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Rouadjia, Anna. "La place de la "nature" dans la gestion et les usages des villes en Méditerranée : héritages, ruptures et perspectives : une comparaison Alger-Marseille". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0056.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis examines the representations, norms and practices pertaining to nature in an urban context in two large cities situated on either side of the Mediterranean, and where such discrepancies are particularly salient. The comparative approach allows for a parallel to be established between two urban projects, one seeking to make Marseille into a “nature city” and the other Algiers into a “garden city”. Between Algiers and Marseille, we need to take into account historical legacies and transitions, but also the requirements linked to international policies that actors have to observe without, however, such requirements altering the dynamics of land consumption, socio-spatial inequalities or the weakening of local ecosystems. Based on work stemming from the sociology of the environment, urban sociology and political sociology, and bringing together a corpus of qualitative data, this research examines the symbolic, social and political aspects of “nature” in its urban context. The comparative study of the ways in which public green spaces are managed and planned, of social campaigning relating to the environment, and of public park practices and cultural representations of plants can explain the reasons for the marginalisation of the ecological question in these socio-political contexts. It also shows that the notion of “nature” relates to culturally-specific understandings which, in the Mediterranean context, cannot be limited to anthropocentric determinism
Nguyen, Ngoc Truong Minh. "Caractérisation de la diffusion bistatique du champ électromagnétique par un environnement urbain : modèle et applications". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066372.
Pełny tekst źródłaBoufassa, Sami. "Homme, environnement artificiel et prospective : essai sur les rapports entre l'homme et son environnement urbain futur". Lyon 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO31004.
Pełny tekst źródłaSimond, Nicolas. "Localisation robuste d'un véhicule en environnement urbain à l'aide d'un système de stéréo-vision". Nice, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NICE4018.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe thesis deals with mobile robots in the specific context of urban environment. We want to extract the maximum of data on the motion of an uncalibrated stereo-rig embedded in a vehicle with in a structured environment. The aim of this study is to estimate the motion of a vehicle when the localization is impossible with a satellite position system due to the occlusion of the free space. A polyhedrical model of the streets, which is the considered environment in this study, allows the segmentation of three main plane : the road and the vertical facades which represent the frontier of the navigation area. We assume that the while lanes which split the different ways and the kerbs which delimit the road are all parallel in the scene, at least on the foreground. Therefore the detection of these induced edges in image is easy because they all converge in a dominant vanishing point. The lighting conditions and the dynamical obstacles which occlude the vision field make the tracking task of the segmented planes difficult. The use of a stereo-vision allows the segmentation in image of the coplanar area of the scene assuming that each plane induces a homography between both images of the stereo-rig. The vehicle motion is assumed to be plane, the pan and tilt rotation motions have low contributions on the computed homographies. We hence possess a reliable tool to segment the main planes which structure the environment. The motion of the cameras between two poses is obtained with the homography induced by the relative motion of one plane. The homography computation requires the matching of features (lines, points) detected in the coplanar regions of images. The precision and the reliability of the result highly depends on the spatial distribution of the matched features. The introduction of the motion of super-homography improves the robustness of the homography computation by computing in one shot all the homographies induced by the same plane in several images. The redundancy of the constraints imposed by the relative motion of the matched coplanar features increases the constraints of the plane projection in each image. The super-homography has two advantages : it allows the detection of mismatched features and supplies coordinates with a sub-pixellic precision. When the calibration of the stereo-rig is available, the extraction of the homography induced by the relative motion of a camera from the super-homography supplies the trajectography of the vehicle
Baret-Bourgoin, Estelle. "La ville industrielle et ses poisons : les mutations des sensibilités aux nuisances et pollutions industrielles à Grenoble, 1810-1914 /". Grenoble : Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb400745844.
Pełny tekst źródłaEn appendice, choix de documents. Bibliogr. p. 375-420.
Medina, Sylvia. "Pollutions atmosphériques urbaines : études épidémiologiques et impact en Santé Publique". Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P602.
Pełny tekst źródłaCirelli, Claudia. "Environnement et usages de l' eau. Pratiques agricoles à risque aux marges des villes mexicaines". Phd thesis, Université Paris VIII Vincennes-Saint Denis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00180886.
Pełny tekst źródłaCirelli, Claudia Prévôt Schapira Marie-France. "Environnement et usage de l' eau pratiques agricoles à risque aux marges des villes mexicaines /". Saint-Denis : Université de Paris 8, 2007. http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/THESE_Cirelli.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaBarthélémy, Laure. "La relation citadin - eau et les déterminants des comportements pro-environnementaux". Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05H059.
