Artykuły w czasopismach: „Viral phenomenon”

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Aiewsakun, Pakorn, i Aris Katzourakis. "Time-Dependent Rate Phenomenon in Viruses". Journal of Virology 90, nr 16 (1.06.2016): 7184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00593-16.

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ABSTRACTAmong the most fundamental questions in viral evolutionary biology are how fast viruses evolve and how evolutionary rates differ among viruses and fluctuate through time. Traditionally, viruses are loosely classed into two groups: slow-evolving DNA viruses and fast-evolving RNA viruses. As viral evolutionary rate estimates become more available, it appears that the rates are negatively correlated with the measurement timescales and that the boundary between the rates of DNA and RNA viruses might not be as clear as previously thought. In this study, we collected 396 viral evolutionary rate estimates across almost all viral genome types and replication strategies, and we examined their rate dynamics. We showed that the time-dependent rate phenomenon exists across multiple levels of viral taxonomy, from the Baltimore classification viral groups to genera. We also showed that, by taking the rate decay dynamics into account, a clear division between the rates of DNA and RNA viruses as well as reverse-transcribing viruses could be recovered. Surprisingly, despite large differences in their biology, our analyses suggested that the rate decay speed is independent of viral types and thus might be useful for better estimation of the evolutionary time scale of any virus. To illustrate this, we used our model to reestimate the evolutionary timescales of extant lentiviruses, which were previously suggested to be very young by standard phylogenetic analyses. Our analyses suggested that these viruses are millions of years old, in agreement with paleovirological evidence, and therefore, for the first time, reconciled molecular analyses of ancient and extant viruses.IMPORTANCEThis work provides direct evidence that viral evolutionary rate estimates decay with their measurement timescales and that the rate decay speeds do not differ significantly among viruses despite the vast differences in their molecular features. After adjustment for the rate decay dynamics, the division between the rates of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), and ssDNA/reverse-transcribing viruses could be seen more clearly than before. Our results provide a guideline for further improvement of the molecular clock. As a demonstration of this, we used our model to reestimate the timescales of modern lentiviruses, which were previously thought to be very young, and concluded that they are millions of years old. This result matches the estimate from paleovirological analyses, thus bridging the gap between ancient and extant viral evolutionary studies.

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Ramadhani, Ghina. "Viral Marketing". IMOVICCON Conference Proceeding 1, nr 1 (3.07.2019): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37312/imoviccon.v1i1.14.

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Increasing use of the internet by millennials is a phenomenon that needs to be adapted to. The advertising-marketing world is no exception. Responds to the phenomenon has been varying, for example there’s a new category for advertising media besides Above The Line and Below The Line; Through The Line Media. Through The Line occurred to define internet media which has the quality of both above the line and below the line medias. Another form of adaptation to this situation exists in the form of marketing strategies; that is viral marketing. Viral marketing is a strategy that is only relevant in internet media. This paper will try to explain the kind of impact made from this marketing strategy, and its effectiveness on millennial target audiences by using some case studies on the brand, Go-Jek.

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Boppolige, Archana Anand, i Anjula Gurtoo. "What Determines Viral Phenomenon? Views, Comments and Growth Indicators of TED Talk Videos". International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 8, nr 2 (kwiecień 2017): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijtef.2017.8.2.544.

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Profant, Martin. "COVID-19: A Viral Phenomenon - The Insider Report". Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences 15, nr 1 (31.07.2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/juls.v15i1.37690.

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On January 9th, 2021, the Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology Students Union (LMPSU) hosted their annual scientific conference online, focusing on the theme: “COVID-19: A viral phenomena”. The department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology (LMP) at the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto is home to world-class research in the area of pathobiology, from cancer to immunopathology to neuropathology. The conference began with opening remarks from LMPSU executives Karen Mao and Ziqi Liu, followed by Dr. Rita Kandel, the chair of the department of LMP. The topic of COVID-19 research was timely, to say the least! Invited speakers were asked to share their research and knowledge about various aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic from basic virology to treatment options, and epidemiology. The keynote speakers were Dr. Samira Mubareka and Dr. Robert Kozak; notably members of the team that was among the first to isolate the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

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Bauckhage, Christian, Fabian Hadiji i Kristian Kersting. "How Viral Are Viral Videos?" Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 9, nr 1 (3.08.2021): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v9i1.14598.

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Within only a few years after the launch of video sharing platforms, viral videos have become a pervasive Internet phenomenon. Yet, notwithstanding growing scholarly interest, the suitability of the viral metaphor seems not to have been studied so far. In this paper, we therefore investigate the attention dynamics of viral videos from the point of view of mathematical epidemiology. We introduce a novel probabilistic model of the progression of infective diseases and use it to analyze time series of YouTube view counts and Google searches. Our results on a data set of almost 800 videos show that their attention dynamics are indeed well accounted for by our epidemic model. In particular, we find that the vast majority of videos considered in this study show very high infection rates.

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Iannone, Alejandra Emilia. "Viral Art Matters". International Journal of Technoethics 6, nr 2 (lipiec 2015): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijt.2015070106.

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Since the 1990s, Internet communications technologies have influenced human activity. Over the last 15 years, a phenomenon called virality—i.e., when content circulates via Internet among an increasingly broad audience at an exponentially rapid rate—has been especially impactful. Only some information achieves virality, so the phenomenon invites reflection. Yet, scholars have failed to adequately address the topic. The literature is especially sparse when it comes to viral artwork. This essay helps fill that gap in the literature by demonstrating the academic significance of viral artwork through comparative analysis of three cases where Internet-based artworks went viral: “Ten Hours of Princess Leia walking in NYC,” “New Beginnings,” and “McKayla is Not Impressed.” The author asserts that viral artwork merits rigorous study because doing so could: first, augment existing research on other topics; second, fortify investigations in philosophy of art; and third, guide the public toward better-informed engagement with viral artwork.

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Profant, Martin. "COVID-19: A Viral Phenomenon - Organizer & Speaker Interviews". Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences 15, nr 1 (31.07.2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/juls.v15i1.37692.

