Artykuły w czasopismach: „Vestibular apparatus”

1

Naryshkin, A. G., I. V. Galanin, A. L. Gorelik, R. Yu Seliverstov i T. A. Skoromets. "Conceptual Aspects of Vestibular Neuromodulation". Физиология человека 49, nr 4 (1.07.2023): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0131164623700297.

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The review highlights the development of the vestibular system in phylo- and ontogenesis, also its influence on the forming and mature brain. Based on recent studies, neuronal networks formed under the influence of the vestibular apparatus (VA) have been described. The basic function of the VA is gravitational sensitivity, which is detected by the otolithic apparatus of the vestibule. Because of this peculiarity of the vestibular apparatus, according to the authors, the main property of the vestibular apparatus is its dominant participation in multimodal synthetic processes. Different methods of vestibular neuromodulation (VNM) and its possibilities in the treatment of various brain diseases are considered. The authors believe that the “point of application” of VNM is its effect on the macular vestibular apparatus, which explains its effectiveness in various diseases of the brain.

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Efimova, V. L. "THE ROLE OF VESTIBULAR HEARING IN SPEECH PERCEPTION (REVIEW OF FOREIGN RESEARCH)". Educational Psychology in Polycultural Space 66, nr 2 (2024): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24888/2073-8439-2024-66-2-25-34.

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The article presents a review of foreign studies on the participation of the vestibular system in speech perception. Although for a long time it was believed that the vestibular system is involved only in the management of balance and motor skills, there is increasing evidence that it is involved in cognitive processes such as memory, attention, and speech. There is no doubt that auditory perception is necessary for speech perception. The peripheral parts of the vestibular and auditory analyzers are anatomically closely related. But there is not enough research on how vestibular organs affect auditory perception. Evolutionarily, the vestibular apparatus appeared in animals much earlier than the peripheral hearing organs. The human vestibular apparatus consists of five paired sections: three semicircular canals and two otolith organs – the utriculus and sacculus. In the process of evolution, the semicircular canals of humans and other mammals underwent maximum changes. The ability to register auditory information was preserved only in one of the parts of the vestibular apparatus – sacculus. Vestibular (saccular) hearing allows us to register low-frequency sounds in the range from 100 to 1000 Hz. This helps speech perception, as this frequency range is associated with the perception of intonation and other prosodic components of the utterance. Saccular hearing also helps speech perception in noise. Data on the role of the vestibular apparatus in speech perception are useful for all speech and language specialists. The ability of the sacculus to respond to sound is used for instrumental diagnostics of the vestibular system – cervical vestibular myogenic evoked potentials (cVEMP).

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Trinus, K. F., i K. F. Claussen. "International clinical protocol of vestibular disorders (dizziness)". East European Journal of Neurology, nr 4(4) (20.09.2015): 4–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33444/2411-5797.2015.4(4).4-47.

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Vertigo - a common symptom, which traditionally presents the results of vestibular dysfunction and non vestibular dysfunction. Vertigo refers to violations of orientation in space. The main symptoms, which produce the patients in the survey: dizziness, subjective vertigo, dizziness objective, pseudo vertigo, imbalance, kinetosis. In many cases, dizziness is functional, rather than an organic nature. Diagnosis of the causes of vertigo arises from the concept of the structure of the vestibular apparatus, the main idea of which is the formation of vertigo in the vestibular system. Morpho-physiological, vestibular system consists of four main projections: vestibular-cortical (sensory), vestibular-motor, vestibular-autonomic and vestibular-limbic. One of the main methods of research of a condition the vestibular apparatus and projections are vestibular evoked potentials (VEP). Owing to this method, have been established objective limits to the sensitivity of the movement. Research of vestibular-spinal responses are based on Romberg test, Unterberger-Fukuda test and Uemura test. Evaluation and treatment of patients with dizziness will differ significantly once the category of dizziness has been determined

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Efimova, Victoria L., i Irina P. Volkova. "Vestibular system and human cognitive functions". Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 14, nr 6 (7.05.2024): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped626401.

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The article is a review of scientific research on the influence of the vestibular system on human cognitive functions. The vestibular apparatus is well studied. Research in recent decades using functional tomography techniques has shown that it has extensive connections with the subcortical and cortical structures of the brain that provide cognitive activity. Hypotheses are put forward that the conduction and processing of bioelectric impulses by the brain, which are recorded by the vestibular apparatus, creates the necessary background for the course of all cognitive processes. The vestibular apparatus has connections with the limbic system, hippocampus, striatum and neocortex. Therefore, vestibular dysfunctions can reduce the ability to learn, cause impaired attention, memory, executive functions, cause disorientation, and affect stress levels. An urgent area of research is the study of the influence of vestibular sensory reactivity on children’s learning ability. This influence has long been underestimated, since it was generally assumed that motor and cognitive development occur independently of each other. The mechanisms linking vestibular dysfunction with cognitive impairment have not yet been sufficiently studied. Further studies are needed to assess the possible impact of vestibular dysfunctions on attention, memory, and speech. Such studies are already underway. Their results are most relevant for patients with neurodegenerative disorders and for children with special needs.

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NAKAI, YOSHIAKI. "Structure and pathology of vestibular apparatus." Equilibrium Research 46, nr 2 (1987): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3757/jser.46.111.

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Virre, E. "Virtual reality and the vestibular apparatus". IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 15, nr 2 (1996): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/51.486717.

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Pereira, Emanuel, Bruno Ferreira, Ana Margarida Amorim i Paulo Menezes. "Immersive Technologies for Vestibular Rehabilitation". International Journal of Creative Interfaces and Computer Graphics 13, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcicg.311835.

