Artykuły w czasopismach: „Vehicle safety”

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Beer, Alfred, Dr Ing Jorn Drewes i Dr Ing Jurgen Heyn. "2C14 Japanese Rolling Stock Vehicles in Europe? Process of Approval, Example Fire Safety(Safety-Vehicle)". Proceedings of International Symposium on Seed-up and Service Technology for Railway and Maglev Systems : STECH 2015 (2015): _2C14–1_—_2C14–12_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmestech.2015._2c14-1_.

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Komarov, V. V. "Methodology for Assessing the Safety of Vehicles on the Technical Level and Term of Operation". Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 1, nr 2 (20.01.2007): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-69612.

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The paper presents the results of research in the field of safety evaluation and safety control of vehicles. Different approaches to determining the safety of vehicles are analyzed. Safety is considered as a complex property of vehicle's quality. The concept of stability of properties is introduced. The concept of technical level of vehicle and its impact on safety is clarified. The paper presents the methodology of safety evaluation of vehicle according to its technical level and operation life.

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Das, Subasish, Srinivas R. Geedipally, Karen Dixon, Xiaoduan Sun i Chaolun Ma. "Measuring the Effectiveness of Vehicle Inspection Regulations in Different States of the U.S." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, nr 5 (12.04.2019): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119841563.

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The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) guideline on state motor vehicle inspection programs recommends that states should maintain a vehicle safety inspection program to reduce the crash outcomes from the number of vehicles with existing or potential conditions. Some states have started to terminate the vehicle safety inspection program because of insufficient effectiveness measures, budget constraints, and modern safer automobiles. Despite the consensus that these periodic inspection programs improve vehicle condition and improve safety, research remains inconclusive about the effect of safety inspection programs on crash outcomes. There is little recent research on the relationship between vehicle safety inspection programs and whether these programs reduce crash rates or crash severities. According to the 2011–2016 Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data, nearly 2.6% of fatal crashes happened as a result of the vehicle’s pre-existing manufacturing defects. NHTSA’s vehicle complaint database incorporates more than 1.4 million complaint reports. These reports contain extended information on vehicle-related disruptions. Around 5% of these reports involve some level of injury or fatalities. This study used these two databases to determine the effectiveness of vehicle inspection regulation programs in different states of the U.S. A statistical significance test was performed to determine the effectiveness of the vehicle safety inspection programs based on the states with and without safety inspection in place. This study concludes that there is a need for vehicle safety inspections to be continued for the reduction of vehicle complaints.

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Jiang, Fuhuai, Mengyuan Dong, Yuezhen Fan i Qingchun Wang. "Research on Motor Speed Control Method Based on the Prevention of Vehicle Rollover". Energies 15, nr 10 (15.05.2022): 3609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103609.

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Vehicle driving safety is an important performance indicator for vehicles, and there is still much room for development in the active safety control of electric vehicles. Vehicles are susceptible to rollover when making sharp turns or overtaking at high speed. In order to improve the anti-rollover stability of electric vehicles (EV), this study proposes a real-time motor control strategy, mainly according to the acquisition of vehicle attitude data and real-time monitoring of the vehicle’s operating state. The lateral load transfer rate was defined as the vehicle rollover evaluation index. When the real-time rollover indicator exceeded the limit safety threshold this article set, the motor speed would be reduced through active control to avoid rollover or reduce the risk of rollover. Both simulation results in Carsim and Simulink showed that the motor control strategy is highly reliable and real-time capable, and the active safety of EV was improved significantly.

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Raut, Mr Abhijit. "Automotive Safety Rolling Barrier". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr VII (20.07.2021): 1684–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36250.

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The government is always looking at the latest technology that can ensure safety of road users, as outlined in the construction industry transformation plan. A small Korean manufacturing company invented a new concept longitudinal barrier, (The Rolling Barrier) which had continuous pipes covered with urethane rings. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the “Rolling Barrier” and to understand the Rolling Barrier’s characteristics of crash cushioning, how to correct the vehicles running direction and the required strength of barriers. They convert that impact energy into rotational energy to propel the vehicle forward rather than potentially breaking through an immovable barrier. When a car hits the barrier, the rotating barrel converts shock from the vehicle to rotational energy. Upper and lower frames adjust tires of large and small vehicles to prevent the steering system from a functional loss. The Rolling Barrier can be effectively used in curved roads sections, ramps, medians and entrance or exit ramps in parking garages. In this paper, the description and studies of Rolling Barriers are elaborated. In 2015, there were 63,805 traffic accidents over on the Maharashtra, India, with 54.2 % composed of vehicles that crashed into longitudinal barriers. Such accidents can be drastically reduced if more safe barriers are installed for traffic safety. A small Korean manufacturing company invented a new concept longitudinal barrier, the Rolling Barrier (RB), which has continuous pipes covered with urethane rings. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the RB & to understand the RB’s characteristics of crash cushioning, how to correct the vehicle’s running direction & the required strength of barriers. Experiments with barriers performance & crashing vehicle behavior at curved sections using a 1.3-ton passenger car & a 3.5-ton truck showed satisfactory vehicle behavior as they ran parallel with the RB after crashing. The structural problem of the RB wasn’t found during the time of the crash. In the strength performance test using the 8-ton truck & in the passenger protection test using the 1.3-ton passenger car, the RB satisfied the Ministry of Construction & Transportation’s “ Guidelines for Installation & Management of Road Safety Facilities.” The differences between the RB & conventional barriers where crash cushioning & required strength of barriers were involved were verified by mathematical equations. The RB can be effectively used in curved road sections, ramps, medians & entrance/exit ramps in parking garages. Keywords: -accidents, longitudinal barrier, rolling barrier, traffic barrier, vehicle, collision

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Gao, Kai, Di Yan, Fan Yang, Jin Xie, Li Liu, Ronghua Du i Naixue Xiong. "Conditional Artificial Potential Field-Based Autonomous Vehicle Safety Control with Interference of Lane Changing in Mixed Traffic Scenario". Sensors 19, nr 19 (27.09.2019): 4199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194199.

