Rozprawy doktorskie: „Venereal diseases”

1

Ussher, Greg. "'The medical gaze and the watchful eye' : the treatment, prevention and epidemiology of venereal diseases in New South Wales c.1901 - 1925". University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3565.

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Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)
From Federation in 1901 through the first three decades of the twentieth century there was a perceptible shift in modes of rule in New South Wales (NSW) related to the management of venereal diseases. At the beginning of the twentieth century a medicopenal approach was central. By 1925, persuasion and ‘responsibilisation’ were becoming important modes, and young people rather than ‘case-hardened prostitutes' were assessed as being a ‘venereal’ risk. Framing this period were three important legislative developments which informed, and were informed by, these shifts: the NSW Prisoners Detention Act 1909, the NSW Select Committee into the Prevalence of Venereal Diseases 1915 and the NSW Venereal Diseases Act 1918. At its core this thesis is concerned with examining shifting modes of rule. This thesis closely examines each. I suggest that these modes of rule can be viewed through the lens of biopolitics, and following Foucault, deploy the ‘medical gaze’ and the ‘watchful eye’ as constructs to examine the relationship between the government of self, government of others and government of the state. I use the medical gaze to describe not only the individual venereal patient attending a hospital and the body of the patient diagnosed with syphilis and/or gonorrhoea, but most importantly to describe the power relationship between the medical practitioner, the teaching hospital and the patient. I use the watchful eye in a more overarching way to suggest the suite of techniques and apparatus deployed by government to monitor and regulate the venereal body politic, both the populations perceived to be posing a venereal risk, and populations at risk of venereal infection. In relation to the venereal body and the venereal body politic, I analyse three fundamental aspects of the management of venereal diseases: treatment, prevention and epidemiology. Treatment: Over this period, treatment moved from lock institutions to outpatient clinics. Embodied in this change was a widespread institutional ambivalence towards treating venereal patients. I contend that treatment of venereal diseases was painful, prolonged and punitive precisely because of the moral sickness perceived to be at the iv heart of venereal infection. I track this ambivalence to a systemic fear of institutional ‘venerealisation’, which decreased perceptibly across the period. Closely analysing surviving patient records, I argue that in their conduct, venereal patients were often compliant, conscientious and responsible. Prevention: I argue that preventative approaches to venereal diseases became increasingly complex, and operated in three domains – preventative medicine (diagnosis, treatment and vaccination); public health prevention (notification, isolation and disinfection); and prevention education (social purity campaigns and sex hygiene). An emerging plethora of community-based organisations and campaigns began to shift the sites and practices of power. Epidemiology: I suggest that there was a shift from danger to risk in the conceptualisation of venereal diseases. This shift necessitated a focus on factors affecting populations, as opposed to factors affecting individuals. This in turn led to the deployment of various techniques to monitor the conduct of venereal populations. The NSW Venereal Diseases Act 1918 created two important new venereal categories: the ‘notified person’ and the ‘defaulter,’ both of which came to permeate renditions of venereal patients throughout the 20th century.

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Lemar, Susan. "Control, compulsion and controversy: venereal diseases in Adelaide and Edinburgh 1910-1947". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl548.pdf.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 280-305). Argues that despite the liberal use of social control theory in the literature on the social history of venereal diseases, rationale discourses do not necessarily lead to government intervention. Comparative analysis reveals that culturally similar locations can experience similar impulses and constraints to the development of social policy under differing constitutional arrangements.

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Ussher, Gregory Ronald. "The 'medical gaze' and the 'watchful eye' the treatment, prevention and epidemiology of venereal diseases in New South Wales c.1901-1925 /". Connect to full text, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3565.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2007.
Title from title screen (viewed October 9, 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry, Faculty of Arts. Degree awarded 2007; theses submitted 2006. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

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Bridges, Jennifer. "Reclaiming Female Virtue: Social Hygiene, Venereal Disease and Texas Reclamation Centers during World War I". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1404551/.

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During the Progressive Era in the United States, social hygiene reformers underwent a fundamental change in their stance toward women accused of prostitution or promiscuous behavior. Rather than viewing such women as unfortunate victims of circumstance who were worthy of compassion, many Progressives deemed them as predatory villains who instead deserved incarceration, forced rehabilitation, and non-consenting medical interference. Texas, due to the many military bases within its borders, became a key battleground in this moral crusade against women as the carriers and proliferators of VD. "Promiscuous" women were seen as not only dangerous to the soldiers but also as a threat to the nation's security, creating an environment that led Texas Progressives to suppress women's civil liberties in the name of protecting soldiers. The catalyst for this change in attitude was World War I. The Great War brought to the forefront an unpleasant reality facing a significant percentage of America's fighting men: venereal disease. While combating sexually transmitted diseases was a serious medical and manpower concern for the military in the era before penicillin, the sole focus on women as the carriers and proliferators of VD led to a nationwide campaign against the "social evil" that demonized women and led to the suspension of thousands of women's habeas corpus rights. This dissertation examines how the twin crusades of Progressivism and the War to End All Wars created conditions in Texas that for many women meant appalling repression rather than progress toward the enjoyment of greater equality.

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Rockafellar, Nancy. "Making the world safe for the soldiers of democracy : patriotism, public health and venereal disease control on the West Coast, 1910-1919 /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10354.

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Wäster, Larsson Petra. "UVA/B induced redox alterations and apoptosis in human melanocytes". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Dermatologi och venerologi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8880.

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Malignant melanoma is one of the most rapidly increasing cancers and accounts for about three-quarter of all skin cancer deaths worldwide. Despite compelling evidence that ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes melanoma the knowledge how various wavelength spectra affect the balance between proliferation and apoptosis controlling the homeostasis of the melanocyte population is still limited. The aim of this thesis was to elucidate the regulation of UVA/B induced apoptotic signaling in human epidermal melanocytes in vitro in relation to redox alterations and antioxidant photoprotection. UVA irradiation induced changes in plasma membrane stability, decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. In comparison, melanocyte plasma membrane was markedly resistant to UVB irradiation although apoptosis was triggered. Thus, UVA irradiation should not be overlooked as an etiologic factor in melanoma development. Further, after irradiation with UVA/B we found alterations in redox state manifested by a reduction of intracellular GSH levels, translocation of nuclear factor-κB from the cytosol to the nucleus, an increase of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, and an increased apoptosis frequency. α-Tocopherol provided photoprotection through several modes of action affecting redox alterations and signaling, stabilizing the plasma membrane, and decreased proliferation and apoptosis rate, while β-carotene did not show the same protective capacity. Altogether, α-tocopherol might be a useful substance in protecting melanocytes from UV induced damage. We demonstrate UVA/B irradiation to activate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in melanocytes where translocation of Bcl-2 family proteins to the mitochondria modulates the apoptosis signal. Interestingly, the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins generally thought to be attached to membranes, were localized in the cytosol before UV irradiation and translocated to the mitochondria in the surviving population, which might be a critical event in preventing apoptotic cell death. Lysosomal cathepsins were released to the cytosol acting as pro-apoptotic mediators upstream of activation and translocation of Bax to the mitochondria. When melanocytes were exposed to UVA, p53 participated in apoptosis regulation through interaction with Bcl-2 family proteins, while UVB induced p53-transcriptional activity and apoptosis involving lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Thus, depending on the UV wavelength p53 mediated apoptosis in melanocytes by transcriptional dependent or independent activity. These results emphasize p53 as an important pro-apoptotic component in the regulation of apoptosis. This thesis gives new insight in the harmful and various effects of different wavelengths within the UV spectrum on human melanocytes in vitro. Improved knowledge of the apoptosis regulatory systems in melanocytes might lead to a better understanding of the formation of pigment nevi and malignant melanoma and, in the future, provide better strategies to prevent and eliminate tumor development and progression.

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Kennard, Benjamin, Allison Cobble, Amy Gravitte, Kaleigh Galloway, Jen Kintner, Jennifer Hall i Stacy C. Brown. "Quantification of Progesterone and 17-β Estradiol in Mouse Serum by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2020/presentations/45.

