Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Urbanism”

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2006.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-96).
This thesis seeks to find a new approach/method towards urbanization in existing low density neighborhoods in major metropolitan cities in the United States. The near South side of the city of Chicago (a city that carries a history as the most modern city in the world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century) will be taken as a site for development. The site of the Illinois Institute of Technology has an associated history dating back to the nineteenth century as well as an extensive housing development built as a post world war two response to a lack of housing in major metropolitan cities. Today, the area stands deserted, with a few housing tower blocks that remain occupied. The idea of flexible urbanism that would benefit the Chicago neighborhood can be traced back in history to the eighteenth century, a period during which rationality created a new type of society. Rationality is fundamental to this thesis, taken to its hilt with the idea that extreme rationality could lead to a sense of madness and diversity in options and ways of living in order to organize society today.
(cont.) The idea of extreme rationality can be seen through history with the development of the prisons and asylums in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, and later in the design of the microraion, the unit of neighborhood development in the Constructivist period of the Soviet Planning process. During that period the garden city movement grew in the United Kingdom propagating the return of nature in the design of cities. A comparison to the garden city would be another new Town in England: Milton Keynes, a city where land was distinguished as separately zoned areas. These ideas of rationality and rule based zoning systems are fundamental to this thesis, and taken to its extreme to understand the city parametrically, in three dimensions. Finally, the application of this new approach towards densification shows that this strategy is one that can be used universally to revitalize, reinvigorate, and re-emphasize the use of extreme rationality in order to create vitality in cities, and diversity in use.
by Anahita Anandam.
S.M.

Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-62).
The comprehensive planning approach is a method that necessitates parceling activities, zones, and the connective infrastructure. Buildings thus become dumb boxes 8 that are repeated and placed in their work parcels, live parcels, or play parcels. The space between the boxes, either becomes neglected space or traffic space. :b. This stratification and separation is a product of the blunt expediency inherent in modern development. (Kwinter and Fabricius. "Generica," 525) In the past, it took ~ Cf.) decades or centuries to develop cities; now, it typically takes 5-15 years. (Ibid) This efficient and fast machine predicts social and local processes as the master plan ..... calculates every step. There is little regard for time as a major factor in this production, in terms of time as economic and political support systems that may change ~ behind the development project, and secondly, time as a component that may allow for unexpected behavioral and organizational patterns to emerge. The current C') strategy flattens the complexity of our contemporary urban condition, and the result is a stale, static, and culturally unsustainable urbanism. ..... Notodden is currently using this orderly process of structuring urbanism to revitalize the new downtown. This master plan exposes how the end architectural forms and urban patterns become static and life less. As a result, even when there is financial and political support for innovation as there are in Notodden, it seems we are stuck to repeat the same approaches and forms. The example of Notodden's master plan wholly exhibits the paradigm crisis in which urban planning is "exposed as anachronistic, dangerous and intellectually spurious." (Graham and Marvin, 110) However, the potential of Notodden, Norway, the site of exploration, lies in the transformation of the new city, not through the current master plan, but through the specific programmatic negotiations and architectural development of the currently proposed Blues Center. Architecture becomes the urban generator, and the Blues Center, which is transformed from a performance site in August for the annual Notodden Blues Festival, into a music, media and skills center. This first project becomes the catalyst for cultural, social and economic change for this urban area. By prioritizing and focusing on the potential energy of this principal vision, it generates other unexpected programmatic and place-making concepts that need to be conceived after this primary organizational, cultural, and economic force is constructed through a Rubberbanding Urbanism. Rubberbanding urbanism is an original concept that demands participants of the urban development process to perceive the existing urban scape as adjustable and negotiable. Within this urban scape, there are flexible boundaries or bands that can stretch beyond traditional parcel lines and overlap with other bands. As the notion of bands have no set definition attached to them yet in urbanism, it is easier to see them more abstractly at many scales: as predefined programs, as current parcels or boxes, or as infrastructure, building, open space. The goal is to rethink and reinvent density, function, and time in an urban and architectural context while allowing for negotiation at each step. Because the proposed site in Notodden is barren, this seems appropriate as a development idea. This method actively attempts to " ... [privilege] not the formal, morphological attributes of building, but rather [create] a repertoire of operatives affected by time patterns of connectivity, and changing populations of multiple components. "(Graham and Marvin, 110) The bands are dotted so that they suggest flexibility until other bands present constraints or parameters. As bands overlap or stretch, new hybrids can be created. Spaces, programs, and scapes can then be designed through this unpredictable and constantly negotiable process. Throughout the process, participants create the rules and protocols as they go.
Lora H. Kim.
M.Arch.

This thesis presents the history of urbanism through the point of view of theevolution of the productive process history from the 􀏐irst Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) to today, as well as a proposal for a development of an area in Trelleborg,Sweden that includes also manufacturing, based on Europan Competition’s 2017theme of “Productive City”. In the 􀏐irst part it presents the history of the industrial erastarting from the 18th century until today though a chronological diagram, includingpolitical, social and technological events, as well as important urban planning ideasand innovative factories. Then proceeds to a more extended presentation of industrialurbanism theory based on theoretical approaches and realized examples. The 􀏐inalpart of the thesis presents a case study of the “productive city”, which includes themasterplan of the area, diagrams for the location of manufacturing and ideas for thetypes of manufacturing that could be included in the urban block. It concludes with􀏐inal consideration about production and the role it can play for a better future.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This research studies the relation between city and nature in the urbanity s plans from Natal RN, Brazil, during the 20th century. Investigates and analyses the main documents that bring environmental s ideas inside from the urbanity s plans of Natal; gives the historical and economical situation from the city in each period studied; features the urbanity s plans, using categories of analyses to comprehension of this instruments. Try to contribute in the bigger process of historical rescue of Natal, and stimulates new studies. It was used documental s research, and bibliographic material. It was identified four (04) kinds of plans: the ones that focus in health and aesthetic (1901, 1929, 1935) technology and science (1968), zoning and control (1974, 1984) and environment. The hints founded shows that environmental ideas were put inside of the plans by government demands, especially in 1994 s plan, almost always without popular contribution and without this population get understands its meanings and implications
Trata do estudo acerca da rela??o cidade - natureza nos Planos Urban?sticos da cidade de Natal no s?culo XX, no qual se buscou identificar e analisar os principais documentos que inserem as id?ias ambientais dentro dos planos urban?sticos citadinos; contextualizar pol?tica e economicamente o cen?rio em que acontecem as modifica??es em cada plano estudado; e caracterizar os planos urban?sticos e diretores de Natal, elaborando categorias de an?lise de tais instrumentos. Procura-se com este estudo contribuir no processo maior de resgate da hist?ria de Natal: dada ? car?ncia dos registros hist?ricos, espera-se com este trabalho, estimular tamb?m outros nichos de pesquisa que auxiliem numa maior compreens?o acerca dos processos de transforma??o da cidade. Al?m disto, prop?e-se a servir como um instrumento para orientar a elabora??o de futuros planos urban?sticos da cidade, especificamente no que se refere ?s quest?es ambientais. O estudo pautou-se em pesquisa documental (sobretudo os planos urban?sticos e diretores objetos de estudo) e bibliogr?fica (peri?dicos, artigos da internet e livros). Verificaram-se quatro tipologias de planos: os que possuem mais destaque na sa?de e est?tica (1901, 1929, 1935); t?cnica e ci?ncia (1968); zoneamento e controle (1974 e 1984) e meio ambiente (1994 e 1999). Os ind?cios encontrados apontam para a inser??o de id?ias ambientais por exig?ncia governamental, notadamente no plano de 1994, e em geral com pouca ou nenhuma participa??o popular e sem que a mesma apreendesse seus significados e implica??es

A urbanização da Capitania de Goiás esteve na dependência direta da política centralizadora de ocupação colonial portuguesa do século XVIII, particularmente no que se refere à expansão e legitimação do território além do meridiano de Tordesilhas e ao descobrimento de importantes pontos mineratórios localizados na região central do Brasil. A consolidação dessa política e, conseqüentemente, da ocupação de Goiás, coube ao colonizador que, colocando-se a serviço da averiguação de míticos imaginários, utilizou os recursos de uma cartografia em crescente desenvolvimento desde o século XVI e que lhe permitiram comutar imprecisas informações e relatos em cálculos exatos e ter uma real visualização do novo espaço. Com essas ações, formaram-se na Capitania mais de cinqüenta núcleos urbanos, segundo uma tradicional concepção do urbanismo português, que previa a realização de levantamentos topográficos e o uso de mapas feitos por sertanistas, engenheiros militares e governadores que, juntos, se responsabilizaram pela organização e desenho do território. Outras formas estratégicas de ocupação territorial também foram adotadas por Portugal, tais como a criação da prelazia e de paróquias, a abertura de caminhos, a adoção do sistema sesmarial, a fundação da capital e o incentivo às atividades mineratórias e agropastoris. Para a efetiva posse do território goiano, a Coroa lusa implantou também normas indigenistas e incentivou a construção de aldeamentos desde a primeira metade do século XVIII, os quais, embora sem a perfeição de traçado alcançada no período pombalino, foram concebidos a partir de praças centrais, retangulares ou quadradas, inscritas em malhas previstas, cujas características garantiram a continuidade de uma tradição portuguesa de desenho urbano erudito e regular, que se baseava em princípios matemáticos e geométricos.
The urbanization of the Captainship of Goiás founds its explanations in a group of factors that are related to the Portuguese centralizing politics of colonial occupation in the 18th century, particularly those that are referred to the expansion and legitimating of the territory beyond the Tordesilhas meridian, and to the discovering of important mining spots localized in the central region of Brazil. The consolidation of the politics and, consequently, of the occupation of Goiás, was carried by the colonizer, which, with the access to a cartography that had been developed since the 16th century, set to the purpose of the checking imaginary myths, transforming inaccurate information and reports into exact calculation and a real visualization of the new space. With these actions it was created on the Captainship more than fifty urban clusters, following a traditional conception of the Portuguese urbanism, with topographic studies and maps made by peasants, military engineers and governors which together were responsible to the organization and the mapping of the territory. Another strategic ways of territorial occupation were also implemented by Portugal, such as: the creation of the prelature, of the parishes, the opening of colonial ways, the adoption of the sesmarial system, the foundation of the capital and the stimulation of the mining and agricultural activities. Due to the possession effectiveness of the territory, the Portuguese crown also implemented Indian regulations and stimulated the construction of villages since the first half of the 18th century, which, even though, without the perfect drawing reached on the Pombalin period, were conceived with rectangular or squared central squares, inscribed into predicted streets, which it characteristics guaranteed the continuity of a Portuguese tradition of erudite and regular urban drawing that was based on mathematical and geometrical principles.