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Car-following is an essential trajectory control strategy for the autonomous vehicle, which not only improves traffic efficiency, but also reduces fuel consumption and emissions. However, the prediction of lane change intentions in adjacent lanes is problematic, and will significantly affect the car-following control of the autonomous vehicle, especially when the vehicle changing lanes is only a connected unintelligent vehicle without expensive and accurate sensors. Autonomous vehicles suffer from adjacent vehicles’ abrupt lane changes, which may reduce ride comfort and increase energy consumption, and even lead to a collision. A machine learning-based lane change intention prediction and real time autonomous vehicle controller is proposed to respond to this problem. First, an interval-based support vector machine is designed to predict the vehicles’ lane change intention utilizing limited low-level vehicle status through vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Then, a conditional artificial potential field method is used to design the car-following controller by incorporating the lane-change intentions of the vehicle. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method can estimate a vehicle’s lane change intention more accurately. The autonomous vehicle avoids collisions with a lane-changing connected unintelligent vehicle with reliable safety and favorable dynamic performance.

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Azarov, V. K., S. V. Gayisin i V. F. Kutenev. "Integrated vehicle safety". Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 10, nr 2 (15.06.2016): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66925.

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The paper analyzes issues of vehicle structural safety regulated by international UN rules in order to reduce the number of road accidents and particularly the severity of their consequences. The effectiveness of the UN Rules for reduction of road accidents is analyzed and especially the number of killed and injured in accidents on the roads is studied. There were also considered the issues related to the increasing pollution of the atmosphere of large cities with exhaust gases harmful emissions from road transport even though long-term efforts of manufacturers were made to drastically reduce them to the Euro 6 for Ecology UN Rules number 49 and 83. A comparative analysis of foreign and domestic studies of emissions from wear of tires, brake mechanisms of road transport and road surface was made. The conclusion of a significant increase in pollution of air environment of large cities because of the solid fine particles from wear of tires and road surface was made. The problems of active, passive and environmental safety predetermine the necessity of reconsideration of the concept and strategy of the international and national legislation, for integrated safety of road transport.

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Chan, Vincent W. S. "Autonomous Vehicle Safety". IEEE Communications Magazine 59, nr 9 (wrzesień 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2021.9566512.

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AMERICANCOLLEGEOFEMERGENCYPHY. "Motor vehicle safety". Annals of Emergency Medicine 14, nr 8 (sierpień 1985): 822–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(85)80065-2.

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Lala, Jaynarayan H., Carl E. Landwehr i John F. Meyer. "Autonomous vehicle safety". Communications of the ACM 63, nr 9 (21.08.2020): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3411053.

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Thomas, Stephen, i Dirk Vandenberg. "Harnessing Uncertainty in Autonomous Vehicle Safety". Journal of System Safety 55, nr 2 (1.10.2019): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.56094/jss.v55i2.46.

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Safely developing self-driving vehicles presents technical challenges. Among the key technical challenges are how to confidently demonstrate the safety of a self-driving vehicle when the number of permutations of operating conditions, scenarios, system inputs, etc. are complex, uncertain and potentially limitless. This paper provides a broad survey of the various types of uncertainty in the development of self-driving vehicles and outlines several possible strategies for handling uncertainty. Advantages and challenges of different approaches, including qualitative and quantitative methods, are also discussed.

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Heo, Geun Sub, Sang Ryong Lee, Cheol Woo Park, Moon Kyu Kwak i Choon Young Lee. "Monitoring of Human Driver Behavior by Vehicle Trajectory Reconstruction for Transportation Safety Management". Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (luty 2013): 589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.589.

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In this paper, we proposed a method of monitoring human driver by reconstructing trajectories which transportation vehicle followed. For safety and management of logistic transportation, it is important to monitor the states of driving behavior through the whole course of path. Since many accidents occur due to the reckless driving of the driver every year, continuous monitoring of the status of commercial vehicles is needed for safety through the entire path from start point to the destination. To monitor the reckless driving, we tried to monitor the trajectory of the vehicle by using vehicle's lateral acceleration signal. Using the correlation between steering angle and lateral acceleration, we could find the relationship between steering angle and acceleration, and finally it is possible to estimate the global direction of vehicle maneuvering. We conducted experiments to find the history of vehicle position on the curved road using Kalman Filter, and classified steering wheel condition (over-steering, and under-steering). The method is applied to central safety management system for safety control of vehicles transporting toxic gases.

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Lemmen, Paul, Helen Fagerlind, Thomas Unselt, Carmen Rodarius, Eduard Infantes i Cor van der Zweep. "Assessment of Integrated Vehicle Safety Systems for Improved Vehicle Safety". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012): 1632–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1138.

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Wang, Chang, Qinyu Sun, Zhen Li i Hongjia Zhang. "Human-Like Lane Change Decision Model for Autonomous Vehicles that Considers the Risk Perception of Drivers in Mixed Traffic". Sensors 20, nr 8 (16.04.2020): 2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082259.

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Determining an appropriate time to execute a lane change is a critical issue for the development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs).However, few studies have considered the rear and the front vehicle-driver’s risk perception while developing a human-like lane-change decision model. This paper aims to develop a lane-change decision model for AVs and to identify a two level threshold that conforms to a driver’s perception of the ability to safely change lanes with a rear vehicle approaching fast. Based on the signal detection theory and extreme moment trials on a real highway, two thresholds of safe lane change were determined with consideration of risk perception of the rear and the subject vehicle drivers, respectively. The rear vehicle’s Minimum Safe Deceleration (MSD) during the lane change maneuver of the subject vehicle was selected as the lane change safety indicator, and was calculated using the proposed human-like lane-change decision model. The results showed that, compared with the driver in the front extreme moment trial, the driver in the rear extreme moment trial is more conservative during the lane change process. To meet the safety expectations of the subject and rear vehicle drivers, the primary and secondary safe thresholds were determined to be 0.85 m/s2 and 1.76 m/s2, respectively. The decision model can help make AVs safer and more polite during lane changes, as it not only improves acceptance of the intelligent driving system, but also further ensures the rear vehicle’s driver’s safety.