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Vestibular vertigo accounts for about a quarter of dizziness complaints. Loss of vestibular function is a debilitating condition that causes nausea, spontaneous nystagmus, or disequilibrium, which is known to highly influence day-to-day tasks. Therefore, recovery should start as soon as possible, targeting the affected side of the vestibular apparatus, by performing a set of prescribed exercises. Aside from being a long and tiresome process, patients must perform these exercises, while trying to stimulate optokinetic, angular vestibulo-ocular, and vestibulospinal reflexes. The article presents the development of virtual reality serious games that can be played at home or in a rehabilitation clinic. The main objective is to increase patients' motivation, specifically during telerehabilitation which is essential for a faster recovery process. A preliminary evaluation was carried out to compare the users' experiences using a smartphone-based headset and a standalone commercial head-mounted display, the Oculus Quest.

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Efimova, Viktoriya Leonidovna, Elena Ivanovna Nikolaeva, Leonid Gennad'evich Buinov, Evgenii Gennad'evich Vergunov, Natal'ya Olegovna Nikolaeva, Antonina Leonidovna Khasnutdinova i Irina Sergeevna Mazurova. "The influence of vestibular training on dynamic visual acuity in primary school students with learning difficulties." Психология и Психотехника, nr 3 (marzec 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0722.2023.3.40581.

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The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing number of younger schoolchildren with difficulties in mastering reading and writing. In recent decades, the hypothesis has been confirmed that one of the causes of difficulties in mastering reading and writing in elementary school may be reduced sensory reactivity of the vestibular system. The article presents the results of an experimental study of dynamic visual acuity in children with learning difficulties. Dynamic visual acuity reflects the quality of interaction between the visual and vestibular systems. Its violations can complicate the development of reading and writing. The study involved 35 primary school students with learning difficulties. The study was conducted on the basis of a pediatric neurological clinic, instrumental studies and vestibular training were conducted as prescribed by a neurologist. At the first stage, functional diagnostics of vestibular function was carried out. The functions of the otolith part of the vestibular apparatus were evaluated by the method of cervical vestibular evoked potentials. The functions of the horizontal semicircular channels of the vestibular apparatus were evaluated by measuring the duration of post-rotational nystagmus. The experimental group included children whose learning difficulties were combined with sensory hyperactivity of the vestibular system or asymmetry of sensory reactivity of the vestibular system. Then the children underwent vestibular training on a riding simulator with visual biofeedback. The duration of the training is 14 days. The assessment of dynamic visual acuity was carried out by the standard method in sitting and standing positions before and after the training. Dynamic visual acuity depends on the quality of the vestibulocular reflex. It is shown that vestibular training on a riding simulator with visual biofeedback significantly improves dynamic visual acuity in a group of children with hyperactivity, symptoms of astheno-neurotic syndrome, asymmetry of sensory reactivity of the vestibular apparatus. Further research is needed to assess the impact of the training results on the success of children in learning.

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Černý, Rudolf, Ondřej Čakrt i Jaroslav Jeřábek. "Laboratory methods for investigating the vestibular apparatus". Neurologie pro praxi 18, nr 3 (1.07.2017): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/neu.2017.080.

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Bellé, Marcieli, Sílvia do Amaral Sartori i Angela Garcia Rossi. "Alcoholism: effects on the cochleo-vestibular apparatus". Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 73, nr 1 (styczeń 2007): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1808-8694(15)31132-0.

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S, Allen Counter, Peter Damberg, Sahar Nikkhou Aski, Kálmán Nagy, Cecilia Engmér Berglin i Göran Laurell. "Experimental Fusion of Contrast Enhanced High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging and High-Resolution Micro-Computed Tomography in Imaging the Mouse Inner Ear". Open Neuroimaging Journal 9, nr 1 (31.07.2015): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874440001509010007.

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Objective: Imaging cochlear, vestibular, and 8th cranial nerve abnormalities remains a challenge. In this study, the membranous and osseous labyrinths of the wild type mouse inner ear were examined using volumetric data from ultra high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium contrast at 9.4 Tesla and high-resolution micro-computed tomography (µCT) to visualize the scalae and vestibular apparatus, and to establish imaging protocols and parameters for comparative analysis of the normal and mutant mouse inner ear. Methods: For in vivo MRI acquisition, animals were placed in a Milleped coil situated in the isocenter of a horizontal 9.4 T Varian magnet. For µCT examination, cone beam scans were performed ex vivo following MRI using the µCT component of a nanoScan PET/CT in vivo scanner. Results: The fusion of Gd enhanced high field MRI and high-resolution µCT scans revealed the dynamic membranous labyrinth of the perilymphatic fluid filled scala tympani and scala vestibule of the cochlea, and semicircular canals of the vestibular apparatus, within the µCT visualized contours of the contiguous osseous labyrinth. The ex vivo µCT segmentation revealed the surface contours and structural morphology of each cochlea turn and the semicircular canals in 3 planes. Conclusions: The fusion of ultra high-field MRI and high-resolution µCT imaging techniques were complementary, and provided high-resolution dynamic and static visualization of the complex morphological features of the normal mouse inner ear structures, which may offer a valuable approach for the investigation of cochlear and vestibular abnormalities that are associated with birth defects related to genetic inner ear disorders in humans.

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Cortés-Pérez, Irene, Lourdes Salamanca-Montilla, Francisca Gámiz-Bermúdez, Esteban Obrero-Gaitán, Alfonso Javier Ibáñez-Vera i Rafael Lomas-Vega. "Vestibular Morphological Alterations in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies". Children 10, nr 1 (24.12.2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10010035.

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Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most frequent pediatric spinal deformity. Its treatment still shows limited results due to the existent lack of knowledge regarding etiopathogenesis. Thus, the purpose of the study is to check the existence of vestibular morphological alterations among idiopathic scoliosis patients. To meet the objective, we performed this systematic review searching studies in PubMed Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science, CINAHL Complete and SciELO until 15 September 2022. Articles that analyzed the morphology of the vestibular apparatus were selected, comparing subjects with AIS versus healthy subjects. Variables were selected that measured the orientation of the channels as well as the general conformation of the vestibular apparatus. One hundred and eighty-five records were retrieved in the preliminary searches, of which five studies were finally included, providing data from 154 participants (83 cases and 71 healthy controls) with a mean age 16.07 ± 2.48 years old. Two studies conclude that the superior and lateral semicircular canals are longer and thinner in patients with AIS. One study concluded that the measure between centers of superior and lateral canals and the angle whose vertex is placed the center of posterior canal were significantly shorter in subjects with AIS than in healthy controls in the left-side of vestibular apparatus. Two studies found an asymmetry in the verticality of the lateral canals on both sides in subjects with AIS, although it is not clear whether the left canal is in a more horizontal or vertical position. Patients with AIS seem to present morphological asymmetries of the vestibular apparatus, fundamentally on the left side. These anomalies seem to correlate with the location of the curve but not with its laterality or severity.

