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1
Kobayashi, Yoko 1974. "Complete "and" cooperate through industry cluster public policy : a Connecticut case". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67744.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-89).
Even though the cluster-led economic development has received wide attention among policy makers since the 1900s, the ways it is implemented has been questioned by several researchers. One of the criticisms is that policy makers lack the understanding of specific causes of companies to cluster. Therefore, my thesis examines whether the public sector can enhance competitiveness of industries through the cluster-led economic development policy. More specifically, I analyze the Industry Cluster Initiative in Connecticut from the perspective of industries' competitive situation, using the BioScience Cluster and the Aerospace Manufacturing Components Cluster as cases. I use the analytical framework that I developed based on the following theories, which explain why companies cluster: theories of agglomeration economies and what I call "new theories of competition." This framework examines three dimensions of industries: (1) competitive situation, (2) drivers for clustering, and (3) the need of policy supports. I also examine how the public sector (state of Connecticut) responded to the industries' needs. The main findings are that first, clustering is one way for companies to effectively respond to their respective competitive situation. Second, the public sector can effectively support the competitive strength of industries and critical roles are: (1) to encourage creating cluster organizations through which companies start collaboration, and (2) to provide a menu of public sector supports that are available for companies in respective clusters according to their priority needs. This menu addresses both: (1) cluster specific issues, and (2) cross-cutting economic infrastructure issues. Ultimately, my argument is that when the clustering makes economic or strategic sense, the industry cluster approach can be an effective strategy for the public sector to promote the development of the industry. Finally, I suggest policy implications and areas for future research: other forms of competition in the global economy, possible trade-offs among activated clusters, difference between cluster organizations and trade associations, possible mismatch between political and economic boundaries, mechanism to align related departments, and merit of choosing the industry cluster approach over other economic development strategies.
by Yoko Kobayashi.
M.C.P.
2
Minter, Susan Miriam. "Linking environmental policy with economic development : a case study in urban recycling". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68737.
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Hammer, Stephen Alan. "Urban policy for renewable energy : case studies of New York and London". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1899/.
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Despite growing attention to the issue of urban 'sustainability' and steady increases in the overall use of different renewable power technologies around the world, cities tend to have very low levels of 'green' power use or renewables technology deployment within their borders. Through field interviews and literature reviews, this thesis examines the factors that both help and hinder this situation, using New York City and London as case studies. New institutionalism and urban regime theories provide the analytical lenses through which the empirical research is viewed. Each theory examines this issue from a different perspective, with new institutionalism particularly adept at identifying explanations linked to the electric power sector's highly regulated policy environment. Urban regime theory (URT) emphasizes understanding who is involved in the policy-making and implementation process, and how their involvement influences any outcomes. Originally, URT was developed to analyze urban growth coalitions and other urban economic development activities, although researchers have more recently posited its applicability to a wide range of fields, including urban environmental policy-making. When examining energy policy-making in both London and New York, however, a traditional URT approach falls short because it does not easily accommodate the influence of formal regulatory mechanisms in shaping outcomes. By modifying URT, however, so it adopts aspects of a new institutionalist approach, highly compelling and comprehensive explanations for local energy policy and program decisions can be obtained. This thesis concludes by detailing circumstances under which this type of "Constrained" regime analysis is appropriate, and how its methodology differs from that of traditional urban regime theory.
4
Workman, H. M. "Accessibility and public transport in Sheffield : case studies of policy implementation". Thesis, Open University, 1986. http://oro.open.ac.uk/56923/.
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The planning policies of South Yorkshire County Council are based on the philosophy of helping the "have-nots". From these policies a number of hypotheses concerning accessibility to and by public transport have been defined and tested in the Sheffield study area to gauge the extent to which the policies have been implemented. The literature on accessibility is reviewed with attention to recent work concerning accessibility by public transport. The Sheffield study area is described and the Structure Plan and other planning documents of South Yorkshire County Council are assessed with regard to policies relating to accessibility and public transport. Recent changes in the level of bus service provision in the study area are summarised. Access to bus services is investigated in terms of walking and waiting times for 170 sampling points. Overall the route density - service frequency trade-off is found to be optimal. The spatial variation in the walking and waiting times is such that areas with high proportions of people dependent on public transport do not have more accessible bus services than other areas. Access to bus services is investigated further in the Mosborough area with the relationship between the introduction and improvement of bus services and the occupation of new housing being studied. Accessibility by public transport to specific facilities is investigated. In spite of Structure Plan policies little improvement in the accessibility of five district shopping centres in Sheffield has taken place. Areas with poor access by bus to sports centres and public libraries are defined and possible locations for new facilities evaluated. In the first ten years of its existence South Yorkshire County Council has supported policies relating to improvements in accessibility and public transport. The work reported in this thesis indicates that the implementation of such policies has not always been achieved.
