Książki: „Vaccins ADN”

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1941-, Paterson Yvonne, red. Intracellular bacterial vaccine vectors: Immunology, cell biology, and genetics. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1999.

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Kerns, Thomas A. Jenner on trial: An ethical examination of vaccine research in the age of smallpox and the age of AIDS. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1997.

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Vaccine nation: A thriller. Las Vegas, NV]: Thomas & Mercer, 2011.

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Vijayakṛ̥ṣṇāreḍḍi, El. Jananēta: Mudraṇamādhyaṃlō vaccina kathanāla saṅkalanaṃ. Haidarābād: Spiyarheḍ Kamyūnikēṣans, 2009.

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1965-, Vijayakr̥ṣṇāreḍḍi El, i Munisurēṣ Piḷle Ke E, red. Jananēta: Mudraṇamādhyaṃlō vaccina kathanāla saṅkalanaṃ. Haidarābād: Spiyarheḍ Kamyūnikēṣans, 2009.

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1965-, Vijayakr̥ṣṇāreḍḍi El, i Munisurēṣ Piḷle Ke E, red. Jananēta: Mudraṇamādhyaṃlō vaccina kathanāla saṅkalanaṃ. Haidarābād: Spiyarheḍ Kamyūnikēṣans, 2009.

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1965-, Vijayakr̥ṣṇāreḍḍi El, i Munisurēṣ Piḷle Ke E, red. Jananēta: Mudraṇamādhyaṃlō vaccina kathanāla saṅkalanaṃ. Haidarābād: Spiyarheḍ Kamyūnikēṣans, 2009.

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1965-, Vijayakr̥ṣṇāreḍḍi El, i Munisurēṣ Piḷle Ke E, red. Jananēta: Mudraṇamādhyaṃlō vaccina kathanāla saṅkalanaṃ. Haidarābād: Spiyarheḍ Kamyūnikēṣans, 2009.

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Commission, Manitoba Law Reform. Compensation of vaccine-damaged children. [Winnipeg]: Manitoba, Law Reform Commission, 2000.

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United States. Public Health Service. National Vaccine Program Office. i United States. Public Health Service., red. Disease prevention through vaccine development and immunization: The U.S. National Vaccine Plan, 1994. [Rockville, Md.?]: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Vaccine Program Office, 1994.

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Reform, United States Congress House Committee on Government. The National Vaccine Injury Program: Is it working as Congress intended? : hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, November 1 and December 12, 2001. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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Ethical issues in HIV vaccine trials. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1997.

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Young women and the HPV vaccine. New York: Rosen Pub., 2012.

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Ethical issues in HIV vaccine trials. New York, N.Y: St. Martin's Press, 1997.

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Vaccine: The debate in modern America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012.

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Sheila, Davey, World Health Organization, UNICEF i World Bank, red. State of the world's vaccines and immunization. Wyd. 3. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009.

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Loe, Fisher Barbara, red. A shot in the dark: Why the P in the DPT vaccination may be hazardous to your child's health. Garden City Park, N.Y: Avery Pub. Group, 1991.

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Grady, Christine. The search for an AIDS vaccine: Ethical issues in the development and testing of a preventiveHIV vaccine. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995.

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Revolution in international public health?: The origins of the Bill and Melinda Gates Children's Vaccine Program and the birth of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2004.

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Maurice, J. M. State of the world's vaccines and immunization. Wyd. 3. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009.

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American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research., red. The Vaccines for Children Program: A critique. Washington, D.C. (1150 17th St., NW, Washington 20036): AEI Press, 1995.

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Davey, Sheila. State of the world's vaccines and immunization. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1996.

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Organization, World Health, UNICEF i World Bank, red. State of the world's vaccines and immunization. Geneva: WHO, 2003.

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The search for an AIDS vaccine: Ethical issues in the development and testing of a preventive HIV vaccine. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995.

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United States. Division of Photovoltaic Energy Technology., United States. Agency for International Development. Office of Energy. i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. User evaluation of photovoltaic-powered vaccine refrigerator/freezer systems. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Division of Photovoltaic Energy Technology, 1987.

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Gene vaccination: Theory and practice. Berlin: Spring-Verlag, 1998.

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Raz, E. Gene Vaccination: Theory and Practice (Principles and Practice). Springer-Verlag Telos, 1998.

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Paterson, Yvonne. Intracellular Bacterial Vaccine Vectors: Immunology, Cell Biology, and Genetics. Wiley-Liss, 1999.

