Artykuły w czasopismach: „Urban wildlife”

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Troy, Maria. "Urban Wildlife". Afterimage 25, nr 2 (wrzesień 1997): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.1997.25.2.25.

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COHN, JEFFREY P. "Urban Wildlife". BioScience 55, nr 3 (2005): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0201:uw]2.0.co;2.

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Gibbs, Samantha E. J. "Urban Wildlife Management". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 43, nr 2 (kwiecień 2007): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-43.2.321.

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Michelfelder, Diane P. "Urban Wildlife Ethics". Environmental Ethics 40, nr 2 (2018): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics201840212.

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MOORMAN, CHRIS. "Urban Wildlife Management". Condor 109, nr 3 (2007): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/8376.1.

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Moorman, Chris. "Urban Wildlife Management". Condor 109, nr 3 (1.08.2007): 718–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/109.3.718.

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Luther, Erin. "Urban Wildlife Organizations and the Institutional Entanglements of Conservation’s Urban Turn". Society & Animals 26, nr 2 (10.04.2018): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341587.

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Abstract Urban wildlife organizations—which include groups focused on wildlife rehabilitation, rescue, removal, advocacy, education, and conflict resolution—have typically been viewed as out of step with the goals of wildlife conservation because of their focus on encounters with individual nonhuman animals, common species, and degraded habitats. The recent shift by large conservation NGOs toward a “humans and nature together” framework, because of its focus on urban natures, has brought the field into discursive relation with urban wildlife organizations. Drawing on a case study of four wildlife organizations in an urban center, this research explores their discourse about human-wildlife relationships in the city, and the challenges and opportunities presented by their emergent intersections.

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Martin, Alexander James Fricke, i Andrew Almas. "Arborists and Urban Foresters Support for Urban Wildlife and Habitat Sustainability: Results of an Urban Ecology-Focused Survey of Arborists". Sustainability 14, nr 23 (30.11.2022): 15962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315962.

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Urbanization is causing fragmentation of natural areas and impacting urban wildlife populations. Sustainability of wildlife and their habitat in arboriculture has focused on three key areas: retaining wildlife snags and beneficial-tree features (e.g., hollows/cavities), education of arborists and the public, and the adoption of systems-level thinking into arboriculture (i.e., the consideration of wildlife in risk matrices and pruning objectives). We surveyed 805 arborists using an international online survey to examine how arborists perceive these key areas of wildlife conservation and sustainability in urban forest management. Systems-level thinking was the highest rated method for arborists to support urban wildlife, followed by the retaining of wildlife snags. Education and the involvement of conservation groups received lower ratings, and the retainment of branches with hollows or cavities received the lowest ratings. In selecting important factors for wildlife snag retainment, arborists were most concerned with tree risk and targets, followed by setting (urban versus rural) and use of the tree by wildlife. Other factors that are the concern of urban ecologists were less important to respondents. Our findings support continued urban ecology education for arborists which focuses on whole/complex systems thinking to develop sustainable urban forest management practices which benefit urban wildlife.

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Egerer, Monika, i Sascha Buchholz. "Reframing urban “wildlife” to promote inclusive conservation science and practice". Biodiversity and Conservation 30, nr 7 (19.04.2021): 2255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02182-y.

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AbstractCities are home to both a majority of the world’s human population, and to a diversity of wildlife. Urban wildlife conservation research and policy has importantly furthered ecological understanding and species protection in cities, while also leveraging wildlife conservation to connect people to urban nature. Thus, urban wildlife conservation intersects conservation research, conservation policy, and the general public in cities worldwide. Yet, species that are often framed as “urban wildlife” are often of higher trophic levels, including birds and mammals that serve as “flagship” species for public support. Other forms of urban life including plants and invertebrates are often largely ignored, producing a normative urban wildlife concept that may bias urban wildlife conservation research and policy, and sentiment in the general public. To develop new strategies in urban wildlife conservation for the urban era, we need to move towards a more inclusive and holistic framing of urban wildlife for both research and the public. In this article, we discuss the normative framing of urban wildlife and how this framing may bias urban conservation efforts, and argue for a holistic approach to urban wildlife inclusive of all life forms for future research, publicity and policy interventions.

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Hunold, Christian. "Green Infrastructure and Urban Wildlife". Humanimalia 11, nr 1 (12.09.2019): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9479.

