia support comes with the side effects of power and frequency response deterioration. The existing VSG power oscillation suppression methods have limitations such as complex controller parameter tuning, altering the frequency support characteristics, and power quality degradation. To address these issues, this paper proposes a universal VSG control strategy based on extended virtual inertia (VSG-EVI). Herein, the virtual inertia is no longer a constant or varying number; it is endowed with frequency domain characteristics to improve the VSG transient responses. Moreover, a detailed parameter design process is given in detail. Compared with the conventional VSG (CVSG), VSG-EVI significantly suppress the power and frequency oscillations. Compared with the existing VSG oscillation suppression methods, VSG-EVI addresses the issues of the reduction of frequency support capability, whereas the controller parametric design process is simplified with the proposed intuitive extended virtual inertia. Finally, the proposed VSG-EVI method is thoroughly validated by experiments under both grid-connected and stand-alone modes.
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LIAO, Hongfei, Guohui ZENG, Bo HUANG, Chi MA, Gong CHEN i Jinbin ZHAO. "Optimal Control Virtual Inertia of Optical Storage Microgrid Based on Improved Sailfish Algorithm". Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 27, nr 3 (czerwiec 2022): 218–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/wujns/2022273218.
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The optical storage microgrid system composed of power electronic converters is a small inertia system. Load switching and power supply intermittent will affect the stability of the direct current (DC) bus voltage. Aiming at this problem, a virtual inertia optimal control strategy applied to optical storage microgrid is proposed. Firstly, a small signal model of the system is established to theoretically analyze the influence of virtual inertia and damping coefficient on DC bus voltage and to obtain the constraint range of virtual inertia and damping coefficient; Secondly, aiming at the defect that the Sailfish optimization algorithm is easy to premature maturity, a Sailfish optimization algorithm based on the leak-proof net and the cross-mutation propagation mechanism is proposed; Finally, the virtual inertia and damping coefficient of the system are optimized by the improved Sailfish algorithm to obtain the best control parameters. The simulation results in Matlab/Simulink show that the virtual inertia control optimized by the improved Sailfish algorithm improves the system inertia as well as the dynamic response and robustness of the DC bus voltage.
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Ren, Bixing, Qiang Li, Zhiyuan Fan i Yichao Sun. "Adaptive Control of a Virtual Synchronous Generator with Multiparameter Coordination". Energies 16, nr 12 (19.06.2023): 4789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16124789.
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This paper proposes an adaptive strategy of co-regulating the three parameters—P/ω droop coefficient, virtual inertia, and damping coefficient—for the virtual synchronous generator (VSG). This approach is able to solve the uncoordinated performance between the virtual inertia and the damping using the conventional adaptive control in which the system may experience serious frequency fluctuations. Through the mathematical modeling of the VSG grid-connected system, the segmental analysis of the VSG transient process is carried out, and the parameter adjustment law of each stage is obtained. The VSG angular velocity change and the angular velocity instantaneous change rate are associated with the inertia to realize the adaptive adjustment of the inertia, and the adaptive adjustment of the P/ω droop coefficient is carried out in real time according to the VSG angular velocity change. A functional relationship is established between the P/ω droop coefficient, virtual inertia, and damping coefficient so that the P/ω droop coefficient, virtual inertia, and damping coefficient are coordinated to keep the system in the best damping ratio state all the time. Finally, the superiority of the proposed strategy is proved by simulation comparison.
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Chen, Jianghong, Teng Yuan, Xuelian Li, Weiliang Li i Ximu Wang. "Research on Coordinated Control Strategy of DFIG-ES System Based on Fuzzy Control". Energies 16, nr 12 (16.06.2023): 4770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16124770.
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As the penetration rate of wind power systems is rising, which causes the overall system’s inertia to decline, the power system’s capacity to regulate frequency will be negatively affected. Therefore, this paper investigates the inertia control of doubly fed induction generation, and an energy storage system is installed in the wind farm to respond to the frequency deviation. First, a fuzzy control-based virtual inertia adaptive control strategy is presented. The goal of dynamic adjustment of the virtual inertia coefficient is realized by taking into account the uncertain factors of wind speed and frequency change rate. A recovery strategy based on the energy storage system’s level of charge is employed to prevent overcharging and over-discharging of the battery. Then, a weight factor based on frequency deviation is introduced to combine the droop output of the energy storage system with the virtual inertia output of the doubly fed induction generation, and the joint output mode of the wind storage system is determined in each stage of primary frequency regulation. Finally, the simulation verification is performed using the wind storage system simulation model created by MATLAB. The comparison results with other control methods prove that the proposed method is effective.
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Alandžak, Matej, Tomislav Plavsic i Dubravko Franković. "Provision of Virtual Inertia Support Using Battery Energy Storage System". Journal of Energy - Energija 70, nr 4 (28.11.2022): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2021704250.