Pełny tekst źródłaThere is an emergency for sustainable development issues and questions around water are among most sensitive, symbolizing the problematic Individual-Collective articulation. We used the ecological approach of Environmental psychology and a method of investigation applied to 2 cities in France to study the Urban-Water relationship and the determining factors of the behaviors (of consumption and economy). The results show that water consumption behaviors (of consumption and economy). The results show that water consumption behaviors are sensitive to the town of residence and the characteristics of the home. The behaviors of savings in water are insensitive to these effects but are on the other hand largely dependent on the personal normative beliefs, the link Self/Others becoming particularly strong in the inaction. The behaviors of saving in water are also related to a specific cognitive process: the diagnostic of a depletion of the quantity of water with time. This environmental diagnostic is itself in bond with the specific beliefs in the preservation of the environment like condition of progress. This belief is closely related to the ecocentric attitude, itself determining environmental concern, which doesn't seems to be a factor of influence on pro-environmental behaviors. The values and the beliefs required to the instauration of pro-environmental behaviors are Transparency, Affrodances, and Environmentql Diagnostic to transcribe at the behavioral level what is in place at the attitudinal one
Vallette, Chloé. "L'environnement s'invite en ville : l'action collective face aux risques environnementaux dans la Grande Aire Métropolitaine de San José (Costa Rica)". Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN1695.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Quebrada Seca River opens a desolate breach in the Great Metropolitan Area (GAM) of San José, Costa Rica’s capital. This small river, corseted between buildings, shows its grey rocks and brown dirt to neighbouring houses’ windowless walls. Clues of abandonment are everywhere. Yet, several collectives gathering inhabitants, technicians and scientists, take action in order to reduce environmental risks linked to Quebrada Seca (flooding, erosion, pollution). In formulating the tangible problems they are affected by in terms of environmental risks (Mormont, 2009), these collectives strongly criticize the urban socio-political organization. They question the accuracy of administrative territories and of communal identities. They propose specific types of territorial organization, and original collective commitment forms. Our thesis is that dealing with environmental risks allow these city dwellers to create a particular kind of urbanity (Capron and Monnet, 2000), a way of living together, that go beyond urban planning’s strict projections
Cirelli, Claudia. "Environnement et usage de l' eau". Paris 8, 2006. http://octaviana.fr/document/11844736X#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research analyses the controversial approaches of the use of the wastewater in irrigated agriculture and of the social and spacial system related to it. This use of wastewater, a mode of treatment closely related to the modernization of cities of the end of the XIXth and the beginning of the XXth century, is now regarded as hazardous. Nevertheless this pratice keeps spreading around fast growing cities and is often promoted as an efficient tool of development policies. This thesis approaches on a global level the emergence of these agricultural practices and the debate they give rise to. As far as the Mexican case is concerned (in particular the town of San Luis Potosi), it analyses the links between those practices and urban and environmental policies. It also studies the influence of those policies on the ways in which the actors of territories shaped by wastewater use try to maintain their activities in suburban areas
Ralitera, Tahina. "Simulations multi-agent pour les villes intelligentes : une architecture multi-environnement temporelle, spatiale et organisationnelle. Apports pour l’anticipation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0017.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe multiagent simulation is a promising approach for smart city design and planning. In this context, we focus on the example of recharging electric vehicles on public charging points. This example illustrates a problem of managing limited and shared resources in time and space. Rolland May defines three main dimensions that should be integrated by the system: the space, the organisation and the time. In multi-agent simulations, the spatial dimension and the social dimension are the subject of numerous proposals in the literature. In opposite, time remains subject to very few studies and consideration. In addition, if a lot of research deals with spatial and organisational consideration in the agent's reasoning, the time consideration, as a system dynamic, is often overlooked.This highlights two aspects to which we want to contribute:- the need for interaction support to exchange spatial, social and temporal information;- the need for reasoning that takes this exchanged spatial, temporal and organisational information into account.Thought this thesis, our first objective aim at making the multiagent simulation paradigm evolve in order to consider time as a new medium of interaction, in the same way as the spatial environment or the organisational environment. For that purpose, we draw on existing approaches that are commonly used for modelling the space and organisations. Our model is called Agent-Group-Environment-Time (AGRET). It is an extension of the generic organisational model AGR and its variant AGRE.The originality of our approach is that it integrates the temporal dimension as an environment, in the same way as the spatial environment and the social environment. This time environment is used to support the exchange and the storage of time information. It complements the simulation scheduler which manages the simulation activation cycle. The implementation of this new interaction environment brings new possibilities. One of these possibilities is the use of temporal, spatial and social information, perceived through the environments, to optimise the agent's reasoning. In this context, we choose to focus on anticipatory reasoning which is particularly interesting in the context of the smart city. This anticipatory reasoning increases the realism of the simulation by showing a cognitive capacity that is specific to humans. It also improves the agent's decision mechanism by choosing a more relevant behaviour that takes into account the agent's temporal, spatial and social activation context. This anticipatory reasoning is based on information about the past, the present and the future, which the agent perceives through the temporal environment. The inclusion of future information in the anticipative reasoning is an original feature of this approach. This functionality is made possible by the temporal environment, which allows storing and perceiving information on the temporal dimension.To summarise, our contributions are both about time. Our first contribution is about the representation of time as an environment. In the multi-agent level, we propose an interaction support for the exchange and storage of information on space, time and organisation. Our second contribution is about temporal reasoning. We propose an anticipative reasoning based on the perception of spatial, temporal and social environments. In particular, we exploit the visibility of the future dimension of time that is allowed by the temporal environment. In the example of electric vehicles recharge, the integration of our approaches allows, at the collective level, the optimisation of the recharge distribution in space and time. We show this through an implementation on a multi-agent simulation model called SkuadCityModel. More generally, at the level of the smart city, the implementation of our contributions allows the optimisation of resource management in space and time
Marquet, Clément. "Binaire béton : Quand les infrastructures numériques aménagent la ville". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLT036.