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Microarrays, Immune Responses, and Vaccines. New York Academy of Sciences, 2002.

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Tan, Tina Q., John P. Flaherty i Melvin V. Gerbie. Routine Vaccines for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604776.003.0003.

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The natural history, signs and symptoms, prevention, and treatment of common vaccine preventable infectious diseases are introduced. Dosing, immunization schedules, contraindications, precautions, and administration of vaccines are discussed for patients of all ages. Frequently asked question sections at the end of each chapter summarize issues that clinicians commonly encounter in their practices. This chapter details each of the diseases and specific vaccines that are recommended throughout life. The clinical presentations, clinical courses, complications, and post-exposure and pre-exposure managements are detailed. Differences in the disease in childhood and adult ages are noted. International variations of the diseases and vaccine requirements of individual countries are noted. The transmissions, incubation periods of the diseases, natural, and vaccine-induced durations of immunity are discussed. FAQs offer helpful answers to many of the questions that this wide variety of conditions present.

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Tan, MD,, Tina Q., Melvin V. Gerbie, MD, i John P. Flaherty, MD,. The Vaccine Handbook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604776.001.0001.

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Vaccines are an integral part of routine preventative health care for persons of all ages and play an integral role in protecting individuals against vaccine-preventable diseases. This handbook provides easy-to-understand, practical information on routinely recommended preventative vaccines for persons of all ages. It is written to be an informative, easily accessible, quick resource that addresses common vaccine issues that may be encountered by busy health-care providers in different specialties and at all different levels of training and practice. The “Did you know that” sections at the beginning of each chapter provide interesting facts on vaccines and vaccine preventable diseases. The FAQ section at the end of each chapter provides answers to commonly encountered situations in clinical practice involving vaccines. Exploring the different sections of this handbook will arm the reader with the tools needed to discuss the importance of vaccines and recommend the appropriate vaccines for their patients in order to optimally protect them against vaccine preventable diseases.

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Feemster, Kristen A. Vaccines. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190277901.001.0001.

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Immunization is regarded by many as one of the greatest advances in modern civilization. The widespread use of vaccines has led to increases in life expectancy, reductions in the occurrence of childhood diseases, and is generally credited with saving millions of lives annually. But since their discovery two centuries ago, vaccines have been dogged by pockets of persistent distrust among those who are skeptical of their science or who find compulsory immunization at odds with personal liberty. The rise of these voices in contemporary culture has contributed to trends of vaccine delay and vaccine hesitancy in some communities -- a chasm between the general population and the scientific establishment that has persisted and grown at times across the last several decades. VACCINES: What Everyone Needs to Know® offers a scientifically grounded overview of the science, manufacture, and culture of vaccines in the United States and internationally. Aiming to offer an unbiased resource on this hotly debated subject, it provides accessible, authoritative overviews of the following: · How vaccines work · The history of vaccines · Vaccine policy -- who writes it, and does it matter? · The contents and manufacture of vaccines · Vaccine injury · The alleged link between vaccines and autism · Vaccines and new outbreaks Written by a leading authority in both infectious disease and vaccine education, this book offers a clear-eyed resource for parents or anyone with an interest in the use, efficacy, and controversy surrounding vaccines. In a subject area defined by partisanship, it offers reliable resource for what everyone needs to know.

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Tan, Tina Q., John P. Flaherty i Melvin V. Gerbie. Vaccine Overview. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604776.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces commonly used vaccines in a variety of clinical settings and provides information about proper administration and dosing. Details of types of immunizations such as active vs passive and inactivated vs live-attenuated vaccines are presented. CDC recommendations are noted including “routine” vs “permissive”. It also contains practical tips for addressing vaccine hesitancy and debunks common myths about vaccines such as the misconception that they cause autism or the diseases they are intended to prevent. Multiple other misconceptions are discussed and suggestions given to how to address patient and family concerns including natural vs vaccine induced immunity, risks of vaccines, and presence of toxins. The chapter concludes with multiple tables of vaccine types, dosages, adjuvants, and other useful information.

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Davidson, Tish. Vaccines. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216031635.

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What is a vaccine and how does it work? How are vaccines made? Who discovered vaccines? What diseases do vaccines prevent, are these vaccines effective, and are they safe? Presenting comprehensive information on a topic that remains the focus of considerable controversy, Vaccines: History, Science, and Issues provides readers with a single-volume examination of vaccines and their history, production, uses, and limitations. Written in language that avoids intimidating medical jargon, this latest addition to Greenwood's Story of a Drug series looks at different types of vaccines and documents the value of vaccination to society. It explains the process of developing a vaccine, the testing required before it can be distributed to the public, and the challenges that arise in manufacturing and distribution, along with potential solutions to some of these problems. Readers will gain insight into vaccination-related topics such as the legal issues surrounding mandatory vaccination, the relationship between vaccines and adverse events, and the government's role in adjudicating claims of damage. The book also includes international recommendations from the World Health Organization and information on vaccines that are available and used outside the United States.