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The paper presents the importance of the grid inertia constant for the frequency stability of the future high-res low-inertia power systems. Since more and more renewable energy sources (RES) are being connected to the power system via frequency converters, the grid inertia constant is reduced. This issue can be mitigated by applying appropriate control mechanisms through which RES can provide virtual inertia and provide rotating reserves for primary frequency control. The concept of a virtual synchronous generator for providing virtual inertia is elaborated, as a solution to the presented problems. By applying virtual synchronous generators, RES can provide support for frequency control during disturbances almost like conventional synchronous generators. The influence of virtual inertia on the stability of the Croatian power system was analyzed using a battery energy storage systems (BESS) with a control mechanism that enables its participation in frequency control.
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Faragalla, Asmaa, Omar Abdel-Rahim, Mohamed Orabi i Esam H. Abdelhameed. "Enhanced Virtual Inertia Control for Microgrids with High-Penetration Renewables Based on Whale Optimization". Energies 15, nr 23 (6.12.2022): 9254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239254.
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High penetration of renewable energy sources into isolated microgrids (µGs) is considered a critical challenge, as µGs’ operation at low inertia results in frequency stability problems. To solve this challenge, virtual inertia control based on an energy storage system is applied to enhance the inertia and damping properties of the µG. On the other hand, utilization of a phase-locked loop (PLL) is indispensable for measuring system frequency; however, its dynamics, such as measurement delay and noise generation, cause extra deterioration of frequency stability. In this paper, to improve µG frequency stability and minimize the impact of PLL dynamics, a new optimal frequency control technique is proposed. A whale optimization algorithm is used to enhance the virtual inertia control loop by optimizing the parameters of the virtual inertia controller with consideration of PLL dynamics and the uncertainties of system inertia. The proposed controller has been validated through comparisons with an optimized virtual inertia PI controller which is tuned utilizing MATLAB internal model control methodology and with H∞-based virtual inertia control. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed controller against different operating conditions and system disturbances and uncertainties.
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Skiparev, Vjatseslav, Ram Machlev, Nilanjan Roy Chowdhury, Yoash Levron, Eduard Petlenkov i Juri Belikov. "Virtual Inertia Control Methods in Islanded Microgrids". Energies 14, nr 6 (11.03.2021): 1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061562.
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Although the deployment and integration of isolated microgrids is gaining widespread support, regulation of microgrid frequency under high penetration levels of renewable sources is still being researched. Among the numerous studies on frequency stability, one key approach is based on integrating an additional loop with virtual inertia control, designed to mimic the behavior of traditional synchronous machines. In this survey, recent works related to virtual inertia control methods in islanded microgrids are reviewed. Based on a contextual analysis of recent papers from the last decade, we attempt to better understand why certain control methods are suitable for different scenarios, the currently open theoretical and numerical challenges, and which control strategies will predominate in the following years. Some of the reviewed methods are the coefficient diagram method, H-infinity-based methods, reinforcement-learning-based methods, practical-swarm-based methods, fuzzy-logic-based methods, and model-predictive controllers.
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Yang, Dejian, Enshu Jin, Jiahan You i Liang Hua. "Dynamic Frequency Support from a DFIG-Based Wind Turbine Generator via Virtual Inertia Control". Applied Sciences 10, nr 10 (13.05.2020): 3376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103376.
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As the penetrated level of wind in power grids increases, the online system inertia becomes weak. Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine generators (WTGs) are required to provide virtual inertia response to support system frequency. The present inertia control strategy with fixed control gain is not suitable and may cause stall of the DFIG-based WTG, as the virtual inertia response potential from the DFIG-based WTG is different with various wind speed conditions. This paper addresses a virtual inertia control method for the DFIG-based WTGs to improve the system frequency stability without causing stalling of the wind turbine for various wind speed conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed virtual inertia control method is investigated in a small system embedded with the DFIG-based WTG. Results demonstrate that the proposed virtual inertia strategy improves the frequency stability without causing the rotor speed security issue. Thus, the proposed control strategy can secure the dynamic system frequency security of power systems under the scenarios of full and partial loads, and, consequently, the proposed method provides a promising solution of ancillary services to power systems.
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Alghamdi, Baheej. "Fuzzy Logic–Based Decentralized Voltage–Frequency Control and Inertia Control of a VSG-Based Isolated Microgrid System". Energies 15, nr 22 (10.11.2022): 8401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228401.
