Artykuły w czasopismach: „Variational pragmatic”

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Clancy, Brian. "Complementary perspectives on hedging behaviour in family discourse". International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 16, nr 3 (24.10.2011): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.16.3.05cla.

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This paper argues that corpus linguistics offers a methodology which benefits variational pragmatic analysis in a number of ways. Corpus linguistic tools such as word frequency lists allow the researcher to construct a detailed “pragmatic profile” of a word, cluster or act. This, coupled with the fact that most corpora are constructed to be representative of a particular language variety, facilitates an accurate account of language-use differences across various social categories. Pragmatic analysis relies heavily on context for its interpretation. Therefore, an illustrative case study of two corpora representing spoken language recorded in the home environment, one from a middle class Irish family and one from a family from the Irish Traveller Community will be utilised in order to elucidate the benefits of the synergy of corpus linguistics and variational pragmatics. Specifically, the variational distribution of the occurrences of hedges across these two distinct cultural groupings will be examined.

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Romero-Trillo, Jesús. "Understanding Pragmatic Markers: A Variational Pragmatic Approach". Journal of Pragmatics 74 (grudzień 2014): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.08.007.

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Rühlemann, Christoph. "Review: Karin Aijmer. Understanding pragmatic markers. A variational pragmatic approach". ICAME Journal 38, nr 1 (28.04.2014): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/icame-2014-0010.

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Buysse, Lieven. "Review of Aijmer (2013): Understanding Pragmatic Markers: A Variational Pragmatic Approach". English Text Construction 7, nr 1 (28.04.2014): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.7.1.06buy.

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Nesselhauf, Nadja. "Review of Aijmer (2013): Understanding Pragmatic Markers. A Variational Pragmatic Approach". International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 19, nr 3 (1.09.2014): 436–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.19.3.07nes.

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Schneider, Klaus P. "Pragmatic variation and cultural models". Review of Cognitive Linguistics 10, nr 2 (7.12.2012): 346–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.10.2.05sch.

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The present paper focuses on pragmatic variation between national varieties of English, reporting an experimental study conducted in the framework of variational pragmatics. It is argued that experimental methods such as dialogue production tasks do not reveal actual verbal behaviour, which is subject to the specific circumstances of concrete social situations, but the underlying behavioural norms of the respective sociocultural community of speakers. These norms emerge from repeated encounters with similar verbal behaviour in social situations of the same type and are collectively shared prototypical patterns of behaviour stored in cultural models in the long-term memory. Such cultural models specify what is expected and considered appropriate in a given type of situation. More particularly, they specify what can be said when and how, i.e. discourse topics, discourse positions and speech act realizations, as is exemplified in the empirical study reported on.

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Schröder, Anne, i Klaus P. Schneider. "Variational pragmatics, responses to thanks, and the specificity of English in Namibia". English World-Wide 39, nr 3 (2.11.2018): 338–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.00017.sch.

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Abstract In the framework of variational pragmatics, the focus so far has been on L1-varieties of English, and the present paper introduces this area of research into the wider field of World Englishes. It presents first results from a larger questionnaire study on a number of pragmatic variables in Namibian English (NamE), a variety of English that only recently has aroused the interest of a number of researchers because of its unique history and complex variety status. The study employs methods successfully applied in variational pragmatics and describes the realization of responses to thanks in NamE in comparison to three L1-varieties of English. As the paper shows, NamE differs from these varieties in various ways. It argues that these differences, although possibly being more in degree than in kind, nevertheless index local Namibian solutions in the complex linguistic ecology of the speech community. The results of the study furthermore show that some of the results reported for the L1-varieties need to be reconsidered in view of the Namibian data.

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Nilsson, Jenny, Stefan Norrthon, Jan Lindström i Camilla Wide. "Greetings as social action in Finland Swedish and Sweden Swedish service encounters – a pluricentric perspective". Intercultural Pragmatics 15, nr 1 (23.02.2018): 57–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2017-0030.

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Abstract While greetings are performed in all cultures and open most conversations, previous studies suggest that there are cross-cultural differences between different languages in greeting behavior. But do speakers of different national varieties of the same language organize and perform their greeting behavior in similar ways? In this study, we investigate the sequential organization of greetings in relation to gaze behavior in the two national varieties of Swedish: Sweden Swedish spoken in Sweden and Finland Swedish spoken in Finland. In recent years, the importance of studying pluricentric languages from a pragmatic perspective has been foregrounded, not least within the framework of variational pragmatics. To date, most studies have focused on structural differences between national varieties of pluricentric languages. With this study, we extend the scope of variational pragmatics through adding an interactional, micro perspective to the broader macro analysis typical of this field. For this study, we have analyzed patterns for greetings in 297 video-recorded service encounters, where staff and customers interact at theatre box offices and event booking venues in Sweden and Finland. The study shows that there are similarities and differences in greeting behavior between varieties. There is a strong preference for exchanging reciprocal verbal greetings, one at a time, in both. There is also a similar organization of the greeting sequence, where customer and staff establish mutual gaze prior to the verbal greetings, thus signaling availability for interaction. The duration of mutual gaze and the timing of the greeting, however, differ between the two varieties. We have also conducted a multi modal analysis of gaze behavior in correlation to the greeting. We found that the customers and staff in the Finland Swedish data share mutual gaze before and during the verbal greeting, and often avert gaze after the verbal greetings. However, in the Sweden Swedish data, the participants often avert gaze before the verbal greetings. Our results thus indicate that both similarities and differences in pragmatic routines and bodily behavior exist between the two national varieties of Swedish. The present study on greeting practices in Finland Swedish and Sweden Swedish should contribute to the field of variational pragmatics and to the development of pluricentric theory.