Pełny tekst źródłaHow is the city developed by and with digital technologies? To answer this question, the thesis analyses in a single movement the urban consequences of the information and physical infrastructures of digital technology. To this end, it mobilizes the methodological and analytical frameworks of Infrastructure Studies, the sociology of techniques and innovation and the sociology of public problems. From an empirical point of view, it proposes to take a step back from the major mediatized experiments of the "smart city" to study more diffuse, everyday transformations generated by digital technologies. It consists of two case studies: on the one hand, it follows a programme to develop connected services to improve the accessibility of a Paris Region transport network for people with reduced mobility, and on the other hand, it analyses the discreet establishment of numerous data centres in Plaine Commune, in the north of the Parisian metropolitan area, and the resulting local unrest. The fieldwork includes several participating observations, about 40 interviews, a press review and the analysis of internal documents of the organizations. The thesis shows how the logic of immediacy, of "real time", generally at the centre of the promises associated with the digital city, requires an increased availability of workers, data and servers. Thus, in the transport company, projects to improve passenger service via smartphones confront station agents with the dual imperative of the face-to-face relationship and the alerts of the connected device. The cartographic data on which connected services are based, often taken for granted, require organizations to invent new collaborations to ensure their production and maintenance. The servers necessary for the functioning of the digital society are accumulated, protected and maintained in data centres, imposing buildings that are geographically concentrated, disrupt the environments in which they are located, disconcert elected officials and disturb residents. The logic of real time thus weighs on the social and spatial organization of cities, and invites us to rethink the urban development of digital infrastructures in terms of work, maintenance and the environment - unlike those, more commonly mobilized, of socio-technical imaginaries, promises of optimization and urban models
Béal, Vincent. "Les politiques du développement durable. : Gouverner l'environnement dans les villes françaises et britanniques (1970-2010)". Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STETT093.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis dissertation provides an analysis of the influence of environ mental issues on the transformation of urbanpolicy-making. Based on four case studies (Nantes and Saint-Etienne in France, Leicester and Manchesterin the United Kingdom), it examines the rise of environ mental issues on urban agendas and its influence inthe transformation of urban policies and urban governance. Built around three main theoretical perspectives- public policy analysis, urban political science and urban political economy -, this work shows that urbanenviron mental management has been shaped by three different emblems : the emblem of« urban ecology »with its grass roots frame in the 1970s and 1980s, the emblem of « sustainable development » with itsentrepreneurial frame in the 1990s and 2000s, and, finally, the emblem of « climate change » with its newmanagerial and control frame since 2005. This periodisation of urban environmental management stressesthe rise of cities as prominent scales of environ mental regulation and construction. However, this rise has notbeen synonymous of a strengthening of local public spaces around environ mental issues. It is argued thatthe reshaping of state/society relationships has led ta a gap between urban political elites and urbansocieties. By helping ta reshape political elites' activities towards the production of urban policies and tamarginalise actors who are not considered as «responsible», urban environmental policies have supportedthe roll out of oligarchie and post-democratie patterns of urban governance
Rotgé, Vincent L. "Le processus d'intégration ville-campagne dans la région de Yogyakarta : étude de cinq communautés de l'arrière-pays dans leur environnement régional". Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040138.
Pełny tekst źródłaMain target of this doctoral dissertation is to examine the nature and magnitude of rural-urban linkages in the yogyakarta region, java, indonesia. This work consists of the study of five hinterland communities selected on the basis of their agroecological setting and of their location vis-a-vis the regional capital city. This work comprises of a historical introduction where main factors of human settlement are analyzed in a diachronic way. The second part includes a regional economic analysis. In this part are examined the main regional forces that participate in the process of urbanization of the hinterland and of regional integration. The third part consists in the analysis of five lowand, foothill and highland communities. This analysis focuses on economic, migratory and sociological relations between the latter communities and urban areas. In conclusion, research prospects in the field of rural-urban linkages and regional integration in this geographical and cultural area are pinpointed
Soulard, Christophe-Toussaint. "Pratiques, politiques publiques et territoires : construire une géographie agricole des villes". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01016218.
Pełny tekst źródłaThomas, Rachel. "Ambiances publiques, mobilité, sociabilité : approche interdisciplinaire de l'accessibilité piétonnière des villes". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00514432.
Pełny tekst źródłaEl, Moualy Sabine. "La nature en ville : comment les pratiques aménagistes s'adaptent en continu : étude à partir de cinq projets du Grand Ouest". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN20005.
Pełny tekst źródłaEnvironnemental awarness brings urban design to become more sustainable. One argument is that nature is a garantee of urban quality, with recognition of the need to préserve a green frame in the city. This issue is crutial to current debates on urban planning and design practices. Five case studies located in western french cities should enable the reader to better understand the place of nature in design process. How do the care of nature interacts with projects trough stakeholders? And which « matériality » and spatialization are we looking for? The question is analysed from three standpoints. First, the historical approach of the projects introduce the method. Then, we examine the language in the project documentation and with stakeholders’ testimonies. Finally, each neighborhoods is whatched ont he ground. Thanks to lexicometry, discourse analysis and geomatics engineering this Phd demonstrate the variety of possible final projects even if stakeholders were sharing similar ambitions at the beginning of the planning process. Taking care of nature depends on many factors wich directly impact the quality of urban design and nature in our cities
Saint-Girons, Franck. "Marginalité et innovation culturelle dans les friches urbaines : un enjeu dans l'aménagement du territoire". Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU1004.
Pełny tekst źródłaMarginality was first tackled especially from the 1970's and was analysed by various scientific disciplines, for instance by geography and more particularly by social geography. It was often confused and used to characterise exclusion, and it also knew a shift in meaning so that it was then regarded as subjected. However, why not define marginality as a voluntary choice which will enable the individual to become an active subject who will be shaping their own life and their surroundings. Margins, from then on, come down to laboratories for innovation and creation, thus developing an ideology, standards, and distinct values. Subjects in margin indirectly contribute to the town and territory planning as well as to the local development. Thus, relying on urban wastelands invested in France by creative movements, we aim at showing the dynamics, the process and the mechanisms thanks to which a margin can become a centre of the process of territorial reconstruction and redefinition, leading to new planning approaches and new approaches of territory planning and local development
Bastaraud, Alexandra. "Facteurs environnementaux et qualité microbiologique de l'eau potable dans les villes à faible revenu, cas de Madagascar". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV059.