5
Feldman, Jonathan M. (Jonathan Michael). "Protectionism as an industrial policy : the case of the United States automobile industry". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73272.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1986.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH
Bibliography: leaves 199-217.
by Jonathan Michael Feldman.
M.C.P.
6
Chen, Weili 1963. "Visual display of spatial information : a case study of the South End Development Policy Plan". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65018.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1990.Title as it appears in the M.I.T. Graduate List, June 1990: Visual display of spatially oriented quantitative information.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-101).
by Weili Chen.
M.C.P.
7
Chen, Julie 1963. "The privatization of land development and parastatal policy in developing countries : a case study in Tunisia". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65032.
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Pan, Yue M. C. P. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Optimal subsidy policy to promote building energy efficiency under uncertainty : the case for architectural design subsidies". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105059.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 52-54).
The goal of this thesis is to examine the relative cost-effectiveness of subsidies in incentivizing energy efficiency investment using a real option framework. I generalize a model of a sequential investment project involving two stages, design and construction stage, and investment lags and incorporate explicit consideration of dynamic subsidies. I apply this model to green construction projects and study how design subsidies and rent subsidies incentivizes investment in green buildings. My research questions address the impact of subsidies on the trigger prices for the two stages as well as that on the instantaneous project value. Although both design and rent subsidies can reduce trigger prices and enhance project value, design subsidies cost less both in reducing the first-stage trigger to a certain threshold and in inducing firms to switch from inefficient projects to efficient ones. Lastly, I evaluate the comparative statics of investment, showing how the patterns of lags and demand uncertainty affect the effectiveness of both subsidies. A noteworthy result is that quality switching from an inefficient project to an green alternative is more likely to occur when the uncertainty is smaller or the length of the construction stage is shorter.
by Yue Pan.
M.C.P.
9
Qase, Nomawethu. "Energy policy, informal sector and urban household livelihoods : a case study of meat traders in the Western Cape". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5283.
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Bibliography: leaves 77-81.This dissertation highlights the links between energy, informal sector and urban household livelihoods. The critical argument is that energy is a key input in some of the informal sector activities such as street food vending which is dominant in urban environments. The energy needs of the street food vendors are easily visible to the eye, because street food vendors are found everywhere on the street comers, taxi ranks, and other places where there is a proven flow of people. Despite this, the energy needs for informal sector activities are not well integrated into policies and strategies aimed at supporting the development of the informal sector. To address this situation, it is recommended that energy policy makers need to revise the current conceptualisation of the household sub-sector in order to incorporate energy planning for income generation.
10
Baker, Lou 1961. "U.S. Forest Service policy in northern New Mexico : a case study of the Hassell Report--1967-2000". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/64555.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-87).
As a result of a court house raid in Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico, on June 5, 1967, these actions of local landgrant activists made national headlines and elicited highlevel interest in the land management practices of the United States Forest Service (USFS) in northern New Mexico.' These actions were instrumental in convening the Mexican-American Conference in El Paso, Texas in October 21, 1967. After attending the Mexican-American Conference, Southwest Regional Forester William D. Hurst initiated the study that resulted in the Hassell Report and lead to the subsequent creation of the Region 3 Policy. The Hassell Report was an assessment of the needs of the rural forest-dependent communities and as such, was not based on data and statistics but rather on qualitative community input. The subsequent policy implemented by Hurst on March 6, 1972, "...summarized and embodied some of the recommendations of the Hassell Report." Since its creation a century ago, the Forest Service has recognized the effects of forest management on local communities and has rhetorically embraced populist ideals to serve people and communities. But the strategies adopted by the Forest Service for meeting local community needs - Region 3 Policy - has failed to achieve this goal. This approach conflicts with ideals of and trends towards participation, posing a question of whether it remains viable in contemporary society. This managerial posture suggests why the USFS has experienced escalating conflict and eroding public confidence in its management of the national forests in northern New Mexico. One of the lessons of this case study is that attempting to address economic and cultural issues and actually implementing study recommendations into actions is two entirely different things. "A brilliant policy can easily flounder on the rocks of bureaucratic inertia, but such a policy, as in the case of northern New Mexico, may also acquire a life and constituency of its own and continue to influence the affairs of a region."
by Lou Baker.