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As a result of urban greening initiatives, urban ecologies have become surprisingly hospitable to wildlife. Such initiatives, however, seldom actively imagine the city as wildlife habitat, nor are they particularly intentional about its design. Even so, wild animals have taken advantage of these friendly spaces. Yet the legitimacy of their presence in urban settings often remains precarious. Insofar as green infrastructure development is responsible for the proliferation of wildlife, it calls for a reckoning with the question of whether cities that are teeming with wildlife are also cities for wildlife; and, to the extent they are not, for theorizing forms of human-wildlife coexistence that can better accommodate this abundance. To this end, I examine how practices of cultural engagement with wild animals that seek to visualize their lives as fellow city dwellers might help cultivate imaginaries of city life as more inclusive of wild animals.

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Adams, Lowell W. "National Institute for Urban Wildlife". Environmental Conservation 16, nr 3 (1989): 276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900009462.

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Hunold, Christian, i Maz Mazuchowski. "Human–Wildlife Coexistence in Urban Wildlife Management: Insights from Nonlethal Predator Management and Rodenticide Bans". Animals 10, nr 11 (28.10.2020): 1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111983.

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Conceptions of human–wildlife coexistence that acknowledge nonhuman wild animals as fellow urban dwellers with legitimate claims on shared urban spaces are starting to influence urban wildlife management practices. Insofar as at least some wild animals have successfully achieved membership in urban society, how has this revaluation affected how urban wildlife is governed? Our interpretive policy analysis explores this question in two areas of urban wildlife management where practices are becoming less lethal: predator management and rodent control. A directed qualitative content analysis of U.S. urban wildlife management plans and rodent control strategies reveals a shift from conflict to coexistence as the basis for understanding human–wildlife relations in urban settings. Indiscriminate killing of urban wildlife is condemned as unethical as well as impractical, and lethal control figures as a measure of last resort that must be rationally justified. Commensal rodents, however, do not benefit from this shift toward coexistence between humans and nonhuman species. Campaigns to restrict the use of rodenticides are intended to protect carnivores, not the rodents themselves. Though urban wildlife management is consistent with some elements of the vision of multispecies flourishing developed by human–animal studies scholars, not all species benefit equally from this transition, and the legitimacy of wild animals’ claims on shared urban spaces often remains contingent on their good behavior.

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Kato, Eri, Yuki Yano i Yasuo Ohe. "Investigating Gaps in Perception of Wildlife between Urban and Rural Inhabitants: Empirical Evidence from Japan". Sustainability 11, nr 17 (21.08.2019): 4516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174516.

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A decline in natural resource management by rural communities has significantly contributed to human–wildlife conflicts, especially crop-raiding, in Japan. Collaborative wildlife management between existing rural stakeholders and new urban stakeholders is essential to address this problem. However, differences in the perception regarding wildlife exist between rural populations, which have ample direct experience with wildlife, and urban populations, which lack direct experience with wildlife. Consequently, this gap in perception can potentially lead to conflicts between stakeholders during collaborative wildlife management. In this study, content analysis, which has been extensively employed to analyze qualitative data, was performed to elucidate the differences in perception of wildlife between urban and rural stakeholders. An online survey was conducted in December 2016 to understand the perception of wildlife by stakeholders, in which 1401 responses were received. The results indicate that the urban individuals did not have a comprehensive understanding of wildlife and any positive views were primarily abstract. Conversely, rural individuals had diverse perceptions, both positive and negative. Therefore, a novel perceptual gap-narrowing approach based on staged interactions with the rural environment, is suggested. Introduction to rural issues through field-based experiences to urban stakeholders is likely to the narrow gaps in perception between urban and rural stakeholders, in order to allow for efficient and collaborative wildlife management.

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Wolch, Jennifer R., Kathleen West i Thomas E. Gaines. "Transspecies Urban Theory". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 13, nr 6 (grudzień 1995): 735–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d130735.

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Contemporary urban theory is anthropocentric. In an effort to foreground a transspecies urban theory, we critically assess research on the impacts of urbanization on the natural environment, the range of human–animal interactions in the city, dimensions of urban wildlife ecology, and urban wildlife management and conservation practices. An heuristic device designed to guide the future development of transspecies urban theory is proposed, building upon recent social theoretic debates.

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Soulsbury, Carl D., i Piran C. L. White. "Human–wildlife interactions in urban areas: a review of conflicts, benefits and opportunities". Wildlife Research 42, nr 7 (2015): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14229.