Pełny tekst źródłaUrbanization is one of the most important changes of the 21st century, especially for sub-Saharan cities. They must manage their natural resources. Water resources, for example, are becoming increasingly vulnerable, either because they can no longer meet the various needs (population, industry, agriculture) or because they are subject to ever-increasing environmental pressures. Continuous pollution by wastewater, runoff and soil erosion suggest that these ecosystems are specific. In cities in low-income countries, such as Madagascar, access to safe drinking water is also limited due to technical and environmental constraints.Understanding how these environmental changes can affect microbiological quality then becomes a public health issue, especially in a context where sanitation and resource protection are not controlled. The objective is to assess the impact of urbanization, as well as other environmental factors on the dynamics of the indicators of contamination of the supply water of Madagascar's cities (i); to characterize the interactions between climatic conditions and the quality of the distributed water (ii).The dynamics of bacterial indicators of water quality supplied have been analyzed over the long term (16 and 32 years) at the scale of urban systems and have shown that bacteriological contamination of urban drinking water is subject to wide seasonal variations, with disparities between cities. The type of resource, the treatment implemented, population growth and environmental threats related to the degradation of urban basins are the main environmental and technical determinants that support contamination profiles. Climatic conditions, including precipitation and non-management of runoff, are the main factors contributing to the biological instability of these urban supply systems from wastewater, runoff and soil erosion suggests that these ecosystems are specific
Malicorne, Marie. "Analyse des performances de systèmes de navigation par satellites pour les applications en environnement urbain". École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (Toulouse ; 1972-2007), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ESAE0014.
Pełny tekst źródłaHéland, Laure. "Le quartier comme lieu d'émergence d'expérimentation et d'appropriation du développement durable. Analyse à partir des processus d'aménagement de deux quartiers européens : vauban et Hyldespjaeldet". Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR1806/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSustainable neighborhhods are increasingly numerous, are in a position to question the urban planning principles applied in Europe for sorne forty years now. This Thesis effort is about the planning process of sustainable urban neighborhoods, analyzed as a process ofterritorialisation of sustainable development. We propose the hypothesis that these local initiatives, even ifthey are still in the minority, contribute nonetheless to sorne fresh thinking about urban planning. Two European neighborhoods are analyzed, observing more precisely what connections there are between the environmental quality extolled in these neighborhoods and the social reality which takes shape there, in the same time and way. Based on the analysis ofthese areas the thesis wonder about the two principle aspects of this connection: on one hand, on the action of the inhabitants about their environment and, on the other hand, about the importance of place, of spaces for living: how is it perceived today in development planning? This importance of place, will it be characteristic of a new trend in urban planning?
Louail, Thomas. "Comparer les morphogenèses urbaines en Europe et aux Etats-Unis par la simulation à base d'agents : approches multi-niveaux et environnements de simulation spatiale". Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EVRY0013/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe multilevel comparison of spatial and hierarchical organisations of urban systems over the world highlights some universal properties (rank-size law, center-periphery structure) but also a variety of more specific patterns (in terms of spatial repartition of populations, densities, prices, activities, etc.). The spatial economy and the urban evolutionnary theory both offer explanations of the emergence of such patterns, but the simulation models they support generally consider one level of spatial organisation only. Understanding and reconstructing those levels' interdependancies is a crucial issue for long-term sustainable urban planning. This thesis presents a set of models and tools that are dedicated to the study of this question through agent-based simulation. They have been developed in the context of the Simpop project, and particulary focus on the comparison of the morphogenesis of urban systems in Europe and in the United States over the period 1800-2000. These tools include the simpopNano agent-based model, and some experimentation modules integrated in an extensible, generic, GIS-based platform dedicated to a systematic, collective and intelligent exploration of spatial simulation models. Together, they reinforce the idea that difference of topology of the streets networks could be sufficient to generate some more diluted spatial repartitions, as observed in US cities when compared to european ones. This intra-urban model is then articulated with an inter-urban one, Simpop2, in a multilevel model. The latter serves to engage a comparison among a variety of approaches in agent-based simulation for coupling models of various levels of abstraction
Noree, Wijane. "L'expérimentation des relations entre l'architecture et l'acoustique de la maison thaîlandaise". Paris 8, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA084137.
Pełny tekst źródłaNow a day habitation form in Thailand has changed from the old traditional a grouped - wooden house built on stilts to a single modern house built on brick. This change affects inevitably its noise environment in a habitat, resulted by spatial configuration, built materials and sound sources themselves. This thesis focuses on the acoustic transition in between spaces of a traditional Thai house and a modern house in Thai culture. Separately built in individuals unites, this traditional composite house in Thai style offers a diversity sound ambiance from totally open space to enclosed space. This diversity perception of soundscape is hardly found in a contemporary house. What interesting is how Thai people live and adapt their live in their habitat, both traditionally built and contemporary built, according to the new context? A contemporary life shows, visually and acoustically, important changes in architecture. It seems to be that contemporary house gives a better condition of noise isolation. But the question is if this isolation is really in need for Thai culture whose habitants are used to live among rich sound sources or it’s just a by chance result of newly built materials
Nazer, Shireen. "De l'écocide à l'écocité : enjeux environnementaux dans la planification des villes et des territoires en Cisjordanie : le cas de Naplouse". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN20021.
Pełny tekst źródłaPalestine faces geopolitical problems on both local and global levels affecting the population, the cities and its future. In other words, it is threatening the existence of the territory. Indeed, several factors can be cited: political instability, non-recognition of the sovereign state, geographical fragmentation, population density, scarcity of resources, uncontrolled urbanization, the lack of waste and wastewater management, of local and international legislatures. All these factors have seriously impinged on the country and resulted to an economic and ecological crisis, food insecurity, pollution, deforestation, agricultural lands' loss and damage to the built and natural heritage. Therefore, any planning into the future becomes difficult and with no essence. The environmental degradation in the West Bank cannot maintain decent and hygiene living conditions for the existing population or future generations. The ecocide is progressive; it threatens the survival of the territory. A remedy for the situation cannot be established without thinking on the local and international scope of cooperation and without the willingness to join and work together on all levels hand in hand with policy makers through full participation of associations and residents. If we consider environmental issues (water, resources, land) as fundamental issues in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: the environmental planning challenges become paramount for both Israelis and Palestinians. Facts on the ground show that we do not have the West Bank on one hand and Israel on the other, just as you do not have man on the one hand and the environment on the other. These elements are interconnected to the roots. Both States are deemed to a common destiny. Here are the conclusions that have been treated throughout this thesis divided into four parts. The first three ones put into perspective the geopolitical, environmental and urban findings. Then, the last one asserts the need to urge the environmental planning. Under such complex and unstable conditions, passing from ecocide to ecological city requires the respect for man and his environment, the mobilization of all primary stakeholders at all levels, whether they are politicians, public-private sectors, habitants, etc. Thus, it is necessary to start working at local level to protect the heritage and the wealth of the country, to educate the young generation to the environment and bring out their awareness of the current problems. Only environmental planning encompassing all these dimensions can cement a strong base to ensure a better quality of life, it will contribute to establishing a viable Palestinian State and setting the foundations to the pillars of peace
Etienne, Pierre. "L’université et la ville, quel positionnement face aux enjeux de durabilité ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REIML007.