The study proposes to operationalise sustainable development within an urban environment and at a variety of scales - strategic to neighbourhood. The study examines the convergence of ideas within urbanity and sustainability, identifying inconsistencies and contradictions within current thematic research. It proposes a consensual approach to understanding the linked substantive, analytical and procedural attributes underlying a developing chronology of concepts relating to sustainability. This chronology of ideas provides the basis for a systems-based framework that recognises the complexity of urban areas. The study advocates and introduces an adaptive framework of spatial indicators of urbanism to simplify and communicate an holistic overview of attributes of sustainability. This interpretation of holism is based on thematic (qualitative / quantitative) and scalar (strategic / local) based integration on a consistent (spatial) basis. This adaptive framework is designed to be suitable for locality specific subjective interpretations of sustainability. It is linked to a non-expert methodological 'toolkit' that places an emphasis on currently undervalued qualitative and spatial data collection methods. This is a mixed and multi- method approach to understanding spatial (urban) systems that complements empirical data sets. A series of case studies are used to test and refine qualitative collection from primary and secondary sources and spatialisation methods. Sample material is then used to test the utility and ease of use of GIS for data manipulation, analysis and modelling. Two detailed and complementary applications of the adaptive framework, the data inventory / collection methods and the use of GIS based digital spatial databases are used to illustrate the potential range of applications and highlight problems of use. A number of possible future developments of the study are suggested for maximising the utility of the conceptual approach and a developed spatial database for a variety of agents, exploring additional dimensions of the urban system.

This thesis explores how an adherence to professional principles can be reconciled with a commitment to inclusive participatory planning processes in urban governance. Two themes are drawn together. First, the study concerns recent shifts in thinking about public participation that have resulted in innovative approaches to engaging citizens in urban governance processes through deliberative, interactive workshops and forums. Second, the study focuses on power relations that are inherent in such forums, particularly when a variety of different knowledges (expert and lay) interact. The two themes are brought together by focusing on the participatory practices of the urbanist movement - an urban form movement that draws specific principles from the urbanism of traditional towns and cities in order to create socially and environmentally sustainable places. Within urbanist participation, professional principles for the built environment and a commitment to a form of deliberative democracy are combined. In this study, the crucial question asked is: what is the nature and effect of the power relations on the democratic character of public involvement in participatory planning processes? To explore this issue, two urbanist Enquiry by Design processes were selected as retrospective case studies. One case involved a regeneration project for an inner urban area of a north England industrial town, while the other case involved a greenfield urban extension in the south west of England. The empirical research, undertaken in mid 2005, comprised 52 semi-structured interviews, analysis of extensive background material, and site visits. Research participants were selected to capture a range of perspectives and experiences of each process. To understand the power relations in the cases a two pronged approach was taken. The study was informed by literature from communicative planning theory and deliberative democracy. From this literature, an Ethic for Communicative Participation was developed as a heuristic device to evaluate urbanist participation. Concomitantly, to understand the nature of the power relations involved in the deliberative forum, the study employed a discourse theory perspective after Laclau and Mouffe (2001). Thus, power was understood as relational and imbricated within all social relations, while conflict was conceived of as an indicator of power. The study found that the urbanist discourse, as a hegemonic project, had a significant effect on the nature of the participatory processes. In disseminating and instituting a particular vision for urban sustainability, the urbanist participatory process was found to be instrumental to realising the urbanist vision in each locality. As such, the cases studied displayed a thin commitment to democracy. Moreover, the discursive constructions of concepts of community, representation, consensus and participation evident in the cases, exposed a unified and homogeneous understanding of social groups. Consequently, the complexity of power relations and conflict inherent in the processes were bracketed, resulting in the exclusion of certain perspectives. Nevertheless, the study illustrated the value in understanding the inherently antagonistic nature of the public sphere for both research and practice. The study supported emerging claims for a democratic politics in which antagonism is transformed into agonism - a space of reciprocity and mutual respect in which contestations over meanings can be articulated. In the cases, the participatory space allowed participants to challenge the hegemonic nature of the dominant discourses. Therefore, the thesis argues for two important ways to rethink power in both theory and in practice. First, there must be a willingness to engage with conflict and power. Second, there must be an interrogation of claims to unity or collectivity. Understanding the public sphere as inherently antagonistic, heterogeneous, and criss-crossed with complex power relations potentially provides conditions in which hegemonic forces can be contested. An agonistic politics has the potential to facilitate the open contestation of different knowledges and transform the dominant power relations such that an enhanced democracy can ensue.

This thesis describes a framework for transitioning to regenerative urbanism. Regenerative urbanism represents a new planning paradigm that optimises urban fabric and applies a regenerative design overlay to deliver highly liveable and sustainable urban development. This approach integrates across systems (energy, transport, water, waste, food, biodiversity), and scales (plot, precinct, city). Mainstreaming regenerative urbanism could usher in a period of planetary biosphere regeneration by facilitating a global network of net positive impact regenerative cities.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This work shows (a) how the urban extensions covering 50 or more hectares contributed to the physical growth of João Pessoa, the capital of Paraíba, Brazil, between 1913 and 1953, and (b) that they generated most of the urban and suburban fabric that was added to the town in that period of time. It analyzes in depth these additions, treating aspects such as features of the site, layout characteristics and integration between the layout and the nearby tissues. Such a study had not been conducted yet and is essential for the local urban history. The theoretical basis of the dissertation is the analysis of over twenty large extensions planned in Europe and the Americas which it presents. The method adopted for the carrying out of the most relevant part of the study of the additions was the morphological analysis of their layout. Seven extensions added 770 hectares to the town between 1913 and 1953, which is over 50% of its overall extension in that period. Curiously the two extension plans which were not implemented were just those designed by two famous Brazilian town-planners: Saturnino de Brito and Nestor de Figueiredo.
Esta dissertação mostra (a) como as expansões planejadas com 50 ou mais hectares contribuíram para o crescimento físico da capital paraibana entre 1913 e 1953 e (b) que foram elas a origem da maior parte do tecido urbano ou suburbano agregado à cidade nesse período. Ela analisa com profundidade essas ampliações, tratando as-pectos como traços geográficos do sítio planejado, características do traçado e seu nível de integração com os tecidos adjacentes. Tal estudo não havia sido feito ainda e é essencial para a história urbanística de João Pessoa. O alicerce teórico da disserta-ção é o exame que ela fez de mais de vinte grandes expansões projetadas na Europa e nas Américas até 1910. O método adotado para a realização da parte mais relevante do estudo das expansões foi a análise morfológica dos seus planos. Sete grandes am-pliações agregaram 770 hectares à cidade entre 1913 e 1953, o que é mais da metade da expansão total dela nesse intervalo. Dois planos de expansão não se concre-tizaram, exatamente os concebidos por dois urbanistas respeitados: Saturnino de Brito e Nestor de Figueiredo.

Le Maroc connaît une augmentation rapide de la population urbaine due à la croissance démographique, à l'exode rural et à plusieurs autres paramètres sociaux, économiques, etc. Cette urbanisation, qui introduit des phénomènes assez complexes, a généré une multitude de problèmes : transports, manque d'équipements sociaux, dégradation de l'environnement, gestion de l'espace urbain, etc. Les agences urbaines ont été créées pour maîtriser ce phénomène à travers l'établissement de documents d'urbanisme définissant les règles d'utilisation du sol et le contrôle des activités urbaines.L'agence urbaine traite quotidiennement une quantité importante de données géographiques. A cet effet, l'enjeu de la mise en place d'un Système d'Information Géographique est de taille. La présente étude consiste à dresser un constat de la gestion urbaine dans la ville de Mohammedia et à approfondir, tant sur les volets théorique que pratique, la mise en œuvre d'un SIG pour la gestion urbaine afin de gérer les équipements publics, les voiries et générer automatiquement des notes de renseignements au sein de l'agence urbaine. Comment restructurer les bases de données spatiales déjà existantes afin de lancer une application SIG pour rénover la gestion urbaine ?Les systèmes d'information géographique (SIG) se positionnent aujourd'hui comme un puissant outil d'aide à la décision, particulièrement pour ce qui concerne la gestion de l'espace. L'intégration de la dimension spatiale, grâce aux SIG, permet désormais de localiser l'information et d'organiser les données de façon plus conviviale
Morocco knows a rapid development of Urban Population due to population growth, rural exodus and several parameters (social, economic…). This urbanization involving complex phenomena has generated multitude of problems (notably the transportation problem, the lack of social equipments, the environment damage, the difficulty of Urban Management…). The Urban Agencies have been created to bring under control this phenomenon by establishing Urbanism Documents which define the land use laws, and by controlling the urban activities.The urban agency handles daily a large amount of geographical data. To this end, the issue of the establishment of a Geographic Information System is size. This study is to draw up a report on urban management in the city of Mohammedia and deepen both the theoretical aspects and practical implementation of a GIS for urban management to manage public facilities, roads and automatically generate notes intelligence within the urban agency. How to restructure databases already existing spatial data to launch a GIS application to renovate urban management?Geographic information systems (GIS) today positioned as a powerful tool for decision support, particularly with regard to the management of the space. The integration of the spatial dimension, using GIS, now can locate information and organize data in a more user-friendly