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This work proposes the use of fuzzy-logic-based voltage frequency control (VFC) and adaptive inertia to improve the frequency response of a virtual synchronous generator (VSG)-based isolated microgrid system. The joint VFC and inertial control scheme is proposed to limit frequency deviations in these isolated microgrid systems, mainly caused by the increasing penetration of intermittent distributed energy resources, which lack rotational inertia. The proposed controller uses artificial neural networks (ANN) to estimate the exponent of voltage-dependent loads and modulate the system frequency by adjusting the output voltage of the VSGs, which increases the system’s active power reserves while providing inertial control by adjusting the inertia of VSGs to minimize frequency and VSG DC-link voltage excursions. A genetic algorithm (GA)-based optimization strategy is developed to optimally adjust the parameters of the fuzzy logic controller to diminish the impact of disturbances on the system. In addition, the proposed technique is illustrated through simulations within the framework of a test system based on the CIGRE medium-voltage benchmark under various circumstances. The results of these simulations demonstrate that the proposed control strategy outperforms existing methods.
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Deng, Wei, Jianwei Zhong, Ming Huang, Jixue Zhang i Zhekai Zhang. "Adaptive Control Strategy with Threshold of Virtual Inertia and Virtual Damping for Virtual Synchronous Generator". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2203, nr 1 (1.02.2022): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2203/1/012039.
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Abstract Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) control strategy can provide inertia and damping support for the power system by simulating the operating characteristics of synchronous generator, and improve the frequency response of the power system. First, analyse the influence of various parameters on the output characteristics of the system by establishing a mathematical model of VSG. Secondly, to fully utilize the flexible and controllable characteristics of VSG control strategy, the basic principle of VSG parameter adaptation is obtained through the analysis of the angular frequency oscillation characteristics of synchronous generators, and an adaptive control strategy of virtual inertia and virtual damping parameter is proposed, which can better track changes in frequency, and set the action threshold for adaptive control. Finally, compare the frequency and active power response between the traditional VSG control strategy and the adaptive one and verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
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Wang, Lei, Hao Zhou, Xuekai Hu, Xiaochao Hou, Can Su i Kai Sun. "Adaptive Inertia and Damping Coordination (AIDC) Control for Grid-Forming VSG to Improve Transient Stability". Electronics 12, nr 9 (29.04.2023): 2060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12092060.
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Different from the conventional synchronous generator, the virtual inertia and damping control parameters for the inverter-based virtual synchronous generator (VSG) provide more flexibility for stable operation and dynamic performance optimization. However, the operation control principle is still unclear regarding how to coordinate virtual inertia and damping considering both frequency stability and transient synchronization stability. In this paper, an Adaptive Inertia and Damping Coordination (AIDC) control strategy is proposed for grid-forming VSGs to improve transient stability. The proposed AIDC strategy adaptively adjusts the virtual inertia and damping coefficients based on real-time conditions of operation frequency deviation and its rate of change of frequency (RoCoF). The virtual inertia is designed to dynamically increase in the accelerated area and decrease in the decelerated are, and the virtual damping coefficient is designed to increase and enlarge the positive virtual damping effect during the whole accelerated/decelerated transient process. In addition, the proposed AIDC strategy is realized through the practical arctan-function control method with limited boundaries, which can assist engineers. The effectiveness of the proposed AIDC strategy is validated through hardware-in-the-loop experiments.
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Liu, Dan, Chang Ye, Yingzi Wu, Xiaotong Ji, Yongjun Xia, Yiqun Kang i Ziwen Liu. "Bidirectional Virtual Inertia Control Strategy for Hybrid Distributed Generations Integrated Distribution Systems". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (8.11.2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1563298.
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The bidirectional ac/dc converter between the ac and dc subgrids plays a crucial role in enhancing the inertia support ability and ensuring the stable operation of the hybrid ac/dc distribution systems. In this paper, the bidirectional virtual inertia control strategy of hybrid distributed generations (DGs) integrated distribution systems is proposed for desired inertia support ability of both ac frequency and dc voltage. Firstly, the active power droop characteristics of the bidirectional ac/dc converter are analyzed, which reveals the steady power-sharing relationship between the ac and dc subgrids. Then, based on the dynamic power balance of the bidirectional ac/dc converter, the bidirectional virtual inertia control is proposed by introducing the virtual capacitor and moment of inertia, which can enhance the interactive inertia support ability of the hybrid distribution system. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified with a hybrid DGs integrated distribution simulation system in the PSCAD platform.
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Wang, Tao, Hongshan Li, Taiyu Wang, Meng Liu, Tong Zhu i Hongchen Liu. "Virtual Inertia Adaptive Control Strategy of ESU in DC Microgrid". Energies 15, nr 17 (23.08.2022): 6112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176112.
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With the increasingly obvious DC characteristics at both ends of the source and load sides of the low-voltage distribution network, the application scenarios of low-voltage DC microgrid gradually appear. Compared with the AC system, the DC microgrid has the characteristics of low inertia, weak damping, and poor anti-disturbance capabilities, all of which are important for improving operational stability. A virtual inertia adaptive control approach for fast-tracking energy storage under varied disturbances is presented using energy storage as a virtual inertia unit. Firstly, a stability analysis model including constant power load is constructed for the low-voltage DC microgrid; then, the control logic of the virtual inertia of the energy storage system is designed. Finally, the corresponding model is built in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the experiment platform to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
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Sultana, Rima, Md Rifat Hazari, Mohammad Abdul Mannan i Junji Tamura. "A Robust Virtual Inertia Control of Battery Storage System to Enhance Transient Stability of Grid System including Wind Farms". AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 19, nr 3 (31.12.2020): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v19i3.113.
