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Peplow, Stephen. "Agricultural rent in the early Victorian era". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43507.
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This thesis concerns the economic and political relationship between the English tenant farmer, his landowner, and his Member of Parliament during the period between 1830 and 1865. Profound social and economic changes took place in agriculture during this time, notably the enfranchisement of the tenant farmer (1832), the Repeal of the Corn Laws (1846), and the development of the railways from 1832 onwards. The tenant farmer was an important actor in all three changes, but his role has been overlooked. This thesis brings him into focus in three chapters, each dealing with the tenant-farmer within the rural economy. Chapter 1 introduces the research project, makes a clear statement of the goals of the research, and reviews some of the recent literature. Chapter 2 deals with the ways in which agricultural rents were set in the 1830s and estimates agricultural rents from two centuries ago, using observations for nearly six hundred parishes in the southwest of England. The finding is that rents were set closely with Ricardian Rent Theory. Chapter 3 measures the impact on agricultural rents of railway development. The railways were laid from 1832 onwards, and farmers used the railways to take their stock to market. This saved large amounts of money, primarily from reduced loss of condition compared to droving to market. The social savings were approximately 1.1 per cent of GDP, a considerable sum. The chapter shows that about one fifth of the wealth transfer resulted from cheaper transportation, while the other four-fifths resulted from productivity gains as farmers rearranged their output to take advantage of the railways. Chapter 4 measures the impact of the agricultural interest on the voting decisions of Member of Parliament during the Corn Laws crisis in 1846. This chapter shows that tenant farmers had a small but measureable influence on voting decisions.
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Gooday, G. J. N. "Precision measurement and the genesis of physics teaching laboratories in Victorian Britain". Thesis, University of Kent, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234952.
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Pusapati, Teja Varma. "Model presswomen : 'high-minded' female journalism in the mid-Victorian era". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8af9c31b-bf92-4fb3-95f9-e5d6f8f46b83.
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This study contributes to current critical discussions about the figure of the Victorian woman journalist. Most previous scholarship on nineteenth-century female journalism has focused either on women's anonymous writings or on their contributions to conventionally feminine genres like serial fiction and prose articles on domesticity and fashion. Although women's campaigning journalism has attracted some attention, especially from historians of feminism, its role in the professionalization of women writers has gone largely unexamined. Consequently, it has been assumed that female journalists did not write on social and political issues, unless they wrote anonymously or as reformers with little interest in developing careers as presswomen. This thesis radically revises this view by showing the mid-century rise of female journalists who wrote on serious social and political topics and earned national and international repute. They broke the codes of anonymity in a number of ways, including signing articles in their own names and developing distinctly female personae. They presented themselves as model middle-class professional authors: knowledgeable, financially independent and vocationally committed. They proved, by example, women's fitness for conventionally masculine lines of journalism. By examining their careers in the periodical press, my thesis offers the first in-depth analysis of 'high-minded' female journalism in Victorian England. Beginning with the 1850s, the thesis is organised around certain key developments in the periodical press, such as the debates about professional authorship, discussions of the plight of single women and the nature of female work, and the advent of signed publication. It examines the rise of prestigious presswork by women through the study of three distinct, yet overlapping models of the female professional journalist: the feminist journalist, the mainstream reform journalist, and the foreign correspondent. It then discusses the representation of women's high-minded journalism in the domain of fiction. The study ends in the 1880s, noting how these mid-Victorian models of women's presswork influenced the discussion and practice of female professional journalism in the 1890s.
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Fowler, Michael Anthony. "Rosa Bonheur the Amazon? Victorian-era Fashion, Female Masculinity, and the Horse Fair (1855)". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2022. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8903.
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Davidson, Kathleen Margaret. "Exchanging views : empire, photography and the visualisation of natural history in the Victorian era". Phd thesis, Dept. of Art History and Theory, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13157.
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Taber, Emily Celene. "Using Archival and Archaeofaunal Records to Examine Victorian-era Fish Use in the Pacific Northwest". PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4393.
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Studies of historic fish archaeofaunas can contribute to our understanding of Victorian-era consumer choice and agency. However, most zooarchaeological work focuses on interpreting large mammal remains such as cow (Bos taurus). That fish are overlooked is particularly striking in the Pacific Northwest, where fishing was a major facet of both the bourgeoning industrial economy and local household practices. My thesis addresses this gap through study of archival records (mainly newspapers) and zooarchaeological fish records from a neighborhood in Vancouver, Washington focusing on the period between 1880 and 1910. My particular goals were to examine how fishes were acquired and their economic role in a market economy.
I conducted archival research through systematic and qualitative reviews of The Oregonian and other newspapers in Oregon and Washington. I recorded 105 different named fishes, which I linked to 46 Linnaean taxa; 76 fishes were listed with price information in advertisements. I connected these fishes to market acquisition, and the remaining fishes to personal catch. I ranked the sixteen most prominent fishes by their price. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) was the most expensive, and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) was the least expensive. Five ranked fishes were introduced; all of these were in the top 50% of the ranking. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was advertised the most frequently, but was in the lower 50% of the ranking. Some fishes (e.g., common carp [Cyprinus carpio]) were heavily promoted by federal entities and private entrepreneurs, but viewed negatively by consumers.
The zooarchaeological portion of my study focused on privies from the Esther Short neighborhood (Vancouver, WA), which, between 1880 and 1910, was a predominantly middle- and working-class community, occupied by people of European ancestry. The fish fauna (total NISP: 1,282) had previously been documented by Krey Easton. I reanalyzed ~30% of the fish remains to verify identifications; our results were highly correlated. Ten fish families representing 16 taxa were recorded in the assemblage. Both introduced fishes (n = 6 taxa) and native fishes (n = 10 taxa) were present. Catfish (Ictaluridae) dominated the assemblage (76%). Salmonids represented 15%. I recorded five new taxa from specimens previously noted as "unidentified". I documented body part representation and butchering marks to establish the fish portions Esther Short residents acquired. Finally, I compared archaeofaunal fish representation against the fish rank obtained from archival research.
Residents acquired fishes both as market purchases and through personal catch. Eight fish taxa in the assemblage represented market purchases. Four were nonmarket fishes. An additional four could represent either market or nonmarket fishes. Nine taxa recovered from the neighborhood were also fishes included in the ranking. Neighborhood residents were predominantly eating low-cost purchased catfish heads, which were likely incorporated into soups, stews, or chowders. I found some evidence for higher-cost purchases and fish steaks, which I loosely connected to conspicuous consumerism. Evidence of personal catch (sport and subsistence angling) illustrates agency and potential resistance to the systemic Victorian model, in which the middle class generally did not participate in such activities.
My thesis shows that interpreting fish use provides valuable insights into historical-era consumer choice and agency. On a systemic level, fish use was driven by sources of authority and monied interests. Expression of identity was visible in structural responses to systemic forces, both through consumer choice within the markets, and rejection of the market economy. Fish use in the Esther Short neighborhood showed some household patterns of "purchasing within one's means", as well as several expressions of agency that conformed to or rejected Victorian-era ideals.
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Joseph, Marrisa Dominique. "Literary businesses : the British publishing industry and its business practices 1843-1900". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2016. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/13080.
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The Victorian publishing industry has been frequently analysed, debated and discussed within the fields of book history, publishing history, media studies and literary studies, yet there is a gap within academic business research on the publishing industry from the approach of organisational studies, in particular from the perspective of new institutionalism. This research examines how the business practices of organisations in the British publishing industry - which I refer to as literary businesses - developed in the Victorian era, by exploring the formation of these practices in relation to wider societal influences. My research analyses how authors, publishers and literary agents instigated and reproduced business practices in the industry, examining why these practices became accepted and legitimised. This historically oriented research is constructed around primary and archival sources, in particular trade periodicals, personal letters and business documents.
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Garwood, Christine. "The British state and the natural environment : with special reference to the Alkali Inspectorate, circa 1860-1906". Thesis, University of Northampton, 1998. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2793/.