Pełny tekst źródłaUniversities are very present in many large and medium-sized cities in France. There, they play an important social and economic role. Thousands to tens of thousands students, scholars and employees live there during the academic term and beyond. They form a significant share of these cities inhabitants. Such cities face today new priorities in the matter of urban planning and urban design, particularly concerning transition to sustainability. Therefore, how do these universities weigh out, or not, on these sustainability-centered urban reconfiguration? On the contrary, how does injunction to sustainability impact universities development? Answering these two questions is a way to renew the old theoretical debate about the relation between the university and the city where it is located.This thesis aims at studying what kind of interaction burgeons between university campuses and cities sustainability, in France. First part of the memoir presents the methodological and theoretical framework, with the following entries: sustainable development, sustainable city, and the place of the university within the city. Second part questions the relations between the presence of a university in a city and how this city addresses urban sustainability issues
Gillot, Gaëlle. "Ces autres espaces. Les jardins publics dans les grandes villes du monde arabe : politiques et pratiques au Caire, à Rabat et à Damas". Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00685241.
Pełny tekst źródłaHoudelet, Camille. "Analyse de l'immunoprotéome de l'abeille en réponse à différents stress environnementaux". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALV009.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe loss of honeybee colonies could be explained by multiple stress factors (biotic or abiotic) that could act alone or in synergy to perturb the physiology of the domestic bees. The impact of these stressors on the bee health is widely discussed. In the miscrosporidiosis, an infection due to Nosema, the impact of this stressor on the systemic immune response (haemolymph being the mirror of this response) and the epithelial response (gut tissue as target) remains unsatisfactory documented. In the context of an infection by Nosema spp, the spore multiplication that is occurring at the level of the midgut stimulate the gut epithelial immune response. While at the same time, the stimulation of the systemic immune response remains an opened question. The aim of this thesis is to decipher the cross-talk existing between the host (A. mellifera) and the pathogen (Nosema spp.). We investigated the epithelial (gut tissues) and circulating bee immune response (haemolymph) using complementary mass spectrometry approaches (molecular mass fingerprints by MALDI BeeTyping®, untargeted proteomics and MALDI imaging) in a context of a controlled or natural infection by Nosema spores. We have demonstrated new molecular markers of bee health from hemolymph and bees early infected with Nosema from digestive tract. In addition, we have developed the MALDI Biotyping method on our microsporidia model to identify the species at a lower cost. These different elements constitute the development of new diagnostic and even prognostic tools to assist the beekeeper or the health services in their apiary monitoring
Amat, Amandine. "Le changement climatique de la simulation aux modes d'existence : étude de trajectoires climatiques de villes et d'entreprises en Alsace". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG023.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis focuses on the ultimatum imposed by the climate change phenomenon in contemporary Western society : changing the model of society or risk collapse (Diamonds, 2006). The major ordealt hat is required was that of otherwise inhabit the Earth around another project : the fight against climate change. Many publications (Aykut, 2012 ; Dahan, 2015 ; Latour, 2015 ; Roques, 2013 ;Stengers, 2009) describe the inability of state institutions to build a common project to respond to climate challenges. In this situation, the "critical" studies note the important place that has taken the simulation at the expense of concrete and sustainable action. Climate modelling, political and economic simulations, sociological diagnoses, literary fiction, climate change is largely invested by the narrative. Our field immersions have shown that other scales of action are already actively seized ofthe climate deal. Cities and businesses are in fact more likely to take a position in the energy and climate challenge. It follows that some statements, by their position mediators had given way to concrete experiments. Taking a pragmatic approach, inspired by the l’Enquête sur les modes d’existence proposed by Latour, and enriched by the model of Économies de la Grandeur of Boltanski and Thevenot, this thesis attempts to describe the various modes of existence of the climate problem from territorial collectives. We also assuming the rear of influence cultural plans and attachments in producing climate strategies by local actors
Pires, Negrao Marcelo. "La géographie des déchets au défi de l’organisation territoriale au Brésil et en France". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA173.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe impact of all kinds of waste inevitably increases as the world's population becomes more urbanized, and as initiatives to consider it as a resource or to reduce its quantity multiply. First, we seek to demonstrate that waste constitutes a complete geographic and social object, not only because it reveals how the relationship between Man and Earth functions, but also because spatial analysis of related activities linked to waste collection, disposal, and recovery, indicates how this object enters territories. Thus, in France and in Brazil, a new system of governance emerged in the 1970s, placing waste treatment in a particular treatment in municipal cooperation, applying both technical and social solutions, such as the integration of wastepickers work in recycling. However, efforts by public, private, and associative agents are generally insufficient to limit impacts and to value correctly the garbage produced in cities. Using Geography tools, we seek to evaluate solutions put into practice in three case studies (in Rio de Janeiro and Paris) in order to understand how the actors are organized in their territories to face environmental, economic, and social challenges put forth by the disposal of urban waste, since formal and informal circuits continue to coexist. Finally, the geographicity elements of this object stand out clearly in terms the treatment of temporalities and the interweaving of scales, but also by the expansion of responsibilities in the public space, at all levels, from individual scales to institutional superstructures
O peso dos resíduos de todo tipo aumenta inevitavelmente quanto mais a população mundial se urbaniza e que as iniciativas visando a lhes considerar como um recurso ou a diminuir sua quantidade se multiplicam. Em um primeiro momento, nós buscamos demonstrar em que os resíduos constituem um objeto geográfico e social completo, não apenas porquê ele revela o funcionamento da relação entre o Homem e a Terra, mas também por que a análise espacial das atividades ligadas a coleta, a eliminação e a valorização dos resíduos nos indica sua maneira de inserir-se nos territórios. Assim, tanto na França como no Brasil, um novo sistema de governança emerge a partir dos anos 1970, acordando aos resíduos um tratamento particular nas cooperações municipais, aplicando em concertação soluções técnicas, mas igualmente sociais, como a integração do trabalho dos Catadores na reciclagem. Entretanto, os esforços realizados pelos agentes públicos, privados e associativos são geralmente insuficientes para limitar os impactos e valorizar corretamente o lixo produzido pelas cidades. Nós buscamos, com as ferramentas da Geografia, fazer um balanço das soluções colocadas em prática em três estudos de caso (no Rio de Janeiro e em Paris) afim de compreender como se organizam os atores nos territórios para fazer face aos desafios ambientais, econômicos e sociais impostos pela eliminação dos resíduos urbanos, tendo em vista que os circuitos formais e informais continuam a coexistir. Enfim, os elementos de geograficidade desse objeto destacam-se de forma evidente tanto pelo tratamento das temporalidades e entrelaçamento das escalas, mas também pela ampliação das responsabilidades no espaço público, a todos os níveis, desde as escalas individuais até as superestruturas institucionais