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With the rising penetration of modern converter-based wind farm (WF) into the existing grid system deteriorates system inertia due to reduction of the capacity of conventional power stations which may lead to the frequency instability as well as power system transient instability. In order to solve this concern, this paper presents a robust virtual inertia control approach for battery storage system (BSS) to enhance the frequency stability of the grid system after the generation failure owing to severe grid disruption. The control approach integrated inertial controller based on the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) and droop controller according to frequency deviation. The impacts of the proposed virtual inertia controller (VIC) is confirmed through simulation analysis on a multi-machine power system with conventional power stations, permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) with full converter based WF and squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) based WF. Simulation study clearly demonstrates that by adopting both strategies, the BSS can effectively minimize the frequency nadir and steady-state error.
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Fawzy, Asmaa, Youssef Mobarak, Dina S. Osheba, Mahmoud G. Hemeida, Tomonobu Senjyu i Mohamed Roshdy. "An Online Archimedes Optimization Algorithm Identifier-Controlled Adaptive Modified Virtual Inertia Control for Microgrids". Energies 15, nr 23 (24.11.2022): 8884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238884.
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Single widespread employment of renewable energy sources (RESs) contributes to the shortage in the inertia of the microgrid (MG). After this, frequency stability may regress as a result of power imbalance or minor load fluctuations. This paper proposes an explicit adaptive modified virtual inertia control (VIC) based on an online Archimedes optimization algorithm (AOA) identifier for MG containing thermal, wind, and solar photovoltaic power plants. The Rung Kutta approach is used to construct the proposed online identifier, which acts as a model of the MG. AOA predicts the coefficients of the online identifier based on the input and output of MG to mimic the frequency deviation of the MG online. AOA estimates online the inertia and damping coefficients of the VIC system with an energy storage device based on online AOA identifier coefficients. The frequency deviation of the MG based on the proposed explicit adaptive modified VIC is compared with the conventional VIC based on fixed parameters and the VIC system based on optimal parameters using AOA offline under mutation in loads, weather-dependent input, and MG parameters using MATLAB/Simulink software. Furthermore, the proposed explicit adaptive modified VIC based on an online AOA identifier is evaluated with the adaptive VIC system based on fuzzy logic control, which adjusts only the inertial gain online. The simulation results demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed explicit adaptive modified VIC to improve the frequency stability and enhance low-inertia islanded MGs with RESs.
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Qian, Huimin, Sunan Sun i Chenglong Xu. "Virtual inertia control based on fast frequency response". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2310, nr 1 (1.10.2022): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2310/1/012066.
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Abstract In order to improve the inertia support of wind power system in case of load disturbance events, a control frequency response method based on Hammerstein-Neural Network (HNNFC) is proposed in this paper. First, the sliding mode control (SMC) law is designed according to the system frequency dynamic response equation. Then, the system is identified based -Hammerstein-Neural Network (HNN). Moreover, the system disturbance is designed of the ESO which is used as the compensator of the Hammerstein model to improve the fast and stable recovery performance of the system. Finally, the simulation results show that this method can not only release the active power through the rotor kinetic energy, but also improve the system stability recovery ability. The simulation can be seen that the proposed method can well reproduce the original control method. Compared with traditional control methods, the proposed method can improve the robustness ability of the wind power system.
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Abdillah, Muhammad, Syailendra Andi, Teguh Aryo Nugroho i Herlambang Setiadi. "Advanced virtual inertia control against wind power intermittency". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, nr 3 (7.10.2022): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i3.pp1256-1265.
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Rapid industrial development requires more energy to support their manufacturing processes. Unfortunately, conventional energy was mostly utilized as a primary energy source which is unfriendly to nature and can damage the environment. Nowadays, the transformation from the use of conventional energy to renewable energy sources is increasingly being socialized throughout the world. However, the existence of renewable energy poses new challenges in the world of electricity systems where their effect is reducing the inertia (inertialess) value of conventional energy such as thermal generators. This condition causes frequency oscillations and leads to blackout the electricity system. To overcome this problem, this paper proposed advanced virtual inertia control (VIC) based on an superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) employed to accommodate the effects of the integration of renewable energy into the electric power system. SMES was choosen because it has a fast response and an efficiency rate of up to 90%. A two-area power system model was utilized to examine the proposed VIC model based on SMES. From the simulation results, VIC based on has succeeded in reducing frequency oscillations by compressing the system overshoot and reducing the settling time to steady-state.