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The central intention of this thesis is to analyse a body of Victorian legislation, which was enacted to control atmospheric pollution by the chemical industry. Its concern is predominately with enforcement, and the principal aim is to assess the role and effectiveness of the British State and its agencies in this respect. The major focus is a somewhat neglected body of legislation - the Alkali Acts of 1863-1906. These initiated the State regulation of noxious emissions from the early heavy chemical (alkali) industry, and set up a central government body, the Alkali Inspectorate, to this end. The major focus is the ability of Victorian institutions to formulate and implement environmental reforms, especially those which necessitated the increased control of industrial behaviour. It will explore the enforcement and decision making processes, assessing how priorities were set and whose interests were served. Furthermore, it examines the influence of economic, legislative, social, ideological and political factors upon inspection and prosecution. This study also assess whether the control of industrial atmospheric pollution was the consequence of a Victorian regulationist fervour or an example of utilitarian concern with environmental degradation. The main body of the thesis is constituted by chapters on biography, the fiscal context and enforcement. These themes are drawn together by an assessment of the extent and effect of various constraints upon the Alkali Inspectorate. Throughout, some vital comparisons and contrasts with the inspectorates of factories and mines are made, in order to gauge State support for the Alkali Inspectorate. This assessment of the effectiveness of the Alkali Inspectorate and the legislation which created it, facilitates broader insights into the relationship between the State and industry and the extent of State intervention in nineteenth-century Britain
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Batista, Rachel UchÃa. "A modalidade deÃntica como expressÃo de valores vitorianos na peÃa Lady Windermere's fan". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14744.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoThis research has tried to investigate the relashionship between linguistic expressions of deontic modality and the construction of speeches which reveal values of the Victorian age. The study was developed under the functionalist linguistic theory once it allows us to go through both linguistic expressions and meaning in a specific context in order to analyze the effects in meaning expressed by means of deontic modality. In this sense, the investigation was based on Palmer (1986), Dik (1997), Verstraete (2004), Neves (2006), among other authors who helped us understand the linguistic modality, specially the deontic type, and the features related to its occurrence. We have analyzed 299 deontically modalized pieces of enunciation from both male and female characters from the play Lady Windermereâs fan, by Oscar Wilde, concerning all the acts of the play. Deontic modality is related to the possibility or necessity of acts executed by morally responsible agents and was analyzed under the manifestation of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects as a whole. The data we analyzed have shown us that the âAuxiliary verbsâ category corespond to the linguistic means of expression of modality more frequently used and was registred in 51% of the cases. Within this category we have considered both modal auxiliaries and the âhave to + infinitiveâ expression. The âAuxiliary verbsâ category was followed by âVerbal Modesâ (26,4) and âMain verbsâ (16%) categories. As for deontic values, obligation corresponded to 58% of the cases, that is, 174 occurrences. Among these, 139 were internal obligation, not corresponding to our expectations. One can also observe the high frequency of the type of deontic source âEnunciatorâ (234 cases). We believed the frequency of the source âInstitutionâ would be the highest. About the inclusion of the deontic source in the deontic target, we have registred the non-inclusion in 68% of the cases. This last aspect caused an effect of distance between deontic source and target in the play and helped establishing boundaries between boss and employee, or reinforcing the social class division, which is a characteristic of the Victorian period. Contrary to what we believed, female characters were responsible for 65,6% pieces of enunciation (196 cases), which means they produced more deontic values than male characters. Among these cases, 120 occurrences corresponded to an obligation, 31 occurrences corresponded to a permission, and 21 cases were a prohibition. In this sense, we have concluded that the deontic modals in the pieces of enunciation from the characters from the play Lady Windermereâs fan do not serve to express exclusively victorian values.
O presente trabalho buscou investigar a relaÃÃo entre as expressÃes linguÃsticas da modalidade deÃntica e a construÃÃo de discursos que revelam valores da era vitoriana. Nossa pesquisa foi desenvolvida sob a Ãtica funcionalista, visto que, para analisarmos os efeitos de sentidos expressos por meio daquela modalidade, faz-se necessÃrio transitar entre forma linguÃstica e sentido em um determinado contexto especÃfico. Assim, a investigaÃÃo foi desenvolvida com base em Palmer (1986), Dik (1997), Verstraete (2004), Neves (2006), dentre outros autores que nos auxiliaram na compreensÃo da modalidade linguÃstica, em especial a deÃntica, e dos aspectos relacionados à sua ocorrÃncia. Analisamos 299 enunciados modalizados deonticamente, de personagens dos gÃneros masculino e feminino, presentes em todos os atos da peÃa Lady Windermereâs fan, de Oscar Wilde. A modalidade deÃntica diz respeito à possibilidade ou necessidade de atos executados por agentes moralmente responsÃveis e foi analisada, em cada um desses enunciados, sob o ponto de vista sintÃtico, semÃntico e pragmÃtico, integradamente. A partir de anÃlise dos dados obtidos, constatamos que os meios linguÃsticos de expressÃo da modalidade de maior produtividade foram aqueles agrupados na categoria âVerbos auxiliaresâ, categoria na qual inserimos os auxiliares modais e a expressÃo âhave to + infitiniveâ (ter que/de + infinitivo), que corresponderam à 51% das ocorrÃncias analisadas, seguidos do modo verbal (26,4% dos casos) e do verbo pleno (16%). Jà o valor deÃntico mais instaurado foi o de obrigaÃÃo, correspondendo a 58% de todas as ocorrÃncias, ou seja, 174 ocorrÃncias, dentre as quais, 139 foram do tipo interna, contrariamente ao que esperÃvamos. O tipo de fonte deÃntica mais recorrente foi âEnunciadorâ, com 234 ocorrÃncias. AcreditÃvamos que a fonte âInstituiÃÃoâ seria a de maior frequÃncia. Quanto à inclusÃo da fonte no alvo deÃntico, observamos que, em 68% dos casos, o valor deÃntico nÃo recaiu sobre a fonte, causando um efeito de distanciamento entre fonte e alvo deÃntico que estabeleceram limites entre patrÃo e empregado, por exemplo, ou reforÃaram a divisÃo social de classes, caracterÃstica do perÃodo vitoriano. Contrariamente ao que acreditÃvamos, as personagens do gÃnero feminino instauraram um maior nÃmero de valores deÃnticos, sendo responsÃveis por 65,6% dos enunciados analisados (196 casos), dentre os quais, em 120 ocorrÃncias, uma obrigaÃÃo foi instaurada; em 31, o valor de permissÃo foi registrado; e, em 21, uma proibiÃÃo foi instaurada. Desse modo, concluÃmos que os os modalizadores deÃnticos presentes nos enunciados dos personagens da peÃa Lady Windermereâs fan nÃo se prestam, exclusivamente, à expressÃo de valores vitorianos.
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Pektas, Nilifer. "The importance of blood during the Victorian era. : Blood as a sexual signifier in Bram Stoker's Dracula". Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Language and Culture, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-500.
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Zeske, Karen Marie. "Browning and Dickens: Religious Direction in Victorian England". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500704/.
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Many Nineteenth century writers experienced the withdrawal of God discussed by Miller in The Disappearance of God. Robert Browning and Charles Dickens present two examples of "Fra Lippo Lippi" and Great Expectations model effective alternatives to accepting God's absence. Conversely "Andrea del Sarto" accepts the void the other two heroes shun.
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Robinson, Katherine Reilly. "Negotiating Identity: Culturally Situated Epideictic in the Victorian Travel Narratives of Isabella Bird". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3213.pdf.
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Wineinger, Rachel E. "Raised by the Book| What Ellen, Jo, and Anne Teach Us about Reading and Girlhood in the Victorian Era". Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10129939.
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I present a study of the female protagonists of The Wide, Wide World; Little Women; and Anne of Green Gables in terms of reading and play. I posit that the lives of the girls depend on what and how they read, and insight to their reading can be gained by examining when their play interacts with their books. I also employ the use of mise en abyme to understand the overall purpose of their reading (and playing) and the contribution these characters make to the lives of their own potential readers.
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Baylis, Philippa J. "Andrew Lang and the study of religion in the Victorian era, with special reference to his High God theory". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1987. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU009019.
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The subject of this thesis is the Victorian anthropologist and historian of religion Andrew Lang (1844-1912). The aim is to trace the development of his ideas against the background of late nineteenth century theories of primal religion, both Part 1 gives an introduction to Lang the scholar and discusses the early influences which moulded his intellectual outlook. Part 2 traces the ideas behind MRR in the context of late nineteenth century interpretations of Missionary attitudes to primal religions are also discussed. Particular attention is given to Lang's high god theory and his criticism of contemporary theories of the origin and development of religion. Lang's interest in psychical research is Part 4 discusses the reactions to the high god theory and Lang's defence of his evidence. The subsequent fate of the theory is examined and the factors are traced which eventually led to the acceptance by anthropologists and historians.
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Ridgwell, Stephen John. "'On a shiny night' : the representation of the English poacher, c.1830-1920". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/69667/.
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Davis, Rachel Andrea. "If I forget you, it doesn't mean I didn't love you". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1501461061076469.
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Bailey, Lucy A. "The village shop and rural life in nineteenth-century England : cultural representations and lived experience". Thesis, University of Northampton, 2015. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/8824/.
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Despite consumption and retailing having grown to form a meta-narrative in historical enquiry, the village shop has largely escaped attention. Remarkably little is known about the long-term development of rural services, particularly shops, which are often ignored as marginal and undynamic. Moreover, whilst their recent decline has highlighted their perceived importance to the vitality of village life, the extent to which this is based on a romanticised or historically myopic image is unclear. This thesis seeks to rectify this lacuna by critically assessing the real and imagined role of the shop and shopkeeper within village life during the nineteenth century, in terms of supplying goods and services, integrating and representing community as a place and a network of people, and projecting images of the rural into the wider national consciousness. It adopts an innovative interdisciplinary approach and offers an integrated analysis of a wide range of visual, literary and historical sources: from paintings and serialised stories to account books and trade directories. Central to the argument is a sustained interrogation of the shifting historic construction of the village shop and its keeper, from exploitative and anti-rural to the epitome of a nostalgic and sentimentalised view of England’s rural communities. This is compared to the lived experience, as established from the historical record, quantitative analysis conducted at both village and county level. This synthetic approach has required the amalgamation of multiple perspectives: writer and artist; reader and consumer; observer and participant; patron and critic; shopkeeper, customer and villager. The thesis inputs into debates relating to the commercial history and cultural understanding of rural communities, the findings broadening our understanding of the history of rural retailers and the communities they served, shedding light on rural consumption and how changing attitudes to retailing, rural communities and the countryside were developing. It also contributes to other key areas of research including the notion of community (places and networks) and cultural representations of people, place, space and everyday life.