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Bonomo, Claudia, Luigi Fortuna, Salvatore Graziani, Manuela La Rosa, Donata Nicolosi i Giovanni Sicurella. "Towards Biocompatible Sensing Devices: An IPMC Based Artificial Vestibular System". Advances in Science and Technology 58 (wrzesień 2008): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.58.85.

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In this work the design and realization of an artificial vestibular system demonstrator is presented. The whole system is biologically inspired to the human vestibular apparatus. The mototransduction capabilities of ionomeric polymer-metal composite (IPMC) have been used in order to develop the prototype [1]. The reported results are the starting point to the future design and development of a miniaturized artificial vestibular system, integrating biocompatible materials and all-organic electronic devices [2].

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Kwon, Hyesoo, Hyung Lee i Hyun Ah Kim. "Central Positional Nystagmus in Focal Dentate Nucleus Lesion". Journal of the Korean Neurological Association 40, nr 2 (1.05.2022): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17340/jkna.2022.2.6.

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Central positional nystagmus arises due to disruption of brainstem or cerebellar vestibular networks. Most of patients with central positional nystagmus had lesions focal or diffusion cerebellar or pontine lesion. From a clinical perspective, the presence of central positional nystagmus is thus highly predictive of lesions in the posterior fossa, including the vestibular apparatus, brainstem vestibular nuclei, and midline cerebellar structures within the vermis. We experienced central positional nystagmus in focal infarction in dentate nucleus.

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KMENT, PETR, i JITKA VILÍMOVÁ. "Thoracic scent efferent system of Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): a review of terminology". Zootaxa 2706, nr 1 (22.01.2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2706.1.1.

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The terminology used for structures constituing the thoracic scent efferent system is reviewed and discussed, with the emphasis on the Pentatomoidea. The most suitable terms are selected and suggested for a general use, i.e., scent gland system, metathoracic scent apparatus, thoracic scent efferent system, internal scent efferent system, internal orifice, vestibule, vestibular furrows, external scent efferent system, ostiolar plate, metepimeral pseudosuture, ostiole, ostiolar groove, periostiolar depression, vestibular scar, peritreme, supporting projection, median furrow, auricle, spout, (peritremal) groove, (peritremal) ruga, (peritremal) disc, peritremal lobes, terminal lobe, pseudoperitremal structures, pseudoperitreme, evaporatorium, evaporatory channel, gyrification, mycoid microsculpture, mycoid surface, mushroom body, stem, cap, bridge, alveole, trabeculae, peritremal microsculpture, peritremal surface. The traditional terminology describing the external scent efferent system (especially peritreme) in Cydnidae is discussed and reinterpreted. All the suggested terms are illustrated by scanning electron micrographs and an extensive synonymic list is given for most of them.

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Jones, Sherri M., i Timothy A. Jones. "Genetics of Peripheral Vestibular Dysfunction: Lessons from Mutant Mouse Strains". Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 25, nr 03 (marzec 2014): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.25.3.8.

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Background: A considerable amount of research has been published about genetic hearing impairment. Fifty to sixty percent of hearing loss is thought to have a genetic cause. Genes may also play a significant role in acquired hearing loss due to aging, noise exposure, or ototoxic medications. Between 1995 and 2012, over 100 causative genes have been identified for syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of hereditary hearing loss. Mouse models have been extremely valuable in facilitating the discovery of hearing loss genes and in understanding inner ear pathology due to genetic mutations or elucidating fundamental mechanisms of inner ear development. Purpose: Whereas much is being learned about hereditary hearing loss and the genetics of cochlear disorders, relatively little is known about the role genes may play in peripheral vestibular impairment. Here we review the literature with regard to genetics of vestibular dysfunction and discuss what we have learned from studies using mutant mouse models and direct measures of peripheral vestibular neural function. Results: Several genes are considered that when mutated lead to varying degrees of inner ear vestibular dysfunction due to deficits in otoconia, stereocilia, hair cells, or neurons. Behavior often does not reveal the inner ear deficit. Many of the examples presented are also known to cause human disorders. Conclusions: Knowledge regarding the roles of particular genes in the operation of the vestibular sensory apparatus is growing, and it is clear that gene products co-expressed in the cochlea and vestibule may play different roles in the respective end organs. The discovery of new genes mediating critical inner ear vestibular function carries the promise of new strategies in diagnosing, treating, and managing patients as well as predicting the course and level of morbidity in human vestibular disease.

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Faulstich, M., A. M. van Alphen, C. Luo, S. du Lac i C. I. De Zeeuw. "Oculomotor Plasticity During Vestibular Compensation Does Not Depend on Cerebellar LTD". Journal of Neurophysiology 96, nr 3 (wrzesień 2006): 1187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00045.2006.

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Vestibular paradigms are widely used for investigating mechanisms underlying cerebellar motor learning. These include adaptation of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) after visual-vestibular mismatch training and vestibular compensation after unilateral damage to the vestibular apparatus. To date, various studies have shown that VOR adaptation may be supported by long-term depression (LTD) at the parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse. Yet it is unknown to what extent vestibular compensation may depend on this cellular process. Here we investigated adaptive gain changes in the VOR and optokinetic reflex during vestibular compensation in transgenic mice in which LTD is specifically blocked in Purkinje cells via expression of a peptide inhibitor of protein kinase C (L7-PKCi mutants). The results demonstrate that neither the strength nor the time course of vestibular compensation are affected by the absence of LTD. In contrast, analysis of vestibular compensation in spontaneous mutants that lack a functional olivo-cerebellar circuit ( lurchers) shows that this form of motor learning is severely impaired. We conclude that oculomotor plasticity during vestibular compensation depends critically on intact cerebellar circuitry but not on the occurrence of cerebellar LTD.