Cette recherche se focalise sur la posture Neutre face au Chaos. Elle émerge d’une volonté de rompre avec une lecture paradigmatique de l’urbanisation et d’un désir de trouver un rapport apaisé avec le Chaos urbain qui nous entoure, un Chaos qui n’est plus la congestion spectaculaire de la Grande Ville mais un Chaos gris : diffus, silencieux, insignifiant. Ce regard que l’on qualifierait de Neutre est proche d’une certaine quiétude de l’esprit que l’on trouve dans le Zen ou le Taoïsme. Comme dans ces philosophies orientales il exprime une déconnexion et un dé-saisissement.Le Neutre est une expérience immédiate du réel qui implique une destitution du sujet, la sortie du rapport duel sujet-objet pour tenter une expérience indistincte de l’événement, sur un mode fusionnel, de réceptivité totale. Mais le Neutre qui nous intéresse dans cette recherche est un Neutre créatif et non pas purement contemplatif, un Neutre susceptible de ‘faire projet’. Ce Neutre, en tant que récepteur du Chaos, cherche à transformer la vitalité chaotique en processus actif. Notre argument principal se porte sur ce potentiel créatif et productif de la posture Neutre, et de sa manière à se saisir du Chaos comme source intarissable.La recherche s’organise selon des principes de fragmentation, transdisciplinarité, assemblage et redondance. Les onze figures qui la composent sont autonomes mais elles ne sont pas de la même nature. En effet, elles s’organisent en trois chapitres distincts, qui correspondent aux trois temps, ou trois mécanismes de la posture Neutre : (1) l’indiscernabilité (ou le Neutre réceptif), (2) le Désengagement (ou le Neutre passif) et (3) l’Énonciation (le Neutre actif). Ainsi, les trois premières figures (le Bruit, le Conflit et le Noeud), qui composent le premier chapitre, se rapportent à la réalité exogène, à ce qui se situe en dehors de nous et qui nous entoure ; les cinq figures qui suivent (l’Indifférence, le Laissez-faire, l’Idiotie, la Retraite et l’Infirmité) se rapportent toutes à l’attitude du sujet lui-même, à sa posture passive vis-à-vis du monde ; alors que les trois dernières figures (le Gris, le Pathos et l’Acceptation Active) se rapportent aux moyens d’expression et à l’accès au langage, c’est-à-dire à l’énonciation du projet.La recherche révèle que la posture Neutre ne constitue pas une méthode mais une démarche. Certes, une démarche n’a pas la même force transformatrice qu’une méthode. Elle est plus difficile à partager et à décrire. Elle est impossible à appliquer de façon constante et continue. Cependant, elle peut s’avérer tout aussi précieuse en tant que pensée du projet
This research focuses on a Neutral posture towards Chaos. It comes from the will to break with a paradigmatic reading of urbanisation and from a desire to find a pacified relationship with the urban Chaos surrounding us, a Chaos which is no longer the spectacular congestion of the Großstadt, but a grey Chaos : diffuse, silent, insignificant. This view, that we qualify as Neutral is close to a certain quietude of the mind that might be found in Zen or Taoism. Like in these eastern philosophies, it expresses a form of disconnection and divestiture. The Neutral is an immediate experience of the real which implies a destitution of the subject, an exit from the dual relationship of subject-object to attempt an indistinctive experience of the event, in a fusional mode, of total receptiveness. But the Neutral on which we are focused in this research is a creative Neutral and not a purely contemplative one, a Neutral which is likely to become a means of projection. This Neutral as a receptor of Chaos, tries to transform chaotic vitality into an active process. Our main argument focuses on this creative and productive potential of the Neutral posture and on its way of taking hold of Chaos as an inexhaustible source. The research is organised according to the principles of fragmentation, transdisciplinarity, assembly and redundancy. The eleven figures of which it is composed are autonomous and of various natures. Indeed, they are organised in three distinct chapters, which correspond to three different moments, or three mechanisms of the Neutral posture : (1) Indiscernibility (or the receptive Neutral), (2) Disengagement (or the passive Neutral),(3) Enunciation (the active Neutral). Thus, the three figures (Noise, Conflict, Node)that make up the first chapter, relate to the exogenous reality, to that which is situated outside of us and that which surrounds us ; the five following figures (Indifference, Laissez-faire, Idiocy, Retreat and Infirmity) all relate to the attitude of the subject himself, to his passive posture towards the world ; whereas the three final figures (Grey, Pathos and Active Acceptance) relate to the ways of expression and to access to language, that is to say the enunciation of the project. The research reveals that the Neutral posture does not constitute a method but an approach. Certainly, an approach does not have the transformative force of a method. It is much more difficult to impart and to describe. It is impossible to apply in a way which is continuous and constant. However, it might turn out to be just as precious as a projective thought

Placemaking is a collaborative approach to redesigning spaces into places that improve their community value. Placemaking practices claim to be quick and easy to implement which is true in comparison to government level plans and policies but do not appear quick at an individual level. Tactical urbanism tackles the problem of slow change with a bottom up process that allows for fast changes to urban environments that can be conducted at an individual level. The spaces addressed by tactical urbanism are spaces that do not work to their intended use; they are underused, empty, or unmaintained. These spaces can vary in size and type. They can exist within a timeframe that is shorter than a change can occur from a quick placemaking practice hence why tactical urbanism becomes the appropriate response. Many of these places require responsive and swift action if they are sought to be improved. The spaces and designs that are tandem often have lasting positive effects in their communities. Concepts from cosmopolitics will be tied with placemaking principles to see if they are able to enhance and bring another element to tactical urbanism. The combination of these elements will aim to create care in relationships between humans and place. This report will explore how placemaking principles, cosmopolitics and tactical urbanismcan be used to create meaning and sustainabilityin spaces making them great places. Experimental interventions are used to put these concepts into practice. The interventions are focused at several locations around Linnaeus University campus.

Esta tese de doutorado tem como tema o estudo do urbanismo nas caracterizações que lhe foram dadas pelo movimento moderno e sua hipótese fundamental se refere à possibilidade de considerar como aquele movimento desenvolveu, indiretamente, um rapto do direito à cidade que passa a constituir uma categoria epistemológica na análise de planos urbanos desenvolvidos sob a sua inspiração. Para tanto e como estratégia metodológica de pesquisa foram utilizados planos urbanos modernos em confronto com a cidade enquanto realidade empírica e em processo constante de mudança. Concluiu-se que um dos fatores que podem levar muitos planos urbanos modernistas a se frustrarem está na condição com que eles conseguem (ainda que muitas vezes não perceptivelmente) raptar a cidade real existente. De modo que se propõe uma empiricização do plano no tempo e no espaço do vivido; portanto no cotidiano como signo potencial para se fazer e rever o plano urbano. Daí decorrem desdobramentos que o atual desenvolvimento dos meios tecnológicos podem oferecer para o plano urbano, visto que estes meios atuam como parte daquele cotidiano.
The subject-matter of this PhD thesis is the study of urbanism according to the characterizations it was given by the modern movement and its fundamental hypothesis refers to the possibility of considering the way in which this movement developed, indirectly, an abduction of the right to the city, which comes to constitute an epistemological category in the analysis of urban plans developed under the inspiration of this movement. In order to do this and as a methodological research strategy, we used modern urban plans confronting them with the city as an empiric reality and involved in a constant process of changes. We came to the conclusion that one of the factors that can lead many modernist urban plans to frustration resides in the condition through which they manage (even if it is not very often perceived) to abduct the real existing city. Therefore we propose an empiricization of the plan in the time and in the space of lived experience, hence, in daily life as a potential sign in order to make and revise the urban plan. As a result of this there are interpreting signs which the present development of technological means can offer to the urban plan, since these means act as a part of this daily life.

The old hospital complex is located in close proximity to the historical center of Znojmo. The original function is no longer fulfilled and its structure does not correspond to the urban area and thus excludes it. However, due to its location and some historic buildings it has great potential. This work aims to transform the place into a full-fledged part of the city, preserving the original genius loci. After thorough analysis, it determines structures that will be preserved and removed. On the free parcels are proposed buildings of urban blocks with multifunctional use. By its arrangement, it responds to the neighborhood and away from the city, from closed city blocks, it opens to semi-blocks and solitaires.

Literary Urbanism and the Symbolist Aesthetic argues that the modern city influences urban writers to develop particular literary-visual practices that translate urban experience into poetry and prose. Chapter one considers how urban planning in Paris during the Second Empire inspired Charles Baudelaire‘s theories of modernity and aesthetic history. Chapter two discusses how A.C. Swinburne translates Baudelairean modernity into an English literary perspective through Sapphic poetry, and the importance Swinburne‘s association with painters has in this process. Swinburne‘s friendship with James McNeill Whistler, for example, results in the ekphrastic poem "Hermaphroditus", which uses sculpture to comment upon the modern city‘s potential to heighten perceptual consciousness. Chapter three studies the application of ekphrasis in urban writing, especially the way in which Arthur Symons‘ poetry uses symbols to render an immediate awareness of the city. Symons‘ reception of French Symbolist poetics opens chapter four, and introduces T.E. Hulme and Henri Bergson as theorists who develop a means of thinking the city through internal consciousness, not geographic space. This initiates chapter five‘s interest in how Pound and Eliot use metaphors of illumination to articulate how perceptions of the city arrive through transposition and refraction.

Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2017.
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Includes bibliographical references (pages 121-122).
In an increasingly toxic world where the average person's body contains 29/35 of the toxins listed on the restricted and hazardous substance list, toxicity is unavoidable. This thesis asks how toxins can re-imagined to become active agents in design. Through the negotiation between hard and soft boundaries this work speculates on an architecture of gradients, densities, and velocities to produce temporal spaces of occupation. The year is 2024. Humanity has settled in a condition of toxic urbanism, contained by the toxic wastelands of the periphery. The Anthropocene has wreaked havoc and produced a world of toxins. Early estimates of the exponential destruction caused by our toxic landscapes of production were misled by constantly shifting metrics of toxicity provided by different agencies, bureaus, and offices. Our remediation efforts were too slow, too costly, and failed to produce any agency in the age of toxicity.We continued to produce superfund sites across the country. Landscapes of toxic air, contaminated soil and polluted water became our second nature. As we shifted from one machine age to the next, the continued autonomy provided to production landscapes allowed increasingly more toxic means of production to be developed, this methodology assured there would be no post-toxic future. Within the confines of toxic urbanism, people suited up in protective suits every day. They wore protection more for peace of mind than protection of body. As we destroyed the land, the interior was perfected, continuous halls stocked with machinery created a perfectly sterile environment that defined people's lives, the sprawling mechanized interiors of the no-stop city had finally been realized. We had come a long way. Ever since humanity created the cave fire, toxins had been part of our environment. The hearth, originally acted as both an object of environment and an object of culture. As we followed the flames into modernism we found ourselves in a state of homelessness explicated by the dichotomy between our technological culture and its toxic means of production. Heidegger, described the sensation as Heimatlosigkeit, the signification of our existential orientation in the era of Gestell. Humanity has however always been a risk adverse society, and as they began to reject the sterile environments of safety for toxic environments of experience agency was produced in the design of toxins. In an increasingly toxic world, this thesis explores how toxins can become active participants and drivers for the production of temporal spaces defined by the hard and soft boundaries they operate within. Architectural interests in materiality and dimension are replaced in favor of velocities, gradients, and densities that define zones of occupiability.
by Maxwell A. Jarosz.
M. Arch.

The diploma thesis deals with the complex design of the sports-cultural building and its integration into the structure of the unique modernistic urbanism of the city of Zlín. It seeks to answer the question of to what extent culture and sport can work side by side.

The main idea of the project is a gradual interpenetration of a town and nature and concurrently the free connection of the new projected area Rybníky and neighbouring quarter Prštné. And so the density of housing gradually becomes thinner and the density of vegetation thicker from the South to the North. At the same moment the form and function of buildings are changing. There is a sport area in greenery between Rybníky and Prštné as an open connection of new buildings in Rybníky and old ones in Prštné. Entrances of the area are defined by two dominant administration buildings. A local centre of the area is a park with a pavilion in its heart and a near public courtyard with café, kindergarten and the home for the elderly and singles. The projected area is full of cycle paths which connect the quarter and the Zlín city centre. The riverbank with a relaxation zone is created along the river Dřevnice.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:22:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lorreine Agostinho Claudio.pdf: 35782311 bytes, checksum: 2680f26d9d8c4d0419c19e91f64bd660 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-04
This dissertation analyzes three Urban Projects - Céramique in the city of Maastricht, Netherlands; St. Jean, in Geneva, Switzerland; Bicocca in Milan, Italy - deployed in areas with problems of degradation resulting from industrial obsolescence and the presence of heavy transport infrastructure. In this work, Urban Projects mean urban regeneration initiatives focused on specific parts of the city, with the participation of government, private sector and users, in order to maximize and harmonize efforts and investments that guide the implementation integrated projects and actions in the short, medium and long term. The interventions examined were selected not only for their architectural and urban projects, but also in two other aspects: a) the processes of design and management, including the legal and regulatory aspects, which made possible its implementation b) the current reality post -use, considering its initial objectives, checking checking if they accurately improved not only the quality of the urban space, but the lives of its inhabitants.
A presente dissertação analisa três Projetos Urbanos Céramique, na cidade de Maastricht, Holanda; St. Jean, na cidade de Genebra, Suíça; Bicocca, na cidade de Milão, Itália , implantados em áreas com problemas de degradação decorrentes da obsolescência industrial e da presença de infraestrutura pesada de transporte. Neste trabalho, entende-se como Projetos Urbanos as iniciativas de recuperação urbana concentradas em trechos específicos da cidade, com a participação do poder público, da iniciativa privada e dos usuários, com o intuito de maximizar e compatibilizar os esforços e investimentos que norteiam a implementação integrada de ações e projetos a curto, médio e longo prazos. As intervenções selecionadas foram examinadas não apenas em seus projetos urbanos e arquitetônicos, mas também em dois outros aspectos fundamentais: a) os processos de projeto e gestão, incluindo os aspectos legais e normativos, que tornaram possível sua implantação; b) a realidade atual pós-uso, considerando seus objetivos iniciais, verificando se eles conseguiram melhorar a qualidade não só do espaço, mas da vida dos seus habitantes.

The research focuses on the transfer of European urban ideas into Caracas, from Antonio Guzman Blanco's urban reforms in the 1870s to the proposal of the 1939 Plan Monumental de Caracas, devised under the guidance of the French urbanist Maurice Rotival. Considering that the emergence of urbanism cannot be reduced to its mere technical contents - especially in the backward context of the Venezuela of that period - the research traces not only the transfer of urbanistic ideas, but also the importation which took place in the domains related to the Caraquenians' urban culture and urbanity. At the same time, that urban transfer is not reduced to a deterministic effect of economic dependence, but is rather regarded as a component of the cultural relationship maintained by the Venezuelan elite with the most advanced countries of North Atlantic capitalism. By tracing the transfer of urban ideas from Europe into Caracas - which remains the core issue of the research -a parallel question is explored: the reconstruction of the primary stages which articulated the urban debate in Venezuela and underpinned modern urbanism as a discipline, a process which apparently occurred against that European background. This reconstruction involves three episodes - the urban art of the Guzmanian city, the hygiene and progress of the belle Opoque and the monumental urbanism of the democratic capital - which are presented as components of a European-oriented cycle in the history of Caracas. In order to trace that transfer and reconstruct those episodes, the research combines four types of urban discourse: the legal, political and administrative texts, the urban literature, the travel chronicles and general descriptions, and technical literature about urbanism. The interlacement of such a catalogue of specialized and non-specialized sources claims to be an innovation of the research.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2011.
Pages 68 and 69 are blank. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 67).
This project investigates the possibilities of a new urbanism in vast territories of urban industrial and logistics landscapes, which have become a significant feature of the American city. It is a search for a hybrid typology of habitation and production for these neglected fields. The project starts with a research on urban industrial landscapes of major American cities in order to extract common features, then focuses on Boston industrial area as an example of such condition. It explores patterns with the ability to expand and readapt to different scales and urban conditions. The project concludes with proposing a new typology, which maintains industries on the ground level, adjacent to transportation networks, and proposes a stem structure, which runs through these mega boxes, providing access, infrastructure and service spaces for industries while creating a base for a new linear city on top. mergence of industries and habitation allows new forms of agriculture and energy production, using industrial waste water and waste heat, which this project has tried to address with design solutions.
by Yashar Ghasemkhani.
S.M.

This article responds to the rapid urbanisation of sub-Saharan Africa. It laments the loss and deterioration of its pre-colonial urban artefacts due to neglect and even war, and pleads for their conservation and the recognition of relevant characteristics as contemporary urban solutions. Part one outlines the conceptual framework and highlights four theoretical considerations pertaining to definitions, preconceptions, methodology and sources of information. Part two contextualises the origins and nature of African urbanism with a brief historical perspective. Part three analyses the morphology of urban space, while part four concludes by discussing some seemingly intrinsic urban characteristics and their compatibility with current urban theories.

The first civilizations we have ever heard of were along the banks of mighty rivers like Nile, Euphrates, Indus and Huang. These civilizations developed along rivers as riverfronts provided opportunities for tradeand transportation, fertile land to grow crops, water for drinking, washing, livestock and other domestic uses and food in the form of fish. Gradually, they came to define cities, became a part of identities of people, such as "India" from "Indus," while, providing a sense of place and connecting the populace to nature. Yet rivers have often ended up being abused and neglected in our course towards urbanization. It is this "neglect" that needs to be shunned. The relationship with the rivers needs to be re-forged. To develop a strategy for this shift in attitude, this research has chosen the case of Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Bay is an estuary lying inland from the Atlantic Ocean. It has mainland North America to its west and Delmarva Peninsula on the east. It is the largest Estuary in the United States. More than 150 major rivers and streams flow into the Chesapeake Bay. The estuary provides habitat to several species of wildlife and aquatic life. Today, this bay faces many issues such as nutrient and sediment pollution, Storm water runoff, lowering of shellfish species etc. One of the major causes of the polluted bay is storm water runoff. Storm water washes pollution off the roads and other surfaces and takes them to the water. Stormwater is generally more polluted in urban areas than rural areas. This thesis, attempts to demonstrate what can be done with a typical pixel in the whole mosaic of the bay . The Maine Avenue Fish Market, sitting just upstream to the now being developed Southwest Waterfront, seems a perfect choice for this endeavor. This market, a small urban waterfront space, is ideal for exploring ideas and solutions to avoid water pollution by stormwater, cleaning the quality of water and also, in the process, develop the area in relation to the city and its surroundings. This thesis aims to establish an ecological and social relationship between the natural resource and the urban life.
Master of Science

This project surveys representations of the African city in contemporary Nigerian and South African narratives by focusing on how they employ Gothic techniques as a means of drawing the African urban landscape into being. The texts that comprise my objects of study are South African author Henrietta Rose-Innes's Nineveh (2011), which takes as its setting contemporary Cape Town; Lagoon (2014) by American-Nigerian author Nnedi Okorafor, who sets her tale in present-day Lagos; and Zoo City (2010) by Lauren Beukes, another South African author who locates her narrative in a near-future version of Johannesburg. I find that these fictions are bound by a shared investment in mobilising the apparatus of the Gothic genre to provide readers with a unique imagining of contemporary African urbanity. I argue that the Gothic urbanism which these texts unfold enables the ascendance of generative, anti-dualist modes of reading the contemporary African city that are simultaneously real and imagined, old and new, global and local, dark and light - modes that perform as much a discourse of the past as a dialogue on the future. The study concludes by making some reflections on the future-visions that these Gothic urban-texts elicit, imaginings that I argue engender useful reflection on the relationship between culture and environment, and thus prompt the contemporary reader to consider the global future - and, as such, situate Africa at the forefront of planetary discourse. I suggest that Nineveh, Lagoon and Zoo City produce not simply a Gothic envisioning of Africa's metropolitan centres, but also a budding Gothic aesthetic of the African Anthropocene. In contrast to the 1980's tradition of Gothic writing in Africa, these novels are opening up into the twenty-first century to reflect on the future of the African city - but also on the futures that lie beyond the urban, beyond culture, beyond the human.