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Batool, Safeera, Muhammad Aslam Noor, Riaz Ahmad, Ilyas Khan i Mulugeta Andualem. "Novel Algorithms for Solving a System of Absolute Value Variational Inequalities". Journal of Function Spaces 2022 (7.04.2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7572918.

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The goal of this paper is to study a new system of a class of variational inequalities termed as absolute value variational inequalities. Absolute value variational inequalities present a rational, pragmatic, and novel framework for investigating a wide range of equilibrium problems that arise in a variety of disciplines. We first develop a system of absolute value auxiliary variational inequalities to calculate the approximate solution of the system of absolute variational inequalities, and then by employing the projection technique, we prove the existence of solutions of the system of absolute value auxiliary variational inequalities. By utilizing an auxiliary principle and the existence result, we propose several new iterative algorithms for solving the system of absolute value auxiliary variational inequalities in the frame of four different operators. Furthermore, the convergence of the proposed algorithms is investigated in a thorough manner. The efficiency and supremacy of the proposed schemes is exhibited through some special cases of the system of absolute value variational inequalities and an illustrative example. The results presented in this paper are more general and rehash a number of some previously published findings in this field.

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Murphy, Bróna. "Exploring response tokens in Irish English — a multidisciplinary approach". International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 17, nr 3 (31.12.2012): 325–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.17.3.02mur.

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Schneider & Barron (2008) discuss the effect of macro-social factors such as region, ethnic background, age, social status and gender on intra-lingual pragmatic conventions, and state that, to date, they have received comparatively little attention in the study of pragmatics. This paper chooses two macro-social factors, age and gender, and focuses on how they impact on the use of response tokens in Irish English. Not only does the paper shed light on the use of variational pragmatics as a framework for corpus-based studies but it also brings together research on sociolinguistics and corpus linguistics, which has, to-date, been scarce (Baker 2010). The paper reveals the importance of avoiding the exploration of sociolinguistic variables in isolation and concludes by highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary research and the merits of fine-grained sociolinguistic investigations using small corpora.

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Mustapha, Abolaji Samuel. "A pragmatic analysis of the expression of appreciation – thanks in Nigerian English". Legon Journal of the Humanities 35, nr 1 (28.06.2024): 100–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ljh.v35i1.3.

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Many studies on the linguistic realizations and social functions of responses to thanks in different varieties of English have reported interesting findings on the speech act. However, it appears that thanking, the first pair part of the thanking formula, is under-researched. To fill this gap, this study investigated the linguistic realizations of thanks in Nigerian English in order to determine and compare their features and functions with previous findings in British English. 300 expressions of thanks that were recorded from speakers of Nigerian English from verbal exchange, WhatsApp and radio airings were analyzed. The analysis revealed massive similarities in linguistic patterns but divergent pragmatic features owing to cultural differences. These findings support the variational pragmatic theory which opines that intra-variation does not guarantee same pragmatic features.

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Pérez Álvarez, Bernardo Enrique. "Pragmatic parameters for the study of variation in oral discourse". Signos Lingüísticos 19, nr 37 (16.04.2024): 120–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24275/sling.v19n37.05.

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"The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the existence of linguistic variation in oral discourse, originated from a set of pragmatic factors that can be systematized and related to the contextualization cues that appear in an oral text. A set of examples present these marks related to parameters such as dialogicity, emotionality, referential anchoring and textual planning, which operate within a variational scope that goes beyond the variation in the communication situation and are linked to linguistic resources proper of different oral genres.Keywords: Conversation Analysis; Michoacan Spanish Corpus; Linguistic Variation; Syntactic Complexity; Discourse Production"

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Avodo Avodo, Joseph. "Speech act of claiming among Cameroonian and Chadian French speakers". Studies in Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis 5, nr 2 (20.07.2024): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/spda.v5i2.1184.

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This article examines the ways in which Cameroonian and Chadian speakers are producing the speech act of claiming. The study focuses on situations in which the speaker occupies the position of claimant. The aim of the study is to describe the main pragmatic variations between the two groups of speakers. The methodological approach is based on variational pragmatics. The results show that the strategies are similar, but there are strong differences in the types of formulations and mitigation strategies. The results indicate that the Cameroonian data presented more indirect realisations of acts than the Chadian data. Participants from both language communities used a variety of markers to modify their claims. External modifications typically included politeness forms, forms of address, apologies, justifications, greetings and thanks. Internal modifications also included modalisers and minimisers.

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De Felice, Rachele. "Karin Aijmer , Understanding pragmatic markers: A variational pragmatic approach. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. Pp. ix + 162." English Language and Linguistics 20, nr 1 (3.11.2015): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674315000350.

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Unuabonah, Foluke Olayinka, i Loveluck Philip Muro. "Borrowed Swahili discourse-pragmatic features in Kenyan and Tanzanian Englishes". Intercultural Pragmatics 19, nr 4 (22.08.2022): 489–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2022-4003.