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Stearn, Roger Thomas. "War images and image makers in the Victorian era : aspects of British visual and written portrayal of war and defence c.1866-1906". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1987. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/war-images-and-image-makers-in-the-victorian-era--aspects-of-british-visual-and-written-portrayal-of-war-and-defence-c18661906(54a3ff6c-de58-4fec-8cc3-672f6f0f4f47).html.
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The thesis considers aspects of British perceptions, images and attitudes towards war and defence, and certain key persons who presented them to the public, approximately from 1866 to 1906. It is concerned primarily with leading civilian artists and writers on war and defence, and with the message and images presented by the press, books and pictures, on land warfare more than naval warfare. It considers first the visual images of war in the press and painting, and the press special war artists and the studio battle-painters. It then considers war correspondents and the work and message of two leading correspondents, Archibald Forbes and George Warrington Steevens. It then considers aspects of the warportrayal and message of the fiction of future war. Conclusions drawn include the essential unity of the presented image of war and defence, such that the varied media and communicators mutually reinforced their message. The image was shaped by predetermined selectivity by an ideological cluster of patriotism, imperialism, social darwinism, bellicism and martial values. These so dominated perceptions that the presentations of those with and without battle experience hardly differed. The presentations were purposive and inspirational, warning and urging material and moral preparation. War was presented positively, as heroism and adventure, its horrors minimised and contained. Military and civilians interacted in this presentation, and the communicators were also influenced by factors including continental influences, party politics, journalistic imperatives, artistic and literary convention, and individual careerism. Though pacifists and others dissented from it, the influence of this dominant image of war and defence was pervasive, shaping the assumptions of the pre-1914 nation.
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Daily, Ruby Ray. "The Victorian Governess as Spectacle of Pain: A Cultural History of the British Governess as Withered Invalid, Bloody Victim and Sadistic Birching Madam, From 1840 to 1920". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2014. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/291.
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This thesis examines the celebrity of governesses in British culture during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Victorian governess-mania was as pervasive as it was inexplicable, governesses comprising only a tiny fraction of the population and having little or no ostensible effect on the social, political, or economic landscape. Nevertheless, governesses were omnipresent in Victorian media, from novels and etiquette manuals to paintings, cartoons and pornography. Historians and literary critics have long conjectured about the root cause of popular fixation on the governess, and many have theorized that their cultural resonance owed to the host of contradictions and social conundrums they embodied, from being a `lady' who worked, to being comparable to that bugbear of Victorian society, the prostitute.
However, while previous scholarship has maintained that governess-mania was produced by their peculiarity as social or economic actors, I intend to demonstrate that this nonconformity was extrapolated in visual and literary depictions to signify a more prurient deviance, specifically a fixation on human suffering. This analysis reveals that whether depicted in mainstream press or in nefarious erotica, popular interest in governesses was contoured by a fixation on their perceived relationship to corporal violence. Over the course of the nineteenth century governesses were increasingly portrayed as the victims of a huge range of internal and external threats, such as disease, sterility, assault, murder, rape, and even urban accidents like train crashes or gas leaks. Cast as flagellant birching madams in pornographic fantasy, governesses were also construed as deriving erotic authority through the infliction of pain on others. From imagining the governess as a pitiful victim of brutality or conversely eroticizing her as the stewardess of sadomasochism, all of these constructs rely on the dynamics of violation, on bodies that experience misfortune and bodies that mete that it out. Utilizing a wide array of sources and methodological approaches, I will demonstrate that the Victorian governess was not only popularly correlated with social or sexual irregularity, but that these themes were ultimately circumscribed by a larger preoccupation with the governess as an icon of violence and pain.
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Moore, Laurence James, i res cand@acu edu au. "Sing to the Lord a New Song: a Study of changing musical practices in the Presbyterian Church of Victoria, 1861-1901". Australian Catholic University. School of Arts and Sciences, 2004. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp49.29082005.
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The latter half of the 19th century was a time of immense change in Presbyterianism worldwide in respect of the role of music in worship. Within this period the long tradition of unaccompanied congregational psalmody gave way to the introduction of hymnody, instrumental music (initially provided by harmoniums and later by pipe organs) and choral music in the form of anthems. The Presbyterian Church of Victoria, formed in 1859 as a union of the Church of Scotland and the majority of the Free Presbyterian and the United Presbyterian churches and numerically the strongest branch of Presbyterianism in Australia, was to the forefront in embracing this tide of change. Beginning in 1861with the proposal for the compilation of a colonial hymnbook, issues associated with musical repertoire and practice occupied a prominent place in discussions and decision making over the next 30 years. Between 1861 and 1901 hymnody was successfully introduced into church worship with the adoption of three hymnals in 1867, 1883 and 1898. Programs of music education were devised for the teaching of the new repertoire and for improving the standard of congregational singing. A hallmark tradition of Presbyterianism was overturned with the introduction of instruments into worship, initially as a support for congregational singing but in time as providers of purely instrumental music also. The profile of the choir changed dramatically. Making extensive use of primary sources, this study aims to document the process of change in Victoria between 1861 and 1901, exploring the rationales underlying decisions taken and historical factors facilitating change. Musical developments in Victoria are viewed in the context of those elsewhere, especially Scotland and of general changes in aesthetic taste. The study concludes that the process of musical change shows the Presbyterian Church of Victoria to have been a forwardlooking and well-endowed institution with the confidence to take initiatives independent of Scottish control. It is also concluded that changes in musical practice within the worship of the Presbyterian Church of Victoria reflect developments taking place in other denominations and the changing aesthetic tastes of the Victorian era.
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Strauchen, Elizabeth Bradley. "Giovanni Puzzi : his life and work : a view of horn playing and musical life in England from 1817 into the Victorian era (c.1855)". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e42fa98b-daf6-454b-9f54-2a79588d5120.
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The focus of this dissertation is a comprehensive study of the life and work of Giovanni Puzzi, nineteenth-century Britain's most celebrated virtuoso of the horn. In his hands, the horn -- hitherto largely known to England's aristocracy as an obstreperous member of the orchestra or popular form of pleasure garden entertainment became a sought-after attraction at London's most fashionable and exclusive concerts. An examination of Puzzi's activities as an orchestral player and as a soloist in a wide variety of public and private concerts chronicles his rise to celebrity and establishes his position in London's concert life. Equally impressive was Puzzi's sustained prosperity in a notoriously difficult business. Key to this triumph was his multifaceted exploitation of the Italian opera. Through his activities as an agent, impresario and arranger he allied himself as a fixer and performer with his era's most lucrative musical commodity: the singers of the Italian opera. In the large body of music that he arranged and composed to capitalise on audience fascination with virtuosity and opera, Puzzi has provided the only substantial record of horn playing in Britain during the nineteenth century. The majority of fhe manuscripts considered in this dissertation are drawn from a private collection and have not been previously studied or published. This material, in conjunction with Puzzi's surviving instruments and critical accounts of his playing, has been utilised to reconstruct and assess the main attributes of his virtuosity. This dissertation shows that Puzzi was responsible for establishing the preference for French style instruments and performance technique in England and that he was the first exponent of the British school of horn playing that reached its culmination in Dennis Brain. While virtuoso string players, pianists and singers have attracted much attention from scholars and biographers, this dissertation is the first full length historical study of a nineteenth-century horn virtuoso to be written.
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Williams, Mark Anthony. "Encountering the French : a new approach to national identity in England in the Eighteenth Century". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7088/.
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This thesis examines instances of sustained or regular encounter between British and French nationals in the second half of the eighteenth century and considers the evolution and form of a national identification which occurred for the English participants in the light of such contact. It is distinguished from previous historical studies of British nationality at this time in several respects. First, it is an approach derived from anthropological studies which have examined episodes of interaction between proximate national groups to consider the impact these have on the development of national awareness or identity. In choosing this approach the thesis, therefore, looks at encounters between people as opposed to between discursive frameworks, so often in the eighteenth century informed by stock and inaccurate stereotypes of the French to be found in British print culture and which constituted a form of 'virtual' encounter between the two nationalities. This study is distinguished in a further capacity in that it uses archival source material that was not produced with the intention of mass publication or readership, but which instead reflects personal or private opinion and identity with respect to the nation. That the French nation occupied an important and influential position in the development of national identities in Britain at this time is fully recognised. However, the principal argument is that notions of Anglo-French opposition and enmity frequently portrayed in the British press were inevitably modified by the experience of encounter between various respective national groups. As a result, the binary model of a developing British nationality in contrast and opposition to perceived French characteristics must likewise be re-assessed. Instead, this study demonstrates that the form of a national identification and its course of evolution, for those who engaged in regular encounter with the French, was fluid and differentiated for a variety of individuals and groups. Understood in terms of a process, this then has implications for the way in which nationality developed among those individuals and groups who had experienced no direct contact with the French.