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Jacot, E., i S. Wiener-Vacher. "Potential value of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in paediatric neuropathies". Journal of Vestibular Research 18, nr 4 (1.12.2008): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2008-18406.

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Purpose: Showing the interest of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in paediatric neurological vestibulospinal pathology detection and followup. Materials and methods: The vestibular evoked myogenic potentials testing apparatus presented is now commonly used in ENT clinics for patients from 1 month of age. Our system and protocol permits control to evoke and select the best EMG level and makes possible a comparison of data from different sides or level of stimulation or different sessions. Normal vestibular evoked myogenic potentials latencies obtained with tone bursts were remarkably stable (P: 13 +/− 0.8 ms, N: 19.6 +/− 1.6 ms). The reported case illustrates abnormal vestibular evoked myogenic potentials latencies in neuropathy. Results: A 6 y.o. child with progressive imbalance was referred to the ENT department for vestibular functional evaluation. Abnormally long latencies in the vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and neurological examination oriented the diagnosis towards Guillain-Barre syndrome and immediate referral to a neurology department. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials also helped to monitor the neurological recovery. Conclusion: The present case shows the potential value of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in diagnosis and evaluation of descending brainstem pathways in neuropathies like Guillain-Barre syndrome in complement to neurological evaluation.

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Sato, Hiroaki, Isamu Sando i Haruo Takahashi. "Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Measurement of the Human Vestibular Apparatus". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 107, nr 3 (wrzesień 1992): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989210700311.

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Using a computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement method, 12 measurements were made to determine the dimensions of the maculae, cristae ampullares, and semicircular canals in 18 temporal bones from nine pairs of age-matched male and female individuals (1 day to 76 years old). The surface areas of the utricular and saccular maculae were significantly larger in male than in female specimens (two-way analysis of variance, F = 9.00, df = 1, p<0.01; F = 4.57, df = 1, p < 0.05, respectively). The width of the utricular macula and the length of the saccular macula were also significantly greater in male than in female specimens (two-way analysis of variance, F = 5.17, df = 1, p < 0.05; F = 4.33, df = 1, p < 0.05, respectively). Finally, the three semicircular canals were larger in diameter in male vs. female specimens; this difference was statistically significant for the superior semicircular canal (two-way analysis of variance, F = 10.74, df = 1, p < 0.01). By contrast, none of these dimensions of those vestibular structures showed any significant change in size with advancing postnatal age. We propose from these findings that there appears to be sexual dimorphism in the vestibular apparatus.

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Rine, Rose. "Vestibular Rehabilitation for Children". Seminars in Hearing 39, nr 03 (20.07.2018): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1666822.

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AbstractThis article focuses on vestibular rehabilitation (VR) for children. Reports of the presence of vestibular dysfunction in infants, young children, and adolescents have increased over the past decade. In addition to being a comorbidity of sensorineural hearing loss, vestibular dysfunction has been noted in children with cytomegalovirus, late prematurity, and concussion, to name a few. Despite ample evidence and reports of VR for adults, the selection and provision of exercises to be included in the VR protocol for children vary, depending on the nature of the lesion, impairments identified, age at the time of lesion, and developmental factors such as critical periods of development and intermodality interdependence. Unlike adults, children with loss of function or hypofunction of the vestibular apparatus since or shortly after birth present with a developmental delay that is progressive. Very young children may not be able to describe symptoms but rather only avoid activities or cry. This report provides a review of vestibular-related impairments in children, determinants of the symptoms and functional impairments of vestibular dysfunction, the mechanisms of recovery in children, the challenges of VR for children, and a summary of research on the efficacy for VR for children.

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Levasseur, Régis, Jean Pierre Sabatier, Olivier Etard, Pierre Denise i Annie Reber. "Labyrinthectomy decreases bone mineral density in the femoral metaphysis in rats". Journal of Vestibular Research 14, nr 5 (1.11.2004): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2004-14501.

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To determine whether the vestibular system could influence bone remodeling in rats, we measured bone mineral density with dual energy X-rays absorptiometry before and 30 days after bilateral labyrinthectomy. Comparatively to intact control rats, labyrinthectomized animals showed a reduced bone mineral density in distal femoral metaphysis (p = 0.007): the variations between D0 and D30 were +3.0% for controls and -13.9% for labyrinthectomized rats. No significant difference between the 2 groups was observed in the whole body mineral density. These results suggest that the peripheral vestibular apparatus is a modulator of bone mass and more specifically in weight bearing bone. We discuss possible mechanisms of this vestibular influence probably mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.

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McCluskey, S. U., L. R. Marotte i K. W. S. Ashwell. "Development of the Vestibular Apparatus and Central Vestibular Connections in a Wallaby (Macropus eugenii)". Brain, Behavior and Evolution 71, nr 4 (2008): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000127047.

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Nakashima, Tsutomu, Toru Suzuki, Hironobu Morisaki i Noriyuki Yanagita. "Blood Flow in the Cochlea, Vestibular Apparatus and Facial Nerve". Acta Oto-Laryngologica 111, nr 4 (styczeń 1991): 738–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489109138406.

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Lyon, Michael J., i Jeffrey M. King. "Aging Rat Vestibular Ganglion: II. Quantitative Electron Microscopic Evaluation". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 106, nr 9 (wrzesień 1997): 753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949710600908.