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Wildlife has existed in urban areas since records began. However, the discipline of urban ecology is relatively new and one that is undergoing rapid growth. All wildlife in urban areas will interact with humans to some degree. With rates of urbanisation increasing globally, there is a pressing need to understand the type and nature of human–wildlife interactions within urban environments, to help manage, mitigate or even promote these interactions. Much research attention has focussed on the core topic of human–wildlife conflict. This inherent bias in the literature is probably driven by the ease with which it can be quantified and assessed. Human–wildlife conflicts in terms of disease transmission, physical attack and property damage are important topics to understand. Equally, the benefits of human–wildlife interactions are becoming increasingly recognised, despite being harder to quantify and generalise. Wildlife may contribute to the provision of ecosystem services in urban areas, and some recent work has shown how interactions with wildlife can provide a range of benefits to health and wellbeing. More research is needed to improve understanding in this area, requiring wildlife biologists to work with other disciplines including economics, public health, sociology, ethics, psychology and planning. There will always be a need to control wildlife populations in certain urban situations to reduce human–wildlife conflict. However, in an increasingly urbanised and resource-constrained world, we need to learn how to manage the risks from wildlife in new ways, and to understand how to maximise the diverse benefits that living with wildlife can bring.

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Bassett, Corinne, Ryan Gilpin i Kara Donohue. "Lessons Learned from Developing Best Management Practices for Urban Tree Care and Wildlife". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 48, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2022.001.

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Urban forests create indispensable habitat for declining wildlife populations. The tree care industry is essential to the viability of urban forests and thus the survival of urban wildlife. At the same time, tree care operations such as tree removal and branch pruning present clear threats to urban wildlife and their habitats. Here we describe the development of a grassroots coalition of arborists and wildlife advocates in the Western United States and the process of charting a path to best management practices and professional training to mitigate the impacts of tree care practices to wildlife. In particular, we describe the unique challenges and opportunities that arose through this multi-disciplinary process and build a case for the benefits of uniting diverse communities of practice around complex urban ecological problems. We finish by laying out recommendations to the international arboriculture and urban forestry practitioner and research communities.

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Larson, Kelli L., Jose-Benito Rosales Chavez, Jeffrey A. Brown, Jorge Morales-Guerrero i Dayanara Avilez. "Human–Wildlife Interactions and Coexistence in an Urban Desert Environment". Sustainability 15, nr 4 (10.02.2023): 3307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043307.

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Negative interactions between people and wildlife pose a significant challenge to their coexistence. Past research on human–wildlife interactions has largely focused on conflicts involving carnivores in rural areas. Additional research is needed in urban areas to examine the full array of negative and positive interactions between people and wildlife. In this study, we have conducted interviews in the desert metropolis of Phoenix, Arizona (USA), to explore residents’ everyday interactions with wildlife where they live. Our multifaceted approach examines interactions involving physical contact and observational experiences, as well as associated attitudinal and behavioral responses and actions toward wildlife. Overall, the qualitative analysis of residents’ narratives identified two distinct groups: people who are indifferent toward wildlife where they live, and those who appreciate and steward wildlife. Instead of revealing conflicts and negative interactions toward wildlife, our findings underscore the positive interactions that can foster human wellbeing in urban areas. The holistic approach presented herein can advance knowledge and the management of coexistence, which involves not only managing conflicts but also tolerance, acceptance, and stewardship. Understanding diverse human–wildlife interactions and managing coexistence can advance both wildlife conservation and human wellbeing in cities.

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Hunold, Christian. "Urban Greening and Human-Wildlife Relations in Philadelphia: From Animal Control to Multispecies Coexistence?" Environmental Values 29, nr 1 (1.02.2020): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096327119x15678473650901.

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City-scale urban greening is expanding wildlife habitat in previously less hospitable urban areas. Does this transformation also prompt a reckoning with the longstanding idea that cities are places intended to satisfy primarily human needs? I pose this question in the context of one of North America's most ambitious green infrastructure programmes to manage urban runoff: Philadelphia's Green City, Clean Waters. Given that the city's green infrastructure plans have little to say about wildlife, I investigate how wild animals fit into urban greening professionals' conceptions of the urban. I argue that practitioners relate to urban wildlife via three distinctive frames: 1) animal control, 2) public health and 3) biodiversity, and explore the implications of each for peaceful human-wildlife coexistence in 'greened' cities.

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Lawton, Kenneth, i Ed B. Wiken. "Understanding wildlife habitats in urban areas". Forestry Chronicle 76, nr 2 (1.04.2000): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc76259-2.

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Miller, Edwin J., i Lowell W. Adams. "Urban Wildlife Habitats: A Landscape Perspective". Journal of Wildlife Management 59, nr 1 (styczeń 1995): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3809137.