M.C.P.
11
Webster, Joseph. "Municipal solid waste policy and universities : a case study of the Cambridge Mandatory Recycling Ordinance and MIT". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70693.
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Maclin, Stephen Alexander. "A democratic governance approach to urban economic development policymaking". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37427.
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This dissertation contributes to the literature on urban development politics. It takes a normative ideal, democratic urban governance, out of the esoteric realm of academic debate and applies it to a critical case study which concerns the most financially consequential area of urban policy, that of urban economic development. The principal elements of democratic urban governance are described, examined, and reconstructed as a framework for evaluating the policy making potentials in the present case. Beyond its academic contribution, this dissertation provides developmental policy makers with an intellectually sound basis for considering, more candidly and more directly, issues concerning democracy and governance.Ph. D.
13
張裕積 i Yu-chik Jacky Cheung. "The role of work unit (Danwei) in urban housing reform of China: a case study on Guangzhou". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42128663.
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Nishimura, Yasuyuki 1969. "Application of dynamic strategic planning to urban transit projects : case studies of Boston and Osaka". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80187.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Technology and Policy Program, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-142).
by Yasuyuki Nishimura.
S.M.
15
Ahmad, Supian bin. "Rural-urban migration and regional policy in Peninsular Malaysia : a case study of the Klang Valley region". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329714.
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Durán, Ortiz Juan Pablo. "Political economy, public policy, power structures, and human rights violations : the case of internally displaced persons in Colombia between 1993 and 2010". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101297.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2015.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 161-177).
Colombia is the second country with most displaced persons in the world, and one of the worst in human rights violations. Despite the popular believe that these human rights violations are due to the internal conflict with guerillas, this thesis found that rather, the largest share of violence, displacement, and human rights violations are due to development and linked with specific economic projects. Colombia has had three peaks of violence and humanitarian crisis. The first two were due to a reorganization in the power structures of the country. However, the last and worst peak of violence in Colombia is due to a specific economic agenda. It began with the imposition of the neoliberal ideology in the nineties. Neoliberalism made the State weaker which allowed a momentary coalition between the ruling class and the drug dealers who grabbed land from poor peasants and from the State in order to obtain financial gains. This thesis also studies how national and international elites were able to take advantage of every stage in the US foreign policy, and in the Bretton Woods Institutions policies in order to create new forms of speculative wealth. This process has created around 10 million of hectares of monopolized land, and more than 7 million of victims. The vast majority of the victims are poor and unarmed peasants. Research findings also suggest that the current peace process will deepen the existing development model, which uses internal violence as a tool for 'development'. The peace agreement with guerrillas only will be possible under principles of impunity for "the ruling coalition", legalization of denuded lands based on "property rights" principles, a greater regression in land reform, and the imposition of "Free Trade" and "Market Discipline" for Colombia in its relations with international partners.
by Juan Pablo Durán Ortiz.
S.M.
17
Law, Yeuk-tim, i 羅躍添. "Social cost of urban renewal: a case study ofthe urban renewal scheme in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31968284.
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Hou, Xueyuan 1983. "One-Child Families in Urban Dalian: A Case Study of the Consequences of Current Family Planning Practices in China". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9912.
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xi, 94 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Implemented as one of the basic national polices of China since 1978, the one-child policy has brought both advantages and disadvantages to one-child families in urban China. This thesis explores the various consequences of current family planning practices in urban Dalian. It explains the ways in which the implementation of the policy has influenced urban one-child families' everyday life and how parents and single children handle the policy. Urban parents have accepted the state requirement for limited births and have adopted new child-rearing practices to raise their "only hope" in the changing socioeconomic context. Single children receive comprehensive parental attention and support and are widely considered as spoiled "little emperors/empresses". But at the same time they experience great pressure to perform with academic excellence in order to be capable to excel in the competition of the global market economy. Gender norms are in transition. Urban single daughters are empowered by the benefits brought by low fertility produced by the policy. As the first generation of single children grows up, their families are now confronted with the crucial issue of the "four-two-one" (four grandparents, two parents, one child) problem, which impacts the future of the one-child policy.