Semerdjian, Yoann. "Les techniques juridiques de préservation de l’environnement urbain". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0107/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaToday, the preservation of the urban environment is a recurring source of concern in our society. Fighting global warming and protecting biodiversity are major issues for the cities or (even) challenges that will imply an evolution in our lifestyle. Faced to the emergency of a response to the threats hanging over the environment, Law may offer a framework for the expected changes. However, up to now, environmental law only provides partial, timid and often complex answers. Technical studies on legal proposals for the preservation of the city / cities show that conservation has been limited to practices and customs rather than legal arrangements. Nevertheless, the jurisprudence of the European Courts of Human Rights relating to the environment and French emerging legislation to protect biodiversity points the way to better nature conservation in cities.The connection, today proven, between the fight against global warming and the conservation of biodiversity urges in the coming of a single legal corpus safeguarding the conservation / preservatiion of the urban environment. The difficulties in emerging this legal framework should be discarded in favour of preservation of life on earth
Sanka, Jean-Louis. "Frontières, politiques, dynamiques territoriales et environnement en Afrique de l'Ouest : le cas des Rivières du Sud : Gambie, Casamance (Sénégal), Guinée Bissau, Guinée Conakry". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR30045.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe territorial and regionalization question become two central paradigms for the political powers and the specialists of the human and social sciences. In Africa, the link between these two realities refers inevitably to territories, identities, States, globalization and to the development of news phenomena (trans-nationalization). For the researchers, the study of these phenomena raises a whole series of conceptual and methodological preoccupations, while for the decision-makers; it refers to geopolitical and economic opportunities. In the territorial question, the arrangement worries are translated by town and country planning policies known under the name of "communitary", and those of responsibility and liberties are traduced by the policies of free movement of people and goods, the harmonization of the standards. In terms of regionalization processes, the question of the scales and models of intervention to be promoted is more than alarming after the failure of what is called integration from the bottom. The socioeconomic changes in contemporary Africa lead societies to do make new link between the local and global situations without crossing by the formerly necessary national stage. These are two spatial dimensions that are found perfectly in western Africa, both fragmented and advanced integration space. Africa is also a continent where the border areas play important economic and social role more than political one. Can the socio-economic activity consequently involve the policy? Border areas which are also rich shambles, grouping a multitude of actors, play this role. The border itself is in constant transformation. The changes which it undergoes are of different levels: social, economic, political and even geographical. Trade, movements, social and cultural links are the factual elements that cause the decomposition of the border. They are invariants that are empirically observed first. The synergy between networks and the territorialities is an advantage for trade and regionalization from below
Guastella, Davide Andrea. "Dynamic learning of the environment for eco-citizen behavior". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30160.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe development of sustainable smart cities requires the deployment of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to ensure better services and available information at any time and everywhere. As IoT devices become more powerful and low-cost, the implementation of an extensive sensor network for an urban context can be expensive. This thesis proposes a technique for estimating missing environmental information in large scale environments. Our technique enables providing information whereas devices are not available for an area of the environment not covered by sensing devices. The contribution of our proposal is summarized in the following points: * limiting the number of sensing devices to be deployed in an urban environment; * the exploitation of heterogeneous data acquired from intermittent devices; * real-time processing of information; * self-calibration of the system. Our proposal uses the Adaptive Multi-Agent System (AMAS) approach to solve the problem of information unavailability. In this approach, an exception is considered as a Non-Cooperative Situation (NCS) that has to be solved locally and cooperatively. HybridIoT exploits both homogeneous (information of the same type) and heterogeneous information (information of different types or units) acquired from some available sensing device to provide accurate estimates in the point of the environment where a sensing device is not available. The proposed technique enables estimating accurate environmental information under conditions of uncertainty arising from the urban application context in which the project is situated, and which have not been explored by the state-of-the-art solutions: * openness: sensors can enter or leave the system at any time without the need for any reconfiguration; * large scale: the system can be deployed in a large, urban context and ensure correct operation with a significative number of devices; * heterogeneity: the system handles different types of information without any a priori configuration. Our proposal does not require any input parameters or reconfiguration. The system can operate in open, dynamic environments such as cities, where a large number of sensing devices can appear or disappear at any time and without any prior notification. We carried out different experiments to compare the obtained results to various standard techniques to assess the validity of our proposal. We also developed a pipeline of standard techniques to produce baseline results that will be compared to those obtained by our multi-agent proposal
Eude, Marie. "Du droit de l'arbre. Pour une protection fonctionnelle". Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10037.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis proposes to rethink the legal protection of trees in order to achieve the climate change objectives enshrined in various codes. Trees appear to be an essential tool in their realisation, yet the mere protection of their economic function does not make it possible to embark on this path. We therefore believe it is essential to rethink existing protection in order, on the one hand, to refocus it on the tree's ecological and social functions and, on the other hand, to unify the protection regime attached to each of these functions. This involves defining the tree and the forest, redefining property as inherited from the French Revolution, and the requalification of the tree. Also, the absolute nature of the right of ownership must be limited by the realisation of the tree's purpose as a natural good (ecological function) or a cultural good (social function). This work on the protection of the tree's ecological and social functions also leads us to consider the hypothesis of its personification, a hypothesis which we discard at the end of this study
Basly, Ludovic. "Télédétection pour la qualité de l'air en milieu urbain". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006291.