Within China's post-1980's urban planning discourse, shan-shui, a significance-laden compound character set translatable as `mountain-water' or `landscape', aligned with urban sustainability. The focus of this genealogical discourse analysis delineates the origins, evolution, interpretation, and application of the term shan-shui within China's contemporary urbanization as a developing urban design paradigm, informed through transnational flows of urban design practices. This work highlights case studies showing this discourse's morphological materializations and analyzes interviews, publications, media, letter exchanges, and urban designs to problematize the use of shan-shui within the discursive processes of urban development and sustainability discourses. The superscription of shan-shui generates a rubric through which Chinese cultural and symbolic elements are (re)formulated in contemporary urban developments and conjoined with sustainable urban design practices facilitating multifaceted ends including efforts towards sustainable urban development, bourgeoning neo-classical urban aesthetics, conceptual bridging of human-nature relations, land-centric capital accumulation, and a vernacular urbanism.
10000-01-01

A more water-coherent approach is postulated as a primary pathway through which biophilic urbanism contributes to livability and climate change adaptation. Previous studies have shown that upstream water retention is more cost-effective than downstream for mitigating flood risks downstream. This dissertation proposes a research design for generating an iconography of water urbanism to make upstream cities more coherent. I tested a hypothesis of aquaphilic urbanism as a water-based sense of place that evokes water-based place attachment to help adapt cities and individuals to water-coherent urbanism. Cognitive mapping, photovoice, and emotional recall protocols were conducted during semi‐structured interviews with 60 residents and visitors sampled from eight water-centric cities in the Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium. The participants provided 55 sketch maps. I performed content analyses, regression analyses, path analyses, and mediation analyses to study the relationships of 1) pictorial aquaphilia (intrinsic attachment to safe and clean water scenes) and waterscape imageability, 2) waterscape imageability and the coherence of city image, 3) egocentric aquaphilia (attachment to water-based spatial anchors) and allocentric aquaphilia (attachment to water-centric cities), and 4) the coherence of city image, allocentric aquaphilia, and openness towards water-coherent urbanism. Content analyses show that waterscape imageability and pictorial aquaphilia were the two most common reasons why participants mentioned the five waterscape types, including water landmarks, canals, lakes, rivers, and harbors, during the three recall protocols. Regression analyses indicate that water is a sixth element of imageability and that the imageable structure of canals and rivers and the identifiability of water landmarks significantly influenced the aesthetic coherence of city image. Path analyses suggest that allocentric aquaphilia can be attributed to water-based familiarity, water-based place identity (or identifiability), water-based comfort, and water-based place dependence (or orientation) evoked by water-based spatial anchors. Mediation analyses reveal that water-based goal affordance (as a construct of water-based comfort and water-based place dependence) aided environmental adaptation, while water-based imageability (as a construct of water-based familiarity and water-based place identity) helped adapt cities and individuals to water-coherent urbanism. Canal mappability mediated the effects of gender and of visitor versus resident on the coherence of city image to facilitate environmental adaptation.

In recent years a new planning movement has emerged popularly known as New Urbanism. This movement has come about in response to typical subdivision design and implementation of single-use Euclidian zoning practices that have been associated with sprawling subdivisions and communities zoned for single uses, and which result in little diversity of income, neighborhoods devoid of any unique character that create a sense of placelessness, increased social isolation and dependence on the automobile, and increased consumption of land and other resources. New Urbanism seeks to mitigate these and other problems through the manipulation of the built environment. Among other solutions, typical New Urbanist communities incorporate mixed use centers, emphasize design of streets and public space as well as parks and open space, provide a variety of housing types, and focus on transit-oriented development. However, as is often the case with "new" or different ways of doing things, implementing New Urbanism can be difficult. As such, the purpose of this study is to identify the barriers to successful implementation of key design characteristics of New Urbanist communities. Also of interest as the research developed were the reasons for the success of some communities in being able to implement important design features of New Urbanism. To do this, a typology of spaces associated with New Urbanism and supported by the literature was established. Two communities in Utah's Salt Lake Valley were then structurally evaluated against this typology. Daybreak and Overlake were the two communities selected, both of which were constructed according to New Urbanist principles. This evaluation informed questions used during interviews with key informants from each community. During these interviews key informants provided information on the original vision of each community, discussed differences between that vision and its implementation, identified barriers to implementing the original vision, and also discussed the gaps identified during the structural assessment.