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Zampetti, Anna, Maria Gnarra, Dennis Linder, Maria Donatella Digiuseppe, Nicola Carrino i Claudio Feliciani. "Psoriatic Pseudobalanitis Circinata as a Post-Viral Koebner Phenomenon". Case Reports in Dermatology 2, nr 3 (2010): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000321012.

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Dianzani, Ferdinando. "Viral resistance to chemotherapeutic agents: an expectable unexpected phenomenon". Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 35, nr 11 (grudzień 2003): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03008870310016238.

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Škulj, Gašper, Rok Vrabič, Peter Butala i Alojzij Sluga. "Production Resource Search Using the Viral Phenomenon: Concept Introduction". Procedia CIRP 25 (2014): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2014.10.027.

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Grecya, Elsa, i Ilham Effendi Yahya. "Improving Civic Engagement through “No Viral No Justice” Phenomenon". Journal Civics and Social Studies 6, nr 1 (22.06.2022): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31980/civicos.v6i1.1629.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ruang publik yang secara tidak langsung terbuka untuk masyarakat ikut mempengaruhi jalannya hukum. Metode penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan metode riset kepustakaan. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah sumber data sekunder berupa jurnal dan artikel berita online. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kepolisian dianggap gagal menjalankan perannya sebagai pelayanan dan pelindung masyarakat. Fenomena no viral no justice menjadi hantaman keras kepada Kepolisian Republik Indonesia. Kapolri Jenderal Pol Listyo rasanya mengakui bahwasanya tagar no viral no justice bukan sekedar tagar iseng. Listyo Sigit Prabowo meminta jajarannya untuk menjadikan fenomena ini sebagai bagian kritik dari masyarakat terhadap kepolisian. Listyo mengimbau agar fenomena terkait kepolisian tidak terulang. Dia meminta staf mengevaluasi dan memperbaiki diri dalam melayani masyarakat. Listyo mengingatkan bahwa semua penilaian publik harus diterima sebagai bagian dari kritik dan penilaian polisi. Selain hal tersebut, secara tidak langsung fenomena no viral no justice membuka ruang publik alternatif melalui media sosial. Ruang publik tersebut dimanfaatkan masyarakat sebagai opinion leader dari masyarakat yang secara tidak langsung membentuk civic engagement berdasarkan rasa kasihan terhadap korban dan kecewa terhadap kepolisian yang gagal dalam menjalankan tugasnya.

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Belon, Lucas, Peter Skidmore, Rohan Mehra i Edward Walter. "Effect of a fever in viral infections — the ‘Goldilocks’ phenomenon?" World Journal of Clinical Cases 9, nr 2 (16.01.2021): 296–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i2.296.

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Bernatta, Ratu Aulia. "Mass Phenomenon in Finding Viral Information on Instagram Social Media". JSSH (Jurnal Sains Sosial dan Humaniora) 4, nr 2 (22.12.2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/jssh.v4i2.7419.

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AbstractThe phenomenon of the mass in searching for viral information on social media (Instagram) is a reflection that the internet, especially social media today has become the opiate of the masses in their lives. The advantages offered and presented by social media in providing information with a faster and more accurate time become a reference for the masses in choosing media to seek and obtain information and communication in their lives. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods, this is because the data that the researcher wants to present is in the form of stories from the speakers about experiences, opinions, knowledge. The theory used is Hypodermic Needle Theory which means that what is presented in the mass media (newspapers, television and online) directly or strongly gives a stimulus to the audience. In addition, this study also uses the Phenomenology approach, which in this study will examine the mass phenomenon in finding viral information on social media.

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NISHINE, Kaoru, Hiroshi AOKI, Yoshihiro SAKODA i Akio FUKUSHO. "Field Distribution of END Phenomenon-Negative Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus". Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 76, nr 12 (2014): 1635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.14-0220.

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Belon, Lucas, Peter Skidmore, Rohan Mehra i Edward Walter. "Effect of a fever in viral infections — the ‘Goldilocks’ phenomenon?" World Journal of Clinical Cases 9, nr 2 (16.01.2021): 296–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i2.296.

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Pradhan, Swechchha, Arvind Varsani, Chloe Leff, Carter J. Swanson i Rizal F. Hariadi. "Viral Aggregation: The Knowns and Unknowns". Viruses 14, nr 2 (21.02.2022): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020438.

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Viral aggregation is a complex and pervasive phenomenon affecting many viral families. An increasing number of studies have indicated that it can modulate critical parameters surrounding viral infections, and yet its role in viral infectivity, pathogenesis, and evolution is just beginning to be appreciated. Aggregation likely promotes viral infection by increasing the cellular multiplicity of infection (MOI), which can help overcome stochastic failures of viral infection and genetic defects and subsequently modulate their fitness, virulence, and host responses. Conversely, aggregation can limit the dispersal of viral particles and hinder the early stages of establishing a successful infection. The cost–benefit of viral aggregation seems to vary not only depending on the viral species and aggregating factors but also on the spatiotemporal context of the viral life cycle. Here, we review the knowns of viral aggregation by focusing on studies with direct observations of viral aggregation and mechanistic studies of the aggregation process. Next, we chart the unknowns and discuss the biological implications of viral aggregation in their infection cycle. We conclude with a perspective on harnessing the therapeutic potential of this phenomenon and highlight several challenging questions that warrant further research for this field to advance.

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Goins, W. F., i M. F. Stinski. "Expression of a human cytomegalovirus late gene is posttranscriptionally regulated by a 3'-end-processing event occurring exclusively late after infection". Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, nr 12 (grudzień 1986): 4202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.12.4202-4213.1986.

