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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Vaccine"
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Okanlawon, A. A., S. A. Ameen, R. A. Kadir, H. M. Ambali, Y. A. Baba, O. M. Azeez i A. A. Owoade. "In vitro assessment of the potency of some Newcastle disease vaccine brands in Ibadan, Nigeria". African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 21, nr 4 (25.08.2020): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v21i4.9.
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Background: Newcastle disease (ND) is a very common and economically important disease of poultry. There is no drug for treatment of the disease during an outbreak in poultry flocks, and prevention by vaccination is one of the recommended control measures. However, post vaccination outbreaks have been observed on many occasions in chicken flocks and one of the causes has been attributed to possible failure of vaccine to confer immunity. This study was designed to evaluate the potency of ND vaccines available in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Methodology: Haemagglutination (HA) technique and elution phenomenon were employed to evaluate the potency of ND vaccines randomly selected in Ibadan. A total of 45 vaccines comprising 9 brands and 5 different strains were selected for potency test. The vaccine brands included ‘Vireo 116’ (n=10), ‘ABIC’ (n=5), ‘Biovac’(n=9), ‘Nobilis’(n=3), ‘NVRI’(n=12), ‘R2B’ (n=2), ‘BAL-ND’ (n=2), ‘Forte dodge’(n=1) and ‘Jovac’ (n=1), while the vaccine strains in the brands included Lasota, B1, Clone, Komarov, Hitcher, and an unknown strain.
Results: Thirty-five of the 45 (77.8%) ND vaccines tested had more than 4 HA titer (>64) and were therefore regarded as potent. All the 15 (100%) ND Lasota vaccine strain, 7 out of 10 (70%) ND Komarov strain, 4 out of 5 (80%) ND clone and 5 out of 8 (62.5%) ND B1 strains were potent. None of the ND brand ‘R2B’ vaccine as well as Hitchner strain from ‘Nobilis’ brand was potent, but all 5, 2, 1 and 1 vaccines tested from brands ‘ABIC’, ‘BAL-ND’, ‘Fort dodge’ and ‘Jovac’ respectively were potent. Similarly, 9 of 10, 6 of 9, 2 of 3 and 9 of 12 vaccine strains tested from brands ‘Vireo 116’, ‘Biovac’, ‘Nobilis’ and ‘NVRI’ were respectively potent
Conclusion: The occurrence of ND vaccines that are not potent in this study may be contributing to post vaccination failure. It is advisable to subject vaccines to potency test before use.
Key words: in vitro, assessment, potency, Newcastle disease, vaccine brands, vaccine strains
French Title; Évaluation in vitro de la puissance de certaines marques de vaccins contre la maladie de Newcastle à Ibadan, Nigéria
Contexte: La maladie de Newcastle (ND) est une maladie très courante et économiquement importante des volailles. Il n'existe aucun médicament pour le traitement de la maladie lors d'une épidémie dans des troupeaux de volailles, et la prévention par vaccination est l'une des mesures de contrôle recommandées. Cependant, des flambées post-vaccination ont été observées à de nombreuses reprises dans des troupeaux de poulets et l'une des causes a été attribuée à un éventuel échec du vaccin à conférer l'immunité. Cette étude a été conçue pour évaluer la puissance des vaccins contre la MN disponibles à Ibadan, au Nigéria.
Méthodologie: La technique d'hémagglutination (HA) et le phénomène d'élution ont été utilisés pour évaluer la puissance des vaccins contre la MN sélectionnés au hasard à Ibadan. Un total de 45 vaccins comprenant 9 marques et 5 souches différentes ont été sélectionnés pour le test d'activité. Les marques de vaccins comprenaient 'Vireo 116' (n=10), 'ABIC' (n=5), 'Biovac' (n=9), 'Nobilis' (n=3), 'NVRI' (n=12), 'R2B' (n=2), 'BAL-ND' (n=2), 'Forte dodge' (n=1) et 'Jovac' (n=1), tandis que les souches vaccinales des marques comprenaient Lasota, B1, Clone, Komarov, Hitcher et une souche inconnue.
Résultats: Trente-cinq des 45 vaccins contre la MN testés (77,8%) avaient plus de 4 titres en HA (>64) et étaient donc considérés comme puissants. Toutes les 15 (100%) souches de vaccin ND Lasota, 7 souches sur 10 (70%) ND Komarov, 4 sur 5 (80%) clones ND et 5 sur 8 (62,5%) souches ND B1 étaient puissantes. Aucun des vaccins ’R2B’ de marque ND ni la souche Hitchner de la marque ’Nobilis’ n'étaient puissants, mais tous les vaccins 5, 2, 1 et 1 testés des marques ‘ABIC’, ‘BAL-ND’, ‘Fort dodge’ et ‘Jovac’ respectivement était puissant. De même, 9 des 10, 6 des 9, 2 des 3 et 9 des 12 souches vaccinales testées des marques ’Vireo 116’, ‘Biovac’, ‘Nobilis’ et ‘NVRI’ étaient respectivement puissantes
Conclusion: La présence de vaccins contre la MN qui ne sont pas puissants dans cette étude peut contribuer à l'échec post-vaccinal. Il est conseillé de soumettre les vaccins à un test de puissance avant utilisation.
Mots-clés: in vitro, évaluation, puissance, maladie de Newcastle, marques de vaccin, souches vaccinales
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Getova-Kolarova, Violeta, Albena Zlatareva i Ivo Kumanov. "Exploring the nexus of trust, information sources, and vaccination intent: a study of HPV awareness and general practitioner influence". Pharmacia 71 (7.06.2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e122666.
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This study delves into the intricate interplay between trust in personal doctors (GPs), sources of information about recommended vaccines, and the willingness to vaccinate against human papillomavirus (HPV) and other recommended vaccines. The analysis revealed a positive and statistically significant correlation between HPV awareness and the willingness to vaccinate. Notably, awareness concerning HPV is high, with 35.6% of all respondents expressing readiness to receive the HPV vaccine. The study identified the personal doctor as the predominant source of vaccine-related information. The identified correlations underscore the influence of medical professionals in guiding vaccine uptake choices and the necessity for targeted communication strategies aimed at enhancing vaccine acceptance.
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Elizondo-Alzola, Usue, Mireia G. Carrasco, Laia Pinós, Camila Andrea Picchio, Cristina Rius i Elia Diez. "Vaccine hesitancy among paediatric nurses: Prevalence and associated factors". PLOS ONE 16, nr 5 (19.05.2021): e0251735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251735.
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Objective This study describes the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy associated with the Catalan systematic childhood vaccination calendar and some related psychosocial determinants among paediatric primary care nurses in Barcelona (Spain). Methods Cross-sectional descriptive study. In 2017 we invited the paediatric nurses (N = 165) working in Barcelona public primary health centres with paediatric departments (N = 41) to participate. They answered a questionnaire with sociodemographic and behavioural variables: severity and perceived probability of contracting the diseases of the vaccines in the vaccination schedule; safety and protection offered by each vaccine; and beliefs, social norms, and knowledge about vaccines. Outcome variable was vaccine hesitancy, dichotomized into not hesitant (nurses who would vaccinate their own offspring), and hesitant (including those who would not vaccinate them, those who had doubts and those who would delay the administration of one or more vaccines). We performed bivariate analysis and adjusted logistic regression models. Results 83% of paediatric nurses (N = 137) agreed to participate. 67.9% had the intention to vaccinate their children of all the vaccines in the systematic schedule. 32.1% of nurses experienced vaccine hesitancy, especially about the HPV (21.9%) and varicella (17.5%) vaccines. The multivariate analysis suggests associations between hesitancy and low perception of the severity of whooping cough (aOR: 3.88; 95%CI:1.32–11.4), low perception of safety of the HPV vaccine (aOR:8.5;95%CI:1.24–57.8), the belief that vaccines are administered too early (aOR:6.09;95%CI:1.98–18.8), and not having children (aOR:4.05;95%CI:1.22–13.3). Conclusions Although most paediatric nurses had the intention to vaccinate their own children, almost one-third reported some kind of vaccine hesitancy, mainly related to doubts about HPV and varicella vaccines, as well as some misconceptions. These factors should be addressed to enhance nurses’ fundamental role in promoting vaccination to families.
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Zakhour, Ramia, Hani Tamim, Farah Faytrouni, Maha Makki, Rayan Hojeij i Lama Charafeddine. "Determinants of human papillomavirus vaccine hesitancy among Lebanese parents". PLOS ONE 18, nr 12 (13.12.2023): e0295644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295644.
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Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection. HPV is responsible for cancer of cervix uteri. Despite its safety and immunogenicity, HPV vaccine hesitancy is one of the most challenging topics that pediatricians face. Methods We aimed to describe the impact of knowledge, attitude, and practice towards vaccines in general, on practice related to HPV vaccination in Lebanon. A questionnaire addressed to parents of students (3–18 years of age) was distributed in 2 public and 2 private schools randomly selected from the greater Beirut area during the school year 2017–2018. Questionnaires covered knowledge, attitude, and practices of vaccination in general and HPV vaccine in particular. Results Out of 400 distributed questionnaires, 306 (76.5%) were returned. Of the 185 parents aware of HPV vaccine, 60% hadn’t given or were not planning to give the HPV vaccine to their children. Of parents not in favor of HPV vaccine, 7.5 thought that vaccines aren’t necessary versus none among those in favor of HPV vaccine(p = 0.02). Thirteen percent of those not in favor of HPV vaccine thought that vaccines are not safe versus 2.7% in the group in favor (p = 0.02). An effect of gender on vaccine acceptance was noted: mothers vs fathers and daughters vs sons. Lack of recommendation by pediatricians and the thought that too little is known about the vaccine were the most selected reasons for parents not wanting to vaccinate their children against HPV, whereas cost and religious and cultural beliefs seemed to have no impact. Conclusion Most parents in our study did not vaccinate or weren’t willing to vaccinate their children against HPV even when they were in favor of vaccines in general. Physician recommendation was shown to be one of the most important predictors of vaccination. Effort should be put into educating parents about the importance of the vaccine and its well-established safety and efficacy regardless of gender. Lebanese physicians should also be educated and empowered to recommend HPV vaccine more strongly and consistently.