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This laboratory has shown that age-related vestibular ganglion cell loss does not occur in the Wistar rat as it does in humans. However, in that study, intracellular changes were evident. The purpose of the present study was to quantitate some of these changes. The volume densities of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), Golgi apparatus, and aging pigment, as well as the diameter of the vestibular ganglion cells, of young (3 to 5 months) and old (24 to 31 months) female Wistar rats were determined by electron microscopy and stereological techniques. The data show a significant decrease in the volume densities of mitochondria (11.4%), Golgi apparatus (8.1%), and RER (8.9%), a significant increase in aging pigment (327%), and no change in mean profile diameter. These results suggest a decreased capacity for oxidative metabolism and protein synthesis that may reflect a decrease in the number of hair cells innervated by each ganglion cell and/or in the number of central connections. In either case, these findings suggest impaired metabolic and functional capabilities.

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Manohar Reddy, LakkuV, Rahul Naga, DK Gupta i Sunil Mathews. "Assessment of peripheral vestibular apparatus in patients with peripheral vestibular symptoms using videonystagmography in tertiary care center". Journal of Marine Medical Society 25, nr 2 (2023): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jmms.jmms_25_23.

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Vadzyuk, S. N., R. M. Shmata, T. A. Lebedeva i L. B. Lozina. "AGE FEATURES OF THE VESTIBULAR ANALYZER". Fiziolohichnyĭ zhurnal 69, nr 4 (21.07.2023): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fz69.04.103.

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The main importance of the vestibular system is to maintain the vertical position of a person and ensure the coordination of movements. The peculiarity of the structure of the vestibular apparatus prompts it to be constantly in a state of spontaneous activity. This is due to the effect on it of afferent impulses that come from the labyrinths to the vestibular centers. With proper excitability, this information indicates the normal course of physiological reactions. In this regard, persons with normal vestibular sensitivity have not experience symptoms of impaired vestibular function. However, in cases where this spontaneous impulse changes due to the influence of external and internal factors, and the inhibition mechanisms are not sufficiently activated, symptoms appear that indicate the insufficiency of vestibular afferentation compensation processes and are manifestations of increased excitability of the vestibular analyzer. It is known from literary sources that increased sensitivity of the vestibular analyzer is widespread among the population. At the same time, there is a tendency to increase the prevalence of increased sensitivity of the vestibular analyzer among people of different ages. The review presents modern views on the peculiarities of the functional activity of the vestibular analyzer in different age periods. We are describe features of development, structure and reflex activity to ensure the vital activity of the organism from the beginning of intrauterine development to old age. We considered functions of ensuring a sense of position and movement of the body in space, maintaining both a posture at rest and during movement in different age periods. We also analyzed data on the frequency of symptoms of a vestibular analyzer disorder.

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Kirollos, Ramy, Robert S. Allison i Stephen Palmisano. "Cortical Correlates of the Simulated Viewpoint Oscillation Advantage for Vection". Multisensory Research 30, nr 7-8 (2017): 739–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002593.

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Behavioural studies have consistently found stronger vection responses for oscillating, compared to smooth/constant, patterns of radial flow (the simulated viewpoint oscillation advantage for vection). Traditional accounts predict that simulated viewpoint oscillation should impair vection by increasing visual–vestibular conflicts in stationary observers (as this visual oscillation simulates self-accelerations that should strongly stimulate the vestibular apparatus). However, support for increased vestibular activity during accelerating vection has been mixed in the brain imaging literature. This fMRI study examined BOLD activity in visual (cingulate sulcus visual area — CSv; medial temporal complex — MT+; V6; precuneus motion area — PcM) and vestibular regions (parieto-insular vestibular cortex — PIVC/posterior insular cortex — PIC; ventral intraparietal region — VIP) when stationary observers were exposed to vection-inducing optic flow (i.e., globally coherent oscillating and smooth self-motion displays) as well as two suitable control displays. In line with earlier studies in which no vection occurred, CSv and PIVC/PIC both showed significantly increased BOLD activity during oscillating global motion compared to the other motion conditions (although this effect was found for fewer subjects in PIVC/PIC). The increase in BOLD activity in PIVC/PIC during prolonged exposure to the oscillating (compared to smooth) patterns of global optical flow appears consistent with vestibular facilitation.

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Magnusson, M., G. Andersson, S. Gomez, R. Johansson, A. Mårtensson, M. Karlberg i P. A. Fransson. "Cervical muscle afferents play a dominant role over vestibular afferents during bilateral vibration of neck muscles". Journal of Vestibular Research 16, nr 3 (1.11.2006): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2006-16305.

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A previous study showed that vibratory stimulation of neck muscles in humans induced short-latency electromyographic (EMG) activation of lower leg muscles, producing postural reactions at the feet. These findings indicated that cervical proprioception contributes to stabilization of stance through rapidly integrated pathways. However, as vibration may excite both proprioceptive and vestibular afferents, and because of the proximity of neck muscles to the vestibular apparatus, neck muscle vibration could also have activated the vestibular system thereby contributing to the effect observed. To investigate any possible contribution of vestibular stimulation, vibratory stimuli were applied bilaterally and separately to the splenius muscles of the neck and the planum mastoideum overlying the vestibular organs. Ten normal subjects, with eyes closed, were exposed to vibratory stimulation of two different amplitudes and frequencies. Responses were assessed by EMG activity recorded from tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles of both legs and by changes in center of pressure as measured by a force platform. Results indicated that vibration induced reproducible EMG and postural responses in the anteroposterior direction, particularly on cessation of vibration. EMG and postural responses were considerably lower and less consistent with mastoid vibration compared with neck muscles vibration. Previous reports suggest that vibratory stimulation could propagate to the vestibular organs and generate a vestibular-induced postural activation. However, our findings indicate that cervical muscles afferents play a dominant role over vestibular afferents when vibration is directed towards the neck muscles.

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Lemajic-Komazec, Slobodanka, i Zoran Komazec. "Initial evaluation of vertigo". Medical review 59, nr 11-12 (2006): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0612585l.