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Link, Kurt. The Vaccine Controversy. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216031611.

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While millions of Americans receive vaccinations each year, a vocal segment of the population is opposed to all immunizations—some even refusing to get mandated vaccinations for their children. In The Vaccine Controversy, Dr. Kurt Link—a specialist in internal medicine—explores that paradox and provides a history of vaccine development, including such possible future vaccines as those being developed in the hope of immunizing against HIV. A strong supporter of vaccination programs, Link explains the immune system and how it works, as well as outlining the various types of vaccines (including the efficacy and potential toxicity of each). Appendices spell out current medical recommendations for vaccines, describe the legal issues involved in decisions to vaccinate or not, and explain the workings of clinical trials where work is done to determine if a vaccine is effective or not, or has any remarkable side effects. Millions of Americans are vaccinated each year, whether they are elders looking to avoid bouts of influenza or children whose parents want to protect them from potentially deadly childhood diseases. Still, there remains a vocal segment of the population in opposition to all immunization, some even refusing to get mandated vaccinations for their children. Here, a specialist of internal medicine explores that paradox. Dr. Link explains the immune system and how it works, as well as the history of vaccine development, and the various types of vaccines including the efficacy and potential toxicity of each. A physician for more than 35 years, Link also spotlights possible future vaccines, such as those being developed in the hope of immunizing against HIV. Appendices to this work spell out current medical recommendations for vaccines, describe the legal issues involved in decisions to vaccinate or not, and explain the workings of clinical trials where work is done to determine if a vaccine is effective or not, or has any remarkable side effects. A strong supporter of vaccination programs, Link says that all people should understand the powers, limitations and risk of immunization.

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Blume, Stuart. The erosion of public sector vaccine production: the case of the Netherlands. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526110886.003.0007.

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A century ago, state institutes of public health played an important role in the production of sera and vaccines. In The Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries they continued to do so until after World War II. Focusing in particular on The Netherlands, this chapter examines their withdrawal from vaccine production in the past 20 years. In the 1980s the Dutch government was still committed to maintaining the state’s ability to produce the vaccines needed by the national vaccination programme. A series of legal and institutional changes sought to protect the public sector vaccine producer against the threat of privatisation. These changes ultimately proved inadequate. Not only was the Institute’s ability to meet demand for new vaccines being eroded by global developments, but policy makers were increasingly convinced that vaccination practices should be harmonised with those of other European countries. The decision to sell off the Dutch state’s vaccine production facilities, taken in 2009, has to be understood in historical context. It was the outcome of globalisation processes that for two decades had worked simultaneously on both the supply and the demand sides

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Stashwick, Caitlin, Brian J. Czerniecki i Janos L. Tanyi. Dendritic Cell Vaccine Therapy for Ovarian Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190248208.003.0008.

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Dendritic cell vaccine therapy has emerged as an exciting new field in immunotherapy in ovarian cancer over the past two decades. This chapter reviews the biology of dendritic cells, including dendritic cell subsets, development, activation, and maturation as well as strategies for clinical use of dendritic cell vaccines. While there is encouraging data in preclinical work for dendritic cell vaccine, the outcomes of clinical trials have not shown robust responses. A summary of the clinical trials using dendritic cell vaccines in ovarian cancer is reviewed. Treatment-related toxicities and potential therapies to increase clinical efficacy are also discussed.

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Vallier, Kevin, i Michael Weber. Prioritizing Religion in Vaccine Exemption Policies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190666187.003.0011.

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The most common method that US state governments use to restrict access to exemptions from school and daycare vaccine mandates is to provide exemptions only to people who object to vaccination for religious reasons. However, there are moral reasons for states not to prioritize vaccine exemptions for religious objectors. They should also offer personal belief exemptions. Furthermore, states should not try to restrict exemptions by focusing on the reasons (religious or otherwise) that people give for objecting to vaccines. It would be better to focus on the intensity of an objector’s commitment to refuse vaccines, which we can assess by making vaccination exemption application processes more burdensome to complete.

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Bedford, Helen, i David Elliman. Integrating immunizations into the programme. Redaktor Alan Emond. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0016.