Committee in Charge: Dr. Ina Asim, Chair; Dr. Kathie Carpenter; Dr. Alisa Freedman
19
Sturgeon, Lianne Renee. "The Impact of Transportation Network Companies on Public Transit: A Case Study at the San Francisco International Airport". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1318.
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The emergence and rapid growth of Transportation Network Companies (TNCs), such as Uber and Lyft, has challenged the transportation industry by offering a new mode of transportation to consumers. It is imperative that transit agencies and cities understand the effect of TNCs on public transit usage to make informed decisions. This study analyzes the impact of TNCs on Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) ridership at the San Francisco International Airport (SFO) to measure the effect of TNCs on public transit. Using a fixed effects model to analyze hourly BART and TNC ridership data from 2011 to 2018, these findings suggest that TNCs are a substitute to BART. Before the entrance of TNCs, BART ridership at the BART SFO station increases. However, with the presence of TNCs, BART ridership at the SFO station decreases. Further research will proxy for transportation demand using hourly air traffic data at SFO and an instrumental variable for TNC supply to reduce endogeneity.
20
Roth, Kellyn E. (Kellyn Elizabeth) 1975. "The air pollution implications of the residential sector : case study of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29951.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program; and, Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-131).
The residential sector has been a long-acknowledged, but seldom-addressed, source of air pollution in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). The combination of high emission levels and large numbers of people directly exposed means that the indoor environment is a unique situation. If current trends of demographic growth, urbanization and increased appliance saturation continue, the urgency to address residential sector emissions will increase considerably. Additionally, households have wide-reaching impacts on many sectors including industry through the demand for appliances, power generation and fuel suppliers through the demand for energy, services through the demand for infrastructure, and many more. Through recent efforts, researchers at MIT and in Mexico have attempted to understand and represent the residential sector, to identify and mitigate emissions release and exposure, most of which is energy-related. To reduce energy consumption, and thus emissions, in the home several strategies have been considered: reduced and improved use of fuel; increased energy efficiency; fuel leakage prevention and improved practices; improved building efficiency; and improved fuel transmission and delivery. Another issue of concern in this sector is the use of toxic solvents. Household air pollution reduction strategy outcomes are difficult to predict because of the diversity of households (e.g., size, income, location) within the residential sector. Determination of the factors that affect energy consumption and household behavior would be very useful to decision makers as they develop more targeted policies for the provision of energy services and reduction of household-generated emissions.
by Kellyn E. Roth.
S.M.
21
Spencer, Paul. "Investigating local creative industries development initiatives in England : case studies in Urban South Hampshire, 2011-14". Thesis, University of Winchester, 2017. http://repository.winchester.ac.uk/856/.
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In recent years the creative industries have become a focus of policy and academic discussion across the world. However, much of the existing literature has concentrated on national perspectives or on social and economic regeneration strategies in large cultural cities while data and understanding at the local level is more limited. This thesis aims to help redress this imbalance by focussing on the smaller and less established context of Urban South Hampshire on the central south coast of England. Longitudinal case studies are used to explore two key research questions, firstly, what are the needs, motivations and experiences of people hoping to develop careers and businesses in the sector; and secondly, how can local initiatives and public sector interventions support creative industries development. While some guidance is available to assist local and regional decision-makers there are few studies which follow the evolution of specific interventions over time to evaluate their effectiveness and inform future sectoral strategies. Although the urban bias of the creative industries is well documented this thesis argues that under the right conditions and with the right policies and initiatives towns and smaller cities can offer a more welcoming, affordable and socially cohesive creative milieu in contrast to the highly competitive environments of major cities. Demand for specialist initiatives with a dual focus on nurturing creative practice as well as promoting enterprise and business skills is also highlighted. This is especially relevant at the cultural-end of the sector which is becoming increasingly exposed to market pressures in part due to recent cuts in public sector spending. The thesis also argues that creative individuals are seeking new spaces to exist within the sector which allow them a level of creative autonomy over their practice while also enabling them to develop sustainable careers and successful businesses.
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Rodrigues, António Filipe Monteiro dos Santos Vieira. "Urbanismo e Pobreza - Caso prático da Ameixoeira". Master's thesis, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/96.