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Quantification of progesterone and 17-β estradiol in mouse serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Authors: Benjamin Kennard, Allison Cobble, Amy Gravitte, Keleigh Galloway, Jen Kintner, Jennifer Hall, Stacy Brown Introduction: In the United States, Chlamydia trachomatis is a commonly appearing sexually transmitted infection1. It affects the U.S. healthcare system to a tune of about $500 million dollars annually2. In women, it generally appears asymptomatic and can lead to severe secondary complications such as pelvic inflammatory diseases or infertility1. Female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, are being identified to have a role in chlamydial infection. Specifically, this study aims to create quantification methods to detect levels of estrogen and progesterone in mice, infected with Chlamydia muridarum, plasma samples. Methods: Progesterone samples were prepared using solid-liquid extraction (SLE+) cartridges with ethyl acetate as the elution solvent. Estradiol samples were prepared using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with methyl tert-butyl ether and subsequent derivatization with DMIS. Following sample preparation, hormones were quantified in samples using LC-MS/MS with a gradient elution of 1 mM ammonium fluoride in water and acetonitrile. The separation was achieved using a UCT C18 column (100 x 21.mm, 1.8 μm particle size) maintained at 50oC. The mass spectrometer was set up to isolate molecular ions for progesterone (m/z 315.0910) and derivatized estradiol (m/z 431.1835). Quantification was facilitated by the use of deuterium-labeled internal standards and their corresponding molecular ions in the mass spectrometer (d9-progesterone; m/z 324.1230 and d5-estradiol; m/z 436.2922). Results: Several aspects of the assay presented have been optimized for maximum analyte recovery and analytical sensitivity, including column choice, mobile phase, derivatizing agents for estradiol, and extraction protocols for progesterone. The LC-MS/MS method was investigated for precision and accuracy over three separate days. The dynamic range of the progesterone assay was 5 – 100 ng/mL, with a limit of detection of 1 ng/mL. Likewise, the estradiol assay was linear in the range of 5 – 100 ng/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.5 ng/mL. The average precision, represented by % RSD was 0.74 – 8.5% and 6.3 – 13.4% for progesterone and estradiol, respectively. The accuracy of the method, represented by % error was 1.6 – 14.4% and 4.0 – 10.5% for progesterone and estradiol, respectively. Successful validation was defined as < 15% RSD and error (< 20% at the limit of quantification), per current FDA Guidelines. Conclusions: The developed LC-MS/MS method is specific for progesterone and estradiol, and the extraction is suitable for preparation of mouse serum samples. This assay could be successfully applied to hormone quantification in mouse samples to support the investigation of the link between chlamydia infection and hormone levels in female animals. References 1. Chlamydia - 2017 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Surveillance. https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats17/chlamydia.htm. Accessed October 23, 2018. 2. Owusu-Edusei K, Chesson HW, Gift TL, et al. The Estimated Direct Medical Cost of Selected Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United States, 2008. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40(3):197-201. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318285c6d2

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Nie, Yali. "Automatic Melanoma Diagnosis in Dermoscopic Imaging Base on Deep Learning System". Licentiate thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-41751.

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Melanoma is one of the deadliest forms of cancer. Unfortunately, its incidence rates have been increasing all over the world. One of the techniques used by dermatologists to diagnose melanomas is an imaging modality called dermoscopy. The skin lesion is inspected using a magnification device and a light source. This technique makes it possible for the dermatologist to observe subcutaneous structures that would be invisible otherwise. However, the use of dermoscopy is not straightforward, requiring years of practice. Moreover, the diagnosis is many times subjective and challenging to reproduce. Therefore, it is necessary to develop automatic methods that will help dermatologists provide more reliable diagnoses. Since this cancer is visible on the skin, it is potentially detectable at a very early stage when it is curable. Recent developments have converged to make fully automatic early melanoma detection a real possibility. First, the advent of dermoscopy has enabled a dramatic boost in the clinical diagnostic ability to the point that it can detect melanoma in the clinic at the earliest stages. This technology’s global adoption has allowed the accumulation of extensive collections of dermoscopy images. The development of advanced technologies in image processing and machine learning has given us the ability to distinguish malignant melanoma from the many benign mimics that require no biopsy. These new technologies should allow earlier detection of melanoma and reduce a large number of unnecessary and costly biopsy procedures. Although some of the new systems reported for these technologies have shown promise in preliminary trials, a widespread implementation must await further technical progress in accuracy and reproducibility. This thesis provides an overview of our deep learning (DL) based methods used in the diagnosis of melanoma in dermoscopy images. First, we introduce the background. Then, this paper gives a brief overview of the state-of-art article on melanoma interpret. After that, a review is provided on the deep learning models for melanoma image analysis and the main popular techniques to improve the diagnose performance. We also made a summary of our research results. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for automating melanocytic skin lesions’ diagnostic procedures. We end with an overview of a conclusion and directions for the following research plan.

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Palfreyman, Harriet. "Visualising venereal disease in London c.1780-1860". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55107/.

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This thesis explores the various roles that visual representations played in the theoretical understanding of, and practical approaches to, venereal disease in London’s medical marketplace from around 1780 to 1860. Venereal disease was understood in a variety of ways, and conceptualised within a number of different medical disciplines, such as pathology and dermatology. The analytic lens of visual representation allows the historian to explore the complexities of these understandings. This thesis therefore contributes to the literature on the historicising of disease. The period under discussion was one of enormous change in medical theory, practice and disciplinary organisation. Disease was being conceptualised as something physical within the body, meaning images of the disease took on new meanings. Furthermore, these representations played an important role in medical education of the period, as well as in the legitimisation of new disciplines. Within these new theoretical paradigms and institutional spaces, various new meanings were created for the visual representations, and their creators and users had to employ various strategies to limit their meaning and control their interpretations. This thesis utilises a variety of visual and material representations – atlas illustrations, wax moulages, paintings, casts, models and pathological preparations – to see how meaning was negotiated for these visual representations. Venereal disease is a particularly complex case, as it was considered difficult to depict, therefore debates and disagreements over how it was to be visualised reveal much about how the disease was conceptualised. Through five chapters, the thesis explores how these representations functioned within different spaces in London’s medical marketplace, such as public museums, private schools, hospitals and university medical departments.

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Bivik, Cecilia. "Regulation of UV induced apoptosis in human melanocytes". Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Univ, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8749.

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Siena, Kevin Patrick. "Poverty and the pox, venereal disease in London hospitals, 1600-1800". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ58999.pdf.

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Rydén, Ernst. "Betryckta människor : Hur Ivar Lo-Johansson beskriver könssjukdomarna i Kungsgatan och hur detta mottas i pressen hösten 1935". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för kultur och estetik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-170271.

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I denna uppsats har jag undersökt hur den svenska arbetarförfattaren Ivar Lo-Johansson (1901–1990) beskriver könssjukdomar i romanen Kungsgatan (1935). Lo-Johansson smittades själv av gonorré i början av 1930-talet och kände därför som författare att han hade ett syfte att göra detta ämne lite mindre tabu. Han skulle dock inte berätta om sin sjukdom för någon under denna tid. En stor del av uppsatsen kommer ägnas åt hur romanen mottogs i den samtida pressen. Jag har försökt bevisa – tvärtemot vad som flera litteraturvetare och även författaren själv gjort tidigare – att romanen inte kan klassas som en skandalroman som fick uteslutande negativ kritik på grund av dess två huvudteman prostitution och könssjukdomar. Den vanligaste åsikten bland litteraturkritiker var att romanen generellt kraftigt borde kortats ner innan utgivning.
In this paper, I have analyzed how the Swedish proletarian writer Ivar Lo-Johansson (1901–1990) describes venereal diseases in his novel Kungsgatan (1935). Lo-Johansson contracted gonorrhea during the early 1930s, and because of this, he felt he had a social purpose as an author to make this subject a little less taboo. He would not, however, reveal his case for anybody during this period. A significant part of this paper will be dedicated to the initial critical reception of Kungsgatan. I have tried to prove – in contrast to previous scholars, even the author himself – that the novel in the beginning wasn’t regarded as scandalous by most literary critics, nor it wasn't criticized because of its main themes: prostitution and venereal diseases. Rather, the most common opinion by critics was that the novel in general should have been shortened down heavily before publication.

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Harris, Andrea. "Venereal disease in the British military through conflict and reconstruction 1939-1950". Thesis, University of Winchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.549639.

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Responses to venereal disease in the British army can only be understood if looked at in a wider context that takes in the attitudes of some of the most influential sectors of British society. Medical professionals, especially those advising and working with the British army, suggested that the problem would be better resolved ifVD was simply treated like any other disease; they called for treatment to be blame and stigma free. However, the British army found this impossible and resorted to an assortment of strategies that were relics of the past and were often at variance with each other. Troops lost pay and rights to leave if they contracted VD confirming that to become infected was a punitive offence; lectures confirmed to troops that to be celibate would not endanger health and to contract a venereal infection was letting down themselves, their comrades and the nation. At the same time the army provided military brothels and disinfectants to use after sex. This thesis examines the influences that obstructed a clear policy; it is only with a thorough investigation into the discourses that surrounded VD that we can appreciate the deficiency and ambiguity of the strategies adopted. The attitudes of the churches, the religious organisations, the voluntary groups and the popular press confirmed that certain groups were to blame and the result of these persistent and Ubiquitous views was that no clear course of action was ever universally accepted or implemented. VD like other social diseases generated responses that confirmed that VD was more than the 'common contagion' that some doctors would have preferred it to be. Strategies to combat it were complicated by the social construction of the disease, obscured by perceptions of who was most likely to catch it and fears over the repercussions for society and the nation, especially during a time when being different took on new meaning. Fears surrounding the infection of individual bodies metaphorically represented broader fears for the body ofthe nation and just as those from outside the nation were distrusted so were the 'infectors' within.