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Immunization is a highly successful public health intervention providing protection against serious infectious diseases. UK vaccine uptake rates are generally high, although pockets of lower uptake and social inequalities remain which compromise herd protection. The child health programme provides health professionals opportunities to introduce immunization to parents, offer ongoing information and advice, and remind them when vaccines are due. Improving and maintaining high vaccine rates depends on multicomponent strategies. In view of their relationship with families, health visitors are the key professionals to work with them to ensure that children are immunized fully and in a timely fashion, although in practice they now do not usually deliver vaccines.

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Rosner, Lisa. Vaccination. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216031604.

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Everyone has opinions about vaccines, but what are the facts? This resource provides clear, unbiased, and up-to-date information on vaccination, which protects the world's populations not only from pandemics like COVID-19 but other dangerous diseases as well. Each title in the Contemporary Debates series examines the veracity of controversial claims or beliefs surrounding a major political/cultural issue in the United States. They do so to give readers a clear and unbiased understanding of current issues by informing them about falsehoods, half-truths, and misconceptions—and confirming the factual validity of other assertions—that have gained traction in America's political and cultural discourse. This latest addition to the series is the first reference work on vaccines written through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic. It asks—and answers—questions raised by the pandemic, such as how vaccines work, what causes side effects, and how COVID-19 vaccines were developed so quickly. It also addresses broader questions, such as how to protect vaccine supply chains and how to prevent public health issues from being politicized. In addition to correcting or clarifying well-known misinformation and misunderstandings about vaccines (such as false claims that they have been linked to autism), this book also provides up-to-date research on ways to counter disinformation and decrease vaccine hesitancy.

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Baxter, David, Sam Ghebrehewet i Gill Marsh. Immunization. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0019.

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Immunization has been used by human societies for more than a thousand years to control a number of important vaccine-preventable infections. Currently an infant born in an industrialized society will be immunized against more than 25 pathogens by 13 months of age; an elderly person in the same country will similarly be offered protection against 28 pathogens. The main reasons for continuing with immunization programmes in the face of declining rates of vaccine-preventable diseases/infections are discussed. This chapter also looks at the different vaccines that are widely used in many countries, describing the four main types and explaining how they utilize the body’s natural defence systems to provide protection. Vaccines are the most complex agents used by healthcare workers and this chapter reviews their different components and explains their different functions.

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Adverse Effects Of Pertussis And Rubella Vaccines. National Academies Press, 1991.

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Rose, Cramer Sacha. Vaccine Nationalism in the age of COVID-19. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.413.

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It is no secret that the world has a COVID-19 vaccine problem. The majority of vaccination doses have been administered in Europe and North America, whilst many poorer counties have vaccinated less than 1% of their entire population. In light of the new variants presenting health risks, countries such as South Africa and India have proposed that the World Trade Organisation temporarily waive intellectual property rights for COVID-19 vaccines to help increase the production of vaccines. The world’s economic powerhouses such as U.S., Britain and the European Union vetoed the idea, submitting that intellectual property rights are important for ensuring continued innovation. They are of the opinion that waiving such rights would not result in increased production. The question therefore stands if these are only two options: either patents remain unchanged, or patents are disregarded. An alternative, and perhaps a middle ground is that of compulsory licensing. Although a seemingly good option, it presents its own problems. For instance, patents are territorial and grant the patent holder a monopoly for a limited time of 20 years. However, based on public needs – including health emergencies, a government can allow others to make the product, usually with a fair royalty, or fee, paid to the patent owner. However, this ends at the border. Article 31 of the WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Law, or TRIPS, limit compulsory licenses primarily to domestic production and use. This is also limited to companies within the territory, producing products primarily for export. This of course would make the whole point of such compulsory licenses redundant, since the countries producing such vaccines are not the countries that do not have access to them. The other problem with the COVID-19 vaccine is that the technologies used in producing such vaccines are complex and involve numerous patents, trade secrets and know-how. A compulsory licensing system would need to address not just patents but also the related intellectual property in question. To successfully expand vaccine production, countries need a moderately smooth structure to allow a country such as India, to grant a single, blanket license allowing companies to produce vaccines develop by the U.S. or European companies for export to all countries that lack their own manufacturing capacity. The proposed WTO waiver of intellectual property rights seeks to address the need of improved vaccine production, but it may be little too far stressed. Compulsory licensing would smooth the way for the expansion of vaccine manufacturing whilst at the same time still compensating the right holders.