L'urbanisme sostenible promou el desenvolupament d'estratègies amb l’objectiu de la sostenibilitat del territori. Una d'aquestes estratègies és l'agricultura urbana (AU). Específicament, els hivernacles en cobertes o terrats (RTGs) permeten el cultiu d'aliments a la ciutat sense comprometre superfície de sòl permeable. No obstant això, la investigació que abordi el seu comportament energètic i que brindi eines per a la quantificació i anàlisi de la seva viabilitat és limitada. A Amèrica Llatina i al Carib (ALC), l'estudi de la AU encara es troba en una etapa inicial, fet pel qual és necessari aprofundir i promoure el seu estudi. La present tesi doctoral pretén cobrir aquests àmbits d'estudi a través d'intentar donar resposta a les següents quatre preguntes: -Per als països desenvolupats (i) En quina mesura les eines urbanes, arquitectòniques, socials i sostenibles contribueixen a avaluar el potencial d'implementació de l'agricultura en terrats d'edificis existents en ciutats del sud d'Europa?, (ii) Pot la integració d'un hivernacle al terrat d'un edifici, aprofitant el seu intercanvi de fluxos tèrmics residuals, contribuir tecnològicament i arquitectònicament al desenvolupament de l'agricultura urbana?; -per als països en vies de desenvolupament (iii) Quin és el panorama actual de l'agricultura urbana als països en desenvolupament d'Amèrica Llatina i el Carib?, (iv) Quines són les implicacions de la planificació urbana i l'habitatge social en la promoció de l'agricultura urbana per a la sostenibilitat de la ciutat llatinoamericana de grandària mitjana? La tesi inclou un marc interdisciplinari. En cada línia de recerca estudiada s'han utilitzat materials i mètodes complementaris per a l'obtenció de dades específiques: sensors aerotransportats, sensors de temperatura i humitat de l'aire, diversos programaris, revisió documental, entrevistes i grups d'interès, entre d’altres. Els resultats van demostrar que un hivernacle integrat al terrat (iRTG) pot proporcionar temperatures dins del rang 14-26 °C, les quals són idònies per als sistemes tancats d'horticultura en zona mediterrània. A més es poden “reciclar” 341.93 kWh / m2 / any d'energia de calefacció de la resta de l'edifici. L'ús dels sensors aerotransportats (TASI 600 i Leica ALS50-II) per a la identificació de les característiques bàsiques dels terrats per a la implementació d'hivernacles, és viable i confiable. L'eina multicriteri per a la presa de decisions per a la implementació de RTGs va demostrar ser viable i objectiva, i l'ús d'un índex de sostenibilitat global minimitza la subjectivitat del procés i permet seleccionar l'alternativa més sostenible. L'estudi de la AU en ALC es desenvolupa en almenys 14 països, però el 86% de la recerca està centrada a Brasil, Cuba, Mèxic, Colòmbia i Argentina. La AU desenvolupa cinc funcions: ecològica-ambiental, social, productiva, urbana-política i econòmica. A més, és una mesura d'emergència enfront dels problemes socials i dels perills naturals, i està vinculada a l'habitatge social i al planejament urbà. Els barris d'habitatge social tenen característiques que els fan espais apropiats per al desenvolupament de l'agricultura vertical. La AU sol desenvolupar-se de forma tradicional dins dels límits del predi, a escala petita i de forma privada. El cultiu de fruites s'imposa (70%) enfront de les verdures i plantes aromàtiques (30%). Les futures línies de recerca a Europa haurien de centrar-se en l'anàlisi de la interconnexió bidireccional energètica entre el RTG i l'edifici, aprofundir (proves en laboratori) en la identificació de materials en cobertes usant sensors aerotransportats i analitzar la viabilitat de cobertes multipropósit en parcs industrials. En el cas de ALC, s'ha d'explorar les funcions menys desenvolupades de la UA (econòmica i urbana-política); treballar amb organitzacions comunitàries per a la quantificació del potencial de l'agricultura vertical i desenvolupar una base de dades de la UA en l'habitatge social.
El urbanismo sostenible promueve el desarrollo de estrategias en pro de una sostenibilidad del territorio. Una de estas estrategias es la agricultura urbana (AU). Específicamente, los invernaderos en la azotea (RTGs) permiten el cultivo de alimentos en la ciudad sin comprometer superficie de suelo permeable. Sin embargo, las investigaciones que aborden su comportamiento energético y que brinden herramientas para la cuantificación y análisis de su viabilidad son limitadas. En América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), el estudio de la AU aún se encuentra en una etapa inicial, por lo que es necesario profundizar y promover su estudio. La presente tesis doctoral pretende cubrir estos ámbitos de estudio a través de intentar dar respuesta a las siguientes cuatro preguntas: -Para los países desarrollados (i) ¿En qué medida las herramientas urbanas, arquitectónicas, sociales y sostenibles contribuyen a evaluar el potencial de implementación de la agricultura en azoteas de edificios existentes en ciudades del sur de Europa?, (ii) ¿Puede la integración de un invernadero en la azotea de un edificio, aprovechando su intercambio de flujos térmicos residuales, contribuir tecnológicamente y arquitectónicamente al desarrollo de la agricultura urbana?; -para los países en vías de desarrollo (iii) ¿Cuál es el panorama actual de la agricultura urbana en los países en desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe?, (iv) ¿Cuáles son las implicaciones de la planificación urbana y la vivienda social en la promoción de la agricultura urbana para la sostenibilidad de la ciudad latinoamericana de tamaño mediano? La tesis incluye un marco interdisciplinar de diversas disciplinas. Y en cada línea de investigación estudiada se han utilizado materiales y métodos complementarios para la obtención de datos específicos: sensores aerotransportados, sensores de temperatura y humedad del aire, diversos softwares, revisión documental, entrevistas, grupos de interés, y otras. Los resultados demostraron que un invernadero integrado en la azotea (iRTG) puede proporcionar temperaturas dentro del rango 14-26 °C, las cuales son idóneas para los sistemas cerrados de horticultura en zona mediterránea. Y se puede “reciclar” 341.93 kWh / m2 / año de energía de calefacción del resto del edificio. El uso de los sensores aerotransportados (TASI 600 y Leica ALS50-II) para la identificación de las características básicas de las azoteas para la implementación de invernaderos, es viable y confiable. La herramienta multicriterio para la toma de decisiones para la implementación de RTGs demostró ser viable y objetiva; y el uso de un índice de sostenibilidad global minimiza la subjetividad del proceso y permite seleccionar la alternativa más sostenible. El estudio de la AU en ALC se desarrolla en al menos 14 países, pero el 86% de la investigación se desarrolla en Brasil, Cuba, México, Colombia y Argentina. La AU desarrolla cinco funciones: ecológico-ambiental, social, productiva, urbano-política y económica. Además, es una medida de emergencia frente a los problemas sociales y los peligros naturales; y está vinculada a la vivienda social, y al planeamiento urbano. Los barrios de vivienda social tienen características que los hacen espacios apropiados para el desarrollo de la agricultura vertical. La AU suele desarrollarse de forma tradicional dentro de los límites del predio, a escala pequeña y de forma privada. El cultivo de frutas se impone (70%) frente a las verduras y plantas aromáticas (30%). Futuras investigaciones en Europa deberían centrarse en el análisis de la interconexión bidireccional energética entre el iRTG y el edificio; profundizar (pruebas en laboratorio) en la identificación de materiales en cubiertas usando sensores aerotransportados; analizar la viabilidad de cubiertas multipropósito en parques industriales. En el caso de ALC, se debe explorar las funciones menos desarrolladas de la UA (económica y político-urbana); trabajar con organizaciones comunitarias para la cuantificación el potencial de la agricultura vertical y desarrollar una base de datos de la UA en la vivienda social.
Sustainable urbanism promotes strategies for the sustainability of the territory. One of these strategies is urban agriculture (UA). Specifically, rooftop greenhouses (RTGs) are an alternative that in recent years has had a considerable rise in European compact cities, as they enable the cultivation of food in the city without compromising permeable soil surface. However, research that addresses their energy behavior and provides tools for the quantification and analysis of their viability is limited. In the case of Latin America and the Caribbean, the study of UA is still in an initial stage, so it is necessary to deepen and promote its analysis. In this sense, the present doctoral thesis aims to cover these areas of study and answer the following four questions: -For developed countries (i) To what extent do urban-architectural, social and sustainable tools contribute to assess the potential for implementation of agriculture on roofs of existing buildings in Southern European cities?, (ii) Can the integration of a greenhouse into the rooftop of a building, taking advantage of its exchange of residual thermal flows, contribute technologically and architecturally to the development of urban agriculture? For developing countries (iii) What is the current state of urban agriculture in developing countries in Latin America and the Caribbean? and (iv) What are the implications of urban planning and social housing in the promotion of urban agriculture for the sustainability of the medium-sized Latin American cities? This thesis includes an interdisciplinary framework that combines aspects of various disciplines. In each line of research studied, complementary materials and methods have been used to obtain specific data: TASI-600 and Leica ALS50-II airborne sensors, air humidity and temperature sensors, various software, document review, interviews and focus groups, among others. The results showed that an integrated rooftop greenhouse (iRTG) can provide temperatures within the range of 14-26 °C, which are ideal for closed horticultural systems in the Mediterranean area. Moreover, 341.93 kWh / m2 / year of heating energy can be "recycled" from the rest of the building. The use of airborne sensors (TASI 600 and Leica ALS50-II) for the identification of the basic characteristics of the roofs is viable and reliable. The multicriteria tool for decision making for the implementation of RTGs proved to be viable and objective; and the use of a global sustainability index minimizes the subjectivity of the process and allows selecting the most sustainable alternative. The study of UA in LAC is being developed in at least 14 countries, but 86% of the research is developed in Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, Colombia and Argentina. UA develops five functions: ecological-environmental, social, productive, urban-political and economic. In addition, the UA is an emergency measure in the face of social problems and natural hazards. The UA in LAC is linked to social housing and urban planning; and social housing neighborhoods have characteristics that make them suitable spaces for the development of vertical agriculture. The UA is usually developed within the boundaries of private properties on a small scale and privately. Fruit cultivation is imposed (70%) against vegetables and aromatic plants (30%). Future research in Europe should focus on the analysis of the bidirectional energy interconnection between the iRTG and the building; deepening the identification of roof materials using airborne sensors through laboratory tests; analyzing the feasibility of multipurpose covers in industrial parks. In the case of LAC, on exploring the less developed functions of UA (economic and political-urban); working with LAC community organizations to quantify the potential of agriculture on the roof; and developing a database on the current development of UA in social housing.

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This thesis discusses the rela􀆟 ons between form and norm in the materializa􀆟 on of the ci􀆟 es and the pragma􀆟 c contemporary urbanism, in its most commonly discussed mode: the urban project. The urban project is here understood as the media􀆟 ng elements of urban transforma􀆟 on, which today lack theoriza􀆟 on and instrumentali􀆟 es in the Brazilian context. Through the dialec􀆟 c rela􀆟 on between theore􀆟 cal discourse and empirical observa􀆟 on, the materializa􀆟 on of the contemporary city is discussed, by means of the conceptual fi gures Defi ni􀆟 on, Induc􀆟 on, and Improvisa􀆟 on, which relate to processes triggered by regula􀆟 ons. The fl oodplain of Tietê, between Lapa and Barra Funda, located in the west region of the city, between the river and the rail, is used as an empiric object, a site which generated the theore􀆟 cal refl ec􀆟 ons and was evaluated as in its historic materializa􀆟 on as in its contemporary redevelopment. The work off ers a spa􀆟 al historiography of the site´s materializa􀆟 on, by means of the elabora􀆟 on of conceptual formal fi gures, which guided the historic materializa􀆟 on process, and evaluates the contemporary materializa􀆟 on, guided by the urbanis􀆟 c instrument Urban Opera􀆟 on, conceived to promote urban projects in the city. Depar􀆟 ng from the thesis that there is no urbanis􀆟 c instrument that places the project and urban design as the media􀆟 ng and ar􀆟 cula􀆟 ng element in the Brazilian public policy on urban development today, yet some level of design, or defi ni􀆟 ons that design involves, is necessary, avoiding predatory processes in the city´s materializa􀆟 on. Contemporary urban projects have to incorporate urban design strategies in its concep􀆟 on in order to materialize according to socially agreed goals. Thus, the present research discusses the contemporary role of the urban project and urban design in the materializa􀆟 on of São Paulo.
A tese discute a relação entre norma e forma na materialização das cidades e a acepção prática do urbanismo contemporâneo, em sua modalidade mais comumente discutida: os projetos urbanos. Os projetos urbanos são aqui entendidos como elementos mediadores da transformação urbana, que hoje carecem de teorização e instrumentalização no Brasil. Através da relação dialética entre o discurso teórico e a observação empírica, discute-se a materialização da cidade contemporânea, através das fi guras conceituais Defi nição, Indução e Improviso, que estão relacionadas a processos que a regulação defl agra. A área da várzea do Tietê entre a Lapa e Barra Funda, localizada na zona oeste de São Paulo entre o rio e a ferrovia, é usada como objeto empírico das refl exões teóricas, avaliado em sua materialização histórica e reestruturação contemporânea. O trabalho oferece a construção da historiografi a espacial do objeto, através da elaboração de fi guras conceituais formais que guiaram o processo de materialização histórica, e avalia o processo de materialização contemporânea, guiado pelo instrumento urbanístico Operação Urbana, concebido para promover projetos urbanos na cidade. A pesquisa parte da tese de que hoje não há instrumento urbanístico que coloque o projeto, e o desenho urbano, como elemento mediador e articulador no âmbito da política pública, entretanto certo grau de projeto - ou de defi nições espaciais que um projeto possibilita através do desenho urbano - é necessário, para evitar processos predadores na materialização das cidades. Projetos Urbanos contemporâneos devem incorporar estratégias de desenho urbano em sua concepção, de forma a se materializar de acordo com objetivos pactuados socialmente. Assim a tese discute o papel contemporâneo do projeto e do desenho na materialização da cidade de São Paulo.