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Xu, Bo, Linwei Zhang, Yin Yao, Xiangdong Yu, Yixin Yang i Dongdong Li. "Virtual Inertia Coordinated Allocation Method Considering Inertia Demand and Wind Turbine Inertia Response Capability". Energies 14, nr 16 (15.08.2021): 5002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165002.
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Wind turbines can have inertia characteristics similar to synchronous generators through virtual inertia control, which helps to provide the inertia support for the system. However, there is the problem of how to coordinate the allocation of virtual inertia among wind turbines. In response to this problem, this paper first analyzes the inertia response capabilities of wind turbines and puts forward an evaluation index that quantifies the inertia response capability of wind turbines. The inertia response capability of a wind farm is evaluated at the entire system level. Based on the evaluation index, the virtual inertia coordinated allocation method considers the system inertia demand and the inertia response capabilities of the wind turbines. It is proposed to release the inertia response capability of each wind turbine while avoiding an excessive release of kinetic energy and bring a second impact by wind turbines’ exiting operation. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by a simulation case study.
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Yang, Xuhong, Hui Li, Wei Jia, Zhongxin Liu, Yu Pan i Fengwei Qian. "Adaptive Virtual Synchronous Generator Based on Model Predictive Control with Improved Frequency Stability". Energies 15, nr 22 (9.11.2022): 8385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228385.
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With the massive integration of renewable energy into the grid, grid inertia and its stability continue to decrease. To improve inertia and facilitate grid restoration, a control strategy for radial basis function virtual synchronous generators based on model predictive control (MPC-VSG-RBF) is proposed in this paper. In this method, virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control strategy is introduced into the model predictive control (MPC), so that the reference value of the inner loop current can vary with the grid voltage and frequency. Using the radial basis function (RBF) neural network to adjust the VSG virtual inertia online can solve the large fluctuation of frequency and power caused by excessive load fluctuation. The simulation model was built based on MATLAB and compared and analyzed with the MPC control method. The simulation results show that: when the output power of the inverter changes, the model predictive control of the adaptive virtual synchronous generator can increase the inertia and stability of the power grid; by adjusting the moment of inertia, the system damping ratio is improved to effectively suppress the transient process overshoot and oscillation in medium power.
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Gao, Qun, Yan Jiang, Ke Peng i Lei Liu. "A Virtual Inertia Method for Stability Control of DC Distribution Systems with Parallel Converters". Energies 15, nr 22 (16.11.2022): 8581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228581.
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DC distribution systems are a typical power electronic system with low inertia, low-rotational kinetic energy, and poor antidisturbance capability when loads fluctuate or parameters change. In this paper, a virtual inertia control with an additional first-order filtering link is proposed on the basis of P-Udc droop control. The results of the simulations and experiments verify that the additional inertia control reduces the voltage change rate and improves the system inertia by adjusting the virtual capacitance value on the DC side of the converter, which can achieve a smoother and more accurate voltage control and suppress the continuous voltage oscillation.
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Li, Tai, Leqiu Wang, Yanbo Wang, Guohai Liu, Zhiyu Zhu, Yongwei Zhang, Li Zhao i Zhicheng Ji. "Data-Driven Virtual Inertia Control Method of Doubly Fed Wind Turbine". Energies 14, nr 17 (6.09.2021): 5572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175572.
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This paper presents a data-driven virtual inertia control method for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine to provide inertia support in the presence of frequency events. The Markov parameters of the system are first obtained by monitoring the grid frequency and system operation state. Then, a data-driven state observer is developed to evaluate the state vector of the optimal controller. Furthermore, the optimal controller of the inertia emulation system is developed through the closed solution of the differential Riccati equation. Moreover, a differential Riccati equation with self-correction capability is developed to enhance the anti-noise ability to reject noise interference in frequency measurement process. Finally, the simulation verification was performed in Matlab/Simulink to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Simulation results showed that the proposed virtual inertia controller can adaptively tune control parameters online to provide transient inertia supports for the power grid by releasing the kinetic energy, so as to improve the robustness and anti-interference ability of the control system of the wind power system.
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Rehman, Haseeb Ur, Xiangwu Yan, Mishkat Ullah Jan, Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky, Sheeraz Iqbal, Tamara Egamnazarova i Syed Asad Abbas Ali Rizvi. "Wind Turbine System based Virtual Synchronous Generator Control for Microgrid Frequency Regulation". E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126101024.