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Michelfelder, Diane P. "Valuing Wildlife Populations in Urban Environments". Journal of Social Philosophy 34, nr 1 (marzec 2003): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9833.00166.

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Hoffmann, Constanze, Kevin Merkel, Andreas Sachse, Pablo Rodríguez, Fabian H. Leendertz i Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer. "Blow flies as urban wildlife sensors". Molecular Ecology Resources 18, nr 3 (8.02.2018): 502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12754.

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Soulsbury, Carl D., i Piran C. L. White. "Human–wildlife interactions in urban ecosystems". Wildlife Research 42, nr 7 (2015): iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wrv42n7_pr.

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Evans, James P. "Wildlife Corridors: An Urban Political Ecology". Local Environment 12, nr 2 (kwiecień 2007): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549830601133169.

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Stephens, Colton R. A., Breanne M. McAmmond, Jonathan D. Van Hamme, Ken A. Otter, Matthew W. Reudink i Eric M. Bottos. "Analysis of bacterial communities associated with Mountain Chickadees (Poecile gambeli) across urban and rural habitats". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 67, nr 8 (sierpień 2021): 572–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2020-0320.

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Host-associated microbial communities play important roles in wildlife health, but these dynamics can be influenced by environmental factors. Urbanization has numerous effects on wildlife; however, the degree to which wildlife-associated bacterial communities and potential bacterial pathogens vary across urban–rural/native habitat gradients remains largely unknown. We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to examine bacterial communities found on Mountain Chickadee (Poecile gambeli) feathers and nests in urban and rural habitats. The feathers and nests in urban and rural sites had similar abundances of major bacterial phyla and dominant genera with pathogenic members. However, richness of bacterial communities and potential pathogens on birds were higher in urban habitats, and potential pathogens accounted for some of the differences in bacterial occurrence between urban and rural environments. We predicted habitat using potential pathogen occurrence with a 90% success rate for feather bacteria, and a 72.2% success rate for nest bacteria, suggesting an influence of urban environments on the presence of potential pathogens. We additionally observed similarities in bacterial communities between nests and their occupants, suggesting bacterial transmission between them. These findings improve our understanding of the bacterial communities associated with urban wildlife and suggest that urbanization impacts the composition of wildlife-associated bacterial communities.

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Gore, Meredith L., Robert Mwinyihali, Luc Mayet, Gavinet Duclair Makaya Baku-Bumb, Christian Plowman i Michelle Wieland. "Typologies of urban wildlife traffickers and sellers". Global Ecology and Conservation 27 (czerwiec 2021): e01557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01557.

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Lambertucci, Sergio A., Pablo Plaza i Karina Speziale. "Minimizing fear of wildlife in urban areas". Science 374, nr 6570 (19.11.2021): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abm6560.

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Reitz, Elizabeth J., i Martha A. Zierden. "Wildlife in urban Charleston, South Carolina, USA". Anthropozoologica 49, nr 1 (czerwiec 2014): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/az2014n1a03.

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A. Cousin, Jarrad. "Urban wildlife: more than meets the eye". Pacific Conservation Biology 11, nr 3 (2005): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050225.

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Ever since European settlement of Australia, there have been countless species of fauna which have dramatically declined in distribution and abundance. In the past 200 years, at least 21 species of birds and 19 species of mammals have become extinct (Burgman and Lindenmayer 1998). This pattern of extinction is evident throughout the mainland and islands of Australia, although the local extinction of fauna in urban areas is often overlooked. How and Dell (2000) present alarming data on the plight of urban fauna in Perth, where over half of the native mammal species have become locally extinct.

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Luniak, Maciej. "Wildlife in urban parks—why sustain it?" Polish Journal of Landscape Studies 1, nr 2-3 (21.01.2019): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pls.2018.2.3.4.

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The author argues that it is not possible, especially in an urbanized landscape, to trace any clear dividing lines between natural structures and processes and those caused by the human. Simplifying things to the extreme, we assume that “wildlife” includes those organisms which live permanently (or are capable of living) in a given area without any deliberate human assistance. Arguments for sustaining “wild life” in city parks are many, deriving from humanitarian, ecological, social, or economic considerations. The author acquaints the reader with research conducted as part of the project Nature of the Skaryszewski Park. The diagnosis relating to that Warsaw park enabled the formulation of a range of recommendations whose application would protect and foster living nature in city parks.

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Biehler, D. "Embodied Wildlife Histories and the Urban Landscape". Environmental History 16, nr 3 (1.07.2011): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emr048.