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Muraskin, William. The power of individuals and the dependency of nations in global eradication and immunisation campaigns. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526110886.003.0013.

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I have intensively focused on the International Task Force on Hepatitis B Immunisation – led by James Maynard, Alfred Prince and Richard Mahoney; the Children’s Vaccine Initiative led by or influenced by Scott Halstead, Philip Russell and Roy Widdus; the Bill and Melinda Gates’ Children’s Vaccine Programme led by Mark Kane and James Maynard; the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization created by Mark Kane, Tore Godal, Jacques-Francois Martin, Steve Landry and Amy Bateson; the Rockefeller Foundation’s Public-Private Partnership project single-handedly championed by Ariel Pablos-Mendez (with the support of Timothy Evans) – many of which were ultimately adopted by the Gates Foundation and (incorrectly) seen as originating with it; and the global polio eradication campaign conceived by William Foege, Alan Hinman, Ciro de Quadros and run by Bruce Alyward. Driven by a powerful moral imperative and social consciousness, these dozen and a half men fought to make things happen that under normal circumstances would not have happened in the fight to save the lives of countless children using vaccines and immunisation as their tools. Among their supporters have been many engaged and committed vaccine champions within the scientific community: scientist/activists working for what they believed was clearly the ‘Greater Good’.

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Crisis communication related to vaccine safety: Technical guidance. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275123126.

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Vaccine- and vaccination-related crises require a communication response that is different from the communication strategies used to promote the benefits and importance of vaccines in general. This document presents the technical guidance needed to develop a communication plan that is appropriate for managing crises related to vaccine safety. This guidance will be useful for managers in the areas of immunization and vaccine and vaccination safety. They will also help preparedness and response teams working in safety crises to optimize their communication plans in order to regain, maintain, or strengthen trust in vaccines, vaccination, and immunization programs in general. Each chapter presents a phase (preparation, implementation, and evaluation) with suggested actions and support tools to prepare, implement, and evaluate a communication response in a crisis situation. Also, some sections can also be used to strengthen routine national communication activities such as interaction with media, message generation, spokespeople preparation among others. The current document complements the Manual for the surveillance of events supposedly attributable to vaccination or immunization (ESAVI) in the Region of the Americas. This document is published within the framework of a joint project that aims to promote communication-related to safe vaccination in the Region of the Americas and support health authorities that need to develop a communication plan to manage crises related to vaccine safety. Some of the sections in this publication are based on the guidance documents available in the WHO Regional Office for Europe’s virtual library and can be consulted on their website.

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Tan, Tina Q., John P. Flaherty i Melvin V. Gerbie. Travel Vaccines. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604776.003.0004.

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Vaccines for travelers visiting countries or regions in which vaccine preventable infectious disease is endemic are discussed. This chapter also discusses vaccination recommendations for health-care workers, animal handlers, veterinarians, and others who are in regular contact with bodily fluids, human waste, live animals, or animal parts. Specific illnesses such as yellow fever, typhoid fever, cholera, and rabies are discussed in detail relating to their geographic sites, clinical courses, incubation periods, transmissibilities, treatments, and vaccine prophylaxes. Typhoid fever history in the US is discussed. The need and usefulness of certified Travel Clinics are emphasized. Each illness has specific FAQs providing useful responses to patient concerns.

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Kahan, Dan M., i Ashley R. Landrum. A Tale of Two Vaccines—and Their Science Communication Environments. Redaktorzy Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan i Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.18.

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This chapter examines the difference in the US public’s reactions to proposals for universal administration of two adolescent immunizations: the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which provoked a firestorm of political controversy, and the Hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine, which aroused no such opposition. This chapter argues that the reason for this was that the public became familiar with the latter (but not the former) in a polluted science communication environment. It identifies decisions made by the vaccine’s manufacturer that drove the HPV vaccine off the nonpoliticized administrative-approval path followed by the HBV vaccine and every other mandated childhood vaccine and onto a highly politicized, highly partisan legislative one that predictably provoked identity-protective cognition. The chapter argues that such controversy will likely recur unless protection of the science communication environment is itself made a self-conscious object of the institutions, governmental and nongovernmental, that play a role in the dissemination of decision-relevant science.

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Medeiros, Mauricio, Beatriz Fialho, Priscila Soares i Daniel Lacerda, red. A primeira vacina 100% brasileira contra a Covid-19: a conquista de Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / Bio-Manguinhos, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35259/vacinacovid.2022_52830.