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Lima, NatÃlia Sampaio Alencar. "Alice in Wonderland da literatura para o cinema: um estudo da traduÃÃo da era vitoriana e do nonsense literÃrio de Lewis Carroll para o cinematogrÃfico no estilo burtoniano". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17909.
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nÃo hÃEsta pesquisa busca analisar os elementos utilizados por Tim Burton para representar a Era Vitoriana atravÃs do figurino, meio de transporte e decoraÃÃo. Trabalharemos tambÃm com a traduÃÃo em imagens do nonsense em sua adaptaÃÃo fÃlmica Alice in Wonderland (2010). Nessa perspectiva, o presente trabalho resulta de um estudo comparativo entre o filme e a obra na qual se baseia, o cÃnone da literatura infantil Aliceâs Adventures in Wonderland de Lewis Carroll (1865). Para tanto, faremos um cotejo entre as duas obras à luz das teorias de Elizabeth Sewell (2015), Wim Tigges, (1988) e Susan Stewart (1980) que alicerÃam o gÃnero literÃrio nonsense. LanÃaremos mÃo da versÃo literÃria Lewis Carroll: The Complete Fully Illustrated Works de 1995 da editora Gramercy, contendo toda a obra de Lewis Carroll com ilustraÃÃes originais. Isso, a fim de viabilizar e facilitar a comparaÃÃo com as figuras presentes no texto literÃrio, quando necessÃrio, para investigar se houve aproximaÃÃo na representaÃÃo visual feita pelo diretor.
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Rosa, Débora Souza da. "Silenced angels: an obscure Saint Theresa in George Eliots Middlemarch". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4018.
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Universidade Castelo BrancoA presente dissertação objetiva a comparação proposta no Prelúdio do romance Middlemarch por sua autora George Eliot entre a protagonista da obra, Dorothea Brooke, e a figura histórica Teresa dÁvila. A partir de tal estudo, busca-se compreender de que modo a situação específica da mulher na Era Vitoriana é articulada no romance de modo a espelhar a crise ontológica e epistemológica do próprio ser humano diante das transformações consolidadas com o Iluminismo e as revoluções liberais do século XVIII que culminariam na morte de Deus. Dorothea mostra-se uma cristã tão fervorosa quanto a Teresa quinhentista, mas faltam-lhe certezas e a resolução para concretizar as reformas sociais que defende, pois ela encarna o mito de feminilidade oitocentista batizado de Anjo do Lar ideal de sujeição feminina à ordem falocêntrica cujas funções são a proteção e difusão da moralidade burguesa e a substituição de elementos cristãos no universo do sagrado a uma sociedade cada vez mais materialista e insegura de valores absolutos. As aflições de Dorothea representam as aflições da mulher vitoriana, mas o momento crítico desta mulher reflete, em Middlemarch, uma crise muito maior do Ocidente, que teve início com a Era da Razão
The present dissertations purpose is the comparison proposed by George Eliot in the Prelude of the novel Middlemarch between its protagonist, Dorothea Brooke, and the historical character Teresa of Avila. Such study endeavors to understand in which way the specific situation of the Victorian woman is articulated within the novel as to mirror the ontological and epistemological crisis of the human being itself during the transformations consolidated by the Enlightenment and the liberal revolutions of the eighteenth century which culminated in the death of God. Dorothea is as ardent a Christian as the fifteenth century Teresa, but she lacks the certainties and the resolution to concretize the social reforms she defends, because she incarnates the nineteenth century myth of womanhood known as the Angel in the House an ideal of feminine subjection to the phalocentric order whose functions are the protection and diffusion of the bourgeois morality and the replacement of Christian elements within the imaginary universe of the sacred to a society progressively more materialistic and insecure of absolute values. The afflictions of Dorothea represent the afflictions of the Victorian woman, but the critical moment of this woman reflects, in Middlemarch, a much greater crisis in the Western thought, which began with the Age of Reason
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Spencer, Sandra L. "The Angel in the House and The Woman in White: The Unfolding and Decoding of a Victorian Stereotype". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500620/.
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Abstract: Modern readers frequently perceive female characters in Victorian novels as insipid and inane, blaming the static portrayals on the angel in the house stereotype attributed to Coventry Patmore's poem of the same name. The stereotype does not accurately reflect the actual Victorian woman's life, however. Examining how the stereotype evolved and how the middle-class Mid-Victorian woman really lived provides insight into literary devices authors employed either to reinforce the angel ideal or to reconcile the ideal with the real. Wilkie Collins's portrayal of Marian Halcombe in The Woman in White features a dynamic female who has both androgynous characteristics and angel-in-the-house qualities, exemplifying one more paradox in a society riddled with contradictions.
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Ressetar, Tatyana. "The seaside resort towns of Cape May and Atlantic City, New Jersey development, class consciousness, and the culture of leisure in the mid to late Victorian era". Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4826.
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"Victorianism" is a highly controversial, sometimes ironic, term penned by historians throughout various works that has come to hold dramatic weight in both its meaning and its influence. Though the term is usually most closely associated with nineteenth century England, Victorianism was a highly influential movement in American culture simultaneously as well, specifically in the spheres of home, work, and play. Of those, "play," or leisure, is undoubtedly the least explored, especially before the latter decades of the twentieth century. Prior to this period, most literature about the Victorians, with the exception of a few works, only dealt with masculinity, religion, and the rigid dynamic of the nineteenth century household. Recently, historians like James Walvin, Pamela Horn, and Hugh Cunningham have attempted to draw attention to Victorian leisure with excellent works on pastimes and society during the nineteenth century, but they represent only a few. However, many works of this caliber focus on England, the "birthplace" of Victorianism. Thus, this work attempts to emphasize that the cultural phenomenon of Victorianism was just as present in the United States. Despite the recurring themes of the home and the workplace so often chosen by scholars, it is actually within the realm of leisure that the controversial issues of the Victorian period and its people can be best observed. Class, race, and gender were three major components of the Victorian culture that shaped the various forms of leisure and recreation, as well as the specific restrictions on those amusements.; All of these factors had a shared, tremendous influence on the progress (or lack thereof) towards a more modern era and society that occurred at the turn of the twentieth century. In the pages to follow, the numerous contradictions and paradoxes of Victorian leisure in America will be examined, ultimately demonstrating how pastimes and recreation (and their outlets) in the mid to late nineteenth century were neither truly Victorian nor truly progressive, but indeed a combination of both. This creates further irony during this controversial period. However, before exploring these outlets, the term "Victorian" will be examined while placing it into the context of mid to late nineteenth century Americans who belonged to all classes of travelers. It will become apparent that American Victorians had much invested in their values, but were also willing to break the rules regarding certain amusements and pleasures. Moreover, the "democratization" of leisure will be highlighted as the upper and lower classes began to enjoy the same recreations. Marked innovations of the period will also be discussed, as to highlight their importance on Victorian leisure and its development, which will also be referred to throughout the chapters. These topics will be addressed before examining the specific Victorian leisure culture of two of America's oldest seaside destinations: Cape May and Atlantic City, both in New Jersey. The guests, accommodations and transportation, and offerings at these resort towns will act as a mirror into mid to late nineteenth century culture. There, the contradictory ideals and rules of Victorianism are exhibited as the resorts rose to prominence. The decline of "elite-only" leisure and the rise of the "excursionist" will be examined throughout the progression of the towns' growth and boom periods.; Exploring the ironies of Victorian leisure through the proverbial lens of Cape May and Atlantic City proves effective, as the towns came to represent opposite ends of the "socially acceptable" spectrum after a short period, and were full of similar inconsistencies and paradoxes themselves. Additionally, their current fates remain a product of their polarized Victorian heydays, further proving the influence of seaside resort culture, the late Victorian period, and its ideals on the broader field of American leisure history.ID: 030646179; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 118-133).
M.A.
Masters
History
Arts and Humanities
History; Public History Track
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Dykman, Jennifer Becker. "Gentlewomen: The Westernizing of Chinese American Prostitutes in San Francisco, 1870-1940 A History on Chinese American Prostitution, Missionaries and the Law". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_theses/38.
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By considering San Francisco’s legal, social, and cultural history during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in relation to American law, missionary women, and Chinese American prostitutes, this thesis argues that by aggressively trying to control Chinese sexuality through laws, “yellow slave” narratives, Christianizing, and the immigration process, the American government and missionaries created an atmosphere ripe for Chinese prostitutes in America with varying degrees of sexual freedoms.
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Norrie, Philip Anthony. "An Analysis of the Causes of Death in Darlinghurst Gaol 1867-1914 and the Fate of the Homeless in Nineteenth Century Sydney". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1862.