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Abstract This study explores five Swahili discourse-pragmatic features – ati/eti, yaani, pole, sasa and sawa – which are borrowed from Swahili into Kenyan and Tanzanian Englishes, with a view to investigating their meanings, frequencies, positioning, collocational patterns, syntactic distribution and discourse-pragmatic functions. The data, which are extracted from the International Corpus of English-East Africa and the Kenyan and Tanzanian components of the corpus of Global Web-based English, are analysed quantitatively and qualitatively, from a variational and postcolonial corpus pragmatic framework. The study reveals that the Swahili discourse-pragmatic features occur more frequently in the Kenyan corpora than in the Tanzanian corpora, except in the case of sasa, which occurred with the same frequency in the online corpus. The paper identifies ati/eti as an attention marker, a quotative marker, a hearsay marker, an inferential marker, and an emotive interjection, yaani as an emphasis and elaborative marker, while pole is an attitudinal marker that expresses sympathy and sarcasm. While sasa is only an attention marker, sawa is an agreement and attention marker. The paper shows that these borrowed discourse-pragmatic features contribute to the distinctive nature of East African Englishes.

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Schoppa, Dominik Jan. "Conceptualizing Illocutions in Context: A Variationist Perspective on the Meta-Illocutionary Lexicon". Corpus Pragmatics 6, nr 1 (22.02.2022): 63–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41701-022-00115-w.

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AbstractThe present study takes a metapragmatics approach to studying language users' conceptualizations of requests and apologies. In particular, two spoken sub-corpora within the BNC and the COCA were searched for inflectional and derivational variants of request and apology, which are part of the meta-illocutionary lexicon. The retrieved items were analyzed with respect to frequency of occurrence and communicative functions in context. Distributions of frequencies and functions were used as indicators of conceptualization, which were then compared across the two illocutions and across the two sub-corpora. The results of this study suggest that while cross-varietal differences are comparatively small, differences across the two illocutions are much more distinct. These and other findings are discussed against the background of semantic and pragmatic characteristics of these illocutions as well as relevant cross-cultural and social factors involved in discussing them. Finally, this study is characterized by its attempt to combine metapragmatics with variational pragmatics.

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Stell, Gerald. "Discourse markers in postcolonial varieties: A variational pragmatic look at Namibian English". Journal of Pragmatics 230 (wrzesień 2024): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2024.06.008.

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Yang, Shiyan, Se-Eun Jhang i Yaochen Deng. "A Variational Pragmatic Study of the Speech Act of Apology in Irish English". Corpus Linguistics Research 6, nr 2 (30.12.2020): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18659/clr.2020.6.2.03.

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Azi, Yaseen. "Investigating Arabic Pragmatic Markers in Spoken Discourse: A Literature Review". International Journal of Linguistics 10, nr 2 (24.04.2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v10i2.12963.

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Generally speaking, the current paper demonstrates a detailed and critical exploration of Arabic pragmatic markers (PMs) in spoken discourse. Although there seems to be less agreement on the topic of the particular phenomena that the current study is addressing, my study will use the term PM instead of discourse marker (DM). For clarity, it should be identified that a PMs in this study is “most commonly used as a general or umbrella term covering forms with a wide variety of functions both on the interpersonal and textual levels” (Zienkowski, Östman, & Verschueren, 2011, p. 227); therefore, DMs or any other linguistic elements with discourse functions are considered as a subtype of a PM (see Fraser, 2009; Aijmer,2013). Based on the literature review, treating the phenomena as PMs will provide us with a more comprehensive approach towards the study of that particular phenomena in Arabic dialects; such an approach does not only focus on texts, but also incorporates social, cultural, and linguistic aspects of the contexts into our analysis of the phenomena. Briefly, the structure of this paper will be divided into the following sections: a definition of pragmatic markers, theoretical approaches of PMs, PMs in the Arabic literature, variations in Arabic, a variational pragmatic approach and PMs, treatment of PMs in Arabic literature, PMs in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), PMs in Dialectal Arabic, and conclusion.

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Lewis, John, i S. Lakshmivarahan. "Sasaki’s Pivotal Contribution: Calculus of Variations Applied to Weather Map Analysis". Monthly Weather Review 136, nr 9 (1.09.2008): 3553–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2400.1.

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Abstract Yoshikazu Sasaki developed a variational method of data assimilation, a cornerstone of modern-day analysis and prediction in meteorology. Fundamentally, he formulated data assimilation as a constrained minimization problem with equality constraints. The generation of this idea is tracked by analyzing his education and research at the University of Tokyo in the immediate post–World War II (WWII) period. Despite austere circumstances—including limited financial support for education, poor living conditions, and a lack of educational resources—Sasaki was highly motivated and overcame these obstacles on his path to developing this innovative method of weather map analysis. The stages of his intellectual development are followed where information comes from access to his early publications, oral histories, and letters of reminiscence. It has been argued that Sasaki’s unique contribution to meteorological data assimilation stems from his deterministic view of the problem—a view founded on the principles of variational mechanics. Sasaki’s approach to the problem is compared and contrasted with the stochastic view that was pioneered by Arnt Eliassen. Both of these optimal approaches are viewed in the context of the pragmatic–operational objective analysis schemes that were developed in the 1950s–1960s. Finally, current-day methods [e.g., three- and four-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR and 4DVAR)] are linked to the optimal methods of Eliassen and Sasaki.