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Silva Santos, Letícia, i Leonardo Sokolnik de Oliveira. "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic over the perception of the population about vaccines". Brazilian Journal of Global Health 1, nr 2 (27.02.2021): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.56242/globalhealth;2021;1;2;24-27.
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OBJECTIVE: Evaluate how the COVID-19 pandemic affected the opinion of the population about vaccines and if there was a decrease in the vaccine coverage during the pandemic. METHODS: A self-applied questionnaire was used with the internet with questions about de impact of the pandemic about the perception and adhesion of the population to the vaccine campaigns and about the probability to vaccinate to COVID-19 once there is an approved and available vaccine and de majority believe the vaccines should be mandatory. RESULTS: We reached 475 answers to the questionnaire that showed an increase of the importance that the population gives to vaccines in general after the pandemic, a decrease of the vaccine coverage during the pandemic and high probability that the population get vaccinated against COVID-19 once there is an available vaccine and most of the population consider that the vaccine should be mandatory, however a decreased vaccination coverage was detected during the pandemic. CONCLUSION: The results show a tendency of appreciation of the vaccines and a tendency of the population to get vaccinated as soon as there is an approved one, especially those that had or are having an education in the healthcare area, showing how the education in health contribute to the adhesion of the population to the vaccines, however the decrease in vaccine coverage is worrying. Also, it is possible to conclude that the population intend to vaccinate against COVID-19 as soon there is an approved vaccine in the country.
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Mukherjee, Sanjana, Kanika Kalra i Alexandra L. Phelan. "Expanding global vaccine manufacturing capacity: Strategic prioritization in small countries". PLOS Global Public Health 3, nr 6 (29.06.2023): e0002098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002098.
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The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted significant gaps in equitable access to essential medical countermeasures such as vaccines. Manufacturing capacity for pandemic vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics is concentrated in too few countries. One of the major hurdles to equitable vaccine distribution was “vaccine nationalism”, countries hoarded vaccines to vaccinate their own populations first which significantly reduced global vaccine supply, leaving significant parts of the world vulnerable to the virus. As part of equitably building global capacity, one proposal to potentially counter vaccine nationalism is to identify small population countries with vaccine manufacturing capacity, as these countries could fulfill their domestic obligations quickly, and then contribute to global vaccine supplies. This cross-sectional study is the first to assesses global vaccine manufacturing capacity and identifies countries with small populations, in each WHO region, with the capacity and capability to manufacture vaccines using various manufacturing platforms. Twelve countries were identified to have both small populations and vaccine manufacturing capacity. 75% of these countries were in the European region; none were identified in the African Region and South-East Asia Region. Six countries have facilities producing subunit vaccines, a platform where existing facilities can be repurposed for COVID-19 vaccine production, while three countries have facilities to produce COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Although this study identified candidate countries to serve as key vaccine manufacturing hubs for future health emergencies, regional representation is severely limited. Current negotiations to draft a Pandemic Treaty present a unique opportunity to address vaccine nationalism by building regional capacities in small population countries for vaccine research, development, and manufacturing.
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Titanji, Vincent P. K. "New approaches to vaccines for endemic and pandemic diseases of Africa with particular focus on building local competencies in Cameroon". Journal of the Cameroon Academy of Sciences 17, nr 1 (2.11.2021): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v17i1.6.
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Vaccines have been recognized as major and effective tools for the control and eventual elimination of infectious diseases and cancer. This brief review examines vaccine classification and development pipeline as well as recent innovations driving the vaccine development process. Using COVID-19 as an example recent innovation in vaccine development are highlighted. The review ends with a call for intensified efforts to build vaccine production capacity in Cameroon and other other African countries.
Les vaccins ont été reconnus comme des outils majeurs et efficaces pour le contrôle et l’élimination éventuelle des maladies infectieuses et du cancer. Cette brève revue examine la classification et le pipeline de développement de vaccins ainsi que les innovations récentes à l’origine du processus de développement de vaccins. En utilisant COVID-19 comme exemple, les innovations récentes dans le développement de vaccins sont mises en évidence. La revue se termine par un appel à intensifier les efforts pour renforcer les capacités de production de vaccins au Cameroun et dans d’autres pays africains.
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&NA;. "Anthrax vaccine/smallpox vaccine/other vaccines". Reactions Weekly &NA;, nr 1208 (czerwiec 2008): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200812080-00018.
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Marvila Garcia, Érica, Evelyn Lima de Souza, Fernanda Penido Matozinhos, Tércia Moreira Ribeiro da Silva, Eliseu Alves Waldman i Ana Paula Sayuri Sato. "Associated factors with vaccine hesitancy in mothers of children up to two years old in a Brazilian city". PLOS Global Public Health 3, nr 6 (8.06.2023): e0002026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002026.
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This study aims to evaluate maternal vaccine hesitancy and its associated factors. This is a cross-sectional study of a probabilistic sample of 450 mothers of children born in 2015, living in a Brazilian city, and who was, at the time of data collection, more than two years old. We used the tool proposed by the World Health Organization (10-item Vaccine Hesitancy Scale). To assess its structure, we performed, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. We performed linear regression models to evaluate the factors associated with vaccine hesitancy. The factor analysis showed two components for the vaccine hesitancy scale: lack of confidence in vaccines and risk perception of vaccines. High family income was associated with lower vaccine hesitancy (greater confidence in vaccines and lower risk perception of vaccines), while the presence of other children, regardless of birth order, in the family was associated with lower confidence in vaccines. A good rapport with health professionals, willingness to wait for the vaccination and the getting vaccinated through campaigns were associated with greater confidence in vaccines. The deliberate delay or decision not to vaccinate their children and previous experience with adverse reactions to the vaccine were associated with lower confidence in vaccines and greater risk perception of vaccines. Health care providers, especially nurses, play a relevant role to address vaccine hesitancy, guiding vaccination through a trustworthy rapport.
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Casiño, Jenny J., i Angelo Mark P. Walag. "Issues and Challenges of, Factors that Affect, and the Primary Influences of Parents’ Decisions to Vaccinate their Adolescents: A Case of a Local National High School in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines". Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse 14, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29752.
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Vaccines are considered to be the center of the prevention and management of viral diseases. Even with the wide acceptance that vaccines are safe, vaccine hesitancy is still rampant in various parts of the world. Several historical, social, religious, and moral factors were identified and observed to have influence parent’s vaccine acceptance or hesitance. Parent’s vaccine hesitance or acceptance is crucial since adolescents constitute the ideal group for immunization. This study aims to uncover the issues and challenges of parents on vaccination, the factors that affect their decision to vaccinate their children, and parents' primary influences to vaccinate their children. A descriptive-survey research design utilizing a questionnaire floated to parents of adolescents in a local high school. It was found out that the level of education and type of occupation was significantly associated with parent's decision to vaccinate their children. The major issue and challenge of parents toward vaccination is that they don't find vaccines important and have a high level of distrust towards the government's health agency and medical professionals. The primary factor affecting their decision-making is the negative news on vaccination and vaccine safety. Respondents also reported that even they distrust the government's health agency, they still consider it influential towards their vaccine decision-making. With this, it is recommended that efforts be strengthened in restoring the public's trust towards the government health agency to address vaccine hesitancy.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Vaccine"
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Piquart, François. "Les vaccins recombinants : données actuelles". Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05P110.
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Da, Silva Pissarra Joana. "Development of a multi-epitope peptide vaccine against human leishmaniases". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT013/document.