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This thesis examines a ledger which listed all the causes of death in Darlinghurst Gaol, Sydney’s main gaol, from 1867 to 1914 when the gaol was closed and all the prisoners were transferred to the new Long Bay Gaol at Maroubra. The ledger lists the name of the deceased prisoner, the date of their death, the age of the prisoner at the time of their death and the cause of death along with any special comments relevant to the death where necessary. This ledger was analysed in depth and the death rates and diseases causing the deaths were compared to the general population in New South Wales and Australia as well as to another similar institution namely Auburn Prison, the oldest existing prison in New York State and the general population of the United States of America (where possible). Auburn Prison was chosen because it was the only other prison in the English speaking world (British Empire and United States of America) that had a similar complete list of deaths of prisoners in the same time frame – in this case beginning in 1888. The comparison showed that the highest death rates were in the general population of the United States of America (statistics on New York State alone could not be found) followed by Auburn Prison followed by the general population of Australia then the general population of New South Wales (the latter two were very similar) and the lowest death rates were in Darlinghurst Gaol. The analysis showed that individuals were less likely to die in the main prison, compared to the relevant general population in New South Wales and New York State despite the fact that 8 – 9% of these prison deaths were due to executions, a cause of death not encountered in the general population. This thesis explores the reasons why mortality rates were lower in prison despite the popular perception was that Victorian era gaols were places of harshness, cruelty and death (think of the writings of Charles Dickens, the great moralist writer who was the conscience of the era) compared to the general free population.
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Norrie, Philip Anthony. "An Analysis of the Causes of Death in Darlinghurst Gaol 1867-1914 and the Fate of the Homeless in Nineteenth Century Sydney". University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1862.
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Master of Arts (Research)This thesis examines a ledger which listed all the causes of death in Darlinghurst Gaol, Sydney’s main gaol, from 1867 to 1914 when the gaol was closed and all the prisoners were transferred to the new Long Bay Gaol at Maroubra. The ledger lists the name of the deceased prisoner, the date of their death, the age of the prisoner at the time of their death and the cause of death along with any special comments relevant to the death where necessary. This ledger was analysed in depth and the death rates and diseases causing the deaths were compared to the general population in New South Wales and Australia as well as to another similar institution namely Auburn Prison, the oldest existing prison in New York State and the general population of the United States of America (where possible). Auburn Prison was chosen because it was the only other prison in the English speaking world (British Empire and United States of America) that had a similar complete list of deaths of prisoners in the same time frame – in this case beginning in 1888. The comparison showed that the highest death rates were in the general population of the United States of America (statistics on New York State alone could not be found) followed by Auburn Prison followed by the general population of Australia then the general population of New South Wales (the latter two were very similar) and the lowest death rates were in Darlinghurst Gaol. The analysis showed that individuals were less likely to die in the main prison, compared to the relevant general population in New South Wales and New York State despite the fact that 8 – 9% of these prison deaths were due to executions, a cause of death not encountered in the general population. This thesis explores the reasons why mortality rates were lower in prison despite the popular perception was that Victorian era gaols were places of harshness, cruelty and death (think of the writings of Charles Dickens, the great moralist writer who was the conscience of the era) compared to the general free population.
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Werger, Laura Elizabeth. "Morbid Curiosity Shop". Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1311188744.
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Turner, Stephanie. "Serving the Storyline of the Novel: The Powerful Role of the Feudal Servant-Narrator". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2009. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/10.
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This thesis addresses issues of class as represented through the narrative agency exercised by the servant-narrator in Castle Rackrent and Wuthering Heights. Thady Quirk and Ellen Dean are servant-narrators who strategically use feigned allegiance, astute perception, and selective disclosure to wield power over the lives of their masters. These “arts of subordination” allow the servant-narrator to tell his or her own life narrative, while appearing to share the masters’ memoirs. While both servant-narrators are motivated by economic means, Ellen Dean’s involvement throughout Wuthering Heights is further complicated by her desires of emotional connection. However, each servant-narrator achieves his or her goals by manipulating the events and relationships that constitute his or her masters’ lives.
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Colman, Maya Pearl. "Community, Connection, and Conflict; The Liminal Spaces of the Regents Canal and the Industrial Transition of London (1812-1900)". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1625484195241175.
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Kleffner, Katherine. "Seething Cauldron of Crime: Criminals and Detectives in Historical and Fictional London". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1429017193.
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Corvini, Helena de Lima. "Quem tem medo de Oscar Wilde? vida como obra-de-arte". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. http://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/2322.
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This present dissertation intends to accompany Oscar Wilde's steps through late Victorian London, the booming center of an already decadent Empire. At this time being, positivist and imperialist discourses explain the reality. Both the medical science and the law fight over the theme of homosexuality. In a time when the symbolic authority to name homosexual desire is being questioned, Wilde is brave enough to state the precedence of the artist in naming the world. His life and works cause exalted reactions. His excentricities outrage London's high-society, of which Wilde becomes the arbiter of elegance, despite being a complete outsider: Irish and homosexual. He lives Aestheticism and dandism to the fullest, he lives a purposedly gay lifestyle and excites the fear of exerting some sort of "corruption" or "influence" over young men of the British society. His writing, through the use of paradoxes and symbolic invertions, shows the underpinnings of the aparently neutral text of normative reality. In his judgment, he is turned into the scapegoat of a severely repressed and puritan society. His works have founded the camp sensibility and a decidedly homosexual aesthetics
A presente dissertação busca acompanhar os passos de Oscar Wilde pela Londres da era vitoriana tardia, o centro pujante de um Império já em decadência. Nesse momento, o status quo produz um discurso positivista e imperialista sobre o mundo. A homossexualidade é disputada pelos discursos da ciência médica e da jurisprudência. Numa época em que a autoridade simbólica para nomear o desejo homoerótico se encontra questionada, Wilde tem a ousadia de afirmar a primazia do artista em nomear o mundo. Com sua vida e sua obra, Wilde provoca reações exaltadas. Suas excentricidades chocam a alta sociedade londrina, da qual se torna o árbitro da elegância, apesar de sua posição de outsider: irlandês e homossexual. Vivendo plenamente os ideários do Esteticismo e do dandismo, tem um estilo de vida acintosamente gay e suscita o medo da "corrupção" e da "influência" sobre os homens jovens por parte da sociedade inglesa. As masculinidades estão sendo elaboradas nesse momento e há o medo de que os homens jovens deixem de ser viris cavalheiros para se tornarem afeminados dândis. Em seus escritos, por meio de paradoxos e inversões simbólicas, Wilde também mostra a costura por baixo do texto aparentemente neutro da realidade normativa. Em seu julgamento, é transformado em bode expiatório de uma sociedade severamente reprimida e puritana. Suas obras permanecem hoje como fundadoras da sensibilidade camp e de uma estética decididamente homossexual
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Wetterstroem, Kathryn. "Sucks to Be a Woman: Shifting Responses to Feminism from Dracula to The Historian". Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1617982997535422.
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Andriot, Antonin. "Entre héritage national et influences britanniques : une histoire croisée du libéralisme et des libéraux français entre 1859 et 1929". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2022. http://theses.bu.uca.fr/nondiff/2022UCFAL026_ANDRIOT.pdf.
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La France est-elle, comme l’écrivait le fondateur de l’École libre des sciences politiques Émile Boutmy en 1901, plus inclinée par son histoire à réclamer la « tutelle de l’État » que son voisin britannique ? Si ce lieu commun a la vie dure, c’est essentiellement parce que des libéraux anglophiles au XIXème siècle, particulièrement lors de leur opposition au Second Empire, ont nourri et documenté une certaine admiration pour ce qu’ils considéraient comme un modèle britannique, dont les mœurs libérales seraient plus profondément ancrées, et dont il conviendrait de s’inspirer pour atteindre une forme de maturité politique. Au-delà des apparences, il s’agit de comprendre que le libéralisme français fut l’objet d’une construction croisée, entre influences transnationales et hybridations nationales, tout particulièrement des années 1860 aux années 1920, lorsque s’affirme une culture libérale-républicaine ; comment les libéraux français ont-ils travaillé à cette transition constitutionnelle, partisane, culturelle appelée de leurs vœux, quelles furent leurs réussites et leurs échecs face à d’autres aspirations concurrentes, et dans le cadre de sociétés contemporaines en pleines mutations politiques et sociales ? À travers une grille d’analyse franco-britannique, c’est un ensemble de transferts culturels autour du libéralisme qui sont à redécouvrir, afin de mieux connaître les étapes charnières du développement du régime qu’est la démocratie libéraleIs France, as the founder of the École libre des sciences politiques Émile Boutmy wrote in 1901, more inclined by its history to demand “state supervision” than its British neighbor? If this commonplace dies hard, it is essentially because Anglophile liberals in the 19th century, particularly during their opposition to the Second Empire, nurtured a certain admiration for what they considered to be a British model, with a deeply rooted liberal culture, and from which it would be appropriate to be inspired in order to reach a form of political maturity. Beyond appearances, the aim is to understand that French liberalism was the object of a cross-construction, between transnational influences and national hybridizations, particularly from the 1860s to the 1920s, when a liberal-republican culture asserted itself; how did the French liberals work for this constitutional, partisan, cultural transition called for, what were their successes and failures in the face of other competing aspirations, and within the framework of changing contemporary societies in political and social spheres? Through a Franco-British perspective, it is a set of cultural transfers around liberalism that are to be rediscovered, to better understand the development of the regime that is liberal democracy
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Gould, Glenice. "A history of the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital 1874-1982". Thesis, Open University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336982.