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Chang, Xue Yu, Ze Chang Sun i Xue Zhe Wei. "Measures of Protection against Electric Shock on EV". Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (sierpień 2010): 2144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.2144.

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Vehicle safety is a very important design element for all types of vehicles designed for use on public streets or roadways. Traditional vehicles produced with liquid fuels have a long history of creating appropriate safety countermeasures. With the onset of new electric propulsion and charging systems, proposed for large scale production, new safety design elements will need to be provided to vehicle developers. This paper attempts to summary the usually protective measures against electric shock on electric vehicles and to analyze these measures to formalize a series of important safety references for vehicle developers.

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Yu, Kai, Liqun Peng, Xue Ding, Fan Zhang i Minrui Chen. "Prediction of instantaneous driving safety in emergency scenarios based on connected vehicle basic safety messages". Journal of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles 2, nr 2 (10.06.2019): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jicv-07-2019-0008.

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Purpose Basic safety message (BSM) is a core subset of standard protocols for connected vehicle system to transmit related safety information via vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I). Although some safety prototypes of connected vehicle have been proposed with effective strategies, few of them are fully evaluated in terms of the significance of BSM messages on performance of safety applications when in emergency. Design/methodology/approach To address this problem, a data fusion method is proposed to capture the vehicle crash risk by extracting critical information from raw BSMs data, such as driver volition, vehicle speed, hard accelerations and braking. Thereafter, a classification model based on information-entropy and variable precision rough set (VPRS) is used for assessing the instantaneous driving safety by fusing the BSMs data from field test, and predicting the vehicle crash risk level with the driver emergency maneuvers in the next short term. Findings The findings and implications are discussed for developing an improved warning and driving assistant system by using BSMs messages. Originality/value The findings of this study are relevant to incorporation of alerts, warnings and control assists in V2V applications of connected vehicles. Such applications can help drivers identify situations where surrounding drivers are volatile, and they may avoid dangers by taking defensive actions.

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Zhang, Chunying. "Braking performance test of portable underground light trackless special rubber tyred vehicle Development of equipment". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2202, nr 1 (1.06.2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2202/1/012030.

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Abstract The braking system of trackless rubber tyred vehicles used underground in China is mostly composed of parking brake and service brake. The parking brake can effectively prevent the vehicle from sliding after the driver leaves. The service brake mainly reduces the speed or stops during driving. China’s relevant standards require the parking braking system of underground trackless rubber tyred vehicles to be inspected regularly to provide safety guarantee for underground operation. At present, the underground trackless rubber tyred vehicles can only be operated by driving them to the fixed Laboratory of the test center regularly (once a year). It is necessary to inspect the vehicle’s braking system and check whether the vehicle’s braking system is normal, Operation and production can only be carried out when it is determined that the vehicle is in good condition. The current inspection methods are not only related to the work efficiency of vehicle inspection, but also affect the safety of operators and production. In view of the above situation, the development of a set of advanced portable detection equipment for braking performance test of underground light trackless special rubber tyred vehicle is very necessary to improve vehicle inspection efficiency and ensure scientific detection.

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Neilson, I. D. "Vehicle Safety—a Review for 1993". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 207, nr 2 (kwiecień 1993): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_169_02.

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The decreases in road accident casualties in Great Britain and other European countries should not obscure the likelihood that numbers will increase in the long term unless vehicle speeds are reduced at potential danger spots. There is also the need to take whatever safety measures are available. The Thirteenth International Experimental Safety Vehicles Conference in Paris at the end of 1991 provided an opportunity to review the technical progress that has recently been made towards improved vehicle safety measures. This paper attempts to review much of the work presented to the conference and to suggest the best way forward for many aspects of vehicle safety. These range from accident studies to developments in vehicle control and handling, protection for the legs of motorcyclists, the opportunity for introducing measures to protect pedestrians and the latest advances in the protection for car occupants. Overall the need is seen to develop vehicle safety measures rapidly to permit the introduction of environmental restrictions on vehicle fuel consumption and design without cancelling the advances being made in casualty reduction.

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Uthappa, Vidhu. "Driving Assistance System for Security and Safety". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr VII (15.07.2021): 958–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36521.

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The increase in the number of vehicles increases the number of accidents. India ranks first in the world by 11% where a greater number of accidents occur followed by China and the USA. Most road accidents occur due to human errors. The Advanced Driver Assistant System is developed to Automate, Adapt and increase the safety of the vehicle and driver and also to ensure better driving. The safety features in this system are designed and developed to avoid collision by using technologies that give an indication or alert to the driver regarding problems, implementing safe grounds, and controlling the vehicle if necessary. In recent years Ultrasonic sensor-based systems and the rear-view camera-based system is been used by different car manufacturers which are available only on higher-end vehicles. In the proposed system we calculate the frontal road width by capturing an image using a Vehicle Frontal Camera(VFC) and processing it for proper judgment of space available for the vehicle to pass, with that surround space detection is achieved by using LIDAR and detection of unattended pets/child inside the vehicle by using IR proximity sensors and identification of pets/objects under the vehicle using Chassis level camera when parked in a remote location or cities to avoid loss of life of animals and to avoid the damage caused to the vehicle.

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Dong, Mengyuan, Yuezhen Fan, Donglei Yu i Qingchun Wang. "Research on Electric Vehicle Rollover Prevention System Based on Motor Speed Control". World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, nr 4 (18.10.2021): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040195.