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Dizziness is one of the most common reasons patients visit their physicians. Balance control depends on receiving afferent sensory information from several sensory systems: vestibular, optical and proprioceptive. Bioelectric signals, generated by body movements in the semicircular canals and in the otolithic apparatus, are transported via the vestibular nerve to the vestibular nucleus. All four vestibular nuclei, located bilaterally in medial longitudinal fasciculus, are linked with central nervous system structures. These central nervous system structures are involved in maintaining visual stability, spatial orientation and balance control. Nystagmus is a result of afferent signals balance disorders. Nystagmus due to peripheral lesions is conjugate nystagmus, because there is a bilateral central connection. Lesions above the vestibular nuclei induce deficits in synchronization and conjugation of eye movements, thus the nystagmus is dissociated. This paper shows that in peripheral vestibular disorders spontaneous nystagmus is rhythmic, associated, horizontal-rotatory or horizontal, with subjective sensation of dizziness which decreases with time and harmonic signs whose direction coincides with the slow phase of nystagmus and it is associated with mild disorders during pendular stimulation with statistically significant vestibular hypofunction. Spontaneous nystagmus in central vestibular lesions is severe, dissociated, horizontal, rotatory or vertical, without changes related to optical suppression; if vestibular symptoms are present, they are non-harmonic. In central disorders, findings after thermal stimulation are either normal or pathological, with dysrhythmias and inhibition in pendular stimulation. This paper deals with differential diagnosis of vertigo based on anamnesis and clinical examination, as well as objective diagnostic tests. .

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Ribarić, Ksenija, Branko Kekić i Ranko Dergenc. "On the Capability of the Vestibular Apparatus to Perceive Sound Stimuli". Acta Oto-Laryngologica 112, nr 2 (styczeń 1992): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00016489.1992.11665408.

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Magliulo, Giuseppe, Donato Parrotto, Mario Gagliardi i Francesca Romana Alla. "Selective Damage of the Vestibular Apparatus Following Toxic Effects of Streptomycin". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 137, nr 1 (lipiec 2007): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2007.02.014.

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P., Devi N., i J. K. Mukkadan. "EFFECT OF ROTATORY VESTIBULAR STIMULATION ON LEARNING AND MEMORY IN RATS-STANDARDIZATION OF A NOVEL METHOD". International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, nr 1 (31.12.2016): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i1.14940.

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Objective: To find out the effect of rotatory vestibular stimulation in cognition in rats through examining the behavioural patterns, the alterations in dendritic arborization and changes in AChE activity.Methods: Rotatory vestibular stimulation was provided in a rotatory vestibular apparatus at a rate of 50 rpm for 5 min, for 30 d for rats. 0.3 mg/kg of physostigmine also administered to rats of another group as a standard drug. No rotatory vestibular stimulation or physostigmine is provided to the control rats. Behavioural analysis, Neuromorphological and biochemical studies were done after vestibular stimulation.Results: No. of trails for acquisition and retention reduced significantly in treated rats when compared with the control rats. In all the treated rats the dendritic arborization increased significantly, and activity of AChE decreased significantly when compare with the control.Conclusion: Rotatory vestibular stimulation enhances learning and memory via increasing dendritic arborization and inhibiting acetyl-cholinesterase activity in rats.

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Beisel, Kirk W., Yesha Wang-Lundberg, Adel Maklad i Bernd Fritzsch. "Development and evolution of the vestibular sensory apparatus of the mammalian ear". Journal of Vestibular Research 15, nr 5-6 (1.11.2005): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2005-155-601.

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Herein, we will review molecular aspects of vestibular ear development and present them in the context of evolutionary changes and hair cell regeneration. Several genes guide the development of anterior and posterior canals. Although some of these genes are also important for horizontal canal development, this canal strongly depends on a single gene, Otx1. Otx1 also governs the segregation of saccule and utricle. Several genes are essential for otoconia and cupula formation, but protein interactions necessary to form and maintain otoconia or a cupula are not yet understood. Nerve fiber guidance to specific vestibular end-organs is predominantly mediated by diffusible neurotrophic factors that work even in the absence of differentiated hair cells. Neurotrophins, in particular Bdnf, are the most crucial attractive factor released by hair cells. If Bdnf is misexpressed, fibers can be redirected away from hair cells. Hair cell differentiation is mediated by Atoh1. However, Atoh1 may not initiate hair cell precursor formation. Resolving the role of Atoh1 in postmitotic hair cell precursors is crucial for future attempts in hair cell regeneration. Additional analyses are needed before gene therapy can help regenerate hair cells, restore otoconia, and reconnect sensory epithelia to the brain.

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Nikolaev, Andrey V., Sergey A. Popov, Elena A. Satygo i Mikhail A. Postnikov. "Comparison of the surgically assisted orthodontic rehabilitation techniques of patients with transversal maxillary defficiency". Aspirantskiy Vestnik Povolzhiya 19, nr 5-6 (28.05.2020): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2072-2354.2019.19.3.98-103.

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The article considers comparison of the outcomes of surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion with the use of tooth-borne and bone-borne expansion appliances in patients with transversal maxillary deficiency. 76 computed tomography scans of 38 patients (24 with bone-borne anchorage, 14 with tooth-borne ones) were studied. Examination of the expansion was performed before the treatment onset and after the activation of the screw of the distraction apparatus. Expansion was evaluated in the areas of canines, premolars and first molars. The maximal amount of the vestibular tooth crown inclination was revealed in premolars with tooth-borne appliances. The use of bone-borne appliances allows to achieve the greatest effect of tooth body shift in a vestibular direction.

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Lacquaniti, Francesco, Gianfranco Bosco, Silvio Gravano, Iole Indovina, Barbara La Scaleia, Vincenzo Maffei i Myrka Zago. "Multisensory Integration and Internal Models for Sensing Gravity Effects in Primates". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/615854.