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The power system is dominated by the renewable energy resources since last two decades. The main cause behind this enormous deployment of RES is to combat the global warming and to decrease dependency on fossil fuels. Wind energy is one of the abundant available sources of energy throughout the world. However, the huge deployment of wind energy in the power system cause vulnerability to the system. The main cause is the lack of system inertia in RES which cannot effectively respond during the power imbalance condition. To counter this effect, the virtual synchronous generators are deployed in the RES based power system. The VSG mimics the synchronous generator features and therefore it possesses the ability to provide the inertial support to system. In this paper, a wind base multiple VSG system is proposed to counter the frequency irregularities of the system. Furthermore, a comparison with classical droop control is done based on load variation. Moreover, the genetic algorithm is used to optimize the values of damping and inertia of the VSG. The performance of the proposed system is validated in MATLAB/Simulink 2019.
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Maleki, Shahryar, Javad Nikoukar i Mohammad Hassan Tousifian. "Robust Frequency Control of Microgrids: A Mixed H 2 / H ∞ Virtual Inertia Emulation". International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2023 (13.04.2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6872765.
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This article proposes a robust inertial controller for converter-based distributed generators employed in low-inertia power systems like microgrids. The increasing penetration level of renewable energy sources based on power electronics converters in modern power systems reduces the inertial features of the system. It also increases concerns associated with the system uncertainty and sensitivity against disturbances. To cope with these challenges, by employing the proposed linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based mixed H 2 / H ∞ robust method, an optimal robust controller aided for inertial support as well as fast frequency restoration is provided. Using the proposed solution not only presents a better inertial response but also proposes a faster frequency restoration, by which the system’s frequency can be restored immediately following any disturbance, even in the presence of system uncertainties. Through in-detailed frequency response analysis and time-domain simulations for different scenarios, it is illustrated that the proposed mechanism can be successfully employed to address the inertial requirements in power electronic-based power systems. In addition, the proposed LMI-based mixed H 2 / H ∞ control solution is compared with a number of other solutions to illustrate its better performance against disturbances. Simulation results validate the merits and effectiveness of the proposed controller.
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Worsnopp, Tom, Michael Peshkin, Kevin Lynch i J. Edward Colgate. "Controlling the Apparent Inertia of Passive Human-Interactive Robots". Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 128, nr 1 (14.11.2005): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2168165.
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Passive robotic devices may exhibit a spatially varying apparent inertia perceptible to a human user. The apparent inertia is the projection of the inertia matrix onto the instantaneous direction of motion. The spatial variation is due to the configuration dependence of the inertia matrix and relevant to many passive mechanisms, including programmable constraint machines or “cobots,” which use low-power steering actuators to choose the direction of motion. We develop two techniques for controlling the apparent inertia in cobots to emulate the desired inertial properties of a virtual object or mechanism. The first is a path-limiting method, which constraints the cobot to steer along certain paths where the apparent inertia and desired inertia are equivalent. The second uses a low-power actuator to control the apparent inertia by driving the device along its direction of motion. We illustrate these ideas for a two-link cobot we have built for experiments in human motor control and rehabilitation. For the actuated control method, we show that the power actuator can be relatively low power compared to the actuators of a traditional robot performing similar tasks.
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Lu, Shengyang, Tongwei Yu, Huiwen Liu, Wuyang Zhang, Yuqiu Sui, Junyou Yang, Li Zhang, Jiaxu Zhou i Haixin Wang. "Research on Flexible Virtual Inertia Control Method Based on the Small Signal Model of DC Microgrid". Energies 15, nr 22 (9.11.2022): 8360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228360.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Renewable energy is usually connected to the DC micro-grid by a large number of power electronic devices, which have the advantages of a fast system response, but the disadvantage to reduce the inertia of the system, which makes the stability of the system worse. It is necessary to increase the inertia of DC micro-grid so that it can recover and stabilize well when it receives a disturbance. In this paper, a small-signal model of DC micro-grid with constant power load (CPL) is established, and a flexible virtual inertial (FVI) control method based on DC bus voltage real-time variation is proposed, by controlling the DC/DC converter of the energy storage system, the problem of system oscillation caused by introducing voltage differential link to the system is solved. Compared with the droop control method, the FVI control method can increase the inertia of DC micro-grid system, reduce the influence of small disturbances, and improve the stability of the system. Finally, the validity of the FVI control method based on small signal model is verified in dSPACE.
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Mehrasa, Majid, Edris Pouresmaeil, Hamid Soltani, Frede Blaabjerg, Maria Calado i João Catalão. "Virtual Inertia and Mechanical Power-Based Control Strategy to Provide Stable Grid Operation under High Renewables Penetration". Applied Sciences 9, nr 6 (13.03.2019): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061043.
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This paper presents a virtual inertia and mechanical power-based control strategy to provide a stable operation of the power grid under high penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs). The proposed control technique is based on a new active and reactive power-based dynamic model with the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) swing equation, in which all PMSG features i.e., inertia and mechanical power are embedded within the controller as the main contribution of this paper. To present an accurate analysis of the virtual PMSG-based parameters, the desired zero dynamics of the grid angular frequency are considered to evaluate the effects of virtual mechanical power (VMP) on the active and reactive power sharing, as well as the investigation of virtual inertia variations for the grid angular frequency responses. Moreover, by considering various active power errors and virtual inertia, the impacts of active power error on reactive power in the proposed control technique, are precisely assessed. Simulation results are employed in Matlab/Simulink software to verify the stabilizing abilities of the proposed control technique.