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Vehicle driving safety is an important performance indicator for vehicles, and there is still much room for development in the active safety control of electric vehicles. A vehicle rollover is an important road traffic safety problem, as rollover accidents cause serious casualties and huge economic losses. It is very easy for vehicles in high-speed sharp turns or high-speed overtaking to roll over; in order to improve the vehicle in these conditions with the anti-rollover stability, this study proposed a real-time motor control strategy, mainly through the acquisition of vehicle attitude data and the use of multi-sensor fusion on the vehicle running state for real time. The lateral load transfer rate was used as the vehicle rollover evaluation index, and the test results indicate that when the real-time rollover index exceeds the set limit safety threshold, the motor speed is reduced through active control so that the vehicle avoids rollover accidents, or the risk of rollover is reduced. The STM32F103RET6 was used as the main chip for hardware design, control board fabrication, control program software design, and joint testing of software and hardware. The tests and data analysis prove that the motor control strategy is reliable in real time and can significantly improve the active safety of electric vehicles.

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Kisulenko, B. V. "Concept of vehicle safety parameter persistence within life cycle and ways to implement it in Russia". Trudy NAMI, nr 4 (3.01.2023): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.51187/0135-3152-2022-4-58-69.

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Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The task of traffic safety improving determines the need to maintain the vehicle safety parameters checked and tested during certification throughout the entire life cycle of the vehicle – from design to disposal.The research objective is to analyze the current state of safety requirements applicable to vehicles at different life cycle stages contained in the UN Regulations, regulatory documents of other countries and in the Eurasian Economic Union Technical Regulations on Wheeled Vehicles Safety.Methodology and research methods. The research methodology is the analytical method.Scientific novelty and results. The scientific novelty consists in the analysis results showing that the vehicle type approval procedure is a separate stage of the vehicle life cycle and that the existing control system for the vehicle technical state in the form of technical inspection does not ensure traffic safety to the full. The proposal is to add random road inspections to the technical inspection of socially dangerous vehicles. It is also proposed to complement the existing technical regulations On Wheeled Vehicles Safety with the requirements for vehicle disposal and component reuse conditions.Practical significance. The research results can be used when improving the Eurasian Economic Union vehicle technical regulations and when developing the Russian Federation national legislative acts in this field.

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Yang, Yang, Lin Yang, Bo Wu, Gang Yao, Hang Li i Soltys Robert. "Safety Prediction Using Vehicle Safety Evaluation Model Passing on Long-Span Bridge with Fully Connected Neural Network". Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (15.10.2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8130240.

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The safety condition of vehicles passing on long-span bridges has attracted more and more attention in recent years. Many research studies have been done to find convenience and efficiency measures. A vehicle safety evaluation model passing on a long-span bridge is presented in this paper based on fully connected neural network (FCN). The first step is to investigate the long-span bridge responses with wind excitation by using the wind tunnel test and finite element model. Subsequently, typical vehicle models are given and a vehicle-bridge system is established by considering weather conditions. Accident types of vehicles with severe weather are estimated. In particular, the input and output variables of the vehicle safety evaluation model are determined, and simultaneously training, validation, and testing data are achieved. Twenty-nine models have been compared and analyzed by using hidden layer, initial learning rate, batch size, activation function, and optimization method. It is found that the 4-15-15-4 model occupies a preferable prediction performance, and it can provide a kind of utility for traffic control and reduce the probability of vehicle accidents on the bridge.

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Nanba, Hideaki, Manabu Sawada i Koji Oguri. "Study on Pre-Deceleration Running in Encounters with Emergency Vehicles Using Vehicle to Vehicle Communications". International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research 18, nr 3 (2.12.2019): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13177-019-00212-2.

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AbstractThere is a problem of coordination in encounters with an emergency vehicle when an automated driving vehicle travels on public roads. Effectiveness of the pre-deceleration running based on the earlier recognition of emergency vehicle using vehicle to vehicle communication is studied from the viewpoint of safety and ride comfort. Experimental data of the driver’s maneuver and vehicle’s status are collected and analyzed using the driving simulator. Recognition by vehicle to vehicle communication (V2V for short) leads to pre-deceleration and improves deceleration and jerk as compared to siren sound and red light of emergency vehicles.

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He, Zhaoxiang, Xiao Qin, Pan Liu i Md Abu Sayed. "Assessing Surrogate Safety Measures using a Safety Pilot Model Deployment Dataset". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, nr 38 (7.08.2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118790861.

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Emerging data sources such as Safety Pilot Model Deployment (SPMD) provide a great opportunity to gain a better understanding of collision mechanisms and to develop novel safety metrics. The SPMD program was a comprehensive data collection effort under real-world conditions in Ann Arbor, Michigan, covering over 73 lane-miles and including approximately 3,000 pieces of onboard vehicle equipment and 30 pieces of roadside equipment. In-vehicle data (e.g., speed, location) collected by the SPMD program can potentially be an important supplement to traditional crash data-oriented safety analysis. The goal of this study was to assess roadway link-level surrogate safety measures using the vehicle trajectory data from SPMD. The study’s objectives included: 1) developing a framework to process the SPMD dataset using big-data analytics; 2) converting raw vehicle motion data from SPMD to surrogate safety measures; and 3) analyzing the statistical relationship between crash records and the calculated safety index. The statistical models showed that modified time to collision (MTTC) outperforms time to collision (TTC) and deceleration rate to avoid collision (DRAC) with respect to its goodness of fit. The findings are promising in that augmenting safety analysis with surrogate measures and vehicle performance (e.g., speed and brake duration from connected vehicles) improves the overall model performance. Such information is vital for safety analysis, especially in the absence of detailed roadway and traffic data.

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Li, Hantao, Feng Liu, Zhongliang Zhao i Mostafa Karimzadeh. "Effective Safety Message Dissemination with Vehicle Trajectory Predictions in V2X Networks". Sensors 22, nr 7 (31.03.2022): 2686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072686.