Pełny tekst źródłaFéraud, Olivier. "VOIX PUBLIQUES. Environnements sonores, représentations et usages d'habitation dans un quartier populaire de Naples". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00462396.
Pełny tekst źródłaKACEM, ABDELJAOUED. "Le metabolisme des villes : une approche eco energetique". Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010016.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe concept of metabolism includes two main ideas : metabolism of functionning (part one), and metabolism of growth. (part two). The functionning urban metabolism allows to set up some indicators and to show the ability of energy to structure the urban space (urbanization, size, and metabolic costs). The second concept enables us to study the growth of cities and how to control it. We show how tunnel effect, integrating economic, energetic and social spheres, adjusts the growth of cities and secures its sustainable development
Baret-Bourgoin, Estelle Lequin Yves-Claude. "Environnement et sensibilités les Grenoblois et leur ville au XIXe siècle /". Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2002. http://demeter.univ-lyon2.fr:8080/sdx/theses/lyon2/2002/baret-bourgoin_e.
Pełny tekst źródłaBaret-Bourgoin, Estelle. "Environnement et sensibilités : les Grenoblois et leur ville au XIXe siècle". Lyon 2, 2002. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2002/baret-bourgoin_e.
Pełny tekst źródłaIf this research is above all supposed to be a history of mentalities attempting to analyze the perceptions of domestic and industrial nuisance and trying to describe the way opinions change and develop, this study also blends the approaches of technical history, economic and social history with the perspective of urban historians. With a provincial town such as Grenoble in the nineteenth century -from 1810 to 1914- and with an analysis of the economic, social, geographic and cultural local factors clarifying the changing views and perceptions of all the inhabitants, this study moves on to the history of urban sensitivities and of town concerns. .
Donikian, Stéphane. "Modélisation, contrôle et animation d'agents virtuels autonomes évoluant dans des environnements informés et structurés". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.irisa.fr/centredoc/publis/HDR/2004/irisapublication.2005-08-03.0437026475.
Pełny tekst źródłaDecoupigny, Christophe. "Modélisation fine des émissions de polluants issues du trafic urbain". Tours, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUR1804.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn a context of evaluation of the impacts of the urban developments a fine approach of the emissions processes and cnditions of circulation must be carried together with the reflexion initiate by the "Plans de Déplacements Urbains". One perceives well the need for a multi scales analysis for to answer at the adaptation of displacements within an urban framework in evolution. The classical theory of the graphs used to describe the networks considers the nodes in a homogeneous way. However the heterogeneity of space implies a variability of the conditions of circulation ans thus of the emissions. The association of the cellular graphs and the SMA is relevant to describe the network and the vehicle dynamic for to precise the localisation of the emissions on the network
Abba, Souleymane Aïssata. "La protection juridique de l’environnement urbain au Niger : le cas de Niamey". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30001.
Pełny tekst źródłaFor some, related to the underdevelopment, for others, attached blissfully to long walk towards the industrialisation, the problems of environment and urbanisation are essential, from their acuity, with all the “consciences”. The degradation of the urban environment is undeniable. , when they are not non-existent, the juridicisation of the concerns of the urban environment and the political discourse show cripples. Niger, following the example of all Africa, invites to dedicate its clearness with a reflection: how to govern the urbanisation and to ensure a healthy environment and of quality ? Thus, the legal protection of the urban environment in Niger returns to the analysis of the problems of urbanisation and the concerns of environment, in view of the implementation of the right. In the town of Niamey, the attacks with the environment, well-known, offer a “show” of desolation, insidiously affecting nature and the life. They threaten pubic health, while contributing to generate the loss of quality of life. With the crossing of the socio-economic challenges, the legal regulations protection improvement of living environment are not easily applicable. The politico-institutional divergences, the conflicts of laws, the permanence of the traditional rights and gravity rising from some practical cultural are at the origin of a complexity, which reveals the limits of the legal system of protection of urban environment. Our present production aims to analyze the right and the principles which govern the developement urban and the concerns of the environment through the evolution of environmental protection urban in the town of Niamey, while locating the place of environmental protection in the public policies
Zattoni, Olivier. "Cyberespace et paysage : regards croisés sur la ville et les environnements digitaux". Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE2041/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research focuses on symbolic, artistic and representational issues linked to Web and connected systems, such as mobile phones and tablets. Because the screen, i.e. the monitor, is now considered in its mobility, it has to be perceived as a window opened toward the outside. However, the monitor also sketches a lanscape where cyberespace, beyond its logical nature, has to be combined with a reality that aftermath becomes fragmented and recomposed. This applies to the steps we spread while walking in the street, soon transcribed in data on our smartphone : from a simple walk to a track that edges into the city. In this context, city becomes a kind of text and digital artefacts participate to its rewriting, juxtaposing new maps. As city represents the fragmented and the multiple, cyberspace implies a vision of urbanity where man merges himself with technology in a specific way: virtual worlds, along with videogames, science-fiction litterature and movies bring us back to the cyberpunk movement, and before, with the ’shock’ of cities experienced during the modernity by Georg Simmel and Walter Benjamin. This chaos of senses, space and time which defines modern cities is also typical of a technological power that tends to lead the society. Far from orwellian visions, the current advanded technology, although it appears crossed by political, technological and social matters, has to be situated in the context of cybersensbility. Actually in this era of networks and mature technology stands a new vision of technology that implies new practices, new attempts, and makes the cybersensibility concept tangible, as it is opposed to a passive conception in the use of technologies
Glockner, Stéphane. "Contribution à la modélisation de la pollution atmosphérique dans les villes". Bordeaux 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR12332.