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Krejčí, Pavel, i Adrien Petrov. "A mathematical model for the third-body concept". Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 23, nr 3 (28.11.2017): 420–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286517732827.

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The third-body concept is a pragmatic tool used to understand the friction and wear of sliding materials. The wear particles play a crucial role in this approach and constitute the main part of the third-body. This paper aims to introduce a mathematical model for the motion of a third-body interface separating two surfaces in contact. This model is written in accordance with the formalism of hysteresis operators as solution operators of the underlying variational inequalities. The existence result for this dynamical problem is obtained by using a priori estimates established for Faedo–Galerkin approximations, and some more specific techniques such as anisotropic Sobolev embedding theory.

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Mulo Farenkia, Bernard. "Regional pragmatic Variation in French: A contrastive study of complaint realizations in Cameroon and France". Studies in Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis 5, nr 1 (20.02.2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/spda.v5i1.973.

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This study examined and compared complaints by speakers of French in Cameroon and in France. Although complaints have been extensively analyzed, to date, little attention has been devoted to complaints across regional varieties of French. The aim of this study was to fill this knowledge and research gap by analyzing strategies used by speakers of Cameroon French and Hexagonal French to complain in three situations. The study is at the intersection of variational and postcolonial pragmatics and it is based on data provided by 20 Cameroonian and 19 French university students, who were asked to fill a DCT questionnaire. The results reveal some similarities in both French varieties regarding the use of complex complaint utterances. However, many differences were found with respect to preferences for specific complaint strategies, external modifiers, internal modification devices and address terms.

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El-Dakhs, Dina Abdel Salam. "Compliments and compliment responses in Egyptian and Saudi Arabic". Pragmatics and Society 12, nr 4 (29.10.2021): 537–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.18037.eld.

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Abstract The current study reports on a variational pragmatic comparison of compliments and compliment responses between Egyptian and Saudi Arabic. Data were collected by using Discourse Completion Tasks from 443 Egyptian and 428 Saudi undergraduates, and were analyzed using adaptations of Yuan’s (2002) and Herbert’s (1986) models. The results reveal significant differences in politeness management between Egyptian and Saudi youth, particularly with Egyptians producing more explicit compliment strategies and Saudis showing stronger preference for implicit compliment strategies and combination patterns. Less difference is noted in compliment responses with only Egyptians exhibiting higher use of additional strategies. The findings are interpreted in light of politeness theory and the interplay between cultural values and linguistic behavior.

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El-Dakhs, Dina Abdel Salam. "Saying “Yes” and “No” to requests". Language and Dialogue 8, nr 2 (12.10.2018): 235–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.00014.eld.

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Abstract The current study adopts a variational pragmatic approach to compare the dialogic sequence of the directive speech act of request and its reaction of consent versus refusal in Egyptian and Saudi Arabic. To this end, 413 Egyptian and Saudi undergraduate students completed a Discourse Completion Task (DCT). Data analysis indicated more differences between Egyptian and Saudi Arabic in request consent strategies than refusal strategies. Among the noted differences in consent strategies were Egyptians’ stronger preference for direct strategies and elaborate responses than Saudis who displayed more varied combination patterns and exhibited stronger gender differences. In refusal strategies, however, a general similarity between Egyptians and Saudis was obvious at the level of strategies, combination patterns and the influence of social factors.

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Kabaivanov, Stanimir, i Boyan Zlatanov. "A variational principle, coupled fixed points and market equilibrium". Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control 26, nr 1 (1.01.2021): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/namc.2021.26.21413.

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We present a possible kind of generalization of the notion of ordered pairs of cyclic maps and coupled fixed points and its application in modelling of equilibrium in oligopoly markets. We have obtained sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of coupled fixed in complete metric spaces. We illustrate one possible application of the results by building a pragmatic model on competition in oligopoly markets. To achieve this goal, we use an approach based on studying the response functions of each market participant, thus making it possible to address both Cournot and Bertrand industrial structures with unified formal method.We show that whenever the response functions of the two players are identical, then the equilibrium will be attained at equal levels of production and equal prices. The response functions approach makes it also possible to take into consideration different barriers to entry. By fitting to the response functions rather than the profit maximization of the payoff functions problem we alter the classical optimization problem to a problem of coupled fixed points, which has the benefit that considering corner optimum, corner equilibrium and convexity condition of the payoff function can be skipped.

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El-Dakhs, Dina Abdel Salam, i Mervat M. Ahmed. "A variational pragmatic analysis of the speech act of complaint focusing on Alexandrian and Najdi Arabic". Journal of Pragmatics 181 (sierpień 2021): 120–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.05.023.

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Günther, Jakob M., Francesco Tacchino, James R. Wootton, Ivano Tavernelli i Panagiotis Kl Barkoutsos. "Improving readout in quantum simulations with repetition codes". Quantum Science and Technology 7, nr 1 (29.11.2021): 015009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ac3386.

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Abstract Near term quantum computers suffer from the presence of different noise sources. In order to mitigate for this effect and acquire results with significantly better accuracy, there is the urge of designing efficient error correction or error mitigation schemes. The cost of such techniques is usually high in terms of resource requirements, either in hardware or at the algorithmic level. In this work, we follow a pragmatic approach and we use repetition codes as scalable schemes with the potential to provide more accurate solutions to problems of interest in quantum chemistry and physics. We investigate different repetition code layouts and we propose a circular repetition scheme with connectivity requirements that are native on IBM Quantum hardware. We showcase our approach in multiple IBM Quantum devices and validate our results using a simplified theoretical noise model. We highlight the effect of using the proposed scheme in an electronic structure variational quantum eigensolver calculation and in the simulation of time evolution for a quantum Ising model.