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Janke, Linda Sharon. "Prisoners of war sexuality, venereal disease, and womens' incarceration during World War I /". Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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Sorrell, Evelyn Ashley. "“OBTUSE WOMEN”: VENEREAL DISEASE CONTROL POLICIES AND MAINTAINING A “FIT” NATION, 1920-1945". UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/113.

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Public health officials and social reformers grew concerned over the prevalence of gonorrhea and syphilis following World War I. The initiatives put in place by authorities to control the spread of venereal disease lacked any concern for women’s health and sought to control their newly found independence and mobility. This thesis examines public health policies related to venereal disease control from 1920-1945 and how these regulations affected women in the United States. Laws and social reform measures such as pre-marital blood tests, the Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act, and the use of quarantining prostitutes during World War I and World War II were passed by government officials to ensure the future of America as a fit fighting force of men, placing women’s health concerns last in its race for domination. Women essentially were marked as the diseased dangers to America’s health.

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Afflitto, Emily. "Penicillin, Venereal Disease, and the Relationship Between Science and The State in America, 1930-1950". Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/162844.

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History
M.A.
This thesis discusses the development of penicillin during World War II, made possible by a complex relationship between private industry, academic researchers, and government research facilities and funding. It also examines the media response to the emergence of penicillin, the wide-spread war-time preoccupation with venereal disease, and the discovery of the potency of penicillin in treating such illnesses. It argues that the societal importance of penicillin was leveraged by policy makers in the post-war period to expand government funding for medical research and the role of the US Public Health Service. This was part of an overall trend of post-war expansion in government.
Temple University--Theses

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Lundberg, Anna. "Care and Coercion : medical knowledge, social policy and patients with venereal disease in Sweden 1785-1903". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Demografiska databasen, 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-15000.

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This study investigates the history of venereal diseases in Sweden in the period from 1785 to 1903. Medical and political perceptions of these diseases as well as the patients and their continued lives have been studied. Venereal diseases were considered a significant threat to the growth of the population throughout the period. They were recognised through the dramatic sores that they produced on the body of the patient, and were frequently cured with mercurial therapies. In the late nineteenth century, syphilis and gonorrhoea became the two most significant sexually transmitted diseases. They were believed to cause paralysis, mental illness, infant mortality and infertility. Sweden fought venereal diseases with a network of State-controlled health measures. County hospitals that contained special wards for patients diagnosed with venereal diseases were established in the late eighteenth century. These hospitals were financed by mandatory revenue after 1817. Medical care was mandatory and ministers, law officers and heads of households could inform the provincial physicians about the incidence of venereal disease. During the nineteenth century, the regulation of prostitution was enforced which implied that women were blamed for the spread of these diseases. Patients with venereal disease belonged to a cross section of contemporary Swedish society. Most of them were from the lower- or working-classes. They suffered higher age-specific mortality in the first half of the century, and high infant mortality throughout the period. It appears, however, that the constructed image of a patient with venereal disease had little impact upon their lives. Contemporary poverty and societal problems, such as unemployment and poor housing, probably played a larger part in their lives.
digitalisering@umu

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Cahif, Jacqueline. "'She supposes herself cured' : almshouse women and venereal disease in late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Philadelphia". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2303/.

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This dissertation will explore the lives, experiences and medical histories of diseased almshouse women living in late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Philadelphia. During this period Philadelphia matured from being a relatively small colonial city into a major manufacturing metropolis. Venereal disease was omnipresent in America’s major port city, and diseased residents were surrounded by a thriving medical marketplace. Historians have identified the “who and why” of prostitution, however the scope of the prostitute experience has yet to be fully explored. This dissertation will address a considerable and important gap in the historiography of prostitutes’ lives as it actually affected women. Venereal disease was an ever present threat for women engaging in prostitution, however casual, and historians have yet to illuminate the narrower aspects of the already shadowy lives of such women. Whether intentionally or by omission, historians have often denied agency to prostitutes and the diseased women associated with them, the effect of which has drained this group of sometimes assertive women of any individuality. While some women lived in circumstances and carried out activities that came to the attention of the courts, others lived more understated lives. A large proportion of the women in this study led the lives of “ordinary” women, and prostitution per se was not the only focal point of their existence. For many almshouse women their only unifying variables were disease, time and place. While prostitutes were often victims of economic adversity, they made a choice to engage in prostitution in the face of hardship and sickness. The overall aim is to consider the diseased female patient’s perspective, in an effort to illuminate how she confronted venereal infection within the context of the medical marketplace. This includes the actions she took, and how she negotiated with those in positions of authority, whose aim was sometimes -although not always- to curtail her activities. As many diseased women became more acquainted with the poor relief system of medical welfare, they were able to manipulate the lack of coherent strategy “from above”, which left room for assertive behaviour “from below”. Diseased women did not always use the almshouse as a last resort-institution as historians often have us believe. Many selected the infirmary wing as opposed to other outlets of healthcare in Philadelphia, a city that was often labelled the crucible of medicine. There is also an oft-believed notion that prostitutes and lower class women suffering from venereal disease were habitually saturated with mercury “punitive-style” as treatment for their condition. This argument does not hold for those women who were cared for in the venereal ward of the almshouse’s infirmary wing. Broadly speaking, almshouse doctors did not sanction drastic depletion and the use of mercury compounds unless deemed absolutely necessary. Many almshouse doctors adopted a different therapeutic approach as compared with that of Benjamin Rush and his followers who dominated therapy at the Pennsylvania Hospital, a voluntary institution mostly closed off to venereal women. Such medical differences reflected wider transformations in ideas of disease causation, therapeutic approaches, medical education as well as doctor-patient relationships.

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Findlater, Michelle J. "Pocky Wenches Versus La Pauvre Femme: Medical Perceptions of Venereal Disease in Seventeenth-century England and France". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc407748/.

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In early modern Europe, syphilis tormented individuals regardless of social standing. The various stages of infection rendered individuals with visible chancres or “pocky” marks throughout their body. The tertiary stage signaled the spreading of the disease from the infected parts into the brain and cardiovascular system, eventually leading to dementia and a painful death. Beginning with the initial medical responses to venereal disease in the sixteenth century and throughout the early modern period, medical practitioners attempted to identify the cause of syphilis. During the seventeenth century, English practitioners maintained that women were primarily responsible for both the creation and transmission of syphilis. In England, venereal disease became the physical manifestation of illicit sexual behavior and therefore women with syphilis demonstrated their sexual immorality. Contrastingly, French medical practitioners refrained from placing blame on women for venereal infection. The historiography of early modern discourse on venereal disease fails to account for this discrepancy between English and French perceptions of syphilis in the seventeenth century. This thesis seeks to fill the gap in this historiography and suggest why French practitioners abstained from singling out women as the primary source of venereal infection by suggesting the importance that cultural influences and religious practices had toward shaping medical perceptions. The cultural impact of the querelle des femmes and Catholic practices in France plausibly influenced the better portrayal of women within the medical treatises of seventeenth-century France when compared to Protestant England.

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Payne, Emily Sarah. "Private lives and patriotism : a study of attitudes to sex and venereal disease in wartime Britain, 1914-1918". Thesis, University of Kent, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422733.

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This thesis explores the connections which were drawn between sexual morality and patriotism in Britain during the Great War. Sexual behaviour and sexual health were believed to impact on the nation's moral standing, and on the pursuit of the war. Private behaviour and sexual health were scrutinised and criticised, and attempts were made to eradicate behaviour and sexual diseases which were perceived to be a threat to the nation in terms of security, moral standing, or military success. Nominally private behaviour, therefore, became a public concern. Themes addressed include gender roles; constructions of masculinities and femininities; race, nation, and patriotism; and the relationship of the state and the individual. Subjects investigated include military policy; Regulation 40D of the Defence of the Realm Act; female police and patrols; the libel trial of Noel Pemberton Billing; the `war babies' panic; and the work of the Royal Commission on Venereal Disease and National Council for Combating Venereal Disease. A variety of contemporary sources is used in order to assess wartime attitudes, including Parliamentary Debates, official records, medical records, memoirs, and the press. The thesis takes a historiographically new approach, in order to offer a broad and comparative study, and draws different conclusions from those of previous histories. Alongside `problematic' sexualities, sexual practices, and sexual ill-health, this thesis considers attitudes to, and the regulation of, heterosexual, married, and procreative sex, and those behaviours which were representative of the majority of the population. It also asserts that the aligning of morality with patriotism was to be found in popular, religious, and journalistic arguments, but was also deeply entrenched within the legislation and official discourses of the British state. Chapter One investigates governmental and military policy and laws regarding sex and venereal disease among British military personnel and civilians, and the often hostile responses to these measures. Chapter Two examines responses to sexual behaviour on the home front which was believed to be a danger to national security or to the war effort. Chapter Three addresses wartime opinions about marriage, illegitimacy, procreative sex, and the moral and patriotic demands upon women. Chapter Four investigates attitudes to sex as represented in soldiers' memoirs, and the constructions of masculinities. Chapter Five discusses contemporary reactions to perceived moral and medical crises, and explores solutions which were advocated for these problems. The thesis concludes by assessing the overarching themes in responses to sex and morality during the war. The Epilogue to the thesis addresses the longer period, briefly examining contrasts between attitudes to sexual behaviour in the First and Second World Wars, and drawing out similarities in ideological and linguistic responses to sex and morality during the First World War, and those expressed during the AIDS crisis in Britain in the 1980s.