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Exploring data connection information from vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications using advanced machine learning approaches, an intelligent transportation system (ITS) can provide better safety services to mitigate the risk of road accidents and improve traffic efficiency. In this work, we propose an end-edge-cloud architecture to deploy machine learning-driven approaches at network edges to predict vehicles’ future trajectories, which is further utilized to provide an effective safety message dissemination scheme. With our approach, the traffic safety message will only be disseminated to relevant vehicles that are predicted to pass by accident areas, which can significantly reduce the network data transmission overhead and avoid unnecessary interference. Depending on the vehicle connectivity, our system adaptively chooses vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) or vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications to disseminate safety messages. We evaluate the system by using a real-world VANET mobility dataset, and experimental results show that our system outperforms other mechanisms without considering any predicted vehicle trajectory density information.

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VAN DEN BOSSCHE, P. "SPECIFIC SAFETY ASPECTS OF ELECTRIC ROAD VEHICLE TRACTION SYSTEMS". Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 05, nr 01 (marzec 1995): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126695000102.

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Due to their beneficial effect on environment in urban traffic, electric vehicles are an important factor for the improvement of traffic and more particularly for a healthier living environment. Electric vehicles however represent a completely different technology compared with internal combustion engines. This means that new safety hazards, mainly related to the characteristics of high-power electric equipment, may be present. The electric vehicle system will be designed to operate safely in all conditions; a number of specific problems will be treated, concentrating on aspects of vehicle behaviour which are typical for electric vehicles. At this moment the standards and official regulations concerning electric road vehicles are not very clearly defined. The existing documents and standards are far from harmonised, and they cover a vehicle in full technological evolution. Another aspect is the psychological awareness of these "new" risks: the presence of high voltages or of battery chemicals may be used as an argument against electric vehicles; the fact that internal-combustion-engined vehicles present large risks too is often overlooked, since people get accustomed to the danger.

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He, Feng, Yi Ming Li, Hai Bo Wu i Huan Li. "A Performance Study of Coke Oven Gas Vehicle". Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (sierpień 2013): 1201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.1201.

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The coke oven gas vehicle is a type of clean energy vehicle. The composition and the physicochemical properties of COG are analyzed. Acceleration, emission, fuel economy and safety performances are studied. Compared with conventional vehicles and other alternative fuel vehicles, COG vehicle meets the requirements of acceleration performance and are better on emission, safety and fuel economy performances.

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Luo, Yugong, Gang Yang, Mingchang Xu, Zhaobo Qin i Keqiang Li. "Cooperative Lane-Change Maneuver for Multiple Automated Vehicles on a Highway". Automotive Innovation 2, nr 3 (wrzesień 2019): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42154-019-00073-1.

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Abstract With the development of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, it is possible to share information among multiple vehicles. However, the existing research on automated lane changes concentrates only on the single-vehicle lane change with self-detective information. Cooperative lane changes are still a new area with more complicated scenarios and can improve safety and lane-change efficiency. Therefore, a multi-vehicle cooperative automated lane-change maneuver based on V2V communication for scenarios of eight vehicles on three lanes was proposed. In these scenarios, same-direction and intersectant-direction cooperative lane changes were defined. The vehicle that made the cooperative decision obtained the information of surrounding vehicles that were used to cooperatively plan the trajectories, which was called cooperative trajectory planning. The cooperative safety spacing model was proposed to guarantee and improve the safety of all vehicles, and it essentially developed constraints for the trajectory-planning task. Trajectory planning was treated as an optimization problem with the objective of maximizing safety, comfort, and lane-change efficiency under the constraints of vehicle dynamics and the aforementioned safety spacing model. Trajectory tracking based on a model predictive control method was designed to minimize tracking errors and control increments. Finally, to verify the validity of the proposed maneuver, an integrated simulation platform combining MATLAB/Simulink with CarSim was established. Moreover, a hardware-in-the-loop test bench was performed for further verification. The results indicated that the proposed multi-vehicle cooperative automated lane-change maneuver can achieve lane changes of multiple vehicles and increase lane-change efficiency while guaranteeing safety and comfort.

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Ma, Zhikai, Qian Huo, Xin Yang i Xiaoshun Zhao. "Safety Cruise Control of Connected Vehicles Using Radar and Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication". IEEE Systems Journal 14, nr 3 (wrzesień 2020): 4602–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2020.2971497.

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Olszewski, Piotr, Witold Czajewski, Paweł Dąbkowski i Piotr Szagała. "Safety assessment of pedestrian crossing solutions". Budownictwo i Architektura 13, nr 4 (9.12.2014): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1758.

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Paper presents preliminary findings from the research project Mobis which is aimed at developing a method of assessing safety of pedestrian road crossings by using video image analysis. Pedestrian and vehicle traffic has been recorded at a selected crossing site in Warsaw for 2 months, before and after installation of safety measures which included active signage and speed humps. Speeds of approaching vehicles were measured and vehicle-pedestrian conflict situations identified by using video analysis. Results indicate that both SignFlash active signage and speed humps reduce mean vehicle speed and have a positive impact on drivers’ behaviour.

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Popa, Gabriel, Ioan Sebesan, Marius Adrian Spiroiu i Claudiu Nicolae Badea. "Safety against Derailment for Railway Vehicles". Applied Mechanics and Materials 659 (październik 2014): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.659.223.

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The shock attack occurs at a railway vehicle circulation in a curve in which a discontinuous bend appears, mathematically represented by an angular point. In this point, shock angle produces an abrupt change of direction of the vehicle, respectively a dynamic shock force.The paper presents a mathematical model used to determine the dynamic force shock and its influence on vehicle guiding safety. The study was applied to the tank wagon on bogies for transportation of petroleum products, because such vehicles generally have derailed at circulation in curves in which have occurred accidentally discontinuous bends.It shows that the dynamic force may lead to an unacceptable increase of guiding force Y at leading axle of the vehicle, and therefore to overcome the (Y/Q)lim, which defines the limit of derailment, Q being the load on the attacking wheel.The conclusions indicate constructive measures to be taken to ensure the safety of the vehicle guiding at circulation in curves.

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Zhan, Tao, Yuan Yao, Jinping Li, Xiang Liu i Yulin Feng. "Influence of Fastener Failure on Dynamic Performance of Subway Vehicle". Applied Sciences 12, nr 13 (4.07.2022): 6769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136769.