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La leishmaniose est une maladie tropicale négligée à transmission vectorielle qui est endémique dans 98 pays dont les plus pauvres. Vingt espèces de Leishmania sont capables d’établir une infection intracellulaire au sein des macrophages humains, provoquant différentes manifestations cliniques. Le développement d'un vaccin contre les leishmanioses est étayé par des preuves d'immunité naturelle contre l'infection, induite par une réponse à médiation cellulaire de type Th1 dominante associée à la production d'IFN-γ, d'IL-2 et de TNF-α par des cellules T polyfonctionnelles TCD4+ et TCD8+, conduisant à l'activation classique des macrophages entrainant la destruction des parasites. Induire une protection robuste et durable et déterminer les épitopes immunodominants responsables de la protection naturelle représente un véritable défi.Les protéines sécrétées sont des facteurs de virulence jouant un rôle important dans le cycle de vie des leishmanies et sont capables d’induire une protection durable chez le chien, un bon modèle pour l’infection humaine. Notre objectif est de développer, à partir du sécrétome de Leishmania, un vaccin de seconde génération reproductible et facile à produire à bas prix dans les zones d’endémie, avec des rendements de production rendant possible son utilisation à grande échelle.Les sécrétomes des six espèces les plus pathogènes de leishmanie (plus L. tarentolae) ont été analysés et comparées par spectrométrie de masse. Les antigènes candidats ont été recherchés dans l'ensemble des données disponibles (analyses protéomiques, littérature…). 52 antigènes candidats vaccin ont ainsi été sélectionnés, dont 28 avaient déjà été décrits et 24 sont nouveaux et découverts grâce à une approche de vaccinologie réverse.Une analyse de la prédiction de liaison des épitopes in silico HLA-I et –II a été réalisée sur tous les antigènes candidats vaccin, prenant ainsi en compte le polymorphisme HLA de la population mondiale. Pour sélectionner les meilleurs épitopes parmi des milliers d’épitopes potentiels, un script R automatisé a été développé en interne, selon des critères rationnels stricts. Ainsi, 50 épitopes de classe I et 24 épitopes de classe II ont été sélectionnés et synthétisés sous forme de peptides individuels. Des essais de toxicité in vitro ont montré l’absence de toxicité cellulaire de ces peptides.Les individus guéris par chimiothérapie généralement développent des réponses immunitaires protectrices à Leishmania. Des tests de stimulation des PBMC ont donc été réalisés avec des échantillons biologiques provenant de donneurs guéris de Tunisie et la production d'IFN-γ a été évaluée par ELISpot. De plus, il était important d'inclure dans l'étape de validation expérimentale des peptides des échantillons provenant d’individus naïfs, population cible à vacciner avec un vaccin prophylactique. Les résultats montrent que des peptides spécifiques de Leishmania induisent avec succès la production d'IFN-γ par les PBMC totaux provenant de donneurs guéris et par les lymphocytes T spécifiques amplifiés à partir du répertoire naïf.Globalement, la validation expérimentale des peptides réalisée exclusivement sur des échantillons humains nous fournira une base préclinique très solide pour développer un vaccin efficace capable de protéger les populations touchées par ces maladies. Elle constituera un moyen sûr et rentable de mieux sélectionner les candidats retenus pour le vaccin et d'éliminer ceux qui présentent un risque d'échec élevé au tout début du processus de développement du vaccin.Grâce à la combinaison de l'analyse protéomique et d'outils in silico, des candidats peptidiques prometteurs ont été rapidement identifiés pour le développement d'un vaccin. Le « pipeline » de développement préclinique du vaccin proposé fournit une sélection rapide de peptides immunogènes, offrant une approche puissante pour accélérer le déploiement d'un vaccin pan-spécifique efficace contre les leishmaniosesLeishmaniasis is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease endemic to 98 countries worldwide. Twenty Leishmania species are capable of establishing intracellular infection within human macrophages, causing different clinical presentations. Vaccine development against leishmaniases is supported by evidence of natural immunity against infection, mediated by a dominant cellular Th1 response and production of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α by polyfunctional TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells, ultimately leading to macrophage activation and parasite killing.Excreted-secreted proteins are important virulence factors present throughout Leishmania life stages and are able to induce durable protection in dogs, a good model for human infection. We aim to develop a second generation vaccine from the Leishmania secretome, with the potential for large scale dissemination in a cost-effective, reproducible approach.The secretome of six main pathogenic species (plus L. tarentolae) was analysed by Mass-Spectrometry and conserved candidate antigens were searched in the complete dataset. A total of 52 vaccine antigen candidates were selected, including 28 previously described vaccine candidates, and an additional 24 new candidates discovered through a reverse vaccinology approach.In silico HLA-I and –II epitope binding prediction analysis was performed on all selected vaccine antigens, with world coverage regarding HLA restriction. To select the best epitopes, an automated R script was developed in-house, according to strict rational criteria. From thousands of potential epitopes, the automated script, in combination with optimal IC50, homology to host and solubility properties, allowed us to select 50 class I and 24 class II epitopes, synthesized as individual peptides. In vitro toxicity assays showed these selected peptides are non-toxic to cells.The peptides’ immunogenicity was evaluated using immunoscreening assays with immune cells from human donors, allowing for the validation of in silico epitope predictions and selection, and the assessment of the peptide’s immunogenicity and prophylactic potential. Healed individuals, which had active infection and received treatment, possess Leishmania-specific memory responses and are resistant to reinfection, being considered the gold standard of protective immunity. On the other hand, the naive population is extremely important to include in the experimental validation step since it is the target population to vaccinate with a prophylactic vaccine. Importantly, a minimum specific T-cell precursor frequency is needed to induce long-lasting memory protective responses. Furthermore, there is also a positive correlation between immunodominant epitopes and a high frequency of specific T-cell precursors. Peptides able to induce Th1 and/or cytotoxic immune responses in both background are promising candidates for a vaccine formulation. Altogether,experimental validation exclusively in human samples will provide us a very strong base for a vaccine formulation and allow to accelerate translation to the field.Results show Leishmania-specific peptides successfully induce IFN-γ production by total PBMC from healed donors, and by specific T cells amplified from the naïve repertoire. Preliminary evidence exists for peptides which are immunogenic in both immune backgrounds (eight HLA-class I 9-mer peptides and five class II 15-mer peptides) which are, for now, the most promising candidates to advance for the multi-epitope peptide design.Through the combination of proteomic analysis and in silico tools, promising peptide candidates were swiftly identified and the secretome was further established as an optimal starting point for vaccine development. The proposed vaccine preclinical development pipeline delivered a rapid selection of immunogenic peptides, providing a powerful approach to fast-track the deployment of an effective pan-specific vaccine against Leishmaniases
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Gayet, Rémi. "Impact de la réponse IgA dans une nouvelle stratégie de vaccination muqueuse contre Salmonella et dans la régulation de la réponse adaptative". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES015/document.
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Les entérobactéries Salmonella sont divisées en plusieurs sérovars dont les quatre principaux Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Typhi et Paratyphi sont responsables soit de gastroentérites soit de fièvres typhoïdes, à raison de plus de 90 millions de cas et 400 000 décès par an. L’apparition de souches multi-résistantes nécessite la mise en place d’une vaccination prophylactique muqueuse. L’environnement intestinal est caractérisé par une balance entre tolérance immunitaire et réaction inflammatoire régulée par les immunoglobulines (Ig) A sécrétoires. Les IgA des sécrétions muqueuses sont dimériques, les IgA sériques sont monomérique et deux isotypes ont été décrits chez l’Homme: IgA1 et IgA2. Nous avons tout d’abord exploré les fonctions des différents isotypes et isoformes des IgA humaines. Nous avons pu noter un rôle anti-inflammatoire des IgA1 à l’inverse d’un rôle pro-inflammatoire des IgA2 et nous avons souligné un processus de régulation de l’expression des récepteurs aux IgA par les IgA elles-mêmes ainsi qu’un axe IgA/lymphocytes T CD8 cytotoxiques. Nous avons ensuite mis en place un vaccin multivalent composé des antigènes SseB et OmpC de Salmonella liés à des Ig sécrétoires. Cette étude a mis en évidence une solide réponse immunitaire humorale et cellulaire spécifique aux antigènes couplés à des IgA ou IgM après vaccination intra-nasale au niveau systémique et muqueux. Par ailleurs, de plus fortes réponses humorales et systémiques spécifiques ont été observées en couplant à la fois OmpC et SseB sur l’IgA. Ce travail de thèse ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour la mise en place de vaccins muqueux multivalents et pourrait apporter des réponses quant au rôle des IgAThe enterobacteria Salmonella species are divided into several serovars such as Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Typhi and Paratyphi which are the major causative agents of either gastroenteritis or typhoid fever. They are responsible for more than 90 million cases and 400 000 deaths each year. The increase in multi-drug resistant strains requires the implementation of prophylactic mucosal vaccines. Besides, the intestinal environment is characterized by a balance between immune tolerance and inflammatory response tightly regulated by secretory immunoglobulins (Ig) A. Mucosal IgA are mainly dimeric, serum IgA monomeric and two IgA isotypes have been described in humans: IgA1 and IgA2. We firstly explored the functions of the different isotypes and isoforms of human IgA. We pointed out a pro-inflammatory role of IgA2 whereas IgA1 rather oriented the immunity towards an anti-inflammatory response. We have also highlighted both the regulation of IgA receptors expression by IgA and an IgA/CD8 cytotoxic T cells axis. We also designed a multivalent vaccine against Salmonella by coupling two antigens – SseB and OmpC – to secretory Ig. We pointed out solid specific humoral and cellular responses against both these antigens coupled to either IgA or IgM after intra-nasal immunization in mucosal but also systemic compartments. We have also demonstrated the possibility to preserve and increase the antigen immunogenicity with a multivalent vaccine. This thesis thus paves the way for new secretory Ig-vectorized mucosal vaccines. In addition, the immune response could be modulated through the chosen isotype or isoform and the differences in immune activation generated by structural changes in IgA could shed some light on their role in mucosal homeostasis
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Grubb, Kimberley L. "A genomic approach to the identification of novel malaria vaccine antigens /". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98715.
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As the number of drug-resistant malaria parasites continues to grow, pressure is increasing to find an effective, cross-protective, multi-valent malaria vaccine (32). Expression library immunisation is an un-biased screening technique that leads to the identification of novel, protective antigens that can be administered as components of a multivalent DNA vaccine (9, 50, 75, 86, 92). Here, a P. c. adami DS expression library has been evaluated as a malaria vaccine in mice, and several subpools of cross-protective plasmids have been identified. Upon vaccination with these plasmid subpools, mice demonstrate significantly lower mean cumulative parasitemia values than control vaccinated mice, when challenged with avirulent heterologous P. c. adami DK parasites. These cross-protective responses correlate with the induction of opsonizing antibodies against infected red blood cells and the production of IFN-gamma by T-cells. The determination of P. c. adami antigens capable of inducing strain-transcending immunity implies the identification of orthologues in the P. falciparum genome that may be applied as components of a human malaria vaccine.