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Maddock, Pamela Jean. "Venereal Disease Control in the Progressive Era US Army: Managing Gendered Labour and Leisure in Militarised Space, 1870-1920". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20784.

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This thesis shows how the US Army managed venereal disease in different military, racial, and geographic contexts between 1870 and 1920. It tracks local negotiations and wider shifts in practice and attitudes over the course of these decades in different militarized spaces: western territories, the Philippines, Mexico, and France. With each imperial context, military officers faced the problem of venereal infections with overlapping concerns about gender, labour, race, and empire. This thesis argues that military officers implemented VD control in ways that made race, shaped gender, and justified colonisation. As it traces VD control along the contours of American empire, this thesis examines how the army worked with and sometimes resisted the efforts of civilian reformers outside the military who were concerned about the behaviour and health of uniformed men elsewhere. It also highlights persistent concerns among military officers and Progressive Era reformers with the army’s role in shaping the conduct and character of the people it employed – concerns tenaciously linked to venereal infection rates. This thesis intervenes in scholarship on gender and the military, the social history of VD, and US imperialism in three ways. First, it examines masculinities in the military as interactive and multi-directional, seeing gender as built not only upon contested terrain occupied by army officers and middle-class civilian reformers but also dependent on and responding to contested femininities through the presence and labour of women in militarised spaces. In addition, scholarship has traced a shift from a Victorian manhood marked by self-restraint to a masculinity at the end of the nineteenth century marked by physicality, and this project examines the relationship between that shift and shifts in VD control. Second, while historians have looked at VD and the army during the mass mobilizations for the World Wars of the twentieth century and have asked how military approaches affected VD in public health, this project sets its temporal boundaries earlier. This periodisation allows us to ask how and why the same army officers approached VD differently in different places. Third, as this work traces continuities and discontinuities in VD control among the men who worked as agents of empire, it shows how leaders used VD management to meet the aims of American imperialism as national rhetoric shifted from manifest destiny to benevolent assimilation to making the world safe for democracy.

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Irons, Pete Charles. "Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus in bulls by culture and PCR methods". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23549.

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The aim of this work was to examine the effects of sampling method on accuracy of culture for Tritrichomonas foetus; and the effects of sampling method, time delay, and addition of a DNA preservative on the accuracy of a PCR test. Samples from two different sources were used for Experiment 1. Preputial scrapings were collected from one group of three infected and one uninfected bull 10 times. Secondly, samples were collected from 5 infected bulls by both sheath washing and scraping on 6 occasions, while 8 uninfected animals were sampled three or more times. Twenty nine out of 30 samples from the first sample set were found to be positive, and 83 % of samples collected by both methods for the second sample set tested positive. No samples from the control bulls were found to be positive. Scraping was found to offer significant practical advantages over washing. It may be subject to greater operator variability than sheath washing. The second experiment utilised the same samples as were used for the second data set under Experiment 1. Guanidinium thiocyanate (GuSCN) was added to half of each sample. Each sample was cultured, while all samples were subjected to DNA extraction within 6 and 30 hours and after 5 days of storage at 4 °C. PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis was performed. No samples from the control animals tested positive on PCR. The sensitivity of the PCR on samples from infected bulls ranged from 0,9 in samples extracted within 6 hours to 0,31 in samples extracted after 5 days. Sampling method had no effect with the exception of samples held for 5 days with GuSCN, where sheath washing was superior to scraping. The addition of GuSCN had no effect. Holding time reduced sensitivity at 5 days, but the effect was not significant at 30 hours. It is concluded that preputial scraping is equal in sensitivity to washing for culture of Tritrichomonas foetus. Preputial samples for PCR testing should be submitted as soon as possible after collection, and the addition of GuSCN has no effect. Samples collected by sheath washing may be superior to those collected by scraping for PCR testing. The requirement for a test with sufficient sensitivity to allow reliable identification of infected bulls based on one sample has not been met with the described method.
Dissertation (MMedVet (Gyn))--University of Pretoria, 2002.
Production Animal Studies
unrestricted

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Beaudenon, Sylvie. "Clonage moleculaire et caracterisation du genome de quatre papillomavirus humains associes a des lesions benignes ou a des neoplasies des muqueuses". Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066048.

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David, Mirela Violeta. "Free Love, Marriage, and Eugenics| Global and Local Debates on Sex, Birth Control, Venereal Disease and Population in 1920s-1930s China". Thesis, New York University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3635118.

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This dissertation traces how eugenics came to underpin discourses pertaining to free love, sex and reproduction in 1920s-1930s China. It shows the eugenic and evolutionist limits to radical or liberal intellectuals' understanding of the role of the individual in the pursuit of sex, free love and birth control. The study examines the scientific view of modernity embodied in eugenics, as well as the challenges to this vision based on humanism and sex aestheticism. Bertrand Russell's visit to China in 1920 with his lover Dora Black led to heated discussions surrounding free love and free divorce, where privacy, the eugenic idea of a "robust individual" and science were key. Meanwhile, translations and the reception of Ellen Key and Havelock Ellis's works on eugenics and love underpinned the reconciliation in Chinese liberal intellectuals' thought between individualism/evolutionary humanism and eugenics, particularly in their debates on sexual and emotional ethics in the 1920s. Margaret Sanger's visit to China in 1922 opened up a debate on the suitability of eugenic birth control to solve China's problems, such as overpopulation and venereal disease. By probing into her interactions with Chinese intellectuals in 1922, this study reveals how her eugenic ideas were received, as well as the political tensions regarding her birth control advocacy. The dissertation demonstrates that the sexual reproductive considerations that had been viewed in the 1920s as a problem of the relationship between the individual and nation/race/society, by the 1930s came to completely subordinate the role of the individual to national and racial regeneration concerns. Sanger's continued correspondence with Chinese medical professionals came to shape the birth control movement in the 1930s in more strictly eugenic terms. This research contends that eugenics was not only influential in discourse, but came to be implemented in practice in the fields of sex hygiene, birth control and VD regulation. The agency of pioneer female gynecologists in the 1930s is emphasized by examining how they brought eugenics in practice in their birth control clinics, how they localized global female experience and theories on birth control and hygiene, either through translation or through their attempts to reach working class women with contraceptive sex education. Lastly I argue that eugenics and social hygiene also functioned as a male oriented ideology in VD policies of various colonial powers: British, American, Japanese, and French as part of an economy of empire. By contrast Chinese Nationalist Hygiene Campaigns and female gynecologists' internalizing of eugenics focused on female health.

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Gibbs, Thomas J. "Venereal Disease and American Policy in a Foreign War Zone: 39th Infantry Regiment in Sidi-Bel-Abbes, Algeria. May of 1943". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2015. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2076.

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Second Lieutenant Charles Scheffel, B Company Platoon Leader, 39th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division modified existing methods of venereal disease control in Algeria, North Africa during Operation Torch after being ordered to reduce the venereal disease rate by his regimental commander, Colonel William Ritter. Tasked with defeating the Germans first, Scheffel learned other enemies lurked as well, and he instituted an illegal policy to solve the problem as fast and as effectively as possible. Official United States policy on the eve of World War Two prohibited the establishment and operation of a brothel. Scheffel operated this brothel as the United States Army occupied Arab lands for the first time in its history and improved the combat effectiveness of his regiment.

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Hodges, Frederick Mansfield. "A history of spermatorrhoea : the evolution and legacy of medical conceptualisations of a venereal disease and male debility in nineteenth-century America". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365563.

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Bellavista, Sara <1979&gt. "Lymphogranuloma venereum: a new face for an old disease. Our experience in the Bologna area". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5330/1/BELLAVISTA_SARA_TESI.pdf.