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A phenomenon of posttranscriptional regulation has been previously identified in cytomegalovirus-infected human fibroblast cells (Wathen and Stinski, J. Virol. 41:462, 1982). A region typifying this phenomenon has been located within the large unique component of the viral genome (map units 0.408 to 0.423). Even though this transcriptional unit was highly transcribed at early times after infection, mRNAs from this region were only detectable on the polyribosomes after viral DNA replication. Thus, this region is believed to code for a late gene. Single-strand-specific nuclease mapping experiments of viral transcripts established that the transcriptional initiation sites and the 5' ends of a downstream exon were identical at early and late times. However, the late transcripts differed from the early transcripts by the processing of the 3' end of the viral RNAs. This involved either the removal of a distinct region of the transcript by the selection of an upstream cleavage and polyadenylation site or the differential splicing of the RNA molecule. The upstream cleavage and polyadenylation site was identified by nuclease mapping analyses and DNA sequencing. The 3'-end processing of these transcripts is necessary for the detection of these viral RNAs within the cytoplasm of the infected cell. We propose that human cytomegalovirus either codes for a factor(s) that is involved in the 3'-end-processing event at late times after infection or stimulates the synthesis of a host cell factor(s) involved in this complex regulatory event. This level of regulation may have an influence on the types of cells that permit productive cytomegalovirus replication.

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Goins, W. F., i M. F. Stinski. "Expression of a human cytomegalovirus late gene is posttranscriptionally regulated by a 3'-end-processing event occurring exclusively late after infection." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, nr 12 (grudzień 1986): 4202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.12.4202.

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A phenomenon of posttranscriptional regulation has been previously identified in cytomegalovirus-infected human fibroblast cells (Wathen and Stinski, J. Virol. 41:462, 1982). A region typifying this phenomenon has been located within the large unique component of the viral genome (map units 0.408 to 0.423). Even though this transcriptional unit was highly transcribed at early times after infection, mRNAs from this region were only detectable on the polyribosomes after viral DNA replication. Thus, this region is believed to code for a late gene. Single-strand-specific nuclease mapping experiments of viral transcripts established that the transcriptional initiation sites and the 5' ends of a downstream exon were identical at early and late times. However, the late transcripts differed from the early transcripts by the processing of the 3' end of the viral RNAs. This involved either the removal of a distinct region of the transcript by the selection of an upstream cleavage and polyadenylation site or the differential splicing of the RNA molecule. The upstream cleavage and polyadenylation site was identified by nuclease mapping analyses and DNA sequencing. The 3'-end processing of these transcripts is necessary for the detection of these viral RNAs within the cytoplasm of the infected cell. We propose that human cytomegalovirus either codes for a factor(s) that is involved in the 3'-end-processing event at late times after infection or stimulates the synthesis of a host cell factor(s) involved in this complex regulatory event. This level of regulation may have an influence on the types of cells that permit productive cytomegalovirus replication.

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Lebas, Eve, Florence Libon i Arjen F. Nikkels. "Koebner Phenomenon and Mycosis Fungoides". Case Reports in Dermatology 7, nr 3 (7.10.2015): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000440856.

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Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most frequent type of primary cutaneous T-cell/NK-cell lymphoma. The Koebner phenomenon is defined as the appearance of cutaneous lesions on previously noninvolved skin following trauma and is observed in a series of cutaneous diseases including psoriasis, lichen planus, viral warts, molluscum contagiosum, etc. In this case report, 3 patients with longstanding MF are presented, the 1st with the appearance of a circumscribed early-stage type MF lesion rapidly following a surgical excision of an infundibular cyst, the 2nd with the appearance of a unique unilateral palmar tumoral MF lesion at the pressure site of a crutch, and the 3rd presented localized MF early stage lesions at the friction site of a belt. This report suggests that some MF patients may experience Koebner phenomenon-induced MF lesions and that MF should be added to the long list of skin diseases potentially exhibiting the Koebner phenomenon.

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Yuan, Thomas Ta-Tung, Min-Hui Lin, Ding-Shinn Chen i Chiaho Shih. "A Defective Interference-Like Phenomenon of Human Hepatitis B Virus in Chronic Carriers". Journal of Virology 72, nr 1 (1.01.1998): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.1.578-584.1998.

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ABSTRACT Defective interfering (DI) particles have been found in many RNA and DNA viruses of bacteria, plants, and animals since their first discovery in influenza virus. However, this fundamental phenomenon has not been demonstrated in human natural infections. Using a new approach, here we provide the first experimental evidence for the existence of DI-like viruses in human chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Functional characterization of naturally occurring core internal deletion (CID) variants of HBV revealed all of the features of DI particles. When equal amounts of wild-type and CID variant DNAs were cotransfected into a human hepatoma cell line, Huh7, a three- to fivefold enrichment of CID variants was most often observed. The fluctuations of the virus populations between CID variants and helper HBV in three chronic carriers are reminiscent of the cycling phenomenon in other DI viral systems. This finding has important implications for chronic viral hepatitis and other chronic progressive viral diseases.

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Hemsley, Jeff, i Rebecca D. Kelly. "Scratching a Niche: How Smaller Social Media Players Such as Dribbble Reflect the Viral Phenomenon". Social Media + Society 5, nr 4 (październik 2019): 205630511989005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305119890051.

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Researchers have been studying the viral flow of information since the late 1990s, but this work has mainly focused on big sites like Twitter and Facebook. However, to comprehensively explore social phenomena such as virality requires us to look beyond the dominant networks. This study addresses this by looking at how users think about virality on Dribbble, a social network site with around 600,000 users that was created in 2009 for designers to showcase and get feedback on their work and to connect clients to design talent. Interviews confirm that viral-like events do exist on Dribbble. Our informants suggest that what spreads on Dribbble are elements of design (e.g., color palettes, line styles, textures), and they identify a number of factors they believe drive these viral-like events, which are the same kinds of factors that drive virality on larger sites. We briefly discuss how Dribbble feeds the gig economy in the creative industry and how virality becomes an important path for designers in a competitive environment. This work makes a contribution to the study of virality by focusing a small niche social media site and by looking at how users perceive and think about viral events.