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Atcheson, Erwan. "Prospects for enhancing malaria vaccine efficacy by combining pre-erythrocytic antigens". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6506c003-7065-4d48-b049-f5e9136443d5.
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Malaria causes almost half a million deaths each year. Existing interventions will almost certainly not be enough to tackle this enormous public health problem on their own. An effective vaccine is urgently needed. The leading malaria vaccine, RTS,S, confers suboptimal protective efficacy, and in addition targets only Plasmodium falciparum and not the other major species of human malaria, P. vivax. This thesis investigates the potential of combining pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines as a means of enhancing protective efficacy. A novel mathematical model was developed which expresses probability of protection as a function of vaccine-induced humoural and cellular responses. The model predicts that combining partially effective vaccines should result in more than additive improvements in protective efficacy. This was supported by an experiment combining Rv21, a P. vivax circumsporozoite virus-like particle, with viral vectored P. vivax TRAP, the two leading pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine antigens; this combination raised protective efficacy from 50% and 0%, respectively, to 100% sterile protection. It was also found that antigenic interference, a reduction in anti-CSP titres when Rv21 and PvTRAP are combined, occurred only in the presence of Matrix M adjuvant, and not when using alum, AddaVax or no adjuvant. With a view to creating a single-component multi-antigen vaccine, which would be more cost-effective than a multi-component vaccine, experiments were carried out to establish the virus-like particle Qβ as a platform capable of eliciting protective immunity via the display of short peptides derived from the CSP repeat region of both P. vivax and P. falciparum. For the first time, a tetramer peptide derived from the CSP repeat region of P. vivax VK210, AGDR, was shown capable of eliciting protective immunity alone. Finally, five novel linear B-cell epitopes were discovered, one from P. falciparum CSP, three from P. vivax TRAP and one from TRSP, each capable of conferring partial protection on mice. These epitopes were identified using novel screening methods, using sera from whole-protein vaccinated mice or by exploiting conservation within invasion protein sequences. Two of the protective epitopes, (NANP)6 and (ADGN long) were combined and found to enhance protective efficacy as predicted by the mathematical model. Thus this thesis lays the groundwork for the development of a single-component multi-epitope malaria vaccine with enhanced protective efficacy.
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Zaza, Amélie. "Développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques dans la lutte contre les infections à arénavius : vaccination et immunothérapie passive". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1013.
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La famille des Arenaviridae comporte sept virus responsables de fièvres hémorragiques humaines. Ces virus représentent un risque naturel pour les populations vivant dans les zones endémiques, ou y séjournant comme les militaires français déployés. Ce risque peut également toucher des populations vivant en dehors des zones endémiques en raison du risque d'importation d'un patient infecté ou consécutivement à l'utilisation intentionnelle et malveillante de tels virus dans le cadre d'une attaque bioterroriste. Les fièvres hémorragiques humaines causées par les arénavirus sont relativement rares et les premiers symptômes, non spécifiques, sont souvent confondus avec ceux de maladies plus fréquentes dans ces régions, comme le paludisme ou les arboviroses. Par conséquent, le diagnostic clinique est souvent retardé, ce qui réduit l'efficacité du seul traitement étiologique actuellement préconisé, la ribavirine. Dans ce contexte, le développement de solutions prophylactiques similaires au vaccin Candid #1, protégeant contre l'arénavirus Junin, constituent une alternative intéressante. Dans le cadre du développement de candidats vaccins, la première stratégie utilisée dans ce travail a consisté à atténuer la pathogénicité du virus d'intérêt en ciblant une étape clé de la réplication des arénavirus. Nous avons choisi l'étape du bourgeonnement viral, dont l'acteur principal est la protéine Z. Une preuve de concept a été réalisée avec le virus de la chorioméningite lymphocytaire (LCMV). Pour cela, nous avons conçu un système de génétique inverse qui exprime un segment L viral où le gène de la protéine Z est remplacé par un gène d'intérêt. De manière surprenante, ce virus recombinant était capable de produire en culture cellulaire une progénie à un titre très faible sans l'apport en trans de la protéine Z. Nous avons identifié des domaines tardifs dans la séquence peptidique de la nucléoprotéine, motifs peptidiques permettant le détournement de la machinerie cellulaire impliquée dans la production d'exosomes et présents dans les protéines de matrices virales, comme la protéine Z des arénavirus. Nous avons observé que ces domaines pourraient partiellement compenser l'absence de la protéine Z. Des résultats similaires ont été obtenus avec deux autres arénavirus ayant une importance majeure en santé publique, les virus Lassa et Machupo, tous deux responsables de fièvres hémorragiques humaines. Cette suppression pourrait constituer une stratégie d'atténuation et semblerait prometteuse en vue du développement de candidats vaccins réplicatifs atténués. En effet, elle pourrait être utilisée sur plusieurs arénavirus responsables de pathologies humaines. Une approche complémentaire à cette stratégie vaccinale a été envisagée. Dans le but de développer un traitement d'urgence, utilisant des immunoglobulines équines hautement purifiées, les F(ab')2, selon la méthodologie de la société Fab'entech, deux études préliminaires ont été réalisées. La première a permis de vérifier la capcité des virus à se répliquer dans les cellules immunitaires circulantes de cheval. La seconde a permis l'évaluation du cahier des charges qualité de particules virales en vue de leur utilisation comme source d'antigène afin de produire les F(ab')2. Une seconde stratégie vaccinale a été envisagée, basée sur une modification du nombre de segments génomiques viraux. Des travaux précédents ont montré qu'un arénavirus à 3 segments, au lieu de 2, était viable et atténué, tout en pouvant exprimer 2 gènes d'intérêt supplémentaires. Cette stratégie a été utilisée sur le virus Machupo, responsable de fièvres hémorragiques en Bolivie. Ce virus recombinant devrait exprimer les glycoprotéiques tronquées des virus Chapare et Guanarito. Ce candidat vaccin a été caractérisé en culture cellulaire, et a induit une protection de 50% des animaux lors d'une administration en post-exposition [etc...]The Arenaviridae family comprises seven viruses responsible for human hemorrhagic fevers. These viruses represent a natural threat to the local populations, healthcare workers and scientists, as well as to the French forces deployed in the regions where these viruses are endemic. This viral threat can also be intentional in case of a bioterrorist attack. Human hemorrhagic fevers caused by arenaviruses are relatively rare and the first symptoms, frequently non-specific, are often confused with more common diseases such as malaria. Therefore, their diagnosis is delayed, which reduces the efficacy of ribavirin, the only etiological treatment currently recommended. ln this context, the development of prophylactic treatments, such as the Candid #1 vaccine targeting the Junin arenavirus, are an interesting alternative. The first strategy developed in this work to produce a vaccine candidate relied on the attenuation of the virus of interest by targeting a key stage of its replication. We chose the egress step, in which the main actor is the Z protein. This work was conducted using the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). We therefore designed a reverse genetic system, and replaced the Z gene by the fluorescent protein eGFP reporter gene. Surprisingly, during its cellular infection, a progeny was detected in absence of the Z protein trans-complementation although the titer remained very low. ln this infectious model, we further identified late motifs in the nucleoprotein genome, comparable to those known in the Z protein. These NP late motifs seemed to play an essential role in the compensation of the absence of the Z protein. Similar results were observed using two others arenaviruses of medical importance, the Lassa and Machupo viruses, responsible of human hemorrhagic fevers. The strong diminution of the resulting vaccine candidate replication suggests that this strategy would render safe enough BSL-4 viruses to be used as a multivalent vaccine platform in humans. A complementary approach has been studied in this work. ln order to develop an emergency treatment, based on the production of highly purified F(ab')2 equine immunoglobulins, according to the Fab'entech technology. Two preliminary studies were carried out. The first one consisted in the study of the replication of arenaviruses in circulating horse's white blood cells. The second tested the specifications of attenuated viral particles that could be used as an antigen source to produce the F(ab')2 under good manufacturing practices. Another vaccine strategy was developed using the previously described duplication of the LCMV S genomic small segment in order to produce a tri-segmented recombinant virus. This genetic modification, known to attenuate the LCMV virus pathogenicity, allows the expression of two genes of interest. This strategy has been applied onto the South American Machupo virus, responsible for hemorrhagic fevers in Bolivia. A recombinant Machupo virus was designed to express the truncated glycoproteins of the Chapare and Guanarito viruses, two other New World mammarenaviruses responsible of human hemorrhagic fevers. This vaccine candidate was characterized in cell culture, and showed a 50% post-exposure protective effect in the animal model used. Taken together this work led to the development of two vaccine strategies and to the identification of a promising source of antigens to be used to produce highly purified F(ab')2 polyclonal immunoglobulin, which is the first step to the development of an emergency treatment
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Pifferi, Carlo. "Design and synthesis of multivalent glycoconjugates for anti-cancer immunotherapy". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV060/document.