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Wittmann, Karin, Jerry J. Vaske, Michael J. Manfredo i Harry C. Zinn. "Standardsfor lethal response to problem urban wildlife". Human Dimensions of Wildlife 3, nr 4 (grudzień 1998): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209809359137.

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Magle, Seth B., Victoria M. Hunt, Marian Vernon i Kevin R. Crooks. "Urban wildlife research: Past, present, and future". Biological Conservation 155 (październik 2012): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.06.018.

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Lowry, Hélène, Alan Lill i Bob B. M. Wong. "Behavioural responses of wildlife to urban environments". Biological Reviews 88, nr 3 (24.12.2012): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12012.

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Destefano, Stephen, i Robert D. Deblinger. "Wildlife as valuable natural resources vs. intolerable pests: a suburban wildlife management model". Urban Ecosystems 8, nr 2 (czerwiec 2005): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-005-4379-5.

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Thatcher, Harriet R., Colleen T. Downs i Nicola F. Koyama. "Understanding foraging flexibility in urban vervet monkeys, Chlorocebus pygerythrus, for the benefit of human-wildlife coexistence". Urban Ecosystems 23, nr 6 (24.05.2020): 1349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-01014-1.

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Abstract Generalist wildlife species often thrive in urban environments because of increased anthropogenic resources. However, human-wildlife interactions, especially if negative, raise concerns for urban wildlife management. An enhanced understanding of wildlife behavioural flexibility has been suggested to be a key tool to provide educated and effective management strategies. We therefore investigated how availability of semi-naturally occurring food affected behavioural foraging patterns of urban vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), a generalist primate commonly found in urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Over one year, we conducted 20 min. focal animal observations recording foraging behaviour and food consumption. We used a combination of a generalised linear model and descriptive statistics to examine the relationship between anthropogenic food consumption and semi-natural food availability. Our analyses showed that anthropogenic food consumption decreased as semi-natural food availability increased. We also showed that increased aggression from humans towards vervet monkeys decreased time spent foraging on anthropogenic food. Our study highlights how vervet monkeys have adapted to their urban landscape, showing foraging flexibility in response to available food resources and the frequency of human interactions. We suggest how our results can be applied for management recommendations, particularly controlling anthropogenic food availability and decreasing negative human-wildlife interactions.

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Heeren, Alexander, Helen Bowman, Victoria Monroe, David Dodge i Kent Smirl. "Coyote Management Plans and Wildlife Watch: implications for community coaching approach to public outreach in southern California". California Fish and Wildlife Journal 107, nr 3 (2.11.2021): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51492/cfwj.hwisi.9.

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The majority of residents in southern California live in urban areas. Therefore, working with cities to promote tolerance and coexistence with urban wildlife is crucial to the conservation and management of native species. Human conflicts with coyotes (Canis latrans) illustrate the importance of incorporating the social sciences, particularly knowledge of human behavior, communication, and education, in a coyote management strategy. Here, we review 199 cities across southern California to determine which localities have a coyote management website or a coyote management plan. We also included cities that have collaborated with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife in developing a “Wildlife Watch” program model. Wildlife Watch (based on the Neighborhood Watch national crime prevention program) uses conservation-oriented principles to empower local communities, agencies, and residents to remove wildlife attractants and to exclude or deter coyotes from neighborhoods. We examine how cities with coyote management websites and programs differ from cities without, based on U.S. census demographics. Using data from coyote conflict and sighting tools (Coyote Cacher, iNaturalist, and CDFW’s Wildlife Incident Reporting System) we compare coyote reports across cities with different management plans and websites. Finally, based on demographics from the US Census, we examine ways Wildlife Watch, or related programs, can be expanded and improved. An adaptive community-based program, like Wildlife Watch, offers a valuable toolkit to managers for navigating the diverse array of human perceptions, values, and attitudes regarding urban species and human-wildlife conflicts.

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C., Rosell, i F. Llimona. "Human–wildlife interactions". Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35, nr 2 (grudzień 2012): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2012.35.0219.