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Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a sexual transmitted infection due to Clamydia trachomatis biovar L, endemic in part of Africa, Asia, South America and the Caribbean, but rare in industrialized countries up to 10 years ago. In 2003, a cluster of cases of LGV among men who have sex with men (MSM) was reported in Rotterdam. Since then, several reports of LGV have been reported in the largest cities in Europe, the United States and Australia. They have usually occurred with an anorectal syndrome. The purpose of this study is to summarize the expertise provided by the international literature about the new LGV outbreaks and to offer the first data collected on the presence of this disease in the Bologna area. In fact, we examine 5 cases of LGV proctitis diagnosed and treated at the Clinic of Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) of the Dermatology Section at Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna. Particular attention will be paid to the laboratory method that allows identification and typing of the microorganism C. trachomatis serovar L1, L2, L3, leading to an etiologic diagnosis of certainty. The diagnosed cases of LGV will be described and compared with the international literature, trying to assess the risk factors, the most effective diagnostic and therapeutic procedure and the best approach to the patient.

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28

Bellavista, Sara <1979&gt. "Lymphogranuloma venereum: a new face for an old disease. Our experience in the Bologna area". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5330/.

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Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a sexual transmitted infection due to Clamydia trachomatis biovar L, endemic in part of Africa, Asia, South America and the Caribbean, but rare in industrialized countries up to 10 years ago. In 2003, a cluster of cases of LGV among men who have sex with men (MSM) was reported in Rotterdam. Since then, several reports of LGV have been reported in the largest cities in Europe, the United States and Australia. They have usually occurred with an anorectal syndrome. The purpose of this study is to summarize the expertise provided by the international literature about the new LGV outbreaks and to offer the first data collected on the presence of this disease in the Bologna area. In fact, we examine 5 cases of LGV proctitis diagnosed and treated at the Clinic of Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) of the Dermatology Section at Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna. Particular attention will be paid to the laboratory method that allows identification and typing of the microorganism C. trachomatis serovar L1, L2, L3, leading to an etiologic diagnosis of certainty. The diagnosed cases of LGV will be described and compared with the international literature, trying to assess the risk factors, the most effective diagnostic and therapeutic procedure and the best approach to the patient.

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Bellenzani, Renata. "Sexualidade entre jovens das comunidades anfitriãs de turismo: desafios para a prevenção das DST/HIV e o Programa Saúde da Família". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47134/tde-26052009-103635/.

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A atividade turística em determinadas regiões brasileiras intensifica fluxos populacionais sazonais e gera impactos socioambientais, dentre eles agravos em saúde sexual e reprodutiva dos moradores das comunidades anfitriãs, o que exige respostas programáticas dos sistemas locais de saúde. Uma das estratégias de prevenção e promoção da saúde sexual que tem sido valorizada no debate sobre o tema constitui na maior incorporação de ações de prevenção ao Programa Saúde da Família (PSF), de acordo com suas diretrizes que prevêem a integração entre ações de prevenção, tratamento e reabilitação, de acordo com a realidade epidemiológica e sociocultural. Os objetivos do estudo foram: (1) descrever a vulnerabilidade social e programática às DST/HIV, gravidez não planejada e ao mercado sexual, entre jovens residentes em comunidades anfitriãs de turismo do litoral sul fluminense; (2) compreender de que modo os profissionais da rede básica/Programa Saúde da Família, da mesma localidade, reconhecem os impactos do contexto do turismo sobre a saúde do segmento jovem caiçara e quais as ações de prevenção que desenvolvem. O estudo de desenho qualitativo utilizou a observação etnográfica e entrevistas semi-estruturadas em profundidade realizadas com dois grupos de informantes: 12 jovens e 11 profissionais de saúde (dez da rede básica/PSF e um gestor da Coordenação Estadual de DST/Aids-RJ). RESULTADOS: O gênero, a cor/etnia, a geração, a nacionalidade e o status social mostraram-se fundamentais para a compreensão do cenário sexual e sociocultural, bem como das interações afetivo-sexuais entre jovens moradores locais e turistas. O cenário sexual amplia a vulnerabilidade dos (as) jovens às DST/HIV, à gravidez não-planejada e ao mercado sexual. A disponibilidade para as interações afetivo-sexuais entre jovens das comunidades e visitantes é marcada pelos estereótipos como turista, gringo (a), caiçara e nativo (a) e pelo intercâmbio de bens materiais e simbólicos que distinguem pessoas de fora e pessoas daqui. Os profissionais do PSF, por sua vez, reconhecem a vulnerabilidade específica da juventude; atribuem-na à pobreza, à escolaridade, à vida familiar, à promiscuidade e às características tradicionalmente atribuídas à fase da adolescência. A gravidez na adolescência e a multiplicidade de parceiros, significadas como promiscuidade são as problemáticas mais reconhecidas. Valorizam a prevenção e realizam ações educativas de base comunitária. Como obstáculos à qualidade da prevenção entre os jovens, o estudo identificou: 1) a compreensão pouco aprofundada do cenário sexual, das relações de gênero e das diferenças de status social enquanto aspectos relevantes ao planejamento das ações de promoção da saúde sexual e reprodutiva entre jovens caiçaras; 2) as abordagens utilizam prioritariamente o recurso das palestras que enfatizam aspectos biomédicos e a orientação como base em valores pessoais; 3) há dificuldades operacionais para disponibilizar insumos e planejar ações de prevenção no âmbito da rede básica/PSF; 4) a interlocução é incipiente entre Atenção Básica/PSF (municipal) e Programa Estadual de DST/Aids-RJ. CONCLUSÃO: A intensificação da economia associada ao turismo nas comunidades anfitriãs amplia a vulnerabilidade social ao sexo desprotegido e ao mercado sexual, atribuindo um caráter singular à desigualdade de gênero, cor/etnia e status social. Essas dimensões, invisíveis aos olhos dos profissionais do PSF, juntamente com o modelo de prevenção tradicional (palestras e orientações) ampliam a vulnerabilidade programática dos jovens às DST/Aids, gravidez não planejada e mercado sexual. Haja vista o repertório de atitudes e práticas dos profissionais ter se mostrado insuficiente para o manejo das tecnologias psicossociais que integram a dimensão sociocultural da sexualidade, recomenda-se fortemente o investimento na formação adequada dos profissionais do PSF para sofisticar suas ações de prevenção.
The touristic activity in certain Brazilian regions intensifies seasonal population flows and it generates socioenvironmental impacts, among which problems to the sexual and reproductive health of the host communities inhabitants. This demands scheduled responses by the local health systems. One of the strategies of prevention and promotion of sexual health is the accretion of more prevention actions into the Programa Saúde da Família PSF [Family Health Program]. This strategy has grown in the discussions on this theme. According to its guidelines, which foresee the integration between prevention actions, treatment and rehabilitation, and also according to the epidemiologic and sociocultural reality. The objectives of the study were: (1) describe the social and programmatic vulnerability to the STDs and AIDS, unplanned pregnancies and to the sexual market, among young residents of the host communities for tourism on the southern coast of the Rio de Janeiro state in Brazil; (2) understand how the professionals of the primary health care/PSF of those same places, recognize the impacts of the tourism context on the health of the Caiçara youth segment and what are the prevention actions that they develop. The qualitative design study used the ethnographic observation and semi structured in-depth interviews applied to two groups of informants: 12 of the youth of the host community and 11 health professionals ten from the primary health care/PSF and one member of the State Coordination of STDs and AIDS of the State of Rio de Janeiro. RESULTS: Gender, ethnic, the generation, the nationality and the social states were proven to be fundamental to understand the sexual and sociocultural scenery, as well as the sexual-affective interactions among tourists and young local residents. These social markers enhance the vulnerability of the youth to STDs and AIDS, unplanned pregnancies and to the sexual market. The availability to the sexualaffective interactions among youth of the host communities and the tourists is marked by the stereotypes like tourist, gringo(a) [commonly used slang in Brazil for foreigners], caiçara and native and by the interchange of material and symbolic goods which separate people from abroad and people from here. On the other hand, the PSF professionals recognize the specific vulnerability of youth and link it to poverty, to schooling, to the family life, to promiscuity and to the characteristics usually linked to the adolescent phase. Adolescent pregnancy and the presence of multiple sexual partners, known as promiscuity are the better known problems. They value prevention and promote educational actions for the community. This study has identified some obstacles to the quality of the prevention among the youth of the host community as follows: (1) the little comprehension of the sexual scenery and of the gender and social class relations as relevant aspects to the planning of the sexual and 11 reproductive health promotion actions among the Caiçara youth; (2) the approaches use mainly the resource of lectures which emphasize biomedical aspects and orientation as a base for personal values; (3) there are operational difficulties to supply medicine needs and to plan prevention actions on the scope of the primary health care/PSF; treatment and rehabilitation actions are preferred; (4) the communication between the primary health care/PSF (municipal administration) and the State Program for STDs and AIDS of the State of Rio de Janeiro. CONCLUSION: The enhancement of the economy associated with the tourism on the host communities expands the social vulnerability to unprotected sex and to the sexual market, giving an unique character to the gender, ethnicity and social class differences. These dimensions, invisible to the eyes of the PSF professionals, along with the traditional prevention model of lectures and orientation, enlarge the programmatic vulnerability of the youth to the STDs and AIDS, to unplanned pregnancies and to the sexual market. Even though the assortment of attitudes and actions of the professionals has proven to be insufficient to manage psychosocial technologies which are part of the sociocultural dimension of sexuality, it is strongly recommended to invest on the proper education of the PSF professionals to expand their prevention actions.