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Le cancer est l’une des principales causes de mort dans le pays développés ; bien que les opérations chirurgicales, la radiothérapie et la chimiothérapie représentent aujourd’hui les principales options de traitement des patients souffrants de tumeurs malignes, leurs effets secondaires sévères ont ouvert la voie au développement de l’immunothérapie antitumorale. A part l’immunothérapie passive, qui est basée sur les anticorps ou tout autre composant du système immunitaire synthétisés en dehors du corps dont la potentielle menace de réactions immunes a été prouvée, nous avons concentré nos efforts sur l’immunothérapie active, qui réside dans la stimulation du système immunitaire du patient pour éradiquer sélectivement les cellules malignes. L’identification d’antigènes carbohydrates associés aux tumeurs (TACAs), surexprimés à la surface des cellules cancéreuses, a permis le développement de vaccins spécifiques à cet antigène. Il est connu depuis plus de 40 ans que la majorité des cancers chez l’homme sont caractérisés par une glycosylation aberrante. Les cellules tumorales peuvent surexprimer des versions tronquées d’oligosaccharides, une séquence terminale inhabituelle ou une augmentation de la sialylation des glycolipides et des glycoprotéines de surface. Un oligosaccharide d’une glycoprotéine tronqué peut rendre une partie de la chaîne principale du peptide, d’habitude caché par le sucre, plus accessible au système immunitaire. Parmi les différents TACAs, nous avons concentré notre attention sur les antigènes Tn et Tf, qui peuvent être trouvés sur des glycoprotéines comme MUC-1, surexprimés sur plus de 90% des carcinomes du sein. Bien que la conception de ces immunomodulateurs repose toujours sur des règles empiriques, il est important de déclencher à la fois la réponse humorale et cellulaire, ainsi qu’un effet de mémoire. Ce défi peut être relevé en combinant, sur une seule molécule, l’antigène carbohydrate exprimés à la surface des tumeurs (épitope des cellules B), les peptides capables de stimuler les cellules CD4+ et CD8+ (épitopes des cellules T) et un adjuvant, pour recueillir tous les éléments du système immunitaire au niveau du site d’injection et renforcer l’absorption des antigènes. De précédentes études faites dans notre groupe de recherche ont publié pour la première fois la synthèse et l’évaluation immunologique d’un prototype de vaccin anticancéreux à quatre composant capable d’induire une réponse immunitaire de longue durée sur des modèles murins. Dans mon travail de thèse, nous avons voulu synthétiser des prototypes de vaccin anticancéreux basés sur les TACAs avec des propriétés immunologiques accrues. Notre stratégie de conception a été guidée par (i) l’importance d’une haute densité de carbohydrates pour promouvoir une capture d’antigène plus efficace et un traitement par les cellules présentatrices d’antigène, et (ii) l’expression hétérogène des TACAs au cours de la maladie et parmi différents patients. En respectant ces deux aspects, il sera possible de déclencher une réponse immunitaire plus forte et à plusieurs facettesCancer is one on the leading causes of death in developed countries; although surgical resection, direct irradiation and cytotoxic chemotherapy represent nowadays the main treatment options for patients suffering with malignancies, their severe side effects paved the way for the rise in popularity of antitumoral immunotherapy. Apart from passive immunotherapy, which is comprised of antibodies or other immune system components that are made outside of the body and has been shown to be associated to potentially life threatening immune reactions, we focused our efforts towards active immunotherapy, which purpose is stimulate the patient immune system to selectively eradicate malignant cells. The identification of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) on the surface of cancer cells has allowed the development of antigen-specific vaccines. It has been known for over four decades that the majority of human cancers are characterized by aberrant glycosylation. Tumor cells may over-express truncated versions of oligosaccharides, unusual terminal oligosaccharide sequences, or increase sialylation of cell-surface glycolipids and O- and N-linked glycoproteins. A truncated oligosaccharide of a glycoprotein may render a part of the peptide backbone, which is normally shielded by the glycan, more accessible to the immune system. Among the assortment of TACAs we focussed our attention on Tn and TF-antigens, which can be found in membrane-bound glycoproteins like MUC-1, over-expressed in more than 90% of breast carcinomas. Although the design of such immuno-modulators still relies on empiric rules, it is noteworthy important to trigger both humoral and cellular responses, and a memory effect. This challenge can be achieved by combining, within a single molecule, carbohydrate antigen expressed on the surface of tumors (B-cell epitope), peptides capable to stimulate both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells (T-cell epitopes) and an adjuvant, to gather immune system elements in the injection site and boost the antigen uptake. Previous studies of our research group reported for the first time the synthesis and immunological evaluation of a four-component anticancer vaccine prototype capable of inducing a long-lasting immune response in mice models. In my PhD work we aimed to synthesize TACA-based anticancer vaccine prototypes with improved immunological properties. The principles which guided our design strategies rely on (i) the importance of a high density of carbohydrate epitopes to promote a more effective antigen capture and processing by antigen-presenting cells, and (ii) the evidence of heterogenic expression patterns of TACAs during the course of the disease and among different individuals. Addressing these two aspects would provide a stronger and multifaceted immune response
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Dunachie, Susanna Jane. "Malaria vaccines and microarrays : clinical and laboratory evaluation of two vaccine regimens". Thesis, Open University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446277.
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BOEHNER, CONSTANCE WILLIAMS. "FACTORS AFFECTING STD VACCINE ACCEPTANCE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1014411621.
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Hughson, M. D. "Micro-scale vaccine bioprocessing of a Japanese Encephalitis Virus vaccine". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1427445/.
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Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is the most common form of viral encephalitis in the world, caused by the Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV), it is responsible for around 10,000 deaths a year whilst many more are left with long term neurological sequelae and disability. This work sought to use small-scale development techniques alongside high-throughput methodologies to explore and develop selected processing techniques. Formaldehyde inactivation of JEV was characterised and optimised through the use of Design of Experiments screening techniques where temperature, time and formaldehyde concentration were found to be key factors in antigen loss. Glycine and to a lesser extent sorbitol were found to have positive effects as stabilisers during inactivation at different stages of the process. Four anion exchange resins were screened at micro-scale, with the help of an ELISA method evaluated for high-throughput screening, for their potential to replace sucrose gradient purification as the principle purification step of the process. Although Q Sepharose FF was eventually chosen for scale-up studies, the transition of method and recovery rates from batch bind micro-plate studies to 1 mL column scale proved difficult. Yet it was observed that pre-treatment of feed with formaldehyde and glycine could increase JEV antigen recovery rates in flow-through mode chromatography, thought to be due to enhanced stability of the virus particles.
Książki na temat "Vaccine"
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Temte, Jonathan L., Mona Marin, Karen R. Broder, Dixie E. Snider i Jane F. Seward. Use of combination measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Atlanta, GA: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010.
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R, Siber George, Klugman Keith P i Mäkelä P. Helena, red. Pneumococcal vaccines: The impact of conjugate vaccine. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2008.
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Workshop on Vaccinia Viruses as Vectors for Vaccine Antigens (1984 Chevy Chase). Vaccinia Viruses as vectors for vaccine antigens. Redaktor Quinnan Gerald V. New York: Elsevier, 1985.
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Jha, Prabhat. The potential demand for and strategic use of an HIV-1 vaccine in Southern India. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.
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Robinson, Andrew, Graham H. Farrar i Christopher N. Wiblin. Vaccine Protocols. New Jersey: Humana Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0896033341.
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O'Hagan, Derek T. Vaccine Adjuvants. New Jersey: Humana Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1592590837.
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Robinson, Andrew, Martin P. Cranage i Michael J. Hudson. Vaccine Protocols. New Jersey: Humana Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1592593992.
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name, No. Vaccine protocols. Wyd. 2. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2003.
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Thomas, Sunil, red. Vaccine Design. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1888-2.
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Thomas, Sunil, red. Vaccine Design. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1884-4.
Pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Vaccine"
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Wu, Chung-Yi, i Chi-Huey Wong. "Vaccines Vaccine". W Glycoscience: Biology and Medicine, 1529–36. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54841-6_198.
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de Carvalho Clímaco, Marianna, Lucas Kraemer i Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara. "Vaccine Development for Human Leishmaniasis". W Vaccines for Neglected Pathogens: Strategies, Achievements and Challenges, 307–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24355-4_14.
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AbstractThe development of vaccines for human leishmaniasis is one of the most important approaches for effectively controlling and/or eradicating the several forms of the disease. Based on the knowledge obtained from the practice of leishmanization and its protective immune response, several strategies have been used to develop vaccines against Leishmania species, such as the use of whole killed and attenuated parasites, recombinant proteins, and DNA vaccines. An ideal vaccine should be safe, effective, and immunogenic. Although several candidates have achieved safety and some level of effectiveness, the current challenge in the development of prophylactic vaccines is to achieve long-lasting immune protection by generating a robust and irreversible Th1 adaptive immune response in the host, with rapid recruitment of memory and effectors T cells at key acute points of infection. However, despite all efforts over the years, due to the antigenic diversity of the parasite and the complexity of the host’s immune response, human vaccine trials have been disappointing in mediating long-term immunity against sandfly-delivered infection. Therefore, more investments in this field should be carried out to translate preclinical findings from mice to humans through effective vaccine development strategies.
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Jain, Ananya, i Shilpa Sharma. "Nanotechnology in COVID-19 Vaccines". W Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022), 14–26. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_3.