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219Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35.2 (2012)© 2012 Museu de Ciències Naturals de BarcelonaISSN: 1578–665XRosell, C. & Llimona, F., 2012. Human–wildlife interactions. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 35.2: 219–220. The nature of wildlife management throughout the world is changing. The increase in the world’s human population has been accompanied by a rapid expansion of agricultural and urban areas and infrastructures, especially road and railway networks. Worldwide, wildlife habitats are being transformed and fragmented by human activities, and the behavior of several species has changed as a result of human activities. Some species have adapted easily to urban or peri–urban habitats and take advantage of the new resources available. These data provide the context for why human–wildlife interactions are increasing. At the 30th International Union of Game Biologists Congress held in Barcelona in early September 2011, in addition to two plenary presentations, 52 authors from 12 different countries and three continents presented 15 papers in the Interactions of Humans and Wildlife Session, three of which are included in this volume. To some extent, all the papers reflected the inherent difficulty in solving the complex problems caused either by rapidly increasing species that begin to inhabit urban and agricultural areas in numbers not seen previously (e.g. coyo-tes, Canis latrans, inhabiting big cities; wild boar, Sus scrofa, across western Europe; wood pigeons, Columba palumbus, in France), or species whose populations are threatened by human activities (e.g., Eurasian Lynx, Lynx lynx, in the Czech Republic). Some papers addressed the contentious issue of predator control (e.g., gamebirds in Great Britain), while others presented data regarding how human activities influenced animal behavior (e.g., pink footed geese, Anser brachyrhynchus; and red deer, Cervus elaphus, in Germany). The papers presented at the congress show how human activities affect the distributions and dynamics of wildlife populations and also change the behavior of some species. Wildlife causes social and economic con-flicts by damaging agricultural and forest resources, bringing about traffic collisions, and creating problems for residents in urban areas; while many are increasingly distant from nature and may not accept the presence of wildlife others may actively encourage the presence of wild animals. The first paper in this volume, by Cahill et al. (2012), analyzes the management challenges of the increasing abundance of wild boar in the peri–urban area of Barcelona. This conflict has arisen in other large cities in Europe and elsewhere. The presence of the species causes problems for many residents, to such an extent that it is considered a pest in these areas. Wild boar habituation has not only been facilitated by population expansion, but also by the attitudes of some citizens who encourage their presence by direct feeding. This leads to wild boar behavior modification and also promotes an increase in the fertility rate of habituated females, which are significantly heavier than non–habituated females. Public attitudes regarding the species and harvesting methods (at present most specimens are removed by live capture and subsequently sacrificed) are highlighted as one of the key factors in the management of the conflict. The second paper provides an example of how the distribution of irrigated croplands influences wild boar roadkills in NW Spain (Colino–Rabanal et al., 2012). By modeling the spatial distribution of wild boar collisions with vehicles and using generalized additive models based on GIS, the authors show that the number of roadkills is higher in maize croplands than in forested areas. This factor is the main explanatory variable in the model. The paper provides an excellent example of how the synergies of diverse human elements in the landscape (maize croplands and roads in this case) affect the location and dimensions of these types of conflicts. The third and final paper, by Belotti et al. (2012), addresses the effects of tourism on Eurasian lynx movements and prey usage at Šumava National Park in the Czech Republic. The monitoring of 5 GPS–collared lynxes and analyses of data regarding habitat features suggests that human disturbance (proximity of roads and tourist trails) can modify the presence of lynxes during the day close to the site where they have hidden a prey item, such as an ungulate, that can provide them with food for several days. In such cases, adequate management of tourism development must involve a commitment to species conservation. The analyses and understanding of all these phenomena and the design of successful wildlife management strategies and techniques used to mitigate the conflicts require a good knowledge base that considers informa-tion both about wildlife and human attitudes. The papers presented stress the importance of spatial analyses of the interactions and their relationship with landscape features and the location of human activities. Species distribution and abundance are related to important habitat variables such as provision of shelter, food, comfor-table spaces, and an appropriate climate. Therefore, it is essential to analyze these data adequately to predict where conflicts are most likely to arise and to design successful mitigation strategies. The second key factor for adequate management of human–wildlife interactions is to monitor system change. An analysis of the variety of data on population dynamics, hunting, wildlife collisions, and wildlife presence in urban areas would provide a basis for adaptive management. In this respect, in the plenary session, Steve Redpath mentioned the importance of the wildlife biologist’s attitude when interpreting and drawing conclusions from recorded data and stressed the importance of conducting clear, relevant, and transparent science for participants involved in the management decision process, which often involves a high number of stakeholders. All of the papers addressing the problems associated with human wildlife interactions were characterized by a common theme. Regardless of the specific nature of the problem, the public was generally divided on how the problem should be addressed. A particularly sensitive theme was that of population control methods, especially when conflicts are located in peri–urban areas. Several presenters acknowledged that public participation was necessary if a solution was to be reached. Some suggested, as have other authors (Heydon et al., 2010), that a legislative framework may be needed to reconcile human and wildlife interests. However, each problem that was presented appeared to involve multiple stakeholders with different opinions. Solving these kinds of problems is not trivial. Social factors strongly influence perceptions of human–wildlife conflicts but the methods used to mitigate these conflicts often take into account technical aspects but not people’s attitudes. A new, more innovative and interdisciplinary approach to mitigation is needed to allow us 'to move from conflict towards coexistence' (Dickman, 2010). Other authors also mentioned the importance of planning interventions that optimize the participation of experts, policy makers, and affected communities and include the explicit, systematic, and participatory evaluation of the costs and benefits of alternative interventions (Treves et al., 2009). One technique that has been used to solve problems like these is termed Structured Decision Making (SDM). This technique was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. As described by Runge et al. (2009), the process is 'a formal application of common sense for situations too complex for the informal use of common sense', and provides a rational framework and techniques to aid in prescriptive decision making. Fundamentally, the process entails defining a problem, deciding upon the objectives, considering the alternative actions and the consequences for each, using the available science to develop a model (the plan), and then making the decision how to implement (Runge et al., 2009). Although complex, SDM uses a facilitator to guide stakeholders through the process to reach a mutually agreed–upon plan of action. It is clear that human–wildlife interactions are inherently complex because many stakeholders are usually involved. A rational approach that incorporates all interested parties would seem to be a productive way of solving these kinds of problems