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The track fasteners may be damaged by fatigue and impact load during long-term subway operation, resulting in the failure of the connecting components between the rail and the track plate, and the spacing of rail support becomes larger, resulting in an increase in its dynamic deformation, affecting the subway vehicle’s running performance, and, in severe cases, endangering the vehicle’s running safety. A vehicle-subway track system model was created to study the running performance of subway vehicles when fasteners failed. A multi-rigid, body spring damping system is used to describe the vehicle system. The model for the track system is created using the finite element method (FEM), and the vehicle dynamic performances under various fastener failure scenarios are calculated, as well as the vehicle’s running comfort and safety in various scenarios. The findings show that fastener failure has little impact on the vehicle’s running comfort but it has a significant impact on the vehicle’s wheel unloading ratio.

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Perumal, B., E. Naveen Kumar, P. Deepthi i K. Bhavana. "Safety Road Travelling System with Connected Vehicles". International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 10, nr 2 (30.07.2021): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b5995.0710221.

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Now a days we had seen so many Road accident cases are occurring and also increasing day by day. According to the statics of World Health Organization (WHO) 20-50 billion people were losing their life due to these accidents. To avoid these problems we came up with a proposed system called connected vehicles. Vehicle to Vehicle communication is a wireless broadcast that transmits the data between the connected vehicles. The main motive of this connected vehicles is safe travelling without any obstacles between the vehicles. Road accidents are the serious issues for human life for both individuals as well as the economic aspects. So our proposed system “Connected Vehicles” will reduce the accident cases by communicating with the nearer vehicles and shares the necessary information regarding the accidents cases to nearer vehicles.

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Ptak, Mariusz. "PEDESTRIAN SAFETY: A NEW METHOD TO ASSESS PEDESTRIAN KINEMATICS". Transport 34, nr 1 (16.01.2019): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.7081.

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The progress in pedestrian safety enhancement is the result of multi-stage work, which is based mainly on the vehicle enhancement and appropriate traffic organization. However, the full separation of vehicle traffic and pedestrians seem to be impossible nowadays. The paper presents a new method for assessing the influence of vehicle structural components on pedestrian kinematics. An integral part of the method is the relationship, named as the k parameter, which can determinate the geometric property of the pedestrian body movement (kinematics) after a collision. The development of the new algorithm is the answer to the problem of assessing the risk posed by the impact of the vehicle with a high bumper/bonnet reference line (e.g. a Sport Utility Vehicle – SUV) on a pedestrian. The presented method can be a useful engineering tool to assess the safety of vehicles, both brand-new and used. The developed test system binds together a new defined kinematic criterion as well as the existing biomechanical criteria (the assessment of vehicles using pedestrian impactors). The presented method was verified on a compact vehicle and a SUV.

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Ma, Congcheng, Jihong Hou, Fengchong Lan i Jiqing Cheng. "Structural Analysis of Battery Pack Box for New Energy Vehicles Based on the Application of Basic Foam Aluminum Materials". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2355, nr 1 (1.10.2022): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2355/1/012082.

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Abstract The box structure of the power battery pack is an important issue to ensure the safe driving of new energy vehicles, which required relatively better vibration resistance, shock resistance, and durability. Its structural safety is closely related to the life safety and property safety of drivers and passengers, which is an important index to the structural safety of new energy vehicles. In this work, the structure of the new energy vehicle is optimized by a finite element model, and the side crashworthiness applied to the electric vehicle is analyzed by means of a rigid column. To this end, the key components of the box structure of the battery pack box were optimized base on the application of foam aluminum material, which can effectively reduce the vehicle mass and improve vehicle safety.

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Maguire, MSA, EMT-P, Brian J. "Ambulance safety in the United States". Journal of Emergency Management 1, nr 1 (1.04.2003): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2003.0005.

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This paper reviews the dangers associated with ambulances in the United States. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) data, vehicle collisions involving ambulances result in twice as many injuries as the national average.Other dangers include: the safety of the vehicle itself; the lack of sufficient occupant protection in the ambulance patient compartment; distractions of the ambulance operator associated with operating lights, sirens, and communication equipment during emergency responses; drowsiness of the ambulance operator associated with extended work hours; and the lack of standardized or test- ed emergency vehicle operator training.Recommendations for improvement include: safety testing for vehicle crashworthiness, testing of diesel fume exposure among emergency medical services (EMS) personnel, and improved safety procedures for EMS personnel. Every effort must be made to make ambulances the safest vehicles on the roads of the United States.

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Yadav, Arun K., i Janusz Szpytko. "Safety problems in vehicles with adaptive cruise control system". Journal of KONBiN 42, nr 1 (1.06.2017): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2017-0035.

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Abstract In today’s world automotive industries are still putting efforts towards more autonomous vehicles (AVs). The main concern of introducing the autonomous technology is safety of driver. According to a survey 90% of accidents happen due to mistake of driver. The adaptive cruise control system (ACC) is a system which combines cruise control with a collision avoidance system. The ACC system is based on laser and radar technologies. This system is capable of controlling the velocity of vehicle automatically to match the velocity of car, bus or truck in front of vehicle. If the lead vehicle gets slow down or accelerate, than ACC system automatically matches that velocity. The proposed paper is focusing on more accurate methods of detecting the preceding vehicle by using a radar and lidar sensors by considering the vehicle side slip and by controlling the distance between two vehicles. By using this approach i.e. logic for calculation of former vehicle distance and controlling the throttle valve of ACC equipped vehicle, an improvement in driving stability was achieved. The own contribution results with fuel efficient driving and with more safer and reliable driving system, but still some improvements are going on to make it more safe and reliable.

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Zhu, Guoming G., i Chengsheng Miao. "Real-Time Co-optimization of Vehicle Route and Speed Using Generic Algorithm for Improved Fuel Economy". Mechanical Engineering 141, nr 03 (1.03.2019): S08—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2019-mar-4.