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Humphris, Teneille Patricia. "On the Origins of the Modern Concept of Syphilis: Eighteenth Century Debate, Ludwik Fleck, and the Enlightenment". Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Social and Political Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8443.

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The enlightenment period is often considered a dark age within the history of medicine. Contrary to this sentiment, I argue that the enlightenment spirit of inquiry regarding venereal disease was vibrant, dynamic, and profoundly influenced how syphilis was understood in the subsequent century. Historiography frequently minimises advances of medical knowledge made in the eighteenth century by focusing on the inefficacy of treatments, rather than on developments in medical theories and concepts. This thesis attends to this gap by examining a case study within venereology to demonstrate that physicians engaging in public debate significantly advanced knowledge of syphilis. In doing so, this counters a historiographical trend that claims that French physician Philippe Ricord (1800-1889) was the first to distinguish syphilis from gonorrhoea in the nineteenth century. It uses historical evidence to show that the nature of syphilis was debated throughout the preceding centuries and that this distinction was clearly established in 1793 by Scottish surgeon, Benjamin Bell (1749-1806). This thesis uses the epistemic concepts devised by Ludwik Fleck in his Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact (1979 [1935]) to illustrate how enlightenment ways of thinking substantially contributed to the development of modern medicine. This thesis therefore invites a reconsideration of the era, not as a dark age, but as a rich period of scientific endeavour.

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Svanström, Yvonne. "Policing Public Women : The Regulation of Prostitution in Stockholm 1812-1880". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-13358.

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This dissertation studies the development of a regulation of prostitution in Stockholm during the period 1812-1880. The development of the regulation system is seen in the light of an analytical framework, developed from Carole Pateman's ideas on the sexual contract, and a feministic critique and elaboration of Jürgen Habermas's ideas on the public sphere. The regulation of prostitution was a common characteristic for many metropolises in Europe during the nineteenth century, where supposedly loose and lecherous women were medically and spatially controlled to impede the spread of venereal diseases. Stockholm, and Sweden as a whole, went from a non-gendered to a gendered control of venereal disease, which eventually developed into a spatial control of public women. This study argues that the practices of a regulation system was at first part of an attempt to import what was seen as part of modernisation. Rather than to prohibit extra-marital sexual relations, these were to be controlled and supervised. Eventually the system was adapted to local circumstances in Stockholm, and a control of women's sexuality in public became part of a metropolitan modernity. In the process of the professionalisation of groups such as the police and the physicians, public women were over time perceived as a group of professional prostitutes. The possibility to live off prostitution as a transitory stage in women's lives disappeared, and prostitution became a medically and spatially controlled trade.

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Baffoni, Allison. "“It is the promiscuous woman who is giving us the most trouble”: The Internal War on Prostitution in New Orleans during World War II". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2015. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2055.

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When the United States entered World War II, federal officials began planning a war on prostitution and decided to make New Orleans the poster city for reform. New Orleans held a reputation for being a destination for prostitution tin the U.S. A federally appointed group aptly named the Social Protection Division began a repression campaign in militarily dense areas throughout the United States. The goal was to protect soldiers by eliminating the threat from venereal disease carrying prostitutes. The Social Protection Division created a campaign with the New Orleans Health Department and the New Orleans Police Department to repression prostitution. Some in New Orleans, however, tried to undermine these efforts and continue the profitable tradition of prostitution. From 1942-1945, New Orleans became part of the internal war waged by the federal government against women deemed sexually dangerous to protect the patriotic male soldier being sent off to war.

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"Venereal disease control in colonial Taiwan". 2009. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896597.

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Wong, Ying Suet.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-131).
In English with some Chinese and Japanese; abstract also in Chinese.
Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.3
Literature Review --- p.7
Structure --- p.10
Notes on Sources --- p.13
Chapter Chapter Two: --- Venereal Disease Policies in the Metropole and Their Colonies --- p.15
The Case of Britain --- p.16
VD Policy in the Metropole: The case of Britain --- p.16
VD Policy in the Colonies: The Case of Colonies under Britain --- p.23
The Case of Japan with Reference of Britain as the Pioneer Policy Maker --- p.28
Chapter Chapter Three: --- Venereal Disease control in the Metropole --- p.31
Legislation --- p.32
Institutions --- p.44
Education and Social Discussion --- p.49
Resistance --- p.55
VD control in the Japanese Military Force --- p.60
Summary --- p.67
Chapter Chapter Four: --- Venereal Disease Control in Colonial Taiwan --- p.70
Legislation --- p.72
Licensed prostitution system --- p.72
The VD Prevention Law --- p.79
Education and Social Discussion --- p.84
Before the VD Prevention Law in Japan in 1927 --- p.84
Education and Public Discussion of VD after the promulgation of the VD Prevention Law in 1927 --- p.90
The Changing Discourse of VD --- p.95
Summary --- p.100
Chapter Chapter Five: --- "Sex, Gender, Class, Race and Colonialism" --- p.101
Taiwanese Women´ةs image: Scapegoating --- p.101
Medical Development: State Medicine and Local Elites --- p.106
VD Control in the Military in Taiwan --- p.109
Summary --- p.111
Chapter Chapter Six: --- Conclusion --- p.114
Bibliography --- p.120

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Chen, Der-Bin, i 陳德斌. "Controlling Venereal Diseases-A Simple STM Equilibrium Model". Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59618779250489462087.

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"Improving diagnostic techniques for venereal diseases in bulls". Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2013-06-1085.

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Infectious disease continues to cause significant problems on reproductive efficiency in the cattle industry. The purpose of this project is to evaluate new testing strategies for Tritrichomonas foetus and Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. This thesis describes the result of three studies that evaluated the use of real-time PCR for the identification of Tritrichomonas foetus and Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in carrier bulls. The first study evaluated the specificity of a real-time PCR test for T. foetus in individual culture enriched samples, and the sensitivity of the assay for use in pooled samples of up to 25 bulls. Specificity estimates were 98.8% (95% CI 97-99.4) and 100% (95% CI 98.9-100) for culture and real-time PCR, respectively. The sensitivity of the real-time PCR assay for pooled preputial samples was: 96.8% (83.8-99.4) for pool ratios 1/3 and 1/5; 93.5% (79.3-98.2) for pool ratios 1/2, 1/15, 1/20 and 1/25; and 90.3% (75.1-96.6), and were not significantly different. However, 13 of the 217 pools tested were negative and 9 of these negative testing pools contained the same positive sample. The media in this positive sample showed evidence of contamination and could potentially explain the failure to detect T. foetus. The second study evaluated the sensitivity of a real-time PCR for the detection of T. foetus in individual and pooled direct preputial samples. Sensitivity of individual samples tested by culture, real-time PCR in direct and culture enriched samples were determined from 121 samples obtained from 9 infected bulls. Sensitivity estimates were: 95.0% (95% CI: 89.6% to 97.7%) for culture, 95.9% (95% CI: 90.7 to 98.2) for real-time PCR in cultured enriched samples, and 90.1% (95% CI: 83.5 to 94.2) for direct preputial samples and did not differ (P=0.12). Sensitivity estimates for direct pooled samples in groups of 5 or 10 were: 83.6% (95% CI: 75.6 to 89.4) and 77.3% (95% CI: 68.6-84.1), respectively and were not significantly different (P=0.08). The use of repeat sampling tested in pools by real-time PCR increased the sensitivity to 100% and 96% for 3 consecutive samples (pools of 5 or 10, respectively). The use of pooled direct preputial samples although sensitive, still requires the use of repeated sampling. The third study determined the sensitivity and specificity of a recently developed real-time PCR (qPCR) tests for Cfv. A total of 300 virgin bulls were tested by both culture and qPCR. Specificity estimates were 85% (95% CI: 80.5 to 88.6) for qPCR and 100% (95% CI: 98.7 to 100) for culture, and were significantly different (P<0.01). A total of 4 naturally infected bulls and 9 artificially infected bulls were sampled serially to obtain positive samples for a sensitivity analysis. Sensitivity estimates and 95% confidence intervals are as follows: qPCR (85.4%, 95% CI: 80.6-89.2); direct culture on blood agar (82.3%, 95% CI: 77.2-86.5), DFAT (72.1%, 95% CI: 66.2-77.4), direct culture on Skirrow agar (32.7%, 95% CI: 27.2-38.7), TEM and blood agar (30%, 95% CI: 23.4-37.5), and TEM and Skirrow agar (38.1%, 95% CI: 31-45.9). The sensitivity of the different tests evaluated varied significantly with different ambient temperatures (P<0.01). The sensitivity of the qPCR was significantly higher than any other test when temperatures exceeded 5°C. The use of repeated sampling at weekly intervals significantly improved the sensitivity of the qPCR. The real-time PCR assay for the detection of T. foetus in both individual and pooled samples appears to be highly sensitive and specific. Moreover, the possibility of using direct preputial samples provides a cost-effective diagnostic strategy. Real-time PCR in direct preputial samples for BGC diagnosis in bulls has good sensitivity and specificity. However, the use of repeated sampling maybe needed in order to maximize the ability to detect carrier bulls.