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The Covid-19 pandemic is a unique event in the modern history of humanity, which has generated great challenges and, at the same time, valuable opportunities for public health. A number of examples of them are found in the more than three hundred pages of this book. In each chapter it is possible to understand how a vaccine for Covid-19 was developed in record time - due to the urgency of an antidote that would allow us to deal with this terrible disease - through the acceleration, compliance and improvement of all labor criteria, production, evaluation, timely release, and security. This entire process of developing the first vaccine produced by Brazil was described in a very creative way, allowing the reader to dive into a technical-scientific content of the highest level. The book presents an overview that goes through the origin of the virus, the transmission mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, the vaccine development process and the regulatory and legal instruments to guarantee access to vaccination - starting with the most vulnerable populations. It also describes the trials and phases of clinical study development that ensured the vaccine's safety and efficacy. It also covers the logistics of distribution and pharmacovigilance for monitoring the product in the user population until the detailing of the technological prospection, as well as showing the necessary steps to carry out a process of technology transfer of the vaccine from the viral vector. Among the various innovations, it is worth highlighting: preparation of a technological order through ETEC; use of continuous submission to the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA); and emergency use authorization. This effort made it possible to meet the expressive demand for Covid-19 vaccines in Brazil in a timely manner and on an unprecedented scale. For the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), which turns 120 on December 2, 2022, it is an honor to have Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz as part of our history. Due to its outstanding performance on the international scene, this institute is a true heritage of humanity. And now, with the first Brazilian vaccine for Covid-19, Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz consolidates Brazil's leadership in the production of immunobiologicals in Latin America and the Caribbean, ensuring greater self-sufficiency and sustainability of basic health supplies not only for the country, but for the entire region of the Americas.

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Heijstek, Marloes, Mario Abinun i Nico Wulffraat. Vaccination in immunocompromised children. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0095.

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Can immunocompromised children be safely and effectively vaccinated? This chapter discusses the recommendations from the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) for the immunization of immunocompromised patients. Patients with rheumatic or autoinflammatory diseases treated with high-dose glucocorticoids, high-dose disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), or biologicals are considered immunocompromised. Safe and effective vaccination is crucial in these patients, given their increased risk of infection. Safe vaccination implies that vaccination has no effect on disease activity and has only mild adverse effects. Effective vaccination denotes that patients are protected against infections after immunization. Particularly in severely immunosuppressed patients, concerns arise on the safety of (live-attenuated) vaccines and on the detrimental effect of immunosuppressive treatment on the immunogenicity of vaccines. Overall, vaccinations do not increase disease activity and do not cause severe adverse events. Although non-live vaccines are safe, it is recommended to withhold live-attenuated vaccines in patients on high-dose immunosuppressive drugs and biologicals. However, booster vaccinations can be considered when essential. Generally, immunogenicity of vaccines is good with some exceptions: responses are reduced in patients on high-dose glucocorticoids and rituximab; methotrexate reduces responses to (pneumococcal) polysaccharide vaccines; and anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα‎) may lower vaccine-induced antibody concentrations. Offering vaccination before immunosuppressive drugs and/or measuring antibodies after immunization is recommended.

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Heijstek, Marloes, Mario Abinun i Nico Wulffraat. Vaccination in immunocompromised children. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0095_update_003.

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Can immunocompromised children be safely and effectively vaccinated? This chapter discusses the recommendations from the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) for the immunization of immunocompromised patients. Patients with rheumatic or autoinflammatory diseases treated with high-dose glucocorticoids, high-dose disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), or biologicals are considered immunocompromised. Safe and effective vaccination is crucial in these patients, given their increased risk of infection. Safe vaccination implies that vaccination has no effect on disease activity and has only mild adverse effects. Effective vaccination denotes that patients are protected against infections after immunization. Particularly in severely immunosuppressed patients, concerns arise on the safety of (live-attenuated) vaccines and on the detrimental effect of immunosuppressive treatment on the immunogenicity of vaccines. Overall, vaccinations do not increase disease activity and do not cause severe adverse events. It is recommended to withhold live-attenuated vaccines in patients on high-dose immunosuppressive drugs and biologicals, but booster vaccinations can be considered when essential. Generally, immunogenicity of vaccines is good with some exceptions: responses are reduced in patients on high-dose glucocorticoids and rituximab; methotrexate reduces responses to (pneumococcal) polysaccharide vaccines; and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα‎) may lower vaccine-induced antibody concentrations and may cause accelerated waning of immunity. Offering vaccination before immunosuppressive drugs and/or measuring antibodies after immunization is recommended.

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