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Gravity is crucial for spatial perception, postural equilibrium, and movement generation. The vestibular apparatus is the main sensory system involved in monitoring gravity. Hair cells in the vestibular maculae respond to gravitoinertial forces, but they cannot distinguish between linear accelerations and changes of head orientation relative to gravity. The brain deals with this sensory ambiguity (which can cause some lethal airplane accidents) by combining several cues with the otolith signals: angular velocity signals provided by the semicircular canals, proprioceptive signals from muscles and tendons, visceral signals related to gravity, and visual signals. In particular, vision provides both static and dynamic signals about body orientation relative to the vertical, but it poorly discriminates arbitrary accelerations of moving objects. However, we are able to visually detect the specific acceleration of gravity since early infancy. This ability depends on the fact that gravity effects are stored in brain regions which integrate visual, vestibular, and neck proprioceptive signals and combine this information with an internal model of gravity effects.

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Kadhim, Mohammed Jawad, Falah Muosa Kadhim AL-Rekabi i Duriad Abdulhadi Abass. "The neurobehavioral and withdrawal effects of diazepam in adult male rats". Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences 5, nr 2 (31.12.2014): 306–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36326/kjvs/2014/v5i24184.

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The study conducted to evaluate the neurobehavioral effects and dependence in adult male rats which showed significant decrease (p<0.05) in exploration, vestibular system (increasing time of rotating on negative geotaxis apparatus), decrease cognition, short term memory, locomotors activity (decrease time of rotating on Rota rod apparatus), where these results was confirmed by histopathological changes of brain which represent by congestion, perivascular edema, focal gliosis and mononuclear cells infiltrations in groups treated with diazepam. The results of withdrawal study after one week of stop dosing of diazepam treatment showed signs of addiction represented by hyperactivity, restlessness, diarrhea and goose flesh in dose dependent manner.

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Urciuoli, Alessandro, Clément Zanolli, Amélie Beaudet, Marta Pina, Sergio Almécija, Salvador Moyà-Solà i David M. Alba. "A comparative analysis of the vestibular apparatus in Epipliopithecus vindobonensis: Phylogenetic implications". Journal of Human Evolution 151 (luty 2021): 102930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102930.

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Zhang, Tian-yu, Pei-dong Dai, Zheng-min Wang, Ke-qiang Wang, Jim Chen i Le Xie. "A Contour Map of the Ear's Vestibular Apparatus Based on 3D Reconstruction". Computing in Science and Engineering 9, nr 1 (styczeń 2007): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcse.2007.1.

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Gabriele, Pietro, Roberto Orecchia, Mauro Magnano, Roberto Albera i Gian Luca Sannazzari. "Vestibular apparatus disorders after external radiation therapy for head and neck cancers". Radiotherapy and Oncology 25, nr 1 (wrzesień 1992): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8140(92)90191-v.

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Urciuoli, Alessandro, Clément Zanolli, Amélie Beaudet, Marta Pina, Sergio Almécija, Salvador Moyà-Solà i David M. Alba. "A comparative analysis of the vestibular apparatus in Epipliopithecus vindobonensis: Phylogenetic implications". Journal of Human Evolution 151 (luty 2021): 102930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102930.

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Tsutsumi, Takeshi, Miho Murakami, Junko Kawaishi, Wakako Chida, Yutaka Fukuoka i Kensuke Watanabe. "Postural stability during visual stimulation and the contribution from the vestibular apparatus". Acta Oto-Laryngologica 130, nr 4 (2.11.2009): 464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016480903292718.

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Wu, Hongcheng, Juanxiu Liu, Gui Chen, Weixing Liu, Ruqian Hao, Lin Liu, Guangming Ni, Yong Liu, Xiaowen Zhang i Jing Zhang. "Automatic Semicircular Canal Segmentation of CT Volumes Using Improved 3D U-Net with Attention Mechanism". Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (7.09.2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9654059.

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The vestibular system is the sensory apparatus that helps the body maintain its postural equilibrium, and semicircular canal is an important organ of the vestibular system. The semicircular canals are three membranous tubes, each forming approximately two-thirds of a circle with a diameter of approximately 6.5 mm, and segmenting them accurately is of great benefit for auxiliary diagnosis, surgery, and treatment of vestibular disease. However, the semicircular canal has small volume, which accounts for less than 1% of the overall computed tomography image. Doctors have to annotate the image in a slice-by-slice manner, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. To solve this problem, we propose a novel 3D convolutional neural network based on 3D U-Net to automatically segment the semicircular canal. We added the spatial attention mechanism of 3D spatial squeeze and excitation modules, as well as channel attention mechanism of 3D global attention upsample modules to improve the network performance. Our network achieved an average dice coefficient of 92.5% on the test dataset, which shows competitive performance in semicircular canals segmentation task.

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Medvedev, I. N., V. Yu Karpov, O. N. Makurina, M. V. Eremin, A. V. Dorontsev, F. R. Sibgatulina i D. A. Ivanov. "Functional Reaction of the Cardiovascular System to Irritation of Vestibular Receptors in Students Engaged in Different Types of Martial Arts". International Journal of Biology and Biomedical Engineering 16 (3.01.2022): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91011.2022.16.12.

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Regular dosed physical activity in all cases has a tonic and healing effect on a person. Feasible muscle activity helps to improve the function of the heart, lungs, blood vessels and the nervous system. In martial arts, the reactivity of the vestibular apparatus is of great importance, providing the flow of information about the current position of the body in space, the success of movement in it and maintaining the stability of the posture due to the effective redistribution of muscle tone. Purpose of the work: to find out the dependence of the reaction of the cardiovascular system to the arising vestibular irritation in different types of martial arts. Martial arts classes help to increase the degree of vestibular stability. The statokinetic stability is very pronounced and increases in the course of hand-to-hand combat, which has a lot of moments with different severity of angular accelerations. The peculiarities of motor activity in any kind of martial arts inevitably affect the peculiarities of the reaction to the test with a change in the position of the head.

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Ryzhova, I. V., E. A. Korneva, T. V. Tobias, E. A. Protasov i E. A. Vershinina. "Interferon α2b As a Modulator of the Afferent Glutamatergic Synapse of the Frog Vestibular Apparatus". Биологические мембраны Журнал мембранной и клеточной биологии 40, nr 6 (1.11.2023): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0233475523060087.