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Ke, Zipeng, Yuxing Dai, Zishun Peng, Guoqiang Zeng, Jun Wang, Minying Li i Yong Ning. "VSG Control Strategy Incorporating Voltage Inertia and Virtual Impedance for Microgrids". Energies 13, nr 16 (18.08.2020): 4263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164263.
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Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control lacks voltage inertia and powerful decoupling capabilities. The voltage of the distributed generator (DG) unit controlled by the VSG will be easily affected by power fluctuations and high-frequency noise, and the DG coupling usually makes the VSG control effect unsatisfactory. In order to effectively reduce power fluctuations, the influence of high-frequency noise on voltage, the influence of coupling on the power regulation, and effectively improve the economy of the economic system, the improved VSG control that combines voltage inertia and virtual impedance is proposed in this paper. The second-order inertia in the proposed VSG control strategy can minimize the voltage change rate and filter high-frequency noise from the excitation and virtual impedance. The virtual impedance in the proposed VSG control strategy can simulate the actual impedance to change the line characteristics, so the coupling of the DG unit can be reduced. Experimental results based on the microgrid platform prove the feasibility of improving the VSG control.
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Orihara, Dai, Hiroshi Kikusato, Jun Hashimoto, Kenji Otani, Takahiro Takamatsu, Takashi Oozeki, Hisao Taoka i in. "Contribution of Voltage Support Function to Virtual Inertia Control Performance of Inverter-Based Resource in Frequency Stability". Energies 14, nr 14 (13.07.2021): 4220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144220.
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Inertia reduction due to inverter-based resource (IBR) penetration deteriorates power system stability, which can be addressed using virtual inertia (VI) control. There are two types of implementation methods for VI control: grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM). There is an apparent difference among them for the voltage regulation capability, because the GFM controls IBR to act as a voltage source and GFL controls it to act as a current source. The difference affects the performance of the VI control function, because stable voltage conditions help the inertial response to contribute to system stability. However, GFL can provide the voltage control function with reactive power controllability, and it can be activated simultaneously with the VI control function. This study analyzes the performance of GFL-type VI control with a voltage control function for frequency stability improvement. The results show that the voltage control function decreases the voltage variation caused by the fault, improving the responsivity of the VI function. In addition, it is found that the voltage control is effective in suppressing the power swing among synchronous generators. The clarification of the contribution of the voltage control function to the performance of the VI control is novelty of this paper.
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Liu, Shaofeng, Maxiang Wang, Jicheng Li, Jun Xu, Zhu Xiao i Hui Wang. "The Effect of the Fast Frequency Response of the Solar Energy System on the Power System Dynamic Frequency Evolution". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2418, nr 1 (1.02.2023): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2418/1/012079.
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Abstract The existence of a large-scale photovoltaic power generation system without any rotational inertia can deteriorate the frequency stability of the power system. The solar energy storage system consisted of photovoltaic power generation and the energy storage device with fast charge and discharge can provide fast frequency responses to the grid through the power electronics controls, and therefore improve the dynamic frequency security of the low-inertia system. This paper discusses the modeling and fast frequency controls, namely virtual inertia and droop control. The modified WSCC 9-bus system with high photovoltaic power penetration and low inertia serves to show the effects of the solar energy storage system’s fast frequency responses on the frequency evolutions of the new power system. The results show that in the low inertia system with large-scale photovoltaic power generation, the active power droop control of the solar energy storage system can decrease the frequency deviations, but may introduce low-frequency oscillations during the frequency evolution following a contingency; the virtual inertia control can depress both the rate of change of frequency as well as the oscillations during the frequency evaluation.
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Hongesombut, Komsan, Suphicha Punyakunlaset i Sillawat Romphochai. "Under Frequency Protection Enhancement of an Islanded Active Distribution Network Using a Virtual Inertia-Controlled-Battery Energy Storage System". Sustainability 13, nr 2 (6.01.2021): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020484.
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When an islanding condition caused by an unintentional single-line to ground fault occurs in an active distribution network with distributed generation, the frequency stability and protection issues remain challenging. Therefore, this paper presents the under frequency protection enhancement of the active distribution network using a virtual inertia-controlled-battery energy storage system to improve the frequency stability under the islanding condition caused by unintentional faults. The virtual inertia control is designed based on the direct and quadrature axis-controlled battery energy storage system to generate the virtual inertia power, compensating the system’s inertia to enhance the stability margin. The proposed method is verified by the simulation results that reveal the frequency stability performance and the under-frequency load shedding enhancement of the study active distribution network in Thailand. The study is divided into two cases: the normal control parameters and the parameter uncertainty scenarios, compared with a power-frequency droop control. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed virtual inertia control can effectively improve the frequency and transient stabilities in the islanding condition, diminishing the number of loads disconnected by the proposed under-frequency load shedding scheme.