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Ethelda, Vania Renata, Daud Yusuf, Sarah Sausan Hanun i Sewaka Sewaka. "TINJAUAN LITERATUR VIRAL MARKETING". JURNAL ECONOMINA 1, nr 4 (19.12.2022): 938–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55681/economina.v1i4.201.

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Viral marketing is a phenomenon that emerged with the development of social media marketing; this study aims to provide information regarding the impact of viral marketing on the business world and enrich the literature related to the impact of viral marketing. A total of 20 journal articles relevant to viral marketing were selected and analyzed. The results of the review show that viral marketing has a positive impact on purchasing decisions for a product or service. It is important to provide entertaining, informative and credible messages in viral marketing content. This will result in high exposure. Research recommends driving viral marketing with a variety of digital marketing, such as websites, social media Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and blogs. Viral marketing is also capable of creating explosive growth in a short time, and is able to reach a very wide audience. During the Covid-19 pandemic, viral marketing was able to have an impact on online impulsiveness and trust.

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Strazic Geljic, Ivana, Paola Kucan Brlic, Lucija Musak, Dubravka Karner, Andreja Ambriović-Ristov, Stipan Jonjic, Peter Schu i Tihana Lenac Rovis. "Viral Interactions with Adaptor-Protein Complexes: A Ubiquitous Trait among Viral Species". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, nr 10 (17.05.2021): 5274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105274.

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Numerous viruses hijack cellular protein trafficking pathways to mediate cell entry or to rearrange membrane structures thereby promoting viral replication and antagonizing the immune response. Adaptor protein complexes (AP), which mediate protein sorting in endocytic and secretory transport pathways, are one of the conserved viral targets with many viruses possessing AP-interacting motifs. We present here different mechanisms of viral interference with AP complexes and the functional consequences that allow for efficient viral propagation and evasion of host immune defense. The ubiquity of this phenomenon is evidenced by the fact that there are representatives for AP interference in all major viral families, covered in this review. The best described examples are interactions of human immunodeficiency virus and human herpesviruses with AP complexes. Several other viruses, like Ebola, Nipah, and SARS-CoV-2, are pointed out as high priority disease-causative agents supporting the need for deeper understanding of virus-AP interplay which can be exploited in the design of novel antiviral therapies.

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Kaarteenaho, Riitta, i Vuokko L. Kinnula. "Diffuse Alveolar Damage: A Common Phenomenon in Progressive Interstitial Lung Disorders". Pulmonary Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/531302.

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It has become obvious that several interstitial lung diseases, and even viral lung infections, can progress rapidly, and exhibit similar features in their lung morphology. The final histopathological feature, common in these lung disorders, is diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). The histopathology of DAD is considered to represent end stage phenomenon in acutely behaving interstitial pneumonias, such as acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) and acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Acute worsening and DAD may occur also in patients with nonspecific interstitial pneumonias (NSIPs), and even in severe viral lung infections where there is DAD histopathology in the lung. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the DAD reaction is needed to clarify the treatment for these serious lung diseases. There is an urgent need for international efforts for studying DAD-associated lung diseases, since the prognosis of these patients has been and is still dismal.

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Aldoori, Zina A. A., i Nagham I. Abdul Hameed. "Article Review: The Phenomenon of Cytokine Storm". Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, nr 4 (20.11.2022): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.1.4.21.

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Cytokine storms are much more common these days because of the corona epidemic. Cytokine storm is a serious complication known as an infusion reaction seen in the presence of infection or drug side effects. The reason for this is the increase in the number of white blood cells to fight viral and bacterial infections, as a result of which more cytokines are secreted and the feedback provided by them causes a severe inflammatory reaction and death if the patient does not focus on it. This article describes the concept of the Cytokine storm, how to increase cytokine and create a Cytokine storm, types of Cytokine storms, factors involved in its creation, and methods of diagnosis and treatment.

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Ahmadi, Mohammad Hossein. "Would the interference phenomenon be applied as an alternative option for prophylaxis against COVID-19?" BioImpacts 11, nr 3 (22.12.2020): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/bi.2021.12.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerged infectious disease characterized by a severe pneumonia leading to death in some cases. Currently, no licensed vaccines, drugs, or biologics have been confirmed to be absolutely effective in prophylaxis or treatment of this novel infection. Therefore, the treatment of this highly contagious disease remains a global concern and emergency. The viral interference is a competition phenomenon by which a primary virus infecting a cell prohibits the infection of the same cell by another (secondary) virus. The phenomenon has recently been indicated to be exploited for antiviral strategies. This strategy, particularly when there is no efficient drug against a viral infection, is of high importance. Some researchers have studied the application of the phenomenon among different viruses. In this paper, I discussed the possibility of the application of interference phenomenon in prophylaxis of the disease.

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Purwitasari, Tya Asih Dayu, i Muhammad Rizqy Al-Mubarok. "PACKED LUNCH PHENOMENON FOR HUSBAND: NETIZENS' CONTESTATION ABOUT GENDER ROLES". Marwah: Jurnal Perempuan, Agama dan Jender 22, nr 1 (8.06.2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/marwah.v22i1.16703.

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Packed lunch for husbands was a viral thread on Twitter in 2020. The thread containing photos of food and the recipe went viral because of the many responses from netizens regarding packed lunch for husbands related to gender roles. This article questions how gender roles relate to packed lunch for husbands, which netizens disputed in this thread. This research uses descriptive analysis method. By collecting primary data in the form of phrases, words, sentences contained in the @rainydecember thread along with citizen comments. After the data was collected, it was analyzed using Betty Friedan's feminine mystique perspective, then described. The results showed that the owner of the thread was shackled to the mystical feminine who consciously or not helped to spread and perpetuate it by making packed lunch for her husband. The thread then received mixed responses, netizens who widely supported the thread indicated that they were constructed of a patriarchal ideology and considered the ideal woman who was good at taking care of the household as a mystical feminine. As for those who are against these threads, they have the potential to misogyny and build stereotypes on women, especially aimed at the thread owner

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Boppolige, Archana Anand, i Anjula Gurtoo. "Growth of a viral phenomenon: Development and testing of a new methodological framework". Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ) 25, nr 1 (luty 2017): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2017.01.002.