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Coman, Ioana A., Caitlyn E. Cooper-Norris, Scott Longing i Gad Perry. "It Is a Wild World in the City: Urban Wildlife Conservation and Communication in the Age of COVID-19". Diversity 14, nr 7 (4.07.2022): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14070539.

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Most ecosystems are increasingly being degraded and reduced by human activities at the local and global scales. In contrast, urban environments are expanding as increasing portions of humanity move into cities. Despite the common perception among biologists that urban areas are biological deserts, cities offer habitat for many non-human species, but their ecology and conservation remain poorly studied. In this review, we first provide an update on the current state of knowledge on urban wildlife, then briefly examine the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on urban wildlife and add four components not previously included in comprehensive reviews. (1) We show that by reducing human activity, COVID-19 has temporarily enhanced urban habitat quality for some species and diminished it for others. (2) Thoughtful horticulture can contribute to urban wildlife by providing complex habitat structures that benefit biodiversity while enhancing human wellbeing. (3) Recent literature on urban invertebrate biodiversity has grown, though is still focused on pollinators. (4) Finally, employing insights from the discipline of communication can enhance the success of urban biodiversity conservation among both biologists and the public.

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Adams, Tempe S. F., Michael J. Chase, Tracey L. Rogers i Keith E. A. Leggett. "Taking the elephant out of the room and into the corridor: can urban corridors work?" Oryx 51, nr 2 (6.05.2016): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315001246.

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AbstractTransfrontier wildlife corridors can be successful conservation tools, connecting protected areas and reducing the impact of habitat fragmentation on mobile species. Urban wildlife corridors have been proposed as a potential mitigation tool to facilitate the passage of elephants through towns without causing conflict with urban communities. However, because such corridors are typically narrow and close to human development, wildlife (particularly large mammals) may be less likely to use them. We used remote-sensor camera traps and global positioning system collars to identify the movement patterns of African elephants Loxondonta africana through narrow, urban corridors in Botswana. The corridors were in three types of human-dominated land-use designations with varying levels of human activity: agricultural, industrial and open-space recreational land. We found that elephants used the corridors within all three land-use designations and we identified, using a model selection approach, that season, time of day and rainfall were important factors in determining the presence of elephants in the corridors. Elephants moved more slowly through the narrow corridors compared with their movement patterns through broader, wide-ranging corridors. Our results indicate that urban wildlife corridors are useful for facilitating elephants to pass through urban areas.

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Luther, Erin. "Wild Relics in an Urban Landscape". UnderCurrents: Journal of Critical Environmental Studies 16 (1.01.2007): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2292-4736/40361.

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As global urbanization gains momentum, human experience is increasingly restricted to dense urban environments; a new urban human looks out through the window, rejecting and inviting the "wild" in complex ways. This paper analyzes a sampling of newspaper articles that probe the dimensions of the urban wild by following the media intersection between humans and a commonly encountered wild animal, the raccoon. This intersection is typical of many urban human-wildlife interactions in the sense that it is characterized by a fierce ambivalence (Griffiths, Poulter, & Sibley, 2000). The human-raccoon relationship, however, captures this ambivalence in a way not seen with other urban wildlife. Conflicted feelings about raccoons challenge the psychic boundaries of both human and animal domesticity in an urban context.