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Thaler, Marion, i Christine Elsweiler. "The Role of Gender in the Realisation of Apologies in Local Council Meetings: A Variational Pragmatic Approach in British and New Zealand English". Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 71, nr 3 (1.09.2023): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2023-2028.

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Abstract This variational pragmatic study investigates the realisation of apologies in local council meetings in New Zealand and Britain. Specifically, it aims to establish to what extent the macro-social factors gender and region influence the choice and combination of apology strategies. The data are drawn from two multi-modal corpora, The Corpus of Australian and New Zealand Spoken English (CoANZSE) and The Corpus of British Isles Spoken English (CoBISE). Our findings reveal general shared trends both across the two regional varieties and the two gender groups. Apologies are mostly realised by sorry forms and speakers prefer to use just one single apology strategy. Nevertheless, within these general trends, some distinct gender patterns are manifest. Overall, though, our findings indicate that the influence of gender and region on the realisation of apologies is limited. The communicative setting of council meetings seems to exert a bigger impact on the apology behaviour of the councillors.

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An, Zheng, Chenfeng Cao, Cheng-Qian Xu i D. L. Zhou. "Learning quantum phases via single-qubit disentanglement". Quantum 8 (22.07.2024): 1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-07-22-1421.

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Identifying phases of matter presents considerable challenges, particularly within the domain of quantum theory, where the complexity of ground states appears to increase exponentially with system size. Quantum many-body systems exhibit an array of complex entanglement structures spanning distinct phases. Although extensive research has explored the relationship between quantum phase transitions and quantum entanglement, establishing a direct, pragmatic connection between them remains a critical challenge. In this work, we present a novel and efficient quantum phase transition classifier, utilizing disentanglement with reinforcement learning-optimized variational quantum circuits. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method on quantum phase transitions in the transverse field Ising model (TFIM) and the XXZ model. Moreover, we observe the algorithm's ability to learn the Kramers-Wannier duality pertaining to entanglement structures in the TFIM. Our approach not only identifies phase transitions based on the performance of the disentangling circuits but also exhibits impressive scalability, facilitating its application in larger and more complex quantum systems. This study sheds light on the characterization of quantum phases through the entanglement structures inherent in quantum many-body systems.

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Mazzaglia, Pietro, Tim Verbelen, Ozan Çatal i Bart Dhoedt. "The Free Energy Principle for Perception and Action: A Deep Learning Perspective". Entropy 24, nr 2 (21.02.2022): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24020301.

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The free energy principle, and its corollary active inference, constitute a bio-inspired theory that assumes biological agents act to remain in a restricted set of preferred states of the world, i.e., they minimize their free energy. Under this principle, biological agents learn a generative model of the world and plan actions in the future that will maintain the agent in an homeostatic state that satisfies its preferences. This framework lends itself to being realized in silico, as it comprehends important aspects that make it computationally affordable, such as variational inference and amortized planning. In this work, we investigate the tool of deep learning to design and realize artificial agents based on active inference, presenting a deep-learning oriented presentation of the free energy principle, surveying works that are relevant in both machine learning and active inference areas, and discussing the design choices that are involved in the implementation process. This manuscript probes newer perspectives for the active inference framework, grounding its theoretical aspects into more pragmatic affairs, offering a practical guide to active inference newcomers and a starting point for deep learning practitioners that would like to investigate implementations of the free energy principle.

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Clayton, John D. "Finsler differential geometry in continuum mechanics: Fundamental concepts, history, and renewed application to ferromagnetic solids". Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 27, nr 5 (13.10.2021): 910–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10812865211049468.

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Finsler differential geometry enables enriched mathematical and physical descriptions of the mechanics of materials with microstructure. The first propositions for Finsler geometry in solid mechanics emerged some six decades ago. Ideas set forth in these early works are reviewed, along with subsequent literature culminating in contemporary theories of Finsler-geometric continuum mechanics. Concepts unique to generalized Finsler spaces, in the context of continuum mechanical applications, are highlighted. Capabilities afforded by physical models in generalized Finsler spaces are contrasted with those of standard approaches in affinely connected spaces. Theory and several examples of reduced dimensionality are reported for boundary value problems of fracture and phase transformations, showing how simultaneously novel, physical, and pragmatic model predictions can be obtained from Finsler-type continuum field theory. Lastly, the modern theory is newly applied to describe nonlinear elastic ferromagnetic solids in the magnetically saturated state. A variational approach is used to derive Euler–Lagrange equations for macroscopic and microscopic, i.e., respective electromechanical and electronic continuum, equilibrium states. For a representative generalized Finsler metric depending on material symmetry, augmented conservation laws of macroscopic momentum and electronic spin angular momentum naturally emerge.

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Clayton, John D. "Finsler differential geometry in continuum mechanics: Fundamental concepts, history, and renewed application to ferromagnetic solids". Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 27, nr 5 (13.10.2021): 910–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10812865211049468.