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Boppolige, Archana Anand, i Anjula Gurtoo. "Exploring Viral Phenomenon Methodology for Tangible Purchased Products: Case of iPod and iPad". IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 67, nr 2 (maj 2020): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tem.2018.2886293.

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Zavyalova, Elena E. "The Phenomenon of Krotovukha in the Light of Epistemology". Galactica Media: Journal of Media Studies 5, nr 1 (27.02.2023): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/gmd.v5i1.374.

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The subject of the study was one of the most viral Russian trends of the turn of 2022–2023: krotovukha, a tincture on a dead mole, which attracted attention of not only the Internet users, but also of doctors, restaurateurs, historians, and legislators. The aim of the research was to identify the reasons for active participation in communication on such a topic. It was found that the image of the mole is very much in demand in world culture. This is due to its otherness, its ability to act, to change space, to link the underworld with the mundane. Analysis of a video by an alcohol blogger from Moscow revealed the presence of initiation semantics attached to tasting. These types of publications become a modified version of the ritualised round drinking, as evidenced by patriotic themes and masculine accessories. The name itself already potentially contains the semantics of the familiar, the expressive, and the dearly beloved. A large number of memes demonstrate the strength of user reactions to krotovukha. The most comical effect is produced by stylistic disruption. The incredible effects of the “national” elixir are played off. The duality of perception of the character and the drink made from his body makes the recognisable image variable, polyvalent, and suitable for multiple transformations. The article concludes by noting that the recipe that went viral reflects a belief in sympathetic magic, the ritual power of sacrifice and the cosmogonic significance of the rite – the sacred timing of information dissemination.

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YU, MATVEEV A., i A. A. ROMANYUKHA. "CLINICAL DATA ANALYSIS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF MIXED INFECTIONS". Journal of Biological Systems 03, nr 02 (czerwiec 1995): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339095000368.

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Quantitative analysis data describing course of viral hepatitis show that concominal viral respiratory infection did not influence hepatitis severity and the rate of recovery after it. In the groups of hepatitis patients with different severity we also found the upper respiratory infections increasing proportional to the hepatitis severity. The rhinoviral infection initiation model in healthy and in hepatitis patients was obtained. Using this model allowed us to describe the phenomenon of upper respiratory infection incidence increasing in viral hepatitis dynamics.

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RIDHO, AHMAD. "FAKTOR- FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI VIRAL MARKETING ATTITUDE TERHADAP MOBILE VIRAL MARKETING INTENTION". Aksioma: Jurnal Manajemen 1, nr 1 (9.02.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30822/aksioma.v1i1.1493.

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Internet users, especially younger ones, spend a lot of time on the Internet to interact with others through various channels and applications such as e-mail, instant messaging, and even online games. The growing use of mobile devices today makes the interaction between individuals online becomes easier and more intense. One of the implications of this condition is the phenomenon of spreading viral content through mobile devices. This provides various impacts for both consumers and marketers. This research attempts to continue several prior research efforts through empirical testing of a mobile viral marketing synthesis model in the Indonesian context. This research uses descriptive research design approach with empirical data collected through an online survey of young generation samples in Jabodetabek. Empirical data is then processed using Structural Equation Modeling approach to test a number of hypotheses proposed. The results of this research conclusion are as follows: 1) Perceived Usefulness proved positively and significantly influence to Viral Marketing attitude, 2) Perceived Ease Of Use not proven positive and not significant to Viral Marketing attitude, 3) Perceived Cost proven negative and not significant to Viral Marketing attitude, 4) Perceived Enjoyment proved to have a positive and significant effect on Viral Marketing attitude, 5) Viral Marketing attitude proved to have a positive and significant effect on Mobile Viral Marketing Intention, 6) Altruism proved to have a positive and significant effect on Mobile Viral Marketing Intention.

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Sourisseau, Marion, Nathalie Sol-Foulon, Françoise Porrot, Fabien Blanchet i Olivier Schwartz. "Inefficient Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication in Mobile Lymphocytes". Journal of Virology 81, nr 2 (1.11.2006): 1000–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01629-06.

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ABSTRACT Cell-to-cell viral transfer facilitates the spread of lymphotropic retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), likely through the formation of “virological synapses” between donor and target cells. Regarding HIV replication, the importance of cell contacts has been demonstrated, but this phenomenon remains only partly characterized. In order to alter cell-to-cell HIV transmission, we have maintained cultures under continuous gentle shaking and followed viral replication in this experimental system. In lymphoid cell lines, as well as in primary lymphocytes, viral replication was dramatically reduced in shaken cultures. To document this phenomenon, we have developed an assay to assess the relative contributions of free and cell-associated virions in HIV propagation. Acutely infected donor cells were mixed with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester-labeled lymphocytes as targets, and viral production was followed by measuring HIV Gag expression at different time points by flow cytometry. We report that cellular contacts drastically enhance productive viral transfer compared to what is seen with infection with free virus. Productive cell-to-cell viral transmission required fusogenic viral envelope glycoproteins on donor cells and adequate receptors on targets. Only a few syncytia were observed in this coculture system. Virus release from donor cells was unaffected when cultures were gently shaken, whereas virus transfer to recipient cells was severely impaired. Altogether, these results indicate that cell-to-cell transfer is the predominant mode of HIV spread and help to explain why this virus replicates so efficiently in lymphoid organs.

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Abdel-Hakeem, Mohamed. "Viruses Teaching Immunology: Role of LCMV Model and Human Viral Infections in Immunological Discoveries". Viruses 11, nr 2 (27.01.2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11020106.

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Virology has played an essential role in deciphering many immunological phenomena, thus shaping our current understanding of the immune system. Animal models of viral infection and human viral infections were both important tools for immunological discoveries. This review discusses two immunological breakthroughs originally identified with the help of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model; immunological restriction by major histocompatibility complex and immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade. In addition, we discuss related discoveries such as development of tetramers, viral escape mutation, and the phenomenon of T-cell exhaustion.