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Making future vehicles intelligent with improved fuel economy and satisfactory emissions are the main drivers for current vehicle research and development. The connected and autonomous vehicles still need years or decades to be widely used in practice. However, some advanced technologies have been developed and deployed for the conventional vehicles to improve the vehicle performance and safety, such as adaptive cruise control (ACC), automatic parking, automatic lane keeping, active safety, super cruise, and so on. On the other hand, the vehicle propulsion system technologies, such as clean and high efficiency combustion, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and electric vehicle, are continuously advancing to improve fuel economy with satisfactory emissions for traditional internal combustion engine powered and hybrid electric vehicles or to increase cruise range for electric vehicles.

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Zuo, Lei, Duo Meng i Jinqi Zhang. "Optimal Spacing Policy for Vehicle Platoon Control with Road-Friction Coefficient". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (30.12.2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1613401.

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This paper investigates the vehicle platoon control problems, in which the road-friction coefficient is taken into consideration. In order to improve the vehicle platoon safety in various road-friction conditions, an optimal spacing policy is proposed for the vehicle platoon. In detail, an intervehicle space optimization framework is developed by using a safety cost function and the gradient decent method. In this way, the optimal intervehicle spacing headway is presented such that the vehicle can be safely driven to the desired platoon under various road-friction conditions. Then, based on the proposed optimal spacing policy, we transform this optimal spacing vehicle platoon control problem into a moving target tracking problem. An adaptive distributed integrated sliding mode (DISM)-based vehicle platoon control scheme is proposed such that the vehicles can effectively follow the presented optimal spacing platoon. Moreover, the stability of the proposed vehicle platoon system is strictly analyzed and numerical simulations are provided to verify the proposed approaches.

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Xiao, Xinbiao, Xuesong Jin, Zefeng Wen i Minhao Zhu. "360303 EFFECT OF CROSSWIND ON HIGH SPEED RAILWAY VEHICLE RUNNING SAFETY(Vehicle,Technical Session)". Proceedings of International Symposium on Seed-up and Service Technology for Railway and Maglev Systems : STECH 2009 (2009): _360303–1_—_360303–6_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmestech.2009._360303-1_.

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Dong, Guo Liang, Fu Jia Liu i Xue Li Zhang. "The Implementation and Application of Information Management System of Commercial Vehicle Technical Performance Database Based on J2EE". Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (grudzień 2012): 1710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.1710.

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The article introduces implementation and application of management software of commercial vehicle’s technical performance database. This system orients to 4 types of user (commercial vehicles management departments, test stations of multiple performance, vehicle repair enterprises, and vehicle transportation enterprises). The system has imported many thousands of records and realized 3 provinces of technical conditions database’s interconnection and also has been applied in the 3 provinces for months. Vehicle model database can solve the problems which troubles test stations and repair enterprises for many years. The system can raise safety of vehicles and reduce the probability of occurrence of traffic accidents.

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Guzek, Marek, Rafał S. Jurecki i Wojciech Wach. "Vehicle and Traffic Safety". Energies 15, nr 13 (23.06.2022): 4573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134573.

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Altizer, Linda L. "All-Terrain Vehicle Safety". Orthopaedic Nursing 27, nr 4 (lipiec 2008): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nor.0000330307.91103.53.

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Satusky, Mary Jo. "All-Terrain Vehicle Safety". Orthopaedic Nursing 39, nr 2 (2020): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nor.0000000000000638.

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Xue, Wei, Rencheng Zheng, Bo Yang, Zheng Wang, Tsutomu Kaizuka i Kimihiko Nakano. "An adaptive model predictive approach for automated vehicle control in fallback procedure based on virtual vehicle scheme". Journal of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles 2, nr 2 (10.06.2019): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jicv-06-2019-0007.

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Purpose Automated driving systems (ADSs) are being developed to avoid human error and improve driving safety. However, limited focus has been given to the fallback behavior of automated vehicles, which act as a fail-safe mechanism to deal with safety issues resulting from sensor failure. Therefore, this study aims to establish a fallback control approach aimed at driving an automated vehicle to a safe parking lane under perceptive sensor malfunction. Design/methodology/approach Owing to an undetected area resulting from a front sensor malfunction, the proposed ADS first creates virtual vehicles to replace existing vehicles in the undetected area. Afterward, the virtual vehicles are assumed to perform the most hazardous driving behavior toward the host vehicle; an adaptive model predictive control algorithm is then presented to optimize the control task during the fallback procedure, avoiding potential collisions with surrounding vehicles. This fallback approach was tested in typical cases related to car-following and lane changes. Findings It is confirmed that the host vehicle avoid collision with the surrounding vehicles during the fallback procedure, revealing that the proposed method is effective for the test scenarios. Originality/value This study presents a model for the path-planning problem regarding an automated vehicle under perceptive sensor failure, and it proposes an original path-planning approach based on virtual vehicle scheme to improve the safety of an automated vehicle during a fallback procedure. This proposal gives a different view on the fallback safety problem from the normal strategy, in which the mode is switched to manual if a driver is available or the vehicle is instantly stopped.

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Nurul Syuhada Shaari, Mohd Sayuti Hassan i Siti Fairuz Mohd Radzi. "Performance Evaluation of CAM Broadcast Message and Vehicle Safe Distance Under Nakagami-m Radio Channel Conditions". Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 29, nr 1 (31.12.2022): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.29.1.245255.

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Many potentials exist in the 5G era for effectively managing vehicle safety on the road. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) 5G C-V2X standards for Cooperative Aware Messages for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) provide necessary upper-layer requirements for safety message distribution between vehicles using Cooperative Aware Messages (CAM). In addition, the Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile radio technology in Release-14 has two modes of communication, mode 3 and mode 4, to facilitate vehicle-to-vehicle communications. The focus of this study is on vehicle communications in a mode 3 environment, in which the cellular network chooses and manages the radio services utilised by vehicles for direct vehicle-to-vehicle communication. The performance modelling of Safety Avoidance Time (AT) and safety CAM message broadcast for vehicle-to-vehicle communication in LTE C-V2X under the Nakagami-m radio channel, which has two components, LOS and NLOS, is studied in this thesis. Under the Nakagami-m radio channel, the LOS and NLOS components will affect the CAM message disseminating to other vehicles within safe time gaps. Therefore, the aim of this study is to look into the various radio channel characteristics in a vehicle-to-vehicle communication environment that are related to CAM message dissemination and vehicle safe distance, as well as to evaluate the performance of the relationship between PDR, throughput, and transmit power proportional to safe time gaps under the Nakagami-m radio channel with various setting shape factors.