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AbstractNanotechnology has been proposed in vaccine development as carriers and adjuvants time and again but received limited recognition before the development of vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic. Nanotechnology has played a pivotal role in the triumph of the vaccines for the current pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The first vaccine got approved within a year of the earliest reported case of the novel coronavirus. Presently, more than 35 vaccines are approved in at least one country, 10 out of which are sanctioned for emergency use by the WHO. The key categories include peptide vaccine, mRNA vaccine, inactivated & viral vector vaccines. Nanotechnology is a crucial component in the success of mRNA vaccines. Nanoparticles not only allow targeted drug delivery but also boost the pharmacokinetic profile and the immune response against the therapeutic. A few nanoparticles have received approval for use as adjuvants (MF59), and countless others (virosomes, PGLA) are under development for many vaccines for infectious diseases, for instance, Influenza, Hepatitis B, Human Papillomavirus, Malaria, Tuberculosis, etc. In this article, we will review the vaccines available against SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the nanotechnology utilized in their development.
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Pathak, Drishya, i A. Philo Magdalene. "COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Administration in India". W Health Dimensions of COVID-19 in India and Beyond, 129–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7385-6_7.
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AbstractThe authors examine, in great detail, issues related to vaccine development, production, and distribution in India. They discuss the problems related to logistics for reaching vaccines to India’s large population. The role of international organizations engaged in vaccine development, procurement, and distribution is discussed.The development of vaccines for COVID-19 within a ten-month period has been an extraordinary achievement given that in the past it has taken 10–15 years to develop a vaccine. Of the seventy vaccine candidates currently in the pipeline globally, four are available for use. Currently, five vaccine candidates are in different stages of development in India.India is acknowledged globally to have a robust capacity for developing vaccines. India has also had a long history in organizing and implementing immunization programs for pregnant women and children. However, organizing a national vaccination program for COVID-19 is challenging because of India’s large population and fragile health infrastructure.India rolled-out the COVID-19 vaccination program in January 2021. The state governments have developed plans for the storage and distribution of the vaccine and for the implementation of the vaccination program. Important elements within the program are communications and advocacy that aim to inform the people about the vaccine and its benefits and to encourage them to get vaccinated so that the problem of vaccine hesitancy, a major deterrent, can be prevented.India and the world are at a critical juncture in the history of the pandemic where the availability of the vaccine shows a glimmer of hope—a light at the end of a dark tunnel.
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Nahler, Gerhard. "vaccine". W Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 188. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_1438.
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Takahashi, Haruko, i Kazunari Akiyoshi. "Vaccine". W Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials, 1–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36199-9_224-1.
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Gupta, Varsha, Manjistha Sengupta, Jaya Prakash i Baishnab Charan Tripathy. "Vaccine". W Basic and Applied Aspects of Biotechnology, 305–22. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0875-7_14.
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Srinivasan, Ramachandran. "Vaccine". W Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, 2331. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_963.
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Takahashi, Haruko, i Kazunari Akiyoshi. "Vaccine". W Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials, 2553–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29648-2_224.
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Gooch, Jan W. "Vaccine". W Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 931. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_15065.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Vaccine"
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Kumar, Vishnu, Vijay Srinivasan i Soundar Kumara. "Towards Smart Vaccine Manufacturing: A Preliminary Study During COVID-19". W ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70516.
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Abstract Biopharmaceutical community is devising modern techniques to boost the development, production, and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines in large scale with tremendous speed. This has shifted the focus towards smart manufacturing of vaccines through vaccine platforms. Vaccine platforms have great potential to rapidly generate new vaccines and can overcome the challenges of the traditional vaccine manufacturing approach without compromising on safety and efficacy. This preliminary study compares the traditional and modern vaccine manufacturing techniques, reviews COVID-19 vaccine manufacturing scenarios, and presents a framework to critique on the smartness of the novel platform-based COVID-19 vaccine development and manufacturing.
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Zughaier, Susu. "High Vaccine Coverage is Crucial for Preventing the Spread of Infectious Diseases During Mass Gathering". W Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0138.
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Background: Vaccines are the most cost-effective intervention in public health as they prevent the spread of highly contagious infectious diseases. Because of vaccine implementation and high coverage, Measles was eradicated in 2000, however the recent reappearance of measles in the United States, Europe and globally is alarming. The resurgence of Measles, Diphtheria and Mumps is due to a reduction in vaccine coverage and herd immunity. Vaccine hesitant parents, antivaxxers, and fake news on vaccines are driving the surge in those infectious diseases. The World Health Organization issued the Global Vaccine and Immunization Action Plan to reiterate the importance of vaccine implementation and coverage for several vaccine-preventable infectious diseases in the world. Qatar is preparing for the upcoming FIFA World Cup 2022 therefore maintaining high vaccine coverage, which is critical in preventing infectious diseases spreading during such mass gathering. Methods: Literature search for vaccine coverage rates, resurgence of vaccine preventable infectious diseases and risks of mass gatherings. Results: Seventeen infectious diseases are currently vaccine-preventable. The cost-effectiveness of vaccine is documented as it is estimated for each dollar spent on vaccines, 10 dollars are saved in disease treatment. A drop in vaccine coverage rates to under 90% lead to the resurgence of measles. Vaccine coverage rate in Qatar is currently at 95% which is one of the highest in the world. Qatar must maintain this high coverage rate to prevent any measles outbreaks during mass gatherings. The planned World Cup event will take place from November 21 till December 18 2022, which is the peak for seasonal influenza. In preparedness for this major event, Qatar should encourage residents and visitors to be vaccinated not just against measles and seasonal influenza, but also hepatitis and meningitis. Conclusion: Maintaining 95% vaccine coverage rate is critical for preventing the resurgence of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases during the World Cup mass gathering in Qatar.
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Eraghi, Vida. "Vaccine Development against Paratuberculosis". W Socratic Lectures 8. University of Lubljana Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55295/psl.2023.i2.
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Paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease (JD) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting ruminants worldwide. It is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and the rate of prevalence is increasing. Based on high economic impacts and public health concern, vaccine development against paratuberculosis is very essential. There is a lot of research articles about finding the best management approach for eradicating MAP, and also finding an ideal vaccine against the disease. But unfortunately, until now, there is no ideal management approach against the disease because we don’t have any ideal vaccine against it. This mini review discuses about management strategies with the focus on researches about various types of vaccines against JD. Keywords: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP); Vaccine; Johne’s disease; Paratuberculosis; Control
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"Study of parents' perceptions and opinions on COVID-19 vaccination for their children in Jordan: A cross-sectional". W International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/ylbj6137.
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Background: Developing a potent and secure vaccination for all populations, including children, is an effective method to reduce COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality while also ensuring higher levels of population immunity. Since the COVID-19 epidemic began, numerous vaccinations have been developed. It is required to examine parents' attitudes on COVID-19 immunization for children in order to design an intervention to aid COVID-19 vaccination for children in Jordan. These strategies will eliminate disinformation, promote acceptance of the COVID-19 immunization, and increase the number of children who receive it. Some parents may be wary or skeptical of vaccines in general, and especially of COVID-19. Objective: to investigate the number of individuals who accept the COVID-19 vaccine for their kids and research the factors that led to their attitudes. Method: The design of this study was cross-sectional. The participants were Jordanian . The poll was made accessible on many social media platforms as well as other networks, including public forums, academic blogs, and private groups. Results: Three hundred twenty-eight people answered the questionnaire in which their ages ranged from 21 till 70. A comparison between parents’ characteristics regarding their willingness to vaccinate their children with a COVID-19 vaccine had been done in which graduated parents (69.6%), and who doesn’t work in health sector (67.1%) were more likely to refuse providing their children with COVID-19 vaccine. The following are the most common excuses given by respondents who were not interested in receiving the vaccine: it is inappropriate to acquire a vaccine that requires numerous doses (87.2%), they avoid getting most vaccinations (85.3%), and they are worried about it (83.3%). On the other hand, the most significant factor (90.1%) for individuals who were interested in getting the vaccine was that they were in the recommended category to have it (such as health care practitioners, persons over fifty, and pregnant women). A multinomial regression model was used to evaluate the prediction of parents’ acceptance to vaccinate their children with a COVID-19 vaccine. Parents who are confident about the country health procedures toward covid pandemic was a positive predicator to vaccinate their children. (OR= 1.830; p<0.05; 95 % CI: 1.037-3.230). Conclusion: Parents have diverse views about the frequency and risks of coronavirus illness transmission and medical consequences, as well as the efficacy and side effects of a vaccine. Based on reported parental behavior and positive attitudes, these findings could be used to construct public health surveillance programs and primary prevention programs. Keywords: Parents, Attitude, Vaccination, COVID-19, children; parents’ willingness; Jordan
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Krishnakumar, D., i K. S. Jaganathan. "Development of nasal HPV vaccine formulations". W 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685403.
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Cervical cancer is the second most cancer in women worldwide with over 500000 new cases and 275000 deaths being registered every year. With nearly 73000 women dying every year, India now tops the world in cervical cancer deaths. India represents 26.4% of all women dying of cervical cancer globally. Cervical cancer estimated to be responsible for about 5% of human cancers worldwide. Currently available vaccines may not provide complete protection against all HPV types as the protection is primarily type specific. Furthermore, the available vaccines are delivered via intramuscular route and require three doses and require cold chain supply which increases the cost of vaccine. Therefore a single dose vaccine delivered via non-invasive route (nasal) that protects against multiple HPV types would be a cost effective and better alternative to the currently available HPV vaccines. The main objective of this study was to prepare HPV antigen loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and Tri Methyl Chitosan (TMC) coated PLGA microparticles and compare their efficacy as nasal vaccine. The developed formulations were characterized for size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, mucin adsorption ability, in vitro and in vivo studies. PLGA microparticles demonstrated negative zeta potential whereas PLGA-TMC microparticles showed higher positive zeta potential. The protein loading efficiency was found as above 80%. Results indicated that PLGA-TMC microparticles demonstrated substantially higher mucin adsorption when compared to PLGA microparticles. HPV antigen encapsulated in PLGA-TMC particles elicited a significantly higher secretory (IgA) immune response compared to that encapsulated in PLGA particles. Present study demonstrates that PLGA-TMC microparticles with specific size range can be a better carrier adjuvant for nasal subunit vaccines. Surface modified PLGA microparticles proved great potential as a nasal delivery system for HPV infections where systemic and mucosal responses are necessary particularly in conditions after viral pathogens invade the host through the mucosal surface.