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Kampf, Antje. "'To map out the "venereal wilderness"' : a history of venereal diseases and public health in New Zealand, 1920-1980". 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2202.

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This thesis traces the public health debate about venereal disease in New Zealand from 1920, when the first venereal disease clinics were established, to 1980 before the first AIDS/HIV cases emerged. Studies of venereal disease in New Zealand have concentrated on issues of morality and on the political and social debates; this thesis focuses on treatment procedures and Health Department campaigns. The thesis explores the role of doctors in relation to venereal disease. While advancements in drug therapy benefited patients, medical authority was undermined by demanding and defaulting patients, inadequate medical education, and a low status of the profession. The medical profession developed epidemiological studies and defined 'at risk' groups in post-war decades. Despite claims to be 'scientific', the assessments were informed by stereotypes which had changed little over time. The thesis evaluates the scope of preventative health campaigns. Defined as a public health issue by the 1920s, venereal disease was seen as an individual responsibility by the 1960s. During this time the use of legislation declined, and education and contact tracing increased. The control of infection was limited owing to financial and administrative problems, defaulters and opposition from doctors. Those deemed most at risk were not reached by government educational campaigns, leaving much to the work of welfare groups and individual doctors. The health campaigns targeted groups like Maori and servicemen. The historiography has tended to overlook Maori, and, when military campaigns are discussed, to focus on females. This thesis attempts to redress the balance. Maori had, at least until the 1950s, different treatment experiences from non-Maori patients, although this did not necessarily imply discrimination. The military did attempt to control servicemen, though each Service had different experiences. This thesis stresses the complexity of the gender issue. There was a change from blaming females for infection in the early twentieth century to increasingly pointing to male responsibility. Despite these changes, even with the concept of individual risk pattern by the 1960s, and the understanding that men could be asymptomatic carriers, women were persistently seen as the 'reservoir'. A gender bias persisted.
Note: Thesis now published. (2007) Kampf, Antje. Mapping Out the Venereal Wilderness: Public Health and STD in New Zealand, 1920-1980. Berlin: Lit-Verlag. http://www.lit-verlag.de/isbn/3-8258-9765-9. Whole Document not available at the request of the author.

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Горбунцов, В. В. "Комплексна таргетна терапія маласезіозу шкіри : автореф. дис. на здобуття наук. ступеня доктора мед. наук / В. В. Горбунцов. - Київ, 2009. - 44 с". Thesis, 2009. http://repo.dma.dp.ua/135/1/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BD_2009.doc.

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Дисертація присвячена проблемі лікування хворих на маласезіоз шкіри (МШ). За результатами дослідження 221 хворого встановлено, що МШ існує виключно, як комбінація декількох його окремих, різних клінічних форм, які існують одночасно та сумісно, поєднуються, характеризуються хронічним перебігом з послідовною трансформацією проявів, поширенням, розвитком ускладнень, складних та стійких уражень. Встановлено, що у хворих на МШ мають місце особливості змін імунологічних показників, показників вмісту стероїдних гормонів, мінерального обміну та обміну ліпідів, пов’язані між собою та залежні від особливостей клінічних проявів захворювання. Визначено, що хворі на МШ об’єктивно розподіляються на чотири окремі клініко-терапевтичні групи, що розрізняються за особливостями клінічних проявів, змін імунних показників, показників обміну стероїдних гормонів, ліпідів та мінералів. Показано, що проведення хворим запропонованої комплексної терапії, яка враховує всі одночасно існуючі прояви МШ, особливості його перебігу та патогенетичних змін, є більш ефективним у порівнянні з традиційною терапією окремих його клінічних форм, суттєво підвищує якість лікування хворих, нормалізує стан імунітету, обміну електролітів, статевих та кортикостероїдних гормонів, ліпідів; запобігає виникненню рецидивів.

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38

Резніченко, Н. Ю. "Лікування хворих на вугрову хворобу з застосуванням ноотропних препаратів, пробіотиків та бурштинової кислоти : автореф. дис. на здобуття наук. ступеня канд. мед. наук / Н. Ю. Резніченко. - Дніпропетровськ, 2008. - 26 с". Thesis, 2008. http://repo.dma.dp.ua/139/1/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%9D.%D0%AE._%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_2008.doc.

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Buwa, Lisa Valencia. "Biological activity of traditional medicinal plants used against venereal diseases in South Africa". Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8554.

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Throughout the history of mankind, many infectious diseases have been treated with plant extracts. Venereal infections are one such group and are regarded as conditions that are highly responsive to traditional treatment. Aqueous, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of 13 plants used in South Africa for the treatment of venereal diseases were screened for in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, mutagenic and antimutagenic activities. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc-diffusion and microdilution assays to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the extracts. The extracts were tested against the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Among the plants tested, Gunnera perpensa, Harpephyllum caffrum, Hypoxis latifolia and Ledebouria ovatifolia showed the best antibacterial activity. The aqueous rhizome extract of Gunnera perpensa displayed good activity against Gram-negative bacteria with an MIC value of 0.78 mg/ml, and against S. aureus (0.78 mg/ml). Aqueous and ethanol extracts of H. caffrum bark were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Hypoxis latifolia aqueous corm extracts exhibited very good MIC values against K. pneumoniae (0.78 mg/ml), E. coli and S. aureus (1.56 mg/ml). Ethanol and ethyl acetate bulb extracts of Ledebouria ovatifolia displayed good activity against Bacillus subtilis bacteria with MIC values of 0.78 mg/ml and 0.39 mg/ml respectively. Antifungal activity was evaluated using the microdilution bioassay. Good activity was shown by the ethanolic bark extracts of Bersama lucens and Harpephyllum caffrum against Candida albicans. Only in the case of Harpephyllum caffrum did aqueous extracts have activity against Candida albicans. In the Ames test, all plant extracts showed a negative genotoxic response except for ethanol and ethyl acetate bulb extracts of Cyrtanthus obliquus which induced mutations in TA98. Moderate antimutagenic activity was observed with the ethyl acetate extract of G. perpensa and the ethanolic extract of H. latifolia. High antibacterial and antifungal activity detected with Harpephyllum caffrum bark extracts resulted in an investigation on seasonal and geographical variation of this inhibitory activity. Seasonal variation in antibacterial and antifungal activities was investigated in order to determine the best collection time to ensure potential high medicinal activity in plant preparations. The highest inhibitory activity was detected with plant material collected in June and December 2003, with a decline in activity when collections were made in September 2004. The chemical profiles of TLC chromatograms were compared and little variation was found, particularly in the case of plant material obtained from the Botanic Garden of the University of KwaZulu-Natal and a 'Muthi' Shop in Pietermaritzburg. Identification of active compounds from G. perpensa and H. caffrum was not successful due to insufficient amounts of isolated fractions.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.

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Захарян, Е. Г. "Етіотропна, патогенетична та реабілітаційна терапія хворих на постгонорейні ураження сечостатевого тракту та інші урогенітальні інфекції, ускладнені вторинним безпліддям : автореф. дис. на здобуття наук. ступеня канд. мед. наук / Е. Г. Захарян. - Київ, 2006. - 18 с". Thesis, 2006. http://repo.dma.dp.ua/137/1/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%20%D0%95.%D0%93._%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_2006.doc.

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Дисертацію присвячено питанням наукового обгрунтування підходів до підвищення ефективності лікування хворих з постгонорейними ураженнями сечостатевого тракту та іншими урогенітальними інфекціями в сполученні з вторинним безпліддям. Представлені дані про клініко-анамнестичні особливості, етіологічні фактори запального процесу, особливості спермограми, адреналової системи, вегетативного, ендокринного та імунного статусу у 88 інфертильних чоловіків, які перенесли у минулому гонорею, в тому числі з ІПСШ без ускладнень; з ускладненими ІПСШ; з хронічними запальними захворюваннями сечостатевих органів без ІПСШ. Встановлено роль хронічної інфекції як тригерного фактора у виникненні взаємозалежних гіпоталамо-гіпофізо-гонадних змін, що формують патоспермію. Розроблені і запроваджені алгоритми комплексної етіопатогенетичної терапії хворих, в тому числі із застосуванням антигомотоксичних препаратів (Траумель-С, Ехінацея-композитум), що обумовило хороші найближчі і віддалені результати лікування, нормалізацію лабораторних показників, настання вагітності і народження здорових дітей у 22,7 % подружніх пар.