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Ding, Fan, Jiwan Jiang, Yang Zhou, Ran Yi i Huachun Tan. "Unravelling the Impacts of Parameters on Surrogate Safety Measures for a Mixed Platoon". Sustainability 12, nr 23 (28.11.2020): 9955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239955.

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With the precedence of connected automated vehicles (CAVs), car-following control technology is a promising way to enhance traffic safety. Although a variety of research has been conducted to analyze the safety enhancement by CAV technology, the parametric impact on CAV technology has not been systematically explored. Hence, this paper analyzes the parametric impacts on surrogate safety measures (SSMs) for a mixed vehicular platoon via a two-level analysis structure. To construct the active safety evaluation framework, numerical simulations were constructed which can generate trajectories for different kind of vehicles while considering communication and vehicle dynamics characteristics. Based on the trajectories, we analyzed parametric impacts upon active safety on two different levels. On the microscopic level, parameters including controller dynamic characteristics and equilibrium time headway of car-following policies were analyzed, which aimed to capture local and aggregated driving behavior’s impact on the vehicle. On the macroscopic level, parameters incorporating market penetration rate (MPR), vehicle topology, and vehicle-to-vehicle environment were extensively investigated to evaluate their impacts on aggregated platoon level safety caused by inter-drivers’ behavioral differences. As indicated by simulation results, an automated vehicle (AV) suffering from degradation is a potentially unsafe component in platoon, due to the loss of a feedforward control mechanism. Hence, the introduction of connected automated vehicles (CAVs) only start showing benefits to platoon safety from about 20% CAV MPR in this study. Furthermore, the analysis on vehicle platoon topology suggests that arranging all CAVs at the front of a mixed platoon assists in enhancing platoon SSM performances.

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Qu, Dayi, Haiyang Li, Haomin Liu, Shaojie Wang i Kekun Zhang. "Crosswalk Safety Warning System for Pedestrians to Cross the Street Intelligently". Sustainability 14, nr 16 (17.08.2022): 10223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610223.

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During signal transitions at road sections and intersections, pedestrians and vehicles often clash and cause traffic accidents due to unclear right-of-way. To solve this problem, a vehicle safety braking distance model considering human–vehicle characteristics is established and applied to the designed crosswalk safety warning system to enable pedestrians to cross the street intelligently. The model developed to consider human–vehicle characteristics improves the parking sight distance and pedestrian crossing safety psychological distance models by adding consideration of the effect of vehicle size and type on pedestrian psychology. The established model considering human–vehicle characteristics was improved for the stopping sight distance and pedestrian crossing safety psychological distance models. The effects of vehicle size and type on pedestrian psychology were taken into account. The designed warning system can be divided into a detection module, control module, warning module, and wireless communication module. The system detects the position and speed of pedestrians and vehicles and discriminates the conflict situation, executing the corresponding warning plan for three different types of situations. The system provides warning to pedestrians and vehicles through the different color displays of the intelligent crosswalk. The results show that the proposed model, which synergistically couples vehicle speed, driver reaction time, road characteristic correlation coefficients, and the psychological impact of vehicle size and type on pedestrians, is safe and effective. The designed system solves the problem of pedestrian crossing safety from both theoretical and technical aspects.

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Hu, Yuanhe, Kun Yang, Hao Chen i Jiangbo Wang. "Simulation and Optimization of Body Structure of Electric Vehicles with Offset Collision". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2095, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2095/1/012030.

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Abstract In recent years, as the rapid growth of the number of electric vehicles, people have more and more requirements on the safety performance of vehicles. However, compared with fuel vehicles, the structure of electric vehicles has its own particularity which makes the safety design of body structure more difficult. Thus, improving the passive safety of electric vehicles and protecting the passengers from injury in the collision to the greatest extent have become important issues for the automotive industry. This paper simulates the frontal offset impact simulation analysis of a certain type of SUV, and analyzes the safety performance of the vehicle from the perspective of member protection. The front side member structure and impact energy absorption which affect the passive safety of the whole vehicle are optimized and improved. The finite element model of the whole vehicle is rebuilt, and the frontal offset impact simulation test is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the optimization scheme.

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Jin, Zhibin, Ligang Yuan i Shiling Pei. "Efficient evaluation of bridge deformation for running safety of railway vehicles using simplified models". Advances in Structural Engineering 23, nr 3 (13.09.2019): 454–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219875304.

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The running safety of high-speed trains over bridges is a great concern in bridge design. Typically, the running safety of vehicles is evaluated by vehicle–track simulations that are computationally expensive and unfamiliar to bridge designers. This study investigates simplified vehicle–track models for assessing the running safety of vehicles on deformed bridges. Four types of simplified vehicle models along with four types of simplified wheel–track models are investigated. The predicted wheel–rail forces are compared with those simulated by the detailed vehicle–track program. In these simulations, typical bridge deformations are taken as excitations to the dynamic system. It is found that omitting the rail vibration leads to large wheel–rail response errors. The wheel–rail constraint model gives similar wheel–rail responses to those obtained by the Hertz contact model. A vehicle–track model with five degrees-of-freedom is adequate for assessing wheel–rail forces. Furthermore, an analytical solution to the wheel–rail forces running over an angular rotation was obtained. These simplified vehicle–track models provide an efficient way to assess the running safety of vehicles on deformed bridges when using probabilistic or optimal analyses that require a large number of simulations.

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