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Finsler differential geometry enables enriched mathematical and physical descriptions of the mechanics of materials with microstructure. The first propositions for Finsler geometry in solid mechanics emerged some six decades ago. Ideas set forth in these early works are reviewed, along with subsequent literature culminating in contemporary theories of Finsler-geometric continuum mechanics. Concepts unique to generalized Finsler spaces, in the context of continuum mechanical applications, are highlighted. Capabilities afforded by physical models in generalized Finsler spaces are contrasted with those of standard approaches in affinely connected spaces. Theory and several examples of reduced dimensionality are reported for boundary value problems of fracture and phase transformations, showing how simultaneously novel, physical, and pragmatic model predictions can be obtained from Finsler-type continuum field theory. Lastly, the modern theory is newly applied to describe nonlinear elastic ferromagnetic solids in the magnetically saturated state. A variational approach is used to derive Euler–Lagrange equations for macroscopic and microscopic, i.e., respective electromechanical and electronic continuum, equilibrium states. For a representative generalized Finsler metric depending on material symmetry, augmented conservation laws of macroscopic momentum and electronic spin angular momentum naturally emerge.

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Chatzopoulos, Georgios, Ariadne Loutrari, Félix Díaz–Martínez, Evgenia-Peristera Kouki i Hariklia Proios. "MOSAICS FALL APART IN DIFFERENT WAYS: EXPLORING VARIATION IN COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN PATTERNS IN THREE APHASIC PATIENTS". Acta Neuropsychologica 16, nr 4 (18.12.2018): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8037.

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In addition to linguistic impairments, the cognitive underpinnings of pragmatic abilities in aphasic individuals can be severely compromised. Impairments include incoherent discourse and other speech organization deficits. At the same time, preserved pragmatic patterns reveal communicative abilities that can go unnoticed if only standardized screening tests are used. Conversational Partners also appear to play a role in mitigating compromised linguistic ability. Although some tools assessing the communicative abilities of neurological patients have been recently employed, the question of whether pragmatic performance declines in consistent patterns remains poorly understood. We applied the Pragmatic Evaluation Protocol – Revised (PREP-R) to video-recorded interviews of Greek individuals with aphasia, presented here as separate case studies. The tool offers a detailed account of pragmatic ability across 29 distinct categories and consists of three distinct subcomponents, namely enunciative pragmatics, textual pragmatics, and interactional pragmatics. Our results showed considerable variation in the performance of each patient and across our three aphasic patients. We also found that the role of the Key Conversational Partner was critical to effective communication, in line with previous research. As the communication repertoire of each of our participants was found to be highly idiosyncratic, we propose that further research should shift away from the mere evaluation of isolated verbal abilities.

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Bove, Kathryn P. "Pragmatic Mood Variation in Bilingual and Monolingual Yucatec Spanish". Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 8, nr 1 (1.06.2019): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.8.1.4232.

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While linguists (e.g. Michnowicz 2009, 2012; Solomon 1996, 1999; Klee 2009) have described some of the unique features of Yucatec Spanish related to the lexicon , the phonetic system, and syntactic structure, but no work has focused on pragmatics in this variety. The current study utilizes semantic/pragmatic interviews to investigate four cases of pragmatic mood alternation: Suspended Assertion, Reportative Distance, Individualized Reference, and Reactional Assertions. The results examined suggest important differences between monolingual and bilingual speaker reaction to pragmatic triggers. The bilingual Yucatec Maya/Spanish speakers’ perception of pragmatic change in mood varies between the four groups of pragmatic effects; the bilingual speakers were sensitive to Reactional Assertions and Reportative Distance but not sensitive to changes in Suspended Assertion or Individualized Reference. This demonstrates a difference in pragmatic sensitivity to mood selection between bilingual and monolingual speakers of this contact variety. Specifically, bilingual speakers select mood that patterns with monolingual speakers when it is syntactically motivated, but their mood selection differs in areas where this selection pragmatically motivated.

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Gavarró, Anna. "L1 variation in object pronominalisation, and the import of pragmatics". Probus 31, nr 2 (25.09.2019): 299–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2016-0011.

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Abstract Much work on referential expressions in monolingual and bilingual acquisition rests on the assumption that early grammars licence null objects even when they are not possible in the corresponding target grammar, in virtue of discourse-pragmatic licencing. This proposal has been made mainly with reference to third person object pronominalisation. Less attention has been given to other pronouns. Here, I show how the pragmatic account of third person object pronouns (along the lines of Serratrice et al. [2004, Crosslinguistic influence in the syntax-pragmatics interface: Subjects and objects in English-Italian bilingual and monolingual acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 7(3). 182–205], in the spirit of Hulk and Müller [2000, Bilingual first language acquisition at the interface between syntax and pragmatics. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 3(3). 227–244], Müller and Hulk [2001, Crosslinguistic influence in bilingual language acquisition: Italian and French as recipient languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 4(1). 1–21]) does not extend to clitics instantiating other person specifications or other grammatical functions. I present an alternative analysis, in terms of the Unique Checking Constraint (Wexler [1998, Very early parameter setting and the unique checking constraint: A new explanation for the optional infinitive stage. Lingua 106. 23–79]) that offers a generalisation over other clitics, in particular indirect object clitics and first person object clitics, which are generally preserved in child grammar – as witnessed by two experiments run on Catalan L1 reported here.