Pełny tekst źródłaSangaré, Issa Bakary. "Assainissement urbain, organisation des villes et développement écologique : vers "l'autonomie durable" ?" Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR2028.
Pełny tekst źródłaSaifane, Manal. "Le pilotage de la politique publique de la biodiversité, vers son expérimentation au Liban : transposition des dispositifs français facilitant l'évolution des pratiques en matière de planification urbaine". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL125.
Pełny tekst źródłaWith the aim of supporting Lebanese decision makers in the choice of public environmental policy reforms to take into account biodiversity in urban projects, the ambition of this research is to study the opportunity of transferring existing mechanisms of sustainable development in France to Lebanon. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to analyze the progressive integration of biodiversity in the planning system. It is about identifying transferable actions to Lebanon with the Benchmarking method. This approach is complemented by an observation of institutional reforms and the implementation modalities of public action. The transposition of mechanisms to Lebanon requires the implementation of diagnosis shared by all stakeholders because the Lebanese context is different : many constraints limit the development of sustainable and efficient planning. Nevertheless, defining a co-led project requires decision makers to adopt a strategic vision of the urban project. This process goes through a concerted phase where a citizen participation involved. As for the mobilization of the stakeholders, it is based on the proposal of innovative approaches that were formulated theoretically and empirically. On the one hand, we introduced the concept of green index allowing stakeholders to assess the environmental quality of a project. On the other hand, we have modeled a city concept, called Soft City, where nature is everywhere in the city, with a view to applying it in Beirut. To facilitate its experimentation, methodological guides and monitoring and evaluation frameworks were developed for the concerned stakeholders in order to encourage them to implement the innovative tools and concepts
Tobelem-Zanin, Christine. "Qualité de la vie et diversité des villes françaises de plus de 50. 000 habitants". Paris 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA010517.
Pełny tekst źródłaMany authors had the quality of life as subject of their studies. Now and then it is necessary to take stock on this question and to try to propose a new definition of the concept. We have done such work in the first part of our research, trying to explain or to found a clear difference between life quality and well-being. In the second part, using for the most part, the economic studies and statistic national institute data, we have tried to create some materials and socials indicators of French urban life quality. We have find that is impossible to establish a single classification of the biggest French cities (more than 50 000 inhabitants) on a single basis of life quality. We have proposed a few classifications after different quantitative and qualitative analysis. The third part of this research is based on a local view of life quality that propose different municipalities to theirs inhabitants. The local council of four big cities have been inquired and, besides, we have done a prospective work on the analysis of the answers to a questionnaire of a biggest sample of municipalities
Bérubé, Gabriel. "Expériences sensibles et design urbain, un projet de recherche création : les productions sonores ordinaires des usagers en espace collectif urbain, le cas des traces sonores de pas". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENH025/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this thesis, we explore the heuristic value of a user's footstep sounds in the urban public space. This intention is originally one of a common interest in user sound productions, their productive and active aspects within the daily experience of the city. To achieve this, the concept of sound trace has been developed in order to better understand, categorize and characterize these special and ordinary sounds produced by the user. Often ignored, remaining unconscious to the user, footstep sound traces are part of the sounds he produces, but are not studied in the fields related to urban design. We thus want to learn more about the information content of footstep sound traces, and especially about the potential of action that we believe are related to them. In summary, we want to know what a footstep tells us through the sound traces it makes. We thus state the hypothesis that footstep sound traces carries key informations on its producer, the other users as well as the space, all this throughout the sound experience “in process”. To capture and question this specific aspect of the footstep sound traces, we built a unique methodology that questions the user in real-time on his sound experience. Research design and research project gave us the framework, and the flexibility to develop an innovative tool specifically designed for our problematic : the sound device. The device has been installed on three sites : a terrace and the front of the ENSAG, a footbridge near the studio of a collective of artists and a footbridge located in a city park of Nantes. Between immersion and observations, interviews and video work, in connection with the field of sound art, our research crosses sound, space, and practice dimensions. The analyses reveal the behavior, conduct, micro-movements, gestures, and attitudes made by the users. The results will be of interest in the fields of sound environment as well as architectural and urban design. Indeed, this research offers a better understanding of footstep sound traces roles in the composition of urban public spaces
Diawara, Amadou Bélal. "Les déchets solides a Dakar. Environnement, sociétés et gestion urbaine". Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00466516.
Pełny tekst źródłaGbinlo, Roch. "Organisation et financement de la gestion des déchets ménagers dans les villes de l'Afrique Subsaharienne : le cas de la ville de Cotonou au Bénin". Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00564740.
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