Esta pesquisa apresenta um retrato da dispersão urbana que ocorre na região da Macrometrópole de São Paulo sobre a ótica da apropriação do relevo. Quais são os compartimentos de relevo que estão sendo ocupados pelas peças urbanas que se dispersam sobre a área anteriormente utilizada pelos usos relativos ao mundo rural, e em que medida essas peças urbanas residenciais, industriais ou mistas, diferem da morfologia de suas congêneres da cidade compacta, e as consequências ambientais decorrentes dessa forma de apropriação. A partir de uma proposta metodológica de abordagem estratégica do relevo na escala regional, e tendo como base categorias de análise da geomorfologia, este trabalho identifica no processo de dispersão, além de uma tendência de ocupação indiscriminada, e sem critérios ambientalmente claros, de todos os tipos de compartimento de relevo, inclusive daqueles que se pode considerar como compartimentos ambientais estruturantes da paisagem regional para a regulação dos processos naturais e de sua ocorrência não conflituosa com os usos urbanos. Essa ocupação dispersa, que impacta esses compartimentos ambientais estruturantes, é realizada tanto pelas camadas de alta e de baixa renda, como também pelos usos industriais e de comércio atacadista, embora esses grupos apresentem predominância em vetores de dispersão diferentes.
This research presents a portrait of the urban sprawl that occurs in the large metropolitan area of São Paulo, in view of the allocation of relief. Which relief sectors are occupied by urban works that disperse over the region formerly used by the rural area, and to what extent these residential, industrial or mixed urban works differ from the morphology of its equivalents in a compact city, and the environmental consequences resulting from this form of allocation. From a methodological proposal for a strategic approach to relief on a regional scale, and based on analytical categories of geomorphology, this paper identifies the dispersion process and a trend of indiscriminate occupation, without clear environmental criteria, of all types of relief sectors, including those that can be considered as environmental zones of regional landscape designated for the regulation of natural processes and their occurrence without conflict with urban uses. This dispersed occupation, which impacts these environmental zones is performed by both levels of high and low income, but also by industrial uses and wholesale trade, although these groups predominate in different dispersal vectors.

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This study is a reflexion on the ways of experiencing the city that come up as answers to urban issues in a critical and creative manner. And they do so erratically in the history of the modern city, from the nineteenth century to the present day. These actions, emphasized here, resulted in positions of profound influence in the conceptualization of public art and urban practices. By thinking over the sphere of urban thought in the form of creating responses and products for the city planning and the way in which the application of its propositions are subverted, the study also perceives differences between the dominant order that establishes it and the society with its processes of use that subvert and appropriate this urban production in a way that is not cataloged or predictable. Thus, through these urban practices, a "social constructionism" is present in the city, perpetuating the existence of the public space as a space for citizen presence. The reflexion is based on readings of the potential discourse taken from experiences of artistic work and actions in different contexts and supported by the theoretical basis of thinkers who – through interdisciplinarity – promote the understanding of these relations of society and the public space instrumented by public art and by practices that denounce a proper way of making consumption of a production instituted by a dominant order of thought. From the perspective that considers the city with its dynamics and the reflexions that refer to it, this text adds an analysis to the construction of the public space instrumented by the urban practices.
Este estudo é uma reflexão sobre modos de vivenciar a cidade que se apresentam como respostas às questões urbanas de maneira crítica e criativa. E o fazem como uma “errância” pela história da cidade moderna, a partir do século XIX até os dias atuais, cujas ações, aqui enfatizadas, resultaram em posturas de influência profunda na conceituação da arte pública e as práticas urbanas. Ao refletir sobre a esfera do pensamento urbanístico na forma de construção das respostas e da produção para o planejamento das cidades e o modo como a aplicação de suas proposituras são subvertidas, o estudo também percebe diferenças entre a ordem dominante que a estabelece e a sociedade com seus processos de utilização, que subvertem e se apropriam dessa produção urbanística de maneira não catalogada ou previsível. Dessa forma, depreende-se, através dessas práticas urbanas, um “construcionismo social” presente na cidade, perpetuando a existência do espaço público como espaço de presença cidadã. A reflexão se vale de uma leitura do potencial discursivo de experiências do fazer artístico e de ações em diferentes contextualidades, sustentada pelo cabedal teórico de pensadores que, em interdisciplinaridade, promovem a compreensão dessas relações da sociedade no espaço público, instrumentalizadas pela arte pública e por práticas que denunciam uma maneira própria de fazer o consumo de uma produção instituída por uma ordem de pensamento dominante. Sob a perspectiva que considera a cidade com suas dinâmicas e as reflexões que a ela se referem, este texto acrescenta uma análise sobre a construção do espaço público instrumentalizada pelas práticas urbanas.

Studied area is located in the vicinity of the Old Brno Mendel Square, which currently operates as a transport hub. This is the area of the former factory Krass and a connected area towards the Brno Exhibition Centre. My intention was to create a pleasant site for a comfortable accommodation with facilities, services and shops. Public spaces for recreation with plenty of green for a harmonious environment where people like to spend time after coming home from work. The proposal is the most appropriate combination function, so that the streets were never empty. When I came out of formation conditions of the existing building traditions from the surrounding construction. Most buildings in the locality has a business parter, the courtyard is then oriented recreational facilities to their residents. The whole area is lined with a barrier of higher buildings. As the starting area of the square Mendlovo and exhibition is considered a shopping center with arcade. Below the center is also located car park. In the middle of the square is located, is easily identifiable by high-rise landmark - the chimney heat. Floors territory ranges from 4 to 12 floors with a gradation towards the center. The location is surrounded by traffic and be served a few strokes, so I tried to do not let in a lot of cars.

New technologies have created a renewed interest in the places where we live and work by lessening the differences between the two. To address this issue, this thesis will consider the possibilities of returning to a suburban neighborhood that has been abandoned in recent history. Housing is introduced to a neighborhood which was predominantly commercial and retail throughout its history. As more people are brought into these miniature downtowns, the life of a neighborhood can be strengthened.
Master of Architecture