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Hassall, Timothy. "Individual Variation in L2 Study-Abroad Outcomes: A Case Study from Indonesian Pragmatics". Multilingua 34, nr 1 (13.06.2014): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi-2013-0050.

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Abstract This is a study of two Australian learners of Indonesian during a short stay abroad. It examines their contrasting success in acquiring L2 address terms, in tandem with their contrasting experiences of the L2 culture setting. It thereby helps explain the persistent finding of great individual variation in L2 gains – and in particular pragmatic gains – during study abroad. The study shows that the contrasting success of these two learners is linked to their L2 identity development. At the same time, it dispels a simplistic view of the relationship between identity development and pragmatic development, by showing that their language outcomes emerge through a highly contingent process. The study also helps us understand how certain specific factors can influence learning of L2 pragmatics during study abroad, such as low initial proficiency, prior foreign language learning experience, timing of formal instruction, and the presence of peer L2 learners during naturalistic interactions.

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Bülow, Lars, Philip C. Vergeiner i Stephan Elspaß. "Structures of adnominal possession in Austria’s traditional dialects: Variation and change". Journal of Linguistic Geography 9, nr 2 (październik 2021): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2021.6.

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AbstractBy means of the first comprehensive apparent-time study of Austria’s traditional dialects, this paper explores the use of adnominal syntactic constructions of expressing the semantic relation of possession. The article focuses on both the geographical variation and the interplay of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. The analyses are based on data from direct recordings of 162 speakers from forty villages and on written questionnaire data from 103 of these speakers from thirty-seven villages. The analyses reveal clear geographical patterns for those constructions in which the possessor phrase precedes the possessum phrase within the entire construction. We propose to focus on the discursive-pragmatic properties of the possessor phrase to explain the fact that each of the observed dialects allows the possessor to precede the possessum. We provide evidence that referential anchoring, combined with the concept of accessibility, is the key to explaining the syntactic order within the used constructions.

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Chernyavskaya, Valeria. "Typographic Landscape: Pragmatics of Typographic Variation". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, nr 5 (listopad 2023): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2023.5.6.

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The present paper suggests a linguistic approach to typography which is understood as a variable communicative resource. Typography acts as one of the semiotic tools for meaning making. A person actively chooses semiotic resources that are adequate in the socio-cultural situation, interprets the meanings and coordinates their communicative competence with socio-cultural norms and traditions of communication. The methodological framework of the study is based on modern explanatory approaches to the pragmatics of meaning that have been developed in media linguistics, discourse linguistics, and is in line with a new sociolinguistic strand typographic linguistics. The typographic variations are involved in the shaping of a semiotic, typographic landscape and generate typographic meanings as a special kind of pragmatic meaning. The typographic meaning is of an indexical nature and can be studied within the framework of social indexicality in line with current approaches in sociolinguistics and metapragmatics to communicative variation. From this point of view, the issue is related to media competence and media literacy as a person's ability to recognize and consciously apply various communicative forms and channels to express meanings in an appropriate situation. The analysis is exemplified by means of modern Russian advertising messages, street signs, announcements. Typographic meaning is created and recognized in the communicative interaction of social actors.

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Li, Qiong. "Variations in developmental patterns across pragmatic features". Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 6, nr 4 (30.12.2016): 587–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2016.6.4.3.

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Drawing on the findings of longitudinal studies in uninstructed contexts over the last two decades, this synthesis explores variations in developmental patterns across second language (L2) pragmatic features. Two synthesis questions were addressed: (a) What are the variations in developmental patterns across pragmatic features?, and (b) What are the potential explanations for the variations? In response to the first question, previous studies showed that L2 pragmatic development is a non-linear, dynamic process, with developmental paces varying across pragmatic features (Ortactepe, 2013; Taguchi, 2010, 2011, 2012; Warga & Scholmberger, 2007). These studies revealed that some aspects of pragmatic features (e.g., semantic strategies of speech acts) develop faster than others (e.g., lexical features such as mitigators). In response to the second question, three potential explanations were identified to account for the developmental variations: (a) language-related, (b) situation-dependent, and (c) learner-related explanations, with three subcategories for the language-related explanation: (a) the functions of pragmatic features, (b) the frequency of availability of target features, and (c) the similarity and difference between languages with respect to the target feature.

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Barron, Anne. "Variational pragmatics in the foreign language classroom". System 33, nr 3 (wrzesień 2005): 519–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2005.06.009.

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Morrison, Catherine E. "Human Goodness: Pragmatic Variations on Platonic Themes". Philosophy & Rhetoric 41, nr 2 (1.01.2008): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25655309.

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Morrison, Catherine E. "Human Goodness: Pragmatic Variations on Platonic Themes". Philosophy & Rhetoric 41, nr 2 (1.01.2008): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/philrhet.41.2.0190.

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Earls, C. Anthony. "Human Goodness: Pragmatic Variations on Platonic Themes". Pluralist 4, nr 1 (1.04.2009): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20708968.

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De Lingüística aplicada a la comunicació, Círculo. "Melbourne 2020: Discourse-Pragmatic Variation and Change". Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación 78 (17.05.2019): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/clac.64388.

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Barron, Anne. "Contrastivity and comparability: pragmatic variation across pluricentric varieties". Sociolinguistica 35, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 189–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soci-2021-0010.