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Malherbe, Johanna Francina. "Die rol van neentiende-eeuse fotografie in eietydse bewaring : William Roe en Graaff-Reinet". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95870.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study aims to understand the role that 19th century photography can play in the reconstruction of an era and in the conservation of cultural heritage in the 21st century. The photo collection of William Roe, a photographer from Graaff-Reinet, is used as an example. The origin and development of Graaff-Reinet is used as background information and major events such as the Great Trek, the arrival of the railway, the Anglo-Boer War, the First World War and the Great Flu are touched upon. Aspects such as education, churches, the library and the hospital in Graaff-Reinet complement the study. An overview of the development of photography covers several early photo-making processes. These include the daguerreotype process, Talbot's paper negative process, collotype and the popular carte de visite photographs. Photography specifically in South Africa is also conferred, with particular reference to the first photographers working in the country. Reference is made to the important influences major events like the discovery of diamonds and gold as well as the Anglo-Boer War had on photography. The discussion of William Roe as human being and his legacy as a photographer forms an integral part of the study. The Victorian period is discussed since this was the period in which Roe worked and lived. It had a formative influence on his workmanship. An overview of the Victorian period in England is followed by specific focus on South Africa during this time. The rush to the diamond fields, issues with language and the trends of the times are pointed out. Many of these trends are specifically indicated and discussed as they appear in Roe’s photos. The photos have been categorized to clarify analysis of the different cultural phenomena. The architecture and historical background of Graaff-Reinet’s churches and public buildings are discussed. Streetscapes and images of the town as a whole show the development and daily activities that took place. Photos of clothing represent a reconstruction of the fashions of the concurrent Victorian era and those of public events such as sporting events, celebrations, plays and a gathering during the Anglo-Boer War, display the social life of the community. The role of human memory in the writing of cultural history is compared with the “memory” role of photographs. At the same time the ability of photographs to reflect not only physical culture, but also abstract concepts, receives attention. The use of these abilities of photography in the preservation of culture is a challenge for conservationists of the 21th century.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het ten doel om die rol wat 19de-eeuse fotografie kan vervul in die rekonstruksie van ’n era en in die bewaring van kultuurgoedere vir die 21ste eeu, aan te spreek. Die fotoversameling van William Roe van Graaff-Reinet word as voorbeeld gebruik. Die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van Graaff-Reinet word as agtergrond behandel en belangrike gebeurtenisse soos onder meer Die Groot Trek, die koms van die spoorlyn, die Anglo- Boereoorlog, die Eerste Wêreldoorlog en die Groot Griep word uitgewys. Aspekte soos opvoeding, kerke, die biblioteek en hospitaal is aanvullend bestudeer om ’n volledige beeld van Graaff-Reinet daar te stel. ’n Oorsig oor die ontwikkeling van fotografie dek verskeie vroeë fotoprosesse soos die daguerreoproses, Talbot se papiernegatief, die calotipe-fotoproses en die gewilde carte-devisite- foto's. Fotografie in Suid-Afrika word bespreek met spesifieke verwysing na die eerste fotograwe wat in die land werksaam was. Daar word verwys na die invloed wat belangrike gebeurtenisse soos die ontdekking van diamante en goud, asook die Anglo-Boereoorlog, op fotografie in Suid-Afrika gehad het. Die ondersoek na William Roe as mens sowel as sy nalatenskap as fotograaf vorm ’n belangrike onderdeel van die studie. Die Victoriaanse era word bespreek aangesien dit die tydperk was waarin Roe geleef en gewerk het, en dus ’n vormende invloed op sy werk gehad het. ’n Oorsig oor die Victoriaanse era in Engeland word gevolg deur ’n beskouing van dié era in Suid-Afrika. Die stormloop na die diamantvelde, taalkwessies en heersende modeneigings word uitgewys. Baie van die modeneigings word tydens die ontleding van die kultuurverskynsels op die Roe-foto’s opgemerk en bespreek. Die foto’s vir die ontleding van kultuurverskynsels is in kategorieë ingedeel. Die argitektuur en historiese agtergrond van kerke en openbare geboue word bespreek. Straat- en dorpsbeelde dui die ontwikkeling van en bedrywighede op die dorp aan. Kleredragfoto’s bied ’n rekonstruksie van die modes van die Victoriaanse era terwyl die foto’s van openbare geleenthede soos sportbyeenkomste, feesvieringe, toneelopvoerings asook ’n samekoms tydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog die sosiale lewe van die inwoners van die dorp aandui. Die rol van die menslike geheue in kultuurgeskiedskrywing word vergelyk met die rol van foto’s as “geheue”. Terselfdertyd word die vermoë van foto’s om nie net fisiese kultuur te weerspieël nie, maar ook abstrakte konsepte te verteenwoordig, behandel. Die aanwending van hierdie eienskappe van fotografie in kultuurbewaring is ’n uitdaging vir bewaringskundiges van die 21ste eeu.
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Villaine, Hortense de. "Peut-on échapper à l'épiphénoménisme ? : une immersion dans la psychophysiologie britannique de la seconde moitié du XIX° siècle". Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://faraway.parisnanterre.fr/login?url=http://bdr.parisnanterre.fr/theses/intranet/2020/2020PA100050/2020PA100050.pdf.
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Dans la seconde moitié du XIXᵉ siècle britannique, le nombre d’ouvrages, d’articles ou de conférences se rapportant au problème des rapports entre l’esprit et le corps est particulièrement conséquent. En effet, cette époque est caractérisée par la formulation de la théorie de l’évolution de Darwin, par l’émergence des sciences du cerveau, et par une lutte pour l’autorité intellectuelle entre les élites traditionnelles et certains scientifiques fraîchement arrivés sur la scène culturelle. Dans ce cadre, des scientifiques, rejetant la tutelle métaphysique ou théologique de la science, souhaitent aussi arracher la question de l'esprit des mains des métaphysiciens et théologiens, pour proposer une étude expérimentale des liens entre phénomènes physiques et phénomènes mentaux. Ils s'aventurent alors sur le terrain de la philosophie de l'esprit, proposant leurs propres théories concernant les relations de l'esprit et du corps. La thèse centrale et très discutée est celle de l’épiphénoménisme, telle qu’elle a été présentée par Thomas Henry Huxley en 1874. Elle stipule l'inefficacité causale des états mentaux sur le corps, animal ou humain, et fait de la volonté une illusion de la conscience. La formulation originaire de l'épiphénoménisme est par ailleurs solidaire de deux autres thèses centrales : l'agnosticisme métaphysique et la conception mécaniste du monde. Toutefois, certains scientifiques ou philosophes qui militent en faveur d’une prise en compte de la physiologie dans l’étude de l’esprit ne souscrivent pas à l’épiphénoménisme. Les critiques formulées à l’encontre de l’automatisme de Huxley ne proviennent donc pas uniquement des défenseurs de la liberté métaphysique et de la responsabilité humaine. Par ailleurs, il est possible de relever des nuances voire des désaccords théoriques chez les divers adhérents à l’automatisme. Le problème des rapports de l’esprit et du corps constitue à nos yeux une nouvelle porte d’entrée dans les débats de cette époque. Il nous a permis d’identifier un mouvement philosophique que nous avons qualifié de « philosophie psychophysiologique victorienne » et dont cette thèse a pour ambition d'être la première exploration globale et systématique. Les principaux auteurs étudiés sont les suivant : Thomas Henry Huxley, John Tyndall, William Clifford, Henry Maudsley, Alexander Bain, William B. Carpenter, George Henry Lewes et George RomanesDuring the second half of the nineteenth century in Great Britain, a substantial number of articles, conferences and books were dedicated to the mind-body problem. This period was indeed marked by the Darwinian theory, the development of brain sciences, together with the fight for intellectual leadership between some scientists and traditional authorities. A certain number of scientists rejected the theological tutelage of science as well as the metaphysical studies of the mind. They defended an experimental approach to the mind-body problem. Therefore, they started developing their own philosophy of mind. The most controversial thesis debated in this overall context was the thesis of epiphenomenalism formulated by Thomas Huxley in 1874. He argued that mind was causally inefficient, thus saying that the conscious will was an illusion. The defence of this astonishing position is related to two other main ideas: metaphysical agnosticism and the mechanical conception of the world. Even though it was widely accepted among Huxley’s close colleagues, this thesis was criticised by some people who also defended a scientific study of the mind. The mind-body problem thus appeared to us as a new way to enter the controversies of this time. Its study enabled us to identify a philosophical movement, which we labelled “Victorian psycho-physiological philosophy” and which this work aims at providing a global and systematic exploration of. The main authors of this study are the following: Thomas Henry Huxley, John Tyndall, William Clifford, Henry Maudsley, Alexander Bain, William B. Carpenter, George Henry Lewes and George Romanes
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Rigal, Raphaël. "Combler la faille : Dante Gabriel Rossetti, les Préraphaélites, et la modernité". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses.paris-sorbonne.fr/2020SORUL128.pdf.