La tesi és una nova aportació a l'estudi del territori rural, paisatge que ha rebut menys atencions per part de l'Urbanisme, i que actualment esta experimentant una forta transformació, deguda entre altres coses a una forta activitat edificatòria. Objecte d'aquest treball és l'estudi del territori de l'illa d'Eivissa, un territori "no urbà", construït principalment per !'agricultura. Més que la imatge visible d'un paisatge, el territori rural es considera a partir d'una sèrie d'elements construïts sobre el relleu natural, com a relació entre construcció i naturalesa, com una estructura física composta per lògiques "urbanes" (més geomètriques) i lògiques de construcció de l'espai agrícola, (mes vinculades a la geografia, a la topografia), com una arquitectura construïda al llarg del temps, que ha general uns sistemes continus que han mticulat i donat forma a territoris sencers. Mitjançant l'estudi d'un àrea concreta, la tesi proposa una anàlisi, basada en el dibuix, dels criteris, les formes, les estructures, els traçats i els models d'ordre que han guiat la construcció del territori rural de l'illa d'Eivissa. L'estudi es basa en un treball de camp i en una anàlisi del paisatge rural que comença amb els aixecaments a escala 1:100, 1:500, 1:1.500 de les cases rurals més significatives de les vendes de Morna, Atzaró i Balafi, i arriba per zooms progressius fins a una lectura general del territori de l'illa. Aquest mètode de lectura del territori per ampliacions successives a partir de la casa rural, desplaça l'atenció de la casa com a edifici a la casa com a element de construcció d'un lloc, element que per agregació dóna forma a un territori sencer, demostra el paper de la casa com cèl•lula de construcció del territori i al mateix temps permet una lectura de l'espai rural en la qual desapareix la separació entre les escales de !'arquitectura, del paisatge i del territori. El concepte de territori com a construcció física global desenvolupada al llarg del temps, i la definició d'una manera de llegir i representar l'espai rural, adequada a la descripció i comprensió de les seves característiques formals i de les seves regles constructives, es proposa com a tema central de la tesi. L'anàlisi del teixit rural de l'illa d'Eivissa, l'estudi dels elements que ho composen (habitatges, camins, murs de pedra, cultius, parcel•lari...) i de les relacions que han establert amb els elements geogràfics (relleu, drenatges, vegetació...) no s'ha realitzat tant amb una visió arqueològica, patrimonial, de protegir enfront de destruir; el descobriment, mitjançant el dibuix, de les línies de força del teixit, de les persistències que han construït i articulat el territori rural d'Eivissa i en particular la vall de Labritja al llarg dels anys, ha evidenciat la trama estructural del territori, que estructura i articula el paisatge rural, el caràcter abstracte del qual ho converteix en un element de control formal i de projecte que permet una actitud projectual cap al territori, la seva arquitectura i la seva transformació. Com tots els territoris rurals, el d'Eivissa és un paisatge construït, estructural mitjançant un sistema continu i complex, un model d'escala i d'ordre basat en les tècniques agrícoles, que amb sorprenent naturalitat articula tot el territori insular, l'estudi del qual, acompanyat de la lectura de les transformacions actuals, es proposa com a camp de reflexió sobre l'arquitectura, l'urbanisme i el paisatgisme contemporanis.
La tesis es una nueva aportación al estudio del territorio rural, paisaje que ha recibido menos atenciones por parte del Urbanismo, y que actualmente está experimentando una fuerte transformación, debida entre otras cosas a una fuerte actividad edificatoria. Objeto de este trabajo es el estudio del territorio de la isla de Ibiza, un territorio "no urbano", construido principalmente por la agricultura. Mas que la imagen visible de un paisaje, el territorio rural se considera a partir de una serie de elementos construidos sobre el relieve natural, como relación entre construcción y naturaleza, como una estructura física compuesta por lógicas "urbanas" (más geométricas) y lógicas de construcción del espacio agrícola, (mas vinculadas a la geografía, a la topografía), como una arquitectura construida a lo largo del tiempo, que ha generado unos sistemas continuos que han articulado y dado forma a enteros territorios. Mediante el estudio de un área concreta, la tesis propone un análisis, basado en el dibujo, de los criterios, las formas, las estructuras, los trazados y los modelos de orden que han guiado la construcción del territorio rural de la isla de Ibiza. El estudio se basa en un trabajo de campo y en un análisis del paisaje rural que empieza con los levantamientos a escala 1 :100, 1 :500, 1:1.500 de las casas rurales más significativas de las vendas de Morna, Atzaró y Balafi, y llega por zooms progresivos hasta una lectura general del territorio de la isla. Este método de lectura del territorio por ampliaciones sucesivas a partir de la casa rural, desplaza la atención de la casa como edificio a la casa como elemento de construcción de un lugar, elemento que por agregación da forma a un territorio entero, demuestra el papel de la casa cómo célula de construcción del territorio y al mismo tiempo permite una lectura del espacio rural en la que desaparece la separación entre las escalas de la arquitectura, del paisaje y del territorio. El concepto de territorio como construcción física global desarrollada a lo largo del tiempo, y la definición de una manera de leer y representar el espacio rural, adecuada a la descripción y comprensión de sus características formales y de sus reglas constructivas, se propone como tema central de la tesis. El análisis del tejido rural de la isla de Ibiza, el estudio de los elementos que lo componen (viviendas, caminos, muros de piedra, cultivos, parcelario...) y de las relaciones que han establecido con los elementos geográficos (relieve, drenajes, vegetación...) no se ha realizado tanto con una visión arqueológica, patrimonial, de proteger frente a destruir; el descubrimiento, mediante el dibujo, de las líneas de fuerza del tejido, de las persistencias que han construido y articulado el territorio rural de Ibiza y en particular el valle de Labritja a lo largo de los años, ha evidenciado la trama estructural del territorio, que estructura y articula el paisaje rural, cuyo carácter abstracto lo convierte en un elemento de control formal y de proyecto que permite una actitud proyectual hacia el territorio, su arquitectura y su transformación. Como todos los territorios rurales, el de Ibiza es un paisaje construido, estructurado mediante un sistema continuo y complejo, un modelo de escala y de orden basado en las técnicas agrícolas, que con sorprendente naturalidad articula todo el territorio insular, cuyo estudio, acompañado de la lectura de las transformaciones actuales, se propone como campo de reflexión sobre la arquitectura, el urbanismo y el paisajismo contemporáneos.
This thesis is a new contribution to the study of rural territory, a landscape that has received less attention by Urbanism and is currently undergoing an important transformation, partly due to a strong building activity. Subject of this work is the study of the territory of the island of Ibiza, a "non urban" territory, mainly embossed by agriculture. More than the visible image of a landscape, the rural territory is considered as a number of elements built upon the natural relief, as a relationship between building and nature, as a physical structure composed of "urban" (more geometric) logics, and of agricultural construction logics (more related to geography, topography), as an architecture built over time, which generated continuous systems that have articulated and shaped whole territories. By studying a particular area, the thesis proposes an analysis, based on drawing, of the criteria, forms, structures, tracings and models of order that have guided the construction of rural territory of the island of lbiza. The study is based on a fieldwork and a rural landscape analysis that begins with surveys at l:1 00, 1:500, 1:1500 scales of the most significant rural houses of the area of Moma, Balafi and Atzaró, and arrives by progressive zooms to a general reading of the territory of the island. This method of reading of the territory by successive enlargements from the rural house scale shifts the focus of the house as a building to the house as an element that constructs a place, element that through aggregation shapes an entire territory, demonstrating the role of the rural house as a cell of construction of the territory, and at the same time allows a reading of rural space in which the separation between the scales of architecture, landscape and territory, disappears. The concept of territory as a physical construction developed overtime, and the definition of a way to read and represent rural areas, appropriate to the description and understanding of their formal characteristics and their construction rules, is proposed as a central theme of the thesis. The analysis of the rural structure of the island of Ibiza, the study of the component parts (houses, roads, stone walls, crops, plot ...) and of relationships that they have established with geographic features (relief, drainage, vegetation ...) has not been undertaken so much with an archaeological aim or the wish to protect it against destruction; the discovery, by the drawing, of the lines of force of the tissue, the persistences that have constructed and articulated the rural territory of lbiza and in particular the valley of Labritja over the years, has shown the structure of the territory, which articulates rural landscape, whose abstract nature makes it an element of formal control and project, that allows a projectual attitude towards territory, its architecture and its transformation. Like all rural areas, Ibiza is a man built landscape, structured by a continuous and complex system, a model of scale and order based on agricultural techniques, which articulates with surprising ease all the island landscape, whose study, accompanied by the reading of current transformations, is proposed as a field of reflection on contemporary architecture, urbanism and landscape.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page [103]).
Within the past half century many African nations regained independence and in the process, imported various development models from the Western World. Joan Clos, Under-Secretary General of the United Nations claims "it is now evident that all these models have failed to achieve the goals that African nations had set themselves". Considering these past failures along with rapidly increasing urbanization rates, a poor economic outlook and on-going vulnerability to natural disasters, the need for reconsidering urban strategies is more pressing than ever. The relatively nascent state of urbanization on the subcontinent should be see as an opportunity to embrace new paradigms of urban development. No African city is more poised to become a test bed for change than East Africa's center for innovation and globally connected capital of Kenya - Nairobi. The thesis proposes a project for the Nairobi metropolitan region. A current population of 8 million people is set to double by 2050. And, by some estimates, up to 60% of these people currently live or work outside of the formal sector. The project unfolds across scales, from global and regional concerns down to housing clusters. Richard Neuwirth's notion of harnessing the power of the informal plays out here by carefully calibrating how much public participation or indeterminacy is built into the interventions at each scale. Housing types and clusters have endless permutations while the regional plan is centrally instated. The design project resonates with the New Town movement in scale and ambition, specifically in cases where these ideas were exported to the Global South in the fifties and early sixties. It also embodies a critique of these projects Utopian visions that sought to 'solve' the 'problem' of the city and the totalizing approach these took.
by Andre De Merindol Malan.
S.M.

The term ‘diasporic urbanism’ addresses the difficulties of operating with diasporic space and of accommodating the material complexities of migrant lives. It proposes displacement and reterritorialisations as methodologies and ‘mapping otherwise’ as a tool for representing and working with migrant spatialities. Diasporic space is theorised as a relational space, whilst diasporic subjectivity is described as ‘nomadic consciousness’. The politics of the diaspora are addressed through the need to accommodate conflict (Mouffe) and through introducing ‘things’ and ‘matters of concern’ (Latour) into the democratic relationship. These concepts were tested in practice through my research which focuses examples of diasporic agencies in the everyday. From the Turkish and Kurdish kahve to a street whose physicality forces a certain visibility on to those who traverse it, to a park in East London that through being claimed by one diasporic group has come to symbolise wider notions of political representation. The mapping of these particular spaces has addressed the question: within the networked, global condition of the migrant, what objects, subjects and processes can play the role of mediation and translation that is required between ‘here and there’, or between the layers of this multiple subject? The need for such approaches is apparent in the increasing diversity of European cities. The everyday geographies of people’s lives can easily lose themselves in the enormity of the questions and the complexities of the issues surrounding migration. Yet, it is exactly the specificity of individual lives, the way that geo-political borders and territories inscribe themselves onto the intimate topology of migrant and diasporic bodies, half-here and half-there, that is so difficult to account for. This then is the challenge set down for ‘diasporic urbanism’—how to make the conditions necessary for those other than the privileged to participate in the imagining of our cities.

Urban designers are trained to think systematically, to simultaneously see the big picture for numerous human systems in the city—including multiple modes of transportation, barriers faced by the city's inhabitants, and food and waste systems—and synthesize them into a coherent design. However, many urban designers use architecture as their sole means of shaping our cities, rather than employing other design disciplines as well. One solution to this limited focus on the built environment is "landscape urbanism." First appearing in the 1990s, landscape urbanism is a theory that argues that the best way to organize a city is through the design of its landscape, rather than the design of its buildings. At its best, landscape urbanism encourages a new way to understand cities: through the horizontal domain that acts as every city's connective tissue. At its worst, landscape urbanism can emphasize a purely aesthetic view of nature in the city, rather than recognizing its full potential as an additional functional system within the urban landscape. This failing of landscape urbanism can be addressed by its next evolution: ecological urbanism. As MIT Professor and Landscape Architect Anne Whiston Spirn writes in The Granite Garden, we need to recognize nature as "an essential force that permeates the city." By embracing the presence of nature's processes within the city, we can create an ecological urbanism that combines human and natural systems for the betterment of both. "The realization that nature is ubiquitous, a whole that embraces the city, has powerful implications for how the city is built and maintained and for the health, safety, and welfare of every resident" (Spirn). Currently, the Anacostia River and the neighborhoods to the east are neglected parts of Washington D.C., and most of the river's tributaries are buried underground. This neglect is similar to cities' historic disregard for the productive processes of nature, settling instead for a superficial, idealized abstraction of nature in the city. What if the city decided that instead of viewing urban streams as a nuisance that needed to be hidden, the Anacostia River and its tributary system could provide a beautiful, functional, and memorable organizational structure for the East of the River neighborhoods? Highlighting the presence of this large natural system within the city could be an opportunity to develop an "urban ecology" and frame our future relationship with nature. Using Washington DC's Anacostia River, its tributaries, and the East of the River neighborhoods as its framework, this thesis explores a possible step past landscape urbanism by advocating for an ecological urbanism that demonstrates how human and natural systems can work together in an urban environment in a way that is ecologically productive, regionally connected, and mutually beneficial.
Master of Science