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Murray, Maureen H., Anjelika D. Kidd, Shannon E. Curry, Jeffrey Hepinstall-Cymerman, Michael J. Yabsley, Henry C. Adams, Taylor Ellison, Catharine N. Welch i Sonia M. Hernandez. "From wetland specialist to hand-fed generalist: shifts in diet and condition with provisioning for a recently urbanized wading bird". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, nr 1745 (12.03.2018): 20170100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0100.

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Many wildlife species shift their diets to use novel resources in urban areas. The consequences of these shifts are not well known, and consumption of reliable—but low quality—anthropogenic food may present important trade-offs for wildlife health. This may be especially true for carnivorous species such as the American white ibis ( Eudocimus albus ), a nomadic wading bird which has been increasingly observed in urban parks in South Florida, USA. We tested the effects of anthropogenic provisioning on consumer nutrition (i.e. dietary protein), body condition and ectoparasite burdens along an urban gradient using stable isotope analysis, scaled mass index values and GPS transmitter data. Ibises that assimilated more provisioned food were captured at more urban sites, used more urban habitat, had lower mass–length residuals, lower ectoparasite scores, assimilated less δ 15N and had smaller dietary isotopic ellipses. Our results suggest that ibises in urban areas are heavily provisioned with anthropogenic food, which appears to offer a trade-off by providing low-quality, but easily accessible, calories that may not support high mass but may increase time available for anti-parasite behaviours such as preening. Understanding such trade-offs is important for investigating the effects of provisioning on infection risk and the conservation of wildlife in human-modified habitats. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host–parasite dynamics in wildlife’.

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Lakhani, Leena, Dilip Soni i Brahmadeep Alune. "DANGERS OF PESTICIDES ON WILDLIFE ECOLOGY". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, nr 9SE (30.09.2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3205.

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Wildlife includes plants, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals and many other animals. Each species has certain niche for its specific food, shelter and breeding site. The place where specie has all of its living requirements becomes that species habitat. The wild life habitats include native and man-made, exist in urban settings, in agricultural fields and in the wilderness. Pesticides applied in many forms to forests, rangeland, aquatic habitats, farmland, urban turf and gardens. Pesticides poisoning to wildlife may result from acute or chronic exposure, via secondary exposure or through indirect effects to the animal.

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Soulé, Michael E. "Land Use Planning and Wildlife Maintenance: Guidelines for Conserving Wildlife in an Urban Landscape". Journal of the American Planning Association 57, nr 3 (30.09.1991): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944369108975502.

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Collins, Merri K., Seth B. Magle i Travis Gallo. "Global trends in urban wildlife ecology and conservation". Biological Conservation 261 (wrzesień 2021): 109236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109236.

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Le Page, Michael. "Improving even tiny green spaces boosts urban wildlife". New Scientist 251, nr 3352 (wrzesień 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(21)01629-8.

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Fitzgerald, B. M. "Is Cat Control Needed to Protect Urban Wildlife?" Environmental Conservation 17, nr 2 (1990): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900031970.

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Stearns, Forest. "Wildlife reserves and corridors in the urban environment". Landscape and Urban Planning 19, nr 3 (czerwiec 1990): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(90)90028-z.

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Bahari, Noraini, Ismail Said i Noradila Rusli. "TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION FOR SQUIRREL- OBSERVATION RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY IN BOTANICAL GARDEN, PUTRAJAYA". Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment 5, nr 2 (31.12.2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/myse.v5i2.5619.

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Squirrel is one of the important natural components in urban ecosystems. It commonly inhabits urban parks in many cities of Peninsular Malaysia. The understanding of how they use trees is essential in creating wildlife habitats for supporting wildlife-oriented recreational activities in urban parks. Direct observation through focal animal sampling was employed in order to understand the tree composition which influences squirrel’s behaviours in Botanical Garden, Putrajaya. The result shows that squirrels mainly forage and feed in fruits and flowers bearing trees. Inasmuch, this paper suggests the tree species composition which is suitable for squirrel’s habitat in urban parks.

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Decker, Daniel J., Daniel A. B. Raik, Len H. Carpenter, Jhon F. Organ i Tania M. Schusler. "Collaboration for community-based wildlife management". Urban Ecosystems 8, nr 2 (czerwiec 2005): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-005-3264-6.

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