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Fondée en réaction aux conventions immobilistes et ternes de la Royal Academy, et annonçant des mouvements guidés par une recherche de la seule beauté plastique, la Confrérie Préraphaélite est souvent perçue comme une longue rêverie nostalgique aux contours imprécis. Si son engagement politique permet à William Morris d’échapper à cette catégorisation, Dante Gabriel Rossetti et ses disciples sont habituellement associés à une esthétique passéiste. Prenant le contre-pied de cette lecture, cette recherche s’intéresse à la dimension politique de la Confrérie, et aux enjeux de son engagement philosophique et idéologique. Cette étude d’un corpus poétique et pictural représentatif des Préraphaélites mêle à une perspective culturaliste et historiciste l’aspect esthétique et formel de leur art, pour en faire ressortir les attitudes politiques. En mettant les poèmes et les tableaux en regard de textes théoriques du XIXe siècle et en les lisant au prisme de théories sur la modernité, l’antimodernité, et l’altermodernité, elle exploite l’idée que la faille, représentation du décrochement et du discontinu autant que principe actif de création, permet l’ouverture d’une mise au défi permanente de l’idéologie dominante et la mise en place d’une alternative à la subversion, faisant des Préraphaélites les artisans d’une révolution tranquille destinée à transformer l’art et la société victorienne en profondeurIn reaction to a dull, never-changing Royal Academy, and announcing movements focused on sheer aesthetic beauty, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood is often seen as wrapped in a long, hazy, melancholy reverie. William Morris’s political commitment spares him such labelling, but Dante Gabriel Rossetti and his disciples are often associated with past-obsessed aesthetics. Taking a stand against such a bias, this dissertation emphasises the political aspects of their work, and the scope of their philosophical and ideological commitments. By interweaving a cultural and historicist perspective with the formal and aesthetic sides of their art, this study of a representative set of Pre-Raphaelite paintings and poems seeks to identify the political attitudes underlying their art. Through the prisms of 19th century theoretical texts and reflections by thinkers of modernity, counter-modernity, and alter-modernity, this analysis probes the idea that rifts and faultlines represent both displacements and a creative principle, while simultaneously opening the way to a permanent challenging of dominant ideology and offering an alternative to subversion. The artistic twist on the faultline concept makes the Pre-Raphaelites craftsmen of a quiet revolution, meant to effect a deep transformation of Victorian society and art
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Toscano, Dennis. "Carthago Indiarum Obsessa, Sed Non Expugnata: Praefatio, Editio Critica, Commentarius, Paraphrasis Versuum Quibus Celebratur Victoria Hispanorum a Britannis Anno 1741 Reportata". UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/mcllc_etds/5.
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Opus cui titulus est "Carthago Indiarum obsessa sed non expugnata" est carmen divulgatum sine nomine auctoris saeculo duodevicesimo ad celebrandam vic- toriam quam Hispani a Britannis Carthagenae Indiarum anno 1741 in bello auris illius Ienkins (vulgo, the War of Jenkins’ Ear) reportaverunt. In hac thesi tractantur modo satis compendiario res gestae huius proelii quo melius lectores carmen ipsum possint intellegere. Necnon hic inveniuntur ea quae spectant ad huius opusculi genus, indolem et momentum litterarium. Postremo, praebetur hic editio critica, paraphra- sis Latina, commentarius in hoc carmen scriptus. Ex hoc carmine potest conspici quomodo litterarum Latinarum patrimonium pertineat ad omnes aetates, ad omnes gentes, ad omnes patrias.
The work Carthago Indiarum obsessa, sed non expugnata ("Cartagena de Indias, Assailed but not Captured") is an eighteenth century anonymous poem that celebrates the Spanish victory over the English at Cartagena de Indias during the War of Jenkins’ Ear in 1741. This thesis presents a summary of the battle in order to contextualize the significance of the poem. It further presents a literary analysis of the poem’s genre, characteristics, and literary importance, as well as a critical edi-tion, a paraphrase in Latin prose, and a commentary. From analyzing this poem, one can see some ways in which the Latin literary patrimony brought from the ancients pertains to all ages, peoples, and nations.
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Donoho, Emily S. "Appeasing the saint in the loch and the physician in the asylum : the historical geography of insanity in the Scottish Highlands and Islands, from the early modern to Victorian eras". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3315/.
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This thesis examines the historical geography of lunacy in the Scottish Highlands and Islands. Using a wide variety of sources, the objective is to construct an expansive picture of the manner in which those labelled as “mad” were treated and managed in this peripheral region of mainland Britain, from the Medieval Period to the late-Victorian period. The scope includes Medieval Celtic manuscripts, nineteenth-century folklore collections, Lunacy Commissioners’ reports, Sheriff Court records, asylum case notes and various other documents besides. These sources open windows on a variety of vocabularies, writings, stories and proclamations through which madness was socially constructed, and then substantively treated, in this remotest of regions. In effect, the thesis sets regional folklore, as a way of accessing the “traditional” worlds of Highland madness from the “bottom-up”, in counterpoint to the likes of Lunacy Commissioners reports, as an instance of the “modernising” of these worlds through medical-institutional means from the “top-down”. The interlocking binaries here are to an extent then scrambled by exploring different dimensions of this interaction between “bottom-up” and “top-down”, charting continuities as well as breaks in attitudes and practices, and thereby constructing a tangled picture of how the Highlands have come to tackle this most challenging of human conditions. The account that follows is thoroughly informed by the historical, social and spatial context of the Highlands, always recognising that madness and its responses must be seen as indelibly placed, contextually shaped and ‘read’ through the region. While the historiography of madness and psychiatry has already considered the Scottish Lowlands experience from various angles, the Highlands have remained all but untouched and their archives unopened. This thesis begins the task of addressing this serious lacuna.
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Kerutt, Josephine Victoria [Verfasser], Lutz [Akademischer Betreuer] Wisotzki, Philipp [Akademischer Betreuer] Richter, Lutz [Gutachter] Wisotzki, Philipp [Gutachter] Richter i Dawn [Gutachter] Erb. "The high-redshift voyage of Lyman alpha and Lyman continuum emission as told by MUSE / Josephine Victoria Kerutt ; Gutachter: Lutz Wisotzki, Philipp Richter, Dawn Erb ; Lutz Wisotzki, Philipp Richter". Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2019. http://d-nb.info/122077412X/34.
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Hopkins, Alison Julie. "Convenient fictions : the script of lesbian desire in the post-Ellen era : a New Zealand perspective : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy [in Gender and Women's Studies] /". ResearchArchive@Victoria e-thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1108.
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Villalobos, Alvarez Grace Ornella. "Evaluación del presupuesto programado en la instalación de una losa deportiva en el Caserío Nueva Victoria, distrito La Peca, provincia Bagua, para medir su incidencia en el estado de resultado de la Empresa Constructora y Servicios Múltiples EKA SRL en el periodo 2015". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2017. http://tesis.usat.edu.pe/handle/usat/1036.
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La investigación contiene la influencia del presupuesto, donde su principal problema fue la incidencia que tiene en el estado de resultado de la Empresa Constructora y Servicios Múltiples Eka en el periodo 2015. Se basó en la recolección de información presupuestaria, contable y sistema de control, a través de varios métodos como: la observación y encuestas; las mismas que fueron practicadas al personal, de esta manera se realizó una evaluación previa del estado de resultado, con la finalidad de definir áreas críticas y que se pueda ejecutar una evaluación especial que permitan dar soluciones prácticas y oportunas para la administración. La empresa Constructora y Servicios Múltiples EKA utilizó el presupuesto ejecutado para la realización de esta obra lo cual afectó a su estado de resultado teniendo como incidencia en las partidas de este mismo estado, diferencias significativas. También se halló que la asignación inicial del presupuesto por parte de la Municipalidad, no permitió el cumplimiento de los objetivos y metas de la obra y de la empresa y además el personal de la empresa Constructora y Servicios Múltiples EKA no poseía la suficiente experiencia en la elaboración de presupuestos. Se mostró que la programación presupuestaria de la empresa Constructora y Servicios Múltiples Eka en el periodo 2015, no se encuentra debidamente estructurada, más aún en el Departamento del presupuesto como Contable, lo que ocasionó que el estado de resultado de la institución no refleje la realidad.Tesis
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Doussot, Audrey. "A la croisée des genres : masculin et féminin dans la littérature et l'iconographie féériques victoriennes et édouardiennes". Thesis, Dijon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DIJOL028.