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Yin, Jason Dean-Chen. "Vaccine voices in the digital sphere: a multilayer network analysis of online forum discussion in Taiwan". W CARMA 2024 - 6th International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2024.2024.17691.
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New spatiotemporal considerations of the network allow surveillance of vaccine opinion online. The study uses a multilayer network – with each layer representing vaccine opinion discussion – to examine how the structure and timing of engagement in online communities may affect the spread of COVID-19 vaccine opinions. The aim is to improve public health messaging management during health crises and contribute to WHO’s growing infodemic research agenda. The study finds that online discussions on COVID-19 vaccines are dominated by a few highly connected nodes within power-law structured communities. Vaccine-hesitant and pro-vaccine discussions are more engaged with, and more frequently posted earlier, but overall, less densely connected than the fewer, but highly clustered anti-vaccine discussions. Temporally, this trend increases over time for anti-vaccine discussions, suggesting insular communication (and potential echo chambering) happens gradually. The findings suggest proactive information management with consistent vaccine advocacy in online communities is crucial in low-activity periods, as dense anti-vaccination networks may pose misinformation risks.
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Aziz, Kareem. "Perspectives, Acceptance, and Hesitancy Among Male and Female Medical Students Regarding Vaccination for COVID-19 in Tishk International University". W 3rd Scientific Conference on Women’s Health. Hawler Medical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15218/crewh.2022.04.
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Background and objectives: Vaccines are an important tool for halting the spread of pandemics such as COVID-19, influenza, etc. A COVID‑19 immunization is an antibody expected to gain resistance against serious intense respiratory disorder Covid-19, the infection that causes COVID‑19. This study aimed to identify how the among male and female medical students deal with vaccination of COVID-19 in TIU university. Methods: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study design, this study was conducted in the Tishk International University from 19 September 2021 to 15 may 2022. Sample included 200 among male and female medical students in TIU University. Results: The majority of their accepted taking the vaccine and encouraged others for that, most of them preferred the Pfizer vaccine, a majority of them had a positive attitude and good perspectives against the vaccine, majority of them agreed to take a safe vaccine after clinical trial, while 9% of them had hesitancy to take vaccine for COVID-19 especially among female students because of expected complications from COVID-19. Conclusion: The majority of the male and female students agreed with taking the vaccine as primary prevention, while only 22% of them agreed that they may have problems with the vaccine. The majority of the 51% prefer the Pfizer vaccine. Only 31% of them accepted to take the vaccine at this time for themselves and their family. Most of them had a good attitude about the vaccine for prevention nearly 59% Only 9% of them had hesitancy to take the vaccine especially among female students because of complications.
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Camargo, Luana Cristina, Joao Paulo Figueiro Longo, Karen Letycia Rodrigues de Paiva, Marina Mesquita Simões, Thais Bergmann i Victor Carlos Mello da Silva. "Immunotherapy vaccines for triple-negative breast cancer and its influence on the tumor microenvironment". W Brazilian Breast Cancer Symposium 2023. Mastology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942023v33s1024.
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Objective: Cancer is still a complex and debilitating disease even though advances in treatment have occurred. Triplenegative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis and occurs more frequently in young women. Due to its metastatic features and unique tumor microenvironment, TNBC treatment is limited. In this study, we evaluated how three chemotherapy drugs could be used to produce vaccines with cells under immunogenic cell death. Methodology: For that, 4T1-luc2 cells were treated with cisplatin (100 μM), mitoxantrone (MTX) (15 μM), and doxorubicin (DOX) (50 μM) for 24 h. Then, the treated cells were injected subcutaneously in tumor-bearing Balb/c female mice, after the tumor challenge. The treatment occurred three times, once a week. During and after the treatment, primary tumor and metastatic progression were followed using the chemiluminescence technique. After 5 weeks of the tumor challenge, mice were euthanized and organs (liver, tumor, lungs, and spleen) were collected for analysis. Additionally, the spleens were processed for flow cytometry for regulatory T lymphocyte and myeloid-derived suppressor cells analysis. Results: Cisplatin and MTX vaccines slowed the primary and metastatic tumor growth as well as the decreased tumor, liver, and spleen weight, while the DOX vaccine slowed the metastatic tumor progression in the lungs but did not alter tumor and other organs’ weight. Moreover, cisplatin and MTX vaccine increased the ratio of lymphocytes in the spleen but not the DOX vaccine. All comparison was done regarding the tumor-bearing mice treated with PBS. Conclusion: Taken together, both MTX and cisplatin vaccines treated primary and secondary tumors probably by the increase of lymphocyte recruitment, and the cisplatin vaccine also has an influence on the tumor microenvironment. Finally, the therapeutical vaccine might be an interesting approach as a treatment for TNBC due to its positive effect on metastasis and tumor microenvironment, especially with cisplatin.
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Zhu, Richard, i Sujata Bhatia. "Optimizing COVID-19 Vaccine Diffusion in Respiratory Mucosa through Stokes-Einstein Modeling". W 2022 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2022-1065.
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Abstract SARS-COV-2 vaccines, all of which are currently intramuscular shots, have the ability to prevent serious injury. However, the absence of sufficient mucosal immunity is a major concern. To counteract this deficiency that has led to continued transmission from vaccinated individuals and breakthrough cases, reformulating vaccines to be inhalable presents a logical administration route. Predecessor research has reported the inhalable route to be viable as aerosolized vaccine nanoparticles, AAV phage nanoparticles, and PIV-5 viruses were recently identified to elicit immune responses. In this study, the diffusion of vaccine nanoparticles across the mucosa is characterized and modeled, with respect to their observed behavior from previous studies in relation to the Stokes-Einstein equation, to predict the most efficient model of an inhalable COVID-19 vaccine. The Stokes-Einstein equation has been used in several studies to predict diffusion coefficients. These predictions may be modified to fit the specifications of mucosal interactions. It was determined that mucosal interactions play a significant role in vaccine nanoparticle diffusion, as demonstrated by the viral vector and virus-like nanoparticle diffusion, and can be characterized by an equivalent hydrodynamic radius. Moreover, as a counter to mucosal interactions, PEGylation was found to drastically decrease the viscous slowing of the mucus medium.
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"ATTITUDE TO COVID-19 VACCINATION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN: THE JORDANIAN EXPERIENCE." W International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/lzes6209.
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Objective: In this study we aim to evaluate the attitude of pregnant women in Jordan towards COVID-19 vaccines, and to investigate the determinants for their attitudes. Method: : An analytical cross-sectional survey was carried out at King Abdullah University Hospital between July and December 2021.We utilizied a self-administered questionnaire that included closed-ended items covering demographic characteristics, clinical and obstetric characteristics, attitudes towards COVID- 19 vaccination, and potential predictors of vaccine acceptance. Results: The number of eligible participants living in the northern region in Jordan was 393 pregnant women, where 10.17% reported vaccine acceptance, 12.21% were hesitant, 77.60% completely rejected the vaccine, 27.22% indicated their acceptance of their physicians” vaccination recommendation during pregnancy, 54.19 % were against it, leaving 18.57% of participants hesitant towards taking the vaccine. Conclusion: Our results of this study disagree with the results of otter recent studies in that pregnant women tended to have a high level of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, and it highlights the need for public health promotional campaigns to promote acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine by pregnant women. Keywords: COVID-19, pregnancy, attitudes, determinants of attitudes.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Vaccine"
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Choi, Yoojin, Nathan M. Stall, Antonina Maltsev, Chaim M. Bell, Isaac I. Bogoch, Tal Brosh, Gerald A. Evans i in. Lessons Learned from Israel’s Vaccine Rollout. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, luty 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.09.1.0.
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As Ontario expands access to the COVID-19 vaccine beyond the Phase 1 priority populations, strategic planning and execution of mass vaccine rollout will have a significant impact on the health and safety of Ontario’s 14.5 million residents. There are six key elements of Israel’s successful COVID-19 vaccine campaign that can be readily applied to Ontario to expedite and expand the province’s vaccine rollout strategy: a simple vaccine prioritization process; modification to the transport, storage, and distribution of the vaccines; effective communication to promote vaccine confidence; decentralization of vaccination sites; centralized organization through Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) using a fully integrated information technology (IT) system in a universal health care system; and the engagement of community-based personnel, infrastructure, and resources.
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Byrn, Stephen, Nathaniel Milton i Kari Clase. BIRS Course: RNA Vaccine Manufacture and Assessment of Regulatory Documents for RNA Vaccines. Purdue University, sierpień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317657.