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Laksono, Daniel P., i Adventina Putranti. "I Can haz Stail: a Language Style of LOLcat Meme in icanhas.cheezburger.com". Journal of Language and Literature 16, nr 1 (1.04.2016): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.v16i1.153.

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The viral phenomenon of LOLcat meme makes many researchers study this internet meme. Although its words and sentences are unconventional, people can apply this unconventional English so that the meme became viral. It is even used in other forms of meme such as Bible, books, and a musical theater. The fact that the English is unconventional but makes the meme viral is what inspires this study. Henceforth, this study aims to find reasons how such unconventional English syntax strengthen the virality of LOLcat meme.

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Yulia, Irla, Nurkhalila Fajrini i Munadhil Abdul Muqsith. "Tren Citayam Fashion Week dan Brand Endorsement di Tiktok". SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i 10, nr 3 (29.05.2023): 939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v10i3.32167.

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This article aims to reveal how the Citayam Fashion Week or CFW trend interests business actors to offer brand endorsements to influencers on social media, Tiktok. The CFW phenomenon has become a hot topic of conversation among the public, making it popular on social media. This has resulted in more and more youth activity content in the form of videos, especially on TikTok which captures young people competing with fashion in the Sudirman area, Jakarta so that it becomes viral or becomes a FYP (For You Page). The CFW phenomenon has led to the emergence of several famous teenagers who have many followers on TikTok, such as Jeje Slebew, Bonge and others. So, various brands then offered endorsements to the CFW youth. This research was conducted to see how the phenomenon of brand endorsement among CFW youth. This research method uses qualitative research with data collection tools in-depth interviews and field observations. The results of the study indicate that a new phenomenon emerged in CFW activities, namely brand endorsement by business actors for CFW youth. On the other hand, business actors also benefit from endorsing CFW youth because with this activity business actors can implement viral marketing strategies in CFW activities.Keywords: Brand Endorsement; Viral Marketing; ticktock; Citayam Fashion Week Abstract Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana Tren Citayam Fashion Week atau CFW minat pelaku usaha untuk menawarkan brand endorsement kapada influencer di sosial media, Tiktok. Fenomena CFW menjadi perbincangan hangat masyarakat sehingga jadi populer di media sosial. Hal ini menyebabkan makin banyak konten aktifitas remaja berupa video terutama di TikTok yang mengabadikan anak muda yang beradu fesyen di area Sudirman, Jakarta sehingga menjadi viral atau jadi FYP (For You Page). Fenomena CFW menyebabkan muncul beberapa remaja terkenal dan memiliki banyak follower di TikTok seperti Jeje Slebew, Bonge dan lainnya. Sehingga, berbagai brand kemudian menawarkan endoresement kepada remaja CFW tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat bagaimana fenomena brand endorsement di kalangan remaja CFW. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan alat pengumpulan data wawancara mendalam dan observasi lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa munculnya fenomena baru dalam kegiatan CFW yakni brand endorsement yang dilakukan para pelaku usaha terhadap remaja CFW. Di lain pihak, para pelaku usaha juga diuntungkan dengan melakukan endorse terhadap remaja CFW karena dengan adanya kegiatan tersebut para pelaku usaha dapat melaksanakan strategi pemasaran viral marketing dalam kegiatan CFW.Keywords: Brand Endorsement; Viral Marketing; Tiktok; Citayam Fashion Week

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Gonzalez, Ramon A., i S. J. Flint. "Effects of Mutations in the Adenoviral E1B 55-Kilodalton Protein Coding Sequence on Viral Late mRNA Metabolism". Journal of Virology 76, nr 9 (1.05.2002): 4507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.9.4507-4519.2002.

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ABSTRACT The human subgroup C adenoviral E1B 55-kDa protein cooperates with the viral E4 Orf6 protein to induce selective export of viral, late mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Previous studies have suggested that such preferential transport of viral mRNA and the concomitant inhibition of export of cellular mRNAs are the result of viral colonization of specialized microenvironments within the nucleus. However, neither the molecular basis of this phenomenon nor the mechanism by which the E1B 55-kDa protein acts has been elucidated. We therefore examined viral late mRNA metabolism in HeLa cells infected with a series of mutant viruses that carry insertions at various positions in the E1B protein coding sequence (P. R. Yew, C. C. Kao, and A. J. Berk, Virology 179:795-805, 1990). All the mutations examined impaired cytoplasmic accumulation of viral L2 mRNAs and reduced L2 mRNA export efficiency. However, in most cases these defects could be ascribed to reduced E1B 55-kDa protein concentration or the unexpected failure of the altered E1B proteins to enter the nucleus efficiently. The latter property, the pleiotropic defects associated with all the mutations that impaired nuclear entry of the E1B protein, and consideration of its primary sequence suggest that these insertions result in misfolding of the protein. Insertion of four amino acids at residue 143 also inhibited viral mRNA export but resulted in increased rather than decreased accumulation of the E1B 55-kDa protein in the nucleus. This mutation specifically impaired the previously described association of the E1B protein with intranuclear structures that correspond to sites of adenoviral DNA replication and transcription (D. Ornelles and T. Shenk, J. Virol. 65:424-439, 1991) and the colocalization of the E1B and E4 Orf6 proteins. As this insertion has been shown to inhibit the interaction of the E1B with the E4 Orf6 protein in infected cell extracts (S. Rubenwolf, H. Schütt, M. Nevels, H. Wolf, and T. Dobner, J. Virol. 71:1115-1123, 1997), these phenotypes provide direct support for the hypothesis that selective viral mRNA export is determined by the functional organization of the infected cell nucleus.

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Wijaya, Angelina Diva, i Barli Bram. "A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF INDOGLISH PHENOMENON IN SOUTH JAKARTA". PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 4, nr 4 (12.07.2021): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v4i4.p672-684.