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Mulaudzi, Rofhiwa Bridget. "Pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants used by Venda people against venereal and related diseases". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8663.

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Venereal diseases (VDs) are infections that are mainly transmitted through sexual intercourse and amongst these are gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia and trichomoniasis. Gonorrhoea is the most commonly known VD and the widest spread contagious infection in the world. Out of 448 million cases of curable venereal infections, gonorrhoea represents 88 million cases and the rest are syphilis, chlamydia and trichomoniasis. Gonorrhoea has recently been rated as in the emergent multidrug resistance phase. Venereal diseases are amongst the major diseases ravaging many rural communities. People infected with these diseases are considered a disgrace in the community. Indigenous populations, for example the Vha-Venda people tend to use medicinal plants to treat these infectious diseases rather than using western medicines. Vha-Venda people have depended on medicinal plants for their health and survival for millenia. In order to validate and give scientific credence to the use of medicinal plants by the Vha-Venda people for venereal diseases, several pharmacological assays were carried out. The study was aimed at evaluating the; antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory activities, HIV-type 1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibition properties and to determine phenolic contents as well as evaluating the mutagenic properties of, 12 medicinal plants used by the Vha-Venda people against venereal and related diseases. An attempt was also made toward isolating and identification of the most active compounds from some extracts that were active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Twelve medicinal plants and various plant parts, Adansonia digitata (bark), Acacia karroo (bark), Aloe chabaudii (roots), Bolusanthus speciosus (leaves, bark and stem), Ekebergia capensis (leaves and bark), Elephantorrhiza burkei (roots), Grewia occidentalis (roots), Osyris lanceolata (roots), Pappea capensis (leaves), Peltophorum africanum (bark), Pterocarpus angolensis (leaves and bark) and Ximenia caffra (leaves and roots) were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties against two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), three Gram-negative (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia) bacteria and the fungus Candida albicans. The plant materials were extracted with petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), 80% ethanol (EtOH) and water. Methanol was used for extracting materials for phenolic contents and HIV-1RT assays. The Disc diffusion method was used to determine gonococcal percentage inhibition and a microdilution assay was used to determine minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC). Bolusanthus speciosus and X. caffra extracts exhibited the best antigonococcal, antifungal and antibacterial activities whilst A. digitata and A. chabaudii showed poor activities. The medicinal plants were also evaluated for cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and -2) and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition activity. The DCM and PE extracts of A. digitata bark, B. speciosus bark, P. angolensis bark and P. capensis leaves showed good anti-inflammatory activity against both COX-1 and COX-2. Methanol and water extracts of B. speciosus stems, P. africanum bark, P. angolensis leaves and P. capensis leaves exhibited good anti-HIV-1 RT activity. A. chabaudii roots, E. capensis bark and O. lanceolata roots showed low HIV-1 RT percentage inhibition. Phytochemical analysis using spectrophotometric methods revealed the presence of a variety of phenolic compounds in all the plant extracts including total phenolics, flavonoids, gallotannins and condensed tannins. High levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, gallotannins and condensed tannins were detected in X. caffra. Low amounts of flavonoids, gallotannins and condensed tannins were detected in B. speciosus. The Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA98 with and without S9 metabolic activation revealed that all plant extracts were non-mutagenic toward S. typhimurium strains TA98 without metabolic activation. However, E. burkei roots and E. capensis bark showed mutagenic effects toward TA98 after metabolic activation. Therefore, these two plants need to be used with caution, however more studies are required to confirm this result. Good antimicrobial activity observed in X. caffra leaves prompted an attempt to isolate active compounds. A pure compound from X. caffra leaves exhibited moderate activity (63%) against N. gonorrhoeae. However, the structure of the compound has as yet to be ratified. Pharmacological activity of the twelve medicinal plants used by Vha-Venda people against venereal and related diseases were validated in this study. The results obtained in this study give credence to the use of some of these plants. This study has further confirmed the need for screening these medicinal plants for more pharmacological activities. These plants may offer a new source of chemicals for the effective treatment of venereal and related diseases.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

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Гарбузов, Д. О. "Особливості діагностики та терапії змішаної кандидо-герпетичної урогенітальної інфекції : автореф. дис. на здобуття наук. ступення канд. мед. наук : 14.01.20 / Д. О. Гарбузов. - Харків, 2007. - 23 с". Thesis, 2007. http://repo.dma.dp.ua/134/1/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%94.%D0%9E._%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_2007.doc.

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Метою роботи було підвищити ефективність лікування за допомогою розробки диференційованих показань і методик комплексної загальної, а також оригінальної місцевої терапії хворих на урогенітальний кандидоз із урахуванням клінічних особливостей, супутньої патології і стану імунного статусу, дати клініко-лабораторну оцінку її ефективності.

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Li, Chang Chou, i 張州禮. "The study of places for curing venereal disease during Colonial Taiwan - Back to Monga". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12827951737502345706.

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碩士
東海大學
日本語文學系
99
序論のほか、第一章は艋舺における花柳業が清朝と植民地台湾においてどのような事情があったのか、支配当局が艋舺に遊廓を設置し、梅毒描写を通して遊廓内の強制性病検診治療を定着した経緯を考察する。第二章は艋舺遊廓における「駆黴院」と「婦人病院」に入り込み、娼妓の強制性病検診治療空間の検討である。第三章は遊廓外性病検診治療制度の定着と本島人私娼や一般民衆の性病検診治療空間に関する考察である。第二章と第三章からはそれぞれ内地人本島人間医療の場における差別がみてとれる。第四章は、戦後台湾における性病予防政策および艋舺にふたたび「特殊区」として公認されるまでの考察である。植民地台湾に移植された公娼制度が戦後に引き継がれたことを明らかにする。

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WANG, PEI-DONG, i 王培東. "Study on the prevalence of cervical dysplasia in veneral disease control center patients". Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87779587055494706616.

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Fendrichová, Anna. "Rizikové chování adolescentů v oblasti reprodukčního zdraví". Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-348260.

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TITLE: Risk behaviors of adolescents in the areas of reproductive health AUTHOR: Bc. Anna Fendrichová DEPARTMENT: Department of pedagogy SUPERVISOR: PhDr. Jiří Kučírek PhD. ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with risk behaviour, with a special focus on reproductive health in late adolescence. The theoretical part first approaches risky behaviour in general and next it targets on reproductive health in adolescence, on its possible risks and consequences. The conclusion of the theoretical part is dedicated to the prevention of risky reproductive behaviour with emphasis on primary prevention. The research part of the thesis presents a quantitative research survey by means of a questionnaire. The analysis of the survey data provides information on adolescents' knowledge of reproductive health and their behaviour in this area. Further, it reveals whether there are differences in knowledge and behaviour among students who have a subject focused on health education and those who do not. The results of the survey showed that knowledge among the questioned adolescents is not at such a level as expected. Neither the differences in awareness and behaviour of adolescent students in particular branches are not as significant as one would expect. KEY WORDS: adolescence, risk behaviour, reproductive health, pregnancy, abortion...

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""We Have Never Allowed Such A Thing Here...": Social Responses to Saskatchewan's Early Sex Trade, 1880 to 1920". Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2013-08-1159.

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Despite what the title suggests, Saskatchewan had a booming sex trade in its early years. The area attracted hundreds of women sex workers before Saskatchewan had even become a province in 1905. They were drawn to the area by the demands of bachelors who dominated Canada's prairie west. According to Saskatchewan's moral reformers, however, the sex trade was a hindrance to the province's Christian potential. They called for its abolishment and headed white slavery campaigns that characterized prostitution as a form of slavery. Their approach stood in contrast with law enforcement's stance on the trade. The police took a tolerant approach, allowing its operation as long as sex workers and their clients remained circumspect. Law enforcement's approach reflected their own propensity to use the services of sex workers as well as community attitudes toward the trade. Some communities were more welcoming of sex workers, while others demanded that police suppress the trade. Saskatchewan's newspapers also reflected differing attitudes toward the trade. While Regina's Leader purveyed a no tolerance view of the sex trade, Saskatoon's Phoenix and Star held more tolerant views. Saskatchewan's newspapers reveal that as the province's population increased and notions of moral reform gained popularity, police were challenged to take a less tolerant approach. However, reformers' efforts to end the sex trade dwindled with the onset of the First World War and attitudes toward sex workers shifted drastically as responsibility for venereal disease was placed largely on women who sold sex. Using government and police records, moral reform and public health documents, and media sources such as newspapers, as well as intersectional analysis of gender, race, class, and ethnicity, this examination of Saskatchewan’s sex trade investigates the histories and social responses to the buying and selling of sex, revealing the complex and, at times, contradictory place of sex workers and the sex trade in Saskatchewan’s early history.

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