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Abstract The recent pragmatic turn in the study of pluricentric varieties marks a shift in analytical focus, with increasingly more research contrasting the conventions of language use and interaction across pluricentric varieties. This turn demands new data types and new methods of analysis which uphold the principles of contrastivity and comparability. Addressing this basic requirement for the case of cross-varietal speech act analyses, the present article examines the contextual factors to be considered in the choice of data types and the potential definition and usability of a pragmatic variable in speech act analyses across data types. These considerations are applied to a cross-varietal analysis of responses to thanks in direction-giving exchanges across English in Canada, England and Ireland. The study highlights the frequent necessity of a multi-faceted definition of the pragmatic variable. In addition, challenges of contextual equivalence which emerge in the course of the analysis highlight a basic need for research to regularly re-examine the linguistic context and the definition of the pragmatic variable and to potentially redefine the variable during the analytical process. The contrastive analysis reveals a more extensive use of routinised responses to thanks in the Canadian English data relative to the Irish English and English English data. A more complex closing, with more continuations and confirmation checks, is shown to characterise the Irish English data, a finding which is suggested to potentially relate to a strong orientation towards hospitality in the Irish context.

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Su, Yunwen, i Yufen Chang. "Intra-lingual pragmatic variation in Mandarin Chinese apologies". East Asian Pragmatics 4, nr 1 (30.04.2019): 59–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/eap.38215.

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This study investigates regional and gender variations of apologies in Putonghua ‘Standard Mandarin' and Guoyu ‘Taiwanese Mandarin'. Production data were elicited from 40 participants from northern Mainland China and 34 from Taipei using an oral discourse completion task. Results showed that speakers in both regions employed a similar sequence of strategies and demonstrated similar preferences for context-dependent strategies in their apologies, but Mainland speakers used a significantly greater number of strategies than Taiwan speakers. Gender differences were observed in the apologies produced by Taiwan speakers regarding their use of illocutionary force indicating devices. The study found an interaction effect of power relation and region, with Mainland speakers sounding more apologetic than Taiwan speakers, but no interaction effect of power relation and gender; the effect of severity of offence was not clear, which could be attributed to the gap between the predetermined level of severity and speakers' actual perception of it in each scenario.

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De Sutter, Gert, Dirk Speelman i Dirk Geeraerts. "Prosodic and syntactic-pragmatic mechanisms of grammatical variation". International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 13, nr 2 (26.05.2008): 194–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.13.2.04des.

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This paper reports on a quantitative corpus-based study of the impact of a postverbal constituent (PVC) on the choice of word order in Dutch written clause final verb clusters consisting of a participle and an auxiliary verb. The study verifies the results of previous research by analyzing the effect of the presence vs. the absence of a PVC, while at the same time extending previous research by scrutinizing this effect more in depth. More specifically, it is investigated whether there is an effect of the grammatical relationship between the PVC and its head, the syntactic weight of the PVC and the accent distribution within the PVC. Based on several statistical measures for bivariate and stratified analysis, we are able to show that these factors simultaneously affect the choice of word order in written clause final verb clusters. These results lead us to explore the relationship between the prosodic and syntactic-pragmatic determinants of word order variation.

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López Ferrero, Carmen. "Pragmatic Variation in First and Second Language Contexts". Pragmática Sociocultural / Sociocultural Pragmatics 1, nr 2 (1.11.2013): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soprag-2013-0013.

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Sh.Sh., Tulanbayeva. "LINGUISTIC VARIATION IN ONLINE SYMPATHY EXPRESSION". American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 6, nr 3 (1.03.2024): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume06issue03-15.

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The digital age has transformed the way individuals express sympathy and condolences, particularly in the aftermath of tragic incidents such as the devastating earthquake that hit Turkey on February 6, 2023. This study aims to explore the linguistic variation in online condolences posted on social media platforms in response to this natural disaster. By employing a qualitative analysis of condolence messages, we examine the syntactic and pragmatic elements that characterize these expressions of sympathy. Our findings reveal distinct linguistic patterns and thematic functions, including expressions of empathy, solidarity, and religious undertones. The study highlights the influence of cultural and contextual factors on the language of online condolences, shedding light on the complex interplay between language, culture, and digital communication in times of tragedy.

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Wiltschko, Martina, Derek Denis i Alexandra D'Arcy. "Deconstructing variation in pragmatic function: A transdisciplinary case study". Language in Society 47, nr 4 (28.06.2018): 569–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004740451800057x.

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AbstractDespite recent advances (e.g. Cheshire 2007; Pichler 2010; Denis 2015), discourse-pragmatic variables continue to challenge variationist theory and methods. An overarching dilemma concerns multifunctionality, raising difficulties for semantic equivalency and the circumscription of the variable context. In this article we present a case study to illustrate that deconstructing a discourse-pragmatic marker into its composite parts reveals clear criteria for disambiguating its principal function and its contextually derived functions. The discussion centres on the pragmatic marker eh in Canadian English. We illustrate that its multifunctionality is derivable from four parts: principal function, syntactic context, prosodic context, and discourse context. Our deconstruction uses a two-pronged methodology, drawing on storyboard elicitation and sociolinguistic interview data, which mutually reinforce our theoretical arguments. Under this transdisciplinary lens, the exponents of form and function become predictable, constrainable, and systematically derivable for probabilistic modelling within and across speech communities. (Confirmationals, multifunctionality, pragmatic markers, eh, speech acts)*

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