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This paper investigated the variety of code-mixing expressions in the Indoglish phenomenon which happens in South Jakarta or Jaksel, for short. Interestingly, Indoglish has become a communication means among teenagers. The researchers chose this topic since it went viral and interesting. This research was conducted to identify the words which are frequently used as Indoglish expressions. The researchers used sociolinguistic analysis as the method of this study. There were 12 tweets from 8 websites to be investigated. The data were then identified and analyzed to explore the Indoglish phenomenon. Results showed there were 78 English words from 12 tweets in eight websites, revealing the four most frequently words as Indoglish expressions. The Indoglish phenomenon was popular among teenagers in the bilingual or mulitilingual society when communicating with their online friends, for example when making jokes and Indoglish was considered prestigious.

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Ramadhani, Annisa Putri, Citra Eka Putri i Radja Erland Hamzah. "TRENDS OF SADFISHING PHENOMENON AND DISAPPEARANCE OF SELF-PRIVACY ON SOCIAL MEDIA TIKTOK". Journal of Social Political Sciences 3, nr 3 (28.08.2022): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.52166/jsps.v3i3.121.

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Content creators are competing to increase viewers and enter the TikTok homepage or commonly known as FYP (For Your Page). The existence of this FYP encourages content creators to start doing something that makes their TikTok account viral, one of which is creating sad content or sadfishing. Sadfishing has become a trend where this trend occurs because artists, actors or even ordinary characters share unimportant sadness to get the attention of many people so that they will feel satisfied and are encouraged to continue to sell their sad stories to bring fame. This study uses the basic concept of sadfishing and Dramatism Theory. The approach in this research is qualitative with case study research method. The data collection technique was carried out by in-depth interviews. The data analysis technique uses a method that is carried out in three stages, namely: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions or verification as a technique for compiling research. The results show that influencers who own TikTok accounts share sadness or Sadfishing because of the "Trend" insistence on TikTok Social Media in order to gain sympathy and empathy, content creators will increasingly look for ways to keep their content liked by many people. the point of it all is that they just want to go viral and be famous.

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Gao, Jie, Sabrina Chau, Fuad Chowdhury, Tina Zhou, Saif Hossain, G. Angus McQuibban i Marc D. Meneghini. "Meiotic viral attenuation through an ancestral apoptotic pathway". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, nr 33 (2.07.2019): 16454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900751116.

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The programmed release of apoptogenic proteins from mitochondria is a core event of apoptosis, although ancestral roles of this phenomenon are not known. In mammals, one such apoptogenic protein is Endonuclease G (EndoG), a conserved mitochondrial nuclease that fragments the DNA of dying cells. In this work, we show that budding yeast executes meiotically programmed mitochondrial release of an EndoG homolog, Nuc1, during sporulation. In contrast to EndoG’s ostensible pro-death function during apoptosis, Nuc1 mitochondrial release is pro-survival, attenuating the cytosolic L-A and Killer double-stranded RNA mycoviruses and protecting meiotic progeny from the catastrophic consequences of their derepression. The protective viral attenuation role of this pathway illuminates a primordial role for mitochondrial release of EndoG, and perhaps of apoptosis itself.

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Pashkov, E. A., A. V. Pak, E. P. Pashkov, A. S. Bykov, E. V. Budanova, A. V. Poddubikov, O. A. Svitich i V. V. Zverev. "The prospects for the use of drugs based on the phenomenon of RNA interference against HIV infection". Problems of Virology 67, nr 4 (11.09.2022): 278–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-124.

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The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is currently one of the most pressing global health problems. Since its discovery in 1978, HIV has claimed the lives of more than 35 million people, and the number of people infected today reaches 37 million. In the absence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV infection is characterized by a steady decrease in the number of CD4+ T-lymphocytes, but its manifestations can affect the central nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine and genitourinary systems. At the same time, complications induced by representatives of pathogenic and opportunistic microflora, which can lead to the development of bacterial, fungal and viral concomitant infections, are of particular danger. It should be borne in mind that an important problem is the emergence of viruses resistant to standard therapy, as well as the toxicity of the drugs themselves for the body. In the context of this review, of particular interest is the assessment of the prospects for the creation and clinical use of drugs based on small interfering RNAs aimed at suppressing the reproduction of HIV, taking into account the experience of similar studies conducted earlier. RNA interference is a cascade of regulatory reactions in eukaryotic cells, which results in the degradation of foreign messenger RNA. The development of drugs based on the mechanism of RNA interference will overcome the problem of viral resistance. Along with this, this technology makes it possible to quickly respond to outbreaks of new viral diseases.

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G, Naveen. "Viral Marketing -Analysis and its Implementation". International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology 6, nr 7 (29.06.2018): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijermt.v6i7.199.

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Viral marketing has emerged as an important concept in India as in other parts of the developing and developed countries and has become a necessary tool for every organization. Although there is increasing popularity among viral marketing, factors influencing to such a new communication medium, remains largely unknown. Hotmail has become one of the first to exploit online viral marketing since its email service was launched in the late 1990s, when every outgoing email contained a short message at the bottom with a link for people to click and sign up. In 1996, Steve and Tim also took advantage of viral marketing as a new phenomenon to promote the adoption of Hotmail, a free web-based e-mail service provider, and viral marketing launched this e-mail system from zero to 12 million subscribers in only18 months at very little cost (Shukla, 2010). Viral marketing has attained a large growth in popularity in last few years. This paper attempt to study the perception of the internet users on viral marketing and the role of social media on the growth of viral marketing Business firm have risen to occasion and have started responding to environmental challenge by practicing viral marketing strategies.

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Gokhale, Sankalp, i Ciro Ramos-Estebanez. "An Interesting Case of Barbiturate Automatism and Review of Literature". Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/713065.