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This paper is in three segments: (A) Segment on Vaccine Manufacture; (B) Segment on Ready to Use (RTU) Fluid Path for Compounded Sterile Preparations, mRNA Vaccines, and Phage Therapy, (C) Segment on Competency Framework for Addressing Regulatory Review These segments can be used separately or in combination. Additionally, they can be presented in any order. The time devoted to each segment depends on the depth of the course coverage. These segments are interrelated and describe how to make vaccines, how to manufacture vaccines with a point-of-care system built from ready-to-use parts; and how to regulate vaccines. This is a timely review because of the importance of vaccines for the treatment of diseases. It is hoped that it will lead to new approaches to vaccine manufacture and regulation.
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Palmer, Guy, Varda Shkap, Wendy Brown i Thea Molad. Control of bovine anaplasmosis: cytokine enhancement of vaccine efficacy. United States Department of Agriculture, marzec 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695879.bard.
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Anaplasmosis an arthropod-born disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale and is an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Currently the only effective vaccines are derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Consequently development of a safe, effective vaccine is a high priority. In this collaborative project we focused on two approaches to vaccine development. The first focused o n improving antigen delivery to livestock and specifically examined how DNA vaccines could be improved to enhance priming and expansion of the immune response. This research resulted in development and testing of two novel vaccine delivery systems--one that targeted antigen spread among dendritic cells (the key cell in priming immune responses and a follow-on construct that also specifically targeted antigen to the endosomal-lysosomal compartment the processing organelle within the dendritic cell that directs vaccine antigen to the MHC class ll-CD4* T cell priming pathway). The optimized construct targeting vaccine antigen to the dendritic cell MHC class II pathway was tested for ability to prime A. marginale specific immune responses in outbred cattle. The results demonstrated both statistically significant effects of priming with a single immunization, continued expansion of the primary immune response including development of high affinity lgG antibodies and rapid recall of the memory response following antigen challenge. This portion of the study represented a significant advance in vaccine delivery for livestock. Importantly the impact of these studies is not limited to A. marginale a s the targeting motifs are optimized for cattle and can be adapted to other cattle vaccinations by inserting a relevant pathogen-specific antigen. The second approach (which represented an addition to the project for which approval was requested as part of the first annual report) was a comparative approach between A . marginale and the Israel A . centrale vaccines train. This addition was requested as studies on Major Surface Protein( MSP)- 2 have shown that this antigen is highly antigenically variable and presented solely as a "static vaccine" antigen does not give cross-strain immunity. In contrast A. . centrale is an effective vaccine which Kimron Veterinary institute has used in the field in Israel for over 50 years. Taking advantage of this expertise, a broad comparison of wild type A. marginale and vaccine strain was initiated. These studies revealed three primary findings: i) use of the vaccine is associated with superinfection, but absence of clinical disease upon superinfection with A. marginale; ii) the A. centrale vaccine strain is not only less virulent but transmission in competent in Dermacentor spp. ticks; and iii) some but not all MSPs are conserved in basic orthologous structure but there are significant polymorphisms among the strains. These studies clearly indicated that there are statistically significant differences in biology (virulence and transmission) and provide a clear path for mapping of biology with the genomes. Based on these findings, we initiated complete genome sequencing of the Israel vaccine strain (although not currently funded by BARD) and plant to proceed with a comparative genomics approach using already sequenced wild-type A. marginale. These findings and ongoing collaborative research tie together filed vaccine experience with new genomic data, providing a new approach to vaccine development against a complex pathogen.
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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Elizabeth Benninger, Tabitha Hrynick i Santiago Ripoll. Youth COVID-19 Vaccine Engagement in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Institute of Development Studies, czerwiec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.040.
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Despite overall progress in COVID-19 vaccination rates in Cleveland, vaccine inequity persists as young people from minority communities are often less likely to be vaccinated. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is not just an issue of misinformation or lack of information. Vaccine hesitancy among young people is reflective of wider issues such as mistrust in the state or the medical establishment and negative experiences during the pandemic. This report is based on case study research conducted among minority youth (ages 12-18) in Cleveland, Ohio. While public discourse may label young people as “vaccine hesitant,” we found that there were hesitation differences based on social location and place. We found the greatest vaccine hesitancy among older youth (15+ years old), particularly those from minoritized communities. Unvaccinated youth were also more likely to be from families and friend groups that were unvaccinated. While some expressed distrust of the vaccines, others reported that COVID-19 prevention was not a priority in their lives. Instead, concerns over food security, livelihood, and education take precedence. Minority youth were more likely to report negative experiences with authorities, including teachers at their schools and police in their communities. Our findings demonstrate that COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is embedded in a context that drives relationships of mistrust between minority communities and authorities, with implications for COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Young people’s attitudes toward vaccines are further patterned by experiences within their community, school, family, and friend groups.
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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Tabitha Hrynick, Southall Community Alliance SCA, Charlie Forgacz-Cooper i Steve Curtis. Youth COVID-19 Vaccine Engagement in Ealing, London, United Kingdom. Institute of Development Studies, czerwiec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.039.
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Despite progress in COVID-19 vaccination rates overall in Ealing, vaccine inequity persists as young people from minority communities are often less likely to be vaccinated. COVID-19 ‘vaccine hesitancy’ is not just an issue of misinformation or lack of information. ‘Vaccine hesitancy’ among young people is reflective of wider issues such as mistrust in the state or the medical establishment and negative experiences during the pandemic. This report is based on case study research conducted among minority youth (from ages 12-19) in the London borough of Ealing. While public discourse may label young people as “vaccine hesitant,” we found that there were differences based on social location and place. We found the greatest vaccine refusal among older youth (15+ years old), which in the context of this study were from minoritised communities who have experienced deprivation across the life course. Unvaccinated youth were also more likely to be from families and friend groups that were unvaccinated. While some expressed distrust of the vaccines, others reported that COVID-19 prevention was not a priority in their lives, but instead concerns over food security, livelihood, and education take precedence. Minoritised youth were more likely to report negative experiences with authorities, including teachers at their schools and police in their communities. Our findings demonstrate that COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is embedded in a context that drives relationships of mistrust between minority communities and authorities, with implications for COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Young people’s attitudes toward vaccines are further patterned by experiences within their community, school, family, and friend groups.
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Bingamon, Brian Michael. HIV Mosaic Vaccine. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1581247.
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Research, Gratis. Intranasal Influenza Vaccine. Gratis Research, marzec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47496/gr.blog.13.
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Intranasal vaccine is a novel candidate that could improve the current injectable vaccine for the to prevent seasonal influenza epidemics. Influenza intranasal spray vaccine causes a local antibody response.
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Lopez Boo, Florencia, Giuliana Daga i Sofia Madariaga. Combating COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Behaviorally Informed Campaigns in the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004581.
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This note provides insights into understanding and combating vaccine hesitancy in the Caribbean. We draw on both qualitative and quantitative evidence stemming from IDB analytical and operational work. First, a household survey implemented in Belize in 2021 finds that lack of trust in vaccines and fear of side effects are among the main reasons given by the people that had not yet received the COVID-19 vaccine. Second, we evaluate the correlation between five behaviorally informed campaigns and vaccine uptake and digital engagement (clicks, emojis) and the effect of randomizing the framing of messages within one of such campaigns. We find that messages about COVID-19 vaccine safety and positive framing of side effects were associated with better outcomes. Finally, we describe how these insights are used in vaccination campaigns in Barbados.
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Brayton, Kelly A., Varda Shkap, Guy H. Palmer, Wendy C. Brown i Thea Molad. Control of Bovine Anaplasmosis: Protective Capacity of the MSP2 Allelic Repertoire. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699838.bard.
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Anaplasmosis is an arthropod-borne disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasmamarginale and is an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Currently, the only effective vaccines are derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Consequently, development of a safe, effective vaccine is a high priority. Despite its drawbacks as a live, blood-based vaccine, the Israel vaccine strain protects against disease upon challenge with wild-type A. marginale in extensive experimental trials and during 50 years of deployment in Israel. Field studies in Australia and Argentina indicate that this protection is broadly effective. Thus, to identify antigens for development of a safe and effective recombinant vaccine, we have used a comparative genomics approach by sequencing the Israel vaccine strain and searching for shared surface antigens with sequenced wild-type U.S. strains. We have focused on Msp2, the immune-dominant but antigenically variable surface protein, based on shared structure among strains and demonstration that antibody from cattle immunized with the Israel vaccine strain binds Msp2 from the genetically and geographically distinct U.S. St. Maries strain, consistent with the ability to protect against St. Maries challenge. Importantly, we have defined the full repertoire of Msp2 simple variants encoded by the vaccine strain and hypothesize that a recombinant vaccine encoding this full repertoire will induce protection equivalent to that induced by the live vaccine strain. Any escape from immunity by generation of complex Msp2 variants is predicted to carry a severe fitness cost that prevents high-level bacteremia and disease— consistent with the type of protection induced by the live vaccine strain. We tested the hypothesis that the Msp2 simple variant repertoires in wild-type A. marginale strains are recognized by antibody from cattle immunized with the Israel vaccine strain and that immunization with the vaccine strain Msp2 repertoire can recapitulate the protection provided by the vaccine strain upon challenge with Israel and U.S. strains of A. marginale. Our findings demonstrate that a set of conserved outer membrane proteins are recognized by immune serum from A. centrale vaccinated animals but that this set of proteins does not include Msp2. These findings suggest that “subdominant” immunogens are required for vaccine induced protection.
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Albornoz, Jorge T. Field Testing of Meningococcal Group B Vaccine and Oral Cholera Vaccine. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, październik 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada324898.
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