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Kerdphol, Thongchart, Fathin Saifur Rahman, Masayuki Watanabe i Yasunori Mitani. "Robust Virtual Inertia Control of a Low Inertia Microgrid Considering Frequency Measurement Effects". IEEE Access 7 (2019): 57550–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2913042.
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Hao, Xiaohong, Huimin Wang, Bei Peng, Zhi Yao, Yixiong Wang i Mingfei Gu. "Research on the virtual synchronous generator control strategy of grid-connected permanent-magnet direct-driven wind power system". Thermal Science 22, Suppl. 2 (2018): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci171012252h.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Renewable energy, distributed generation, and micro-grid technology have been widely concerned for a long time. The traditional grid-connected inverter control strategy does not take into account the problem of inertia which is short and fast to cause the frequency change. The virtual synchronous generator control strategy is adopted to simulate the synchronous generator characteristics, which enhanced the inertia and damp of the system. For the micro-grid of wind power grid-connected, the storage battery is arranged on the AC side of the permanent magnet direct-drive wind turbine, and the model of the virtual synchronous generator is established. Thus the grid-connected performance of large-scale wind farm is improved. Here, the effect of moment of inertia in the virtual synchronous generator and the grid-connected regulation of virtual synchronous generator are verified by using PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results show that the grid-connected inverter controlled by the virtual synchronous generator is approximately equivalent to the synchronous generator in external characteristic. The grid-connected inverter based virtual synchronous generator control has a beneficial to adjust frequency and voltage, and can enhance the standby inertia of new energy and grid power generation
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Wang, Jin, Jie Yan, Yongqian Liu i Zhicheng Xu. "Inertia Evaluation of Wind Farm Under Overspeed Power Shedding Control". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2564, nr 1 (1.08.2023): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2564/1/012042.
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Abstract As the penetration rate of wind power generation gradually increases in most grids, it is necessary to evaluate wind farms’ inertia to provide inertia information for electric grids and boost grid stability. This paper firstly models the inertia control mode of overspeed power shedding, which can realize the inertia control under the operation of different blade tip speed ratios, so that the wind turbine has a high inertia support capability. Then the energy change process in the inertia control process is analyzed, and the virtual inertia time constant is derived to evaluate a single unit’s inertia. Finally, a simple wind condition and the wind farm’s inertia control requirements in a day are simulated using an equivalent model, and the inertia level of the wind farm is calculated. The proposed research approach can alleviate the sophistication of inertia evaluation which also effectively consider the influence of inertia control.
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Jin, Jie, Lan Li, Haiyang Yu i Shengzhou Feng. "Research on Frequency Characteristics of VSG Virtual Parameter Adaptive Control Strategy Based on Fuzzy Control Theory". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2113, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2113/1/012029.
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Abstract Traditional virtual synchronous generators (VSG) control inverters. Inverter output frequency characteristic of the virtual inertia (J) and virtual damping (D) coefficient, and the virtual parameters need to be modified and adjusted according to the purpose. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a virtual parameter adaptive control strategy based on fuzzy control theory to adjust the frequency characteristics of VSG. MATLAB/Simulink is used to build a simulation model to verify the correctness of the proposed fuzzy control theory’s adaptive virtual parameter theory.
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Shi, Kai, Haihan Ye, Wentao Song i Guanglei Zhou. "Virtual Inertia Control Strategy in Microgrid Based on Virtual Synchronous Generator Technology". IEEE Access 6 (2018): 27949–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2839737.
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Yang, Chengshun, Fan Yang, Dezhi Xu, Xiaoning Huang i Dongdong Zhang. "Adaptive Command-Filtered Backstepping Control for Virtual Synchronous Generators". Energies 12, nr 14 (12.07.2019): 2681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142681.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Distributed energy sources are usually interfaced to the grid using power electronic converters, and lack of inertia in inverter dominated microgrids can affect the system stability. This paper presents a new method for virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control in order to solve the low system inertia and support the grid frequency problem. In this paper, the VSG based on electromagnetic transient characteristics is improved and an adaptive command filter back-stepping controller is designed. Firstly, the rotor swing equation and power part are modeled to complete the controller design for achieving system stability in the islanded, grid-connected and transition modes. In addition, a limited-amplitude command filter is used to deal with computational complexity and nonlinear saturation problems in the design process. Secondly, projection operator, and adaptive inertia and damping control are introduced to reduce the modeling error and disturbance caused by changing parameters. This ensures the boundedness of the estimated value and further improves the frequency response, especially in the transition mode. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed controller is more effective than the traditional control method for achieving power stability and frequency improvement.