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A 48 year old man with a diagnosis of HIV infection since 1993, on highly active anti-retro viral therapy (HAART) with stable CD4 count and undetectable viral load for years and seizure disorder presented with recurrent drowsiness. His seizures were well controlled on phenobarbitone for years. Repeated laboratory evaluation demonstrated toxic levels of phenobarbitone in his blood. A thorough clinical, psychiatric, laboratory and imaging evaluation did not reveal any obvious etiology for the recurrent barbiturate intoxication in this man. Our findings suggest the possible diagnosis of barbiturate drug automatism in this patient. Though drug automatism is a controversial entity, it merits continued attention. There are recent reports of similar phenomenon with newer sedative agents such as Zolpidem. It is important to be aware of this phenomenon as a possible explanation for recurrent intoxication with barbiturates without a clear etiology for drug overdose.

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Ammar, A. A., S. F. Sakr, A. M. Abdel Waha, A. A. Ahmed, M. M. Eladwey i T. M. Nageeb. "Viral Investigation in the Mass Mortality Phenomenon Occurred During Summer Season in Cultured Tilapia Fish". International Journal of Virology 17, nr 1 (15.12.2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijv.2021.1.7.

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Chen, Weisan, Kelly-Anne Masterman, Sameh Basta, S. M. Mansour Haeryfar, Nektaria Dimopoulos, Barbara Knowles, Jack R Bennink i Jonathan W Yewdell. "Cross-priming of CD8+ T cells by viral and tumor antigens is a robust phenomenon". European Journal of Immunology 34, nr 1 (styczeń 2004): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200324257.

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Deleveaux, Spencer, Alexandria Clarke-Kregor, Xavier Fonseca-Fuentes i Essam Mekhaiel. "Exploring the Possible Phenomenon of Viral Interference Between the Novel Coronavirus and Common Respiratory Viruses". Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews 10, nr 2 (18.04.2023): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17294/2330-0698.1995.

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Lin, Chi-Long, Jin-Ching Lee, Shih-Shun Chen, H. Alan Wood, Ming-Liang Li, Chih-Fen Li i Yu-Chan Chao. "Persistent Hz-1 Virus Infection in Insect Cells: Evidence for Insertion of Viral DNA into Host Chromosomes and Viral Infection in a Latent Status". Journal of Virology 73, nr 1 (1.01.1999): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.1.128-139.1999.

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ABSTRACT Persistent/latent viral infections of insect cells are a prominent though poorly understood phenomenon. In this study, the long-term association between the Hz-1 virus and insect host cells, conventionally referred to as persistent viral infection, is described. With the aid of a newly developed fluorescent cell-labeling system, we found that productive viral replication occurs by spontaneous viral reactivation in fewer than 0.2% of persistently infected cell lines over a 5-day period. Once viral reactivation takes place, the host cell dies. The persistently infected cells contain various amounts of viral DNA, and, in an extreme case, up to 16% of the total DNA isolated from infected cells could be of viral origin. Both pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and in situ hybridization experiments showed that some of these viral DNA molecules are inserted into the host chromosomes but that the rest of viral DNA copies are free from host chromosomes. Thus, Hz-1 virus is the first nonretroviral insect virus known to insert its genome into the host chromosome during the infection process. These data also suggest that the previously described persistent infection of Hz-1 virus in insect cells should be more accurately referred to as latent viral infection.

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Salam, Aprinus. "The Hoax Phenomenon in Indonesian Society: Observing Anti-Diversity Memes since 2014". Jurnal Humaniora 30, nr 3 (2.10.2018): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.38891.

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This article seeks to explain whether anti-diversity hoaxes that become viral on mass media disrupt the institutional memory of kebhinekaan (diversity) in Indonesian society. The spreading of hoaxes is a phenomenon of postmodern society, and thus this study uses a post-structural approach, in this case, using the theory of Slavoj Zizek. Memes used as data mostly deal with themes of nationality, ethnicity, and religion. The results of this study show that anti-diversity hoaxes are used for short-term purposes (power politics), so they do not intervene the institutional memory of Indonesian society and its belief in diversity.

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Salam, Aprinus. "The Hoax Phenomenon in Indonesian Society: Observing Anti-Diversity Memes since 2014". Jurnal Humaniora 30, nr 3 (2.10.2018): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.v30i3.38891.

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This article seeks to explain whether anti-diversity hoaxes that become viral on mass media disrupt the institutional memory of kebhinekaan (diversity) in Indonesian society. The spreading of hoaxes is a phenomenon of postmodern society, and thus this study uses a post-structural approach, in this case, using the theory of Slavoj Zizek. Memes used as data mostly deal with themes of nationality, ethnicity, and religion. The results of this study show that anti-diversity hoaxes are used for short-term purposes (power politics), so they do not intervene the institutional memory of Indonesian society and its belief in diversity.

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Pashkov, E. A., E. R. Korchevaya, E. B. Faizuloev, O. A. Svitich, E. P. Pashkov, D. N. Nechaev i V. V. Zverev. "Potential of application of the RNA interference phenomenon in the treatment of new coronavirus infection COVID-19". Problems of Virology 66, nr 4 (18.09.2021): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-61.

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COVID-19 has killed more than 4 million people to date and is the most significant global health problem. The first recorded case of COVID-19 had been noted in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and already on March 11, 2020, World Health Organization declared a pandemic due to the rapid spread of this infection. In addition to the damage to the respiratory system, SARS-CoV-2 is capable of causing severe complications that can affect almost all organ systems. Due to the insufficient effectiveness of the COVID-19 therapy, there is an urgent need to develop effective specific medicines. Among the known approaches to the creation of antiviral drugs, a very promising direction is the development of drugs whose action is mediated by the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi). A small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecule suppresses the expression of a target gene in this regulatory pathway. The phenomenon of RNAi makes it possible to quickly create a whole series of highly effective antiviral drugs, if the matrix RNA (mRNA) sequence of the target viral protein is known. This review examines the possibility of clinical application of siRNAs aimed at suppressing reproduction of the SARS-CoV-2, taking into account the experience of similar studies using SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infection models. It is important to remember that the effectiveness of siRNA molecules targeting viral genes may decrease due to the formation of viral resistance. In this regard, the design of siRNAs targeting the cellular factors necessary for the reproduction of SARS-CoV-2 deserves special attention.

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