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Reportedly, the innate and adaptive immunity molecules can modulate the synaptic activity of the central nervous system. Interferons are widely used in the treatment of oncological and viral diseases. Even though interferons are classified as ototoxic substances, the mechanism of their effect on the synaptic activity of the inner ear remains unexplored. Here, we analyzed modulating influences of interferon α2b (IFN-α2b) on the function of afferent glutamatergic synapse in the conditions of drug application to the synaptic zone. The experiments were performed on the isolated vestibular apparatus of a frog (Rana temporaria) using an electrophysiological method. IFN-α2b (0.2–40 ng/mL) caused an increase in the background pulse activity of afferent fibers, followed by a decrease in the frequency of discharges, usually at high concentrations of the interferon. Besides, IFN-α2b decreased the glutamate (L-Glu) evoked response and modulated the level of afferent fiber activity restored by L-Glu under the conditions of blockade of the glutamate release from hair cells in hyper-Mg2+ and hypo-Ca2+ solution. This suggests the postsynaptic effect of IFN-α2b. The presented data indicate the neuromodulating effect of interferon on the synaptic activity of the afferent synapse of the vestibular apparatus.

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Rueß, D., L. Pöhlmann, S. Jünger, M. Kocher i M. Ruge. "P03.02.B Vestibular side effects following robotic guided stereotactic radiosurgery of vestibular schwannoma". Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_2 (1.09.2022): ii32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac174.106.

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Abstract Background New-onset vestibular disorders (VD), such as dizziness and imbalance, are common side effects after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for vestibular schwannomas (VS). Although these symptoms can severely affect the daily life of VS patients, there are limited data available providing prognostic information on the risk of developing VD after SRS. Material and Methods We included patients who received Cyberknife® SRS for newly diagnosed unilateral VS between 2012 and 2015. The incidence of vestibular disorders before and after treatment was recorded and correlated with tumor, patient, and treatment characteristics. Results We identified 71 patients with a median age of 58 years (range: 21-82) and a median follow-up of 66 months (range: 3-105). Tumor volume before treatment was 1.5 cm3 ± 1.4 (range: 0.1-8.6). A mean marginal dose of 12.9 Gy ± 0.3 (range: 12-14) was administered, and all studied patients remained free of tumor recurrence. Forty-one (58%) of the patients had VD prior to SRS. Of the remaining 30 patients who did not have VD before treatment, 16 (53%) developed new VD (vertigo, n=4; balance disorders, n=8; mixture of VD, n=4). The median time to onset of symptoms was 6 months (range: 2-36). In most patients (n=11, 69%), the new symptoms completely resolved within a median time of 21 months (range: 1-63). In multivariate analysis, neither tumor volume (p=0.7), age (p=0.06), nor radiation dose (p=0.16) were significantly associated with the occurrence of VD. Conclusion In this cohort, about half of the patients develop new onset of transient VD after SRS. The incidence of VD after SRS was found to be independent from usual tumor-, patient- and treatment-related factors. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the dose exposure to the structures of the vestibular apparatus is recommended.

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Aref, Mohammed, Katherine Kunigelis, Stephen P. Cass i A. Samy Youssef. "Retrosigmoid Approach for Vestibular Schwannoma". Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base 80, S 03 (26.11.2018): S271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1673703.

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Vestibular schwannoma is a benign tumor that affects 3% of the population, but accounts for 85% of tumors occurring at the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). In this case, we present a 48-year-old female with history of cholesteatoma on the right and chronic suppurative otitis media on the left who presented with an 18 month history of bilateral hearing loss, worse on the right. Investigations revealed a right sided vestibular schwannoma measuring 1.6 cm in diameter. Audiogram revealed an AAO–HNS (American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery) class C hearing on the right and class B on the left. There are several management options for this size of vestibular schwannoma including observation and radiosurgery. However, preserving cochlear nerve function remains a challenging enterprise. Furthermore, the ideal management that confers the highest chance of hearing preservation remains heavily debated. Given the patient's young age, the goal of hearing preservation and the tumor size/extension into the CPA, surgery was decided through a right retrosigmoid transmeatal approach for tumor resection with intraoperative brain auditory evoked responses monitoring. For hearing preservation, we emphasize few important dissection techniques: tumor debulking from the top first to avoid early manipulation of the cochlear nerve at the bottom of the tumor, sharp dissection from medial to lateral off the vestibular nerve which is kept intact as a tension band to minimize cochlear nerve manipulations, and limit the drilling of the posterolateral wall of the internal auditory canal (IAC) medial to the labyrinth and endolymphatic apparatus. Postoperatively, the patient was discharged home within 2 days, with imaging showing a gross total resection. Follow-up audiogram shows unchanged pure tone thresholds.The link to the Video can be found at: https://youtu.be/Z5ftkpJN5k8.

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Harada, Yasuo, i Shigeo Kasuga. "Three—dimensional Observation of the Golgi Apparatus in the Vestibular (Scarpa's) Ganglion Cell". Acta Oto-Laryngologica 113, sup503 (styczeń 1993): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489309128098.

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Inagaki, Taro, Mamoru Suzuki, Koji Otsuka, Masanori Yatomi, Miho Negishi i Yasuo Ogawa. "Effect of ischemia on the vestibular apparatus: an experiment using the bullfrog model". Equilibrium Research 72, nr 6 (2013): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3757/jser.72.472.

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Andreiuk, N. L. "THE INFLUENCE OF SPORTS TRAINING ON THE STABILITY OF THE VESTIBULAR HUMAN APPARATUS". World of Medicine and Biology 13, nr 61 (2017): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.26724/2079-8334-2017-3-61-166-168.

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Tsutsumi, Takeshi, Hidenori Inaoka, Yutaka Fukuoka, Akimasa Ishida i Ken Kitamura. "Contribution of the Vestibular Apparatus to Postural Control when Rising from a Chair". Acta Oto-Laryngologica 123, nr 9 (wrzesień 2003): 1054–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00016480310000601.

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