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Le genre féerique opère sous le règne de Victoria, un retour triomphant sur le devant de la scène littéraire et en profite pour s’immiscer dans les arts visuels. Sous la plume, le crayon ou le pinceau d’auteurs et d’artistes aussi bien masculins que féminins, textes et images prennent alors pour prétexte la peinture d’un monde merveilleux pour se jouer des conventions sociales et culturelles et examiner les idéaux, les angoisses, et les contradictions de la société de l’époque. D’un côté, les textes, visant un public tantôt juvénile, tantôt adulte, ou les deux à la fois, prolongent la tradition ancestrale du conte tout en la remettant au goût du jour. De l’autre, l’image, qui se met à envahir le quotidien, se charge, à travers la peinture et l’illustration, de doter le genre féerique d’une iconographie spécifique. A la croisée des deux, la littérature illustrée connaît un développement sans précédent. De par sa nature hybride, l’inspiration qu’elle tire du contexte socio-culturel, et son association privilégiée au domaine du féminin, la littérature féerique illustrée est propice à une analyse des rapports entre texte et image tout autant que des rapports entre genre masculin et genre féminin. En effet, la sexualité, tabou par excellence, et la question du genre (au sens anglo-saxon de gender, réalité sexuelle et construction, historique, sociale et artistique, d’un univers masculin et d’un univers féminin, avec tout ce que cela suppose comme normes, conventions, clichés, représentations…) devient, à cette époque, une thématique incontournable. Et elle a d’autant plus de pertinence en lien avec le féerique que ce genre n’inspire pas que les artistes et les auteurs masculins et qu’en tant que genre mineur il est traditionnellement, et symboliquement, considéré comme féminin – un statut qu’il partage d’ailleurs avec l’illustration. A plus d’un titre donc, la création féerique se trouve au croisement d’idées, complémentaires ou conflictuelles (masculin et féminin, texte et image, peinture et illustration, art et artisanat, culture savante et culture populaire, âge adulte et enfance, conformisme et subversion, tradition et innovation …). Cette étude, centrée sur le concept d’« entre deux » se propose, par conséquent, d’examiner le domaine féerique en tant qu’espace de rencontre entre toutes ces idées en considérant des toiles, des textes et des livres illustrés d’inspiration féerique et de confronter deux genres, gender et genre féerique, afin de mieux percevoir les liens qui ont pu être les leurs à l’époque victorienne, puis édouardienneUnder the reign of Victoria, the fairy genre, after many years of banishment, is back on the literary scene and introduced as a major source of inspiration for the visual arts. Artists and authors create texts and pictures that turn the depiction of a fantasy world disregarding current cultural and social norms into an opportunity for the exploration of the ideals, anxieties and contradictions of the time. Original texts written for the adult and juvenile readerships keep the age-old tradition of the fairy tale alive, renewing its themes and representations in accordance with the current British tastes. Simultaneously, paintings and illustrations, at a time when pictures take an increasingly prominent place in everyday life and culture, provide the fairy genre with a specific iconography. At the crossroads of text and picture, illustrated literature goes through an unprecedented phase of popularity marked by two periods of golden age, in the 1860s and the 1890s. With its hybrid form, its inspiration derived from the social context and its privileged association with the feminine, the nineteenth-century and early twentieth century illustrated fairy literature is a cultural form most appropriate for the analysis of text/image relationships as well as the gender notions of the feminine and the masculine. Sexuality – the greatest taboo of the period – and gender matters are indeed key-topics at that time and they are all the more relevant in the fairy genre since, not only does it inspire both male and female creators, but, being a minor genre, it is traditionally and symbolically considered to be feminine. And so is illustration, for the same reason. In many respects, Victorian and Edwardian fairy creation is then at the crossroads of a number of notions, both complementary and antagonistic : masculine/feminine, text/image, painting/illustration, art/craftsmanship, high culture/low culture, adulthood/childhood, conformism/subversion, tradition/innovation…. Structured around the idea of an ‘in-between’ status, the present study shall therefore examine the field of literary and pictorial fairy creation as a space in which all these ideas meet through the analysis of fairy paintings, texts and illustrated books. Gender and fairy genre shall be considered jointly as an attempt to define and explore their relationships during the Victorian and Edwardian eras
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Gabriel, Schenk. "A type of king : the figure of Arthur in mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth century literature". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6c284cea-e72c-49b0-ba87-29cf7b960ba9.
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This thesis analyses the figure of Arthur, in a period spanning the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries, when that figure became increasingly protean and multifaceted, and the audience for the Arthurian legend grew in both size and variety. It argues that many authors wrote through Arthur, as well as about Arthur, using the figure to understand and test their own ideas about ideals (e.g. of manliness, kingship, or heroism) as well as problems (such as war, despotism, or ungodliness). This thesis analyses Arthur by considering him as a 'type', using a definition of the term that highlights a paradox: a type, in a scientific sense, is both perfect (an exemplary model) and normal (common enough to be representative). When applied to Arthur, it means that he is both a perfect, or near perfect, example, but is also to some extent a 'normal' human being. Different authors analysed in this thesis emphasise different aspects of the figure, according to whether they focus on Arthur's perfection or his normality. Other meanings of the word 'type' are also applied when relevant: the idea is not to force all versions of Arthur into a single or definitive category, but to retain the complexity of how Arthur is characterised and written about in texts. The ultimate aim of this thesis is to put the figure of Arthur into critical focus, and explain why he has been returned to so often in history.
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Lai, Hui-Chieh, i 賴慧潔. ""Jack the Ripper" in the Late Victorian Era". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41279874248373663936.
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碩士輔仁大學
歷史學系碩士班
101
News spread in a faster pace during the Victorian era than before due to improvement in printing technologies, increase in literacy, and expansion in newspaper production. It was this emerging news culture, which contributed to the increasing notoriety of Jack the Ripper. The news coverage of Jack the Ripper that increased sales in newspaper and made Jack the Ripper better known. The extensive coverage instigated fear into the general public by showing the arrogance of Jack the Ripper and incompetence of the police. This thesis will focus on the usage of newspaper reports of Jack the Ripper to discuss how the news media shaped the image of Jack the Ripper, the impact of Jack the Ripper on the image of the police force, and the social settings in London during the nineteenth century.
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Donaldson, Jennifer. "An enduring spirit of the Victorian Era of Doubt". Diss., 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/851.
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The focus of this study is upon Gerard Manley Hopkins~s literary opinions
about the state of affairs of Victorian England regarding its defence,
religions, science, politics, the economy, and other concerns. His claim to a
legitimate voice lies in the tremendous amount of erudite knowledge he
accumulated over the years, on many different subjects, and his classical
education. Major focus is on his pristine awareness of the Anglo-Saxons
and their language of Old English. Hopkins's unique style of writing poetry
and his contribution to Victorian philology is highlighted. The work also
deals, in some degree, with his mental state at various periods in his life, and
attempts to disclose an overcoming of the anguish and depression evident in
the poems. His enduring spirit under the grave swamping of Christianity by
destructive discourses is another major theme.ENGLISH STUDIES
M.A. (ENGLISH)
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Ying, Yu-ning, i 應聿甯. "Beyond Shakespeare: The Transformation of Fairy Paintings in Victorian Era". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5thtvu.
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碩士國立中央大學
藝術學研究所
103
Victorian fairy painting is a peculiar genre in British art, but it has yet received little attention from art historians. Since origins of fairy painting have strong relations with the Shakespeare revival, and most themes of fairy paintings before 1850 were inspired by A Midsummer Night’s Dream and The Tempest, fairy painting was initially an offshoot of history painting. Shakespearean fairy painting has reached its peak of popularity in the late 1840s; however, after 1850, the two Shakespeare’s fairy works were no longer the primary sources of fairy painting, and fairy painters chose themes instead from folklore, or realms of eroticism and private imagination, even though other Shakespearean paintings remain popular until the 20th century. This thesis explores the transformation of fairy painting in the mid-19th century. If the Shakespeare revival as well as the Victorians’ fascination with the supernatural flourished during the entire 19th century, why did fairy painters stop interpreting Shakespeare’s fairies after 1850? For most Victorian fairy painters attempted to combine fantasy with “truth to nature”, how did they mediate between fairyland and reality? How did they materialize supernatural creatures without making them simply pale, visual translations of the narrative? Did these problems or solutions relate to the transformation of fairy painting? Or, did any new factor or new interest emerge in the mid-19th century, which may have brought about the change of themes in fairy painting? Since Shakespeare’s fairies derive from folklore, and fairy painters would refer to folklore as well as predecessors, in the first chapter, I examine fairies both in folklore and in Shakespeare’s works; then, I explore the formation of the popularity of fairy painting, and discuss the achievements of early fairy painters, including Henry Fuseli, Daniel Maclise and Richard Dadd. In the second chapter, I analyze Sir Joseph Noël Paton’s two fairy paintings, The Reconciliation of Oberon and Titania and The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania, which brought Shakespearean fairy painting to the highest point in the late 1840s. In the third chapter, I discuss Sir John Everett Millais’s Ferdinand Lured by Ariel, which was exhibited in the same year with The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania in 1850. However, the former did not acquire any recognition from art critics while the latter obtained great admiration. I will analyze the difference between them, and discuss how Paton’s and Millais’s works might reveal that Shakespearean fairy painting was in a dilemma in the mid-19th century. As Millais’s work is the only fairy painting of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, I will explore the reason why the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood were not interested in fairy painting. In addition, how the new factors which appeared in the 1850s impacted on the views of fairy and on the ways fairy painters interpreted fairies, is also an important issue that I will discuss in this chapter.