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Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção do Grau de Mestrado em Urbanismo, conferido pela Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e TecnologiasNeste trabalho, após um relembrar de conceitos e da descrição das dimensões da pobreza e suas várias concepções, procurou-se retratar a zona da amostra, fazendo-se ainda um levantamento da qualidade urbanística e dos equipamentos mais significativos e aferindo-se do êxito, ou não, das políticas de habitação introduzidas, para se concluir pela proposta de soluções adequadas à situação.
In this work after remembering the concepts and the description of the dimensions of the poverty and it’s several conceptions, were looked to portray the zone of the sample, also making a survey of the urbanistic quality and the most significant equipment and analysing the success, or not, of the introduced politics of habitation, to conclude for the proposal of adequate solutions to the situation.
23
McConnell, Joshua B. (Joshua Bryan) 1974. "A life-cycle flexibility framework for designing, evaluating and managing "complex" real options : case studies in urban transportation and aircraft systems". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39334.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology, Management, and Policy Program, 2007.Includes bibliographical references.
Designing a flexible system with real options is a method for managing uncertainty. This research introduces the concept of "complex" real options, which are composed of interconnected echnological, organizational and process components. "Complex" real options differ from the "standard" real options described in the literature in the option life-cycle activities of design, evaluation and management. To address the challenges posed by "complex" real options, the Life-Cycle Flexibility (LCF) Framework was created. The framework addresses issues along the entire life-cycle of an option, in both technical and social system dimensions. Two case studies were considered in this research to better understand "complex" real options and test the LCF Framework: 1) a large blended wing body aircraft in a commercial aircraft manufacturing enterprise and, 2) Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) capabilities in an urban region with multiple public and private stakeholders. For the case studies, both a quantitative and qualitative analysis was completed. System dynamics and traffic demand models were used to quantitatively evaluate flexibility for each case study. Forty interviews with practitioners were conducted to better understand the practical challenges associated with flexible systems.
(cont.) This research found that there are significant differences between "standard" and "complex" real options. In the design phase, enterprise architecture issues must be considered either as a precursor or simultaneously with the design of the option. In the evaluation stage, option valuation techniques more sophisticated than those found in the real options literature were needed to value the "complex" real options. In the management stage, political considerations were of great importance as political opposition could prevent option exercise from occurring. Without the LCF framework, existing processes for evaluating real options are not adequate for taking into account the interacting technical, organizational and process components of 'complex" real options. In summary, this research provides new insights into the design, evaluation and management of "complex" real options.
by Joshua Bryan McConnell.
Ph.D.
24
Inglesant, P. "Public policy, technology and lived experience : three case studies of technology in support of urban transport policies in London". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445599/.
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High-quality public services can support policy outcomes in many areas of government this thesis focuses on public policy in transport. An essential factor, often overlooked, is the usability of public services. Usability is crucial to e-government, both because quality of service is a public value, and because poor public perception of services may weaken policy acceptance. However, usability, as developed in the Human-Computer Interaction research tradition, has not been prominent in the theory or practice of public policy. This is a critical shortcoming, since policy decisions inscribed in e-government systems have implications for the lived experience of transport users. Actualising this critique, the history of the HCI concept of usability is traced, and related to research traditions which deepen understanding of the inter-relations between technology and the social. This leads to a view that usability is meaningless outside the lived experiences of system users. This goes beyond the "user experience" with technology, because people live with technology as it becomes increasingly intertwined with everyday situations. This thesis makes its contributions from three case studies in urban transport. Semi- structured, recorded interviews and focus groups with 126 transport users were held alongside over 100 public policy documents and interviews with 25 key post- holders, and laboratory and situated observations. The insights of phenomenology, dialogism and pragmatic philosophy provide a route to understanding experiences with technology. A qualitative analysis based on Grounded Theory and Discourse Analysis is developed and used to illuminate these lived experiences. The embodied-ness of inter-actions with technology is investigated from an ecological perspective of affordances and genres. As service users freely mix electronic and non-electronic artefacts to meet real-life needs, the contingency of their actions calls into question a simple model of cognitive or institutional schemata this has profound implications for electronic systems in support of public policy aims.
25
Lee, Elizabeth H. "Perceptions and Evaluation of an Urban Environment for Pedestrian Friendliness: A Case Study". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/391.
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Public health is an increasingly important issue addressed from both environmental and public health sectors for the future development of urban environments. From a planning perspective, one possible solution is to increase walkability throughout the cities. Many assessment methods are being developed and administered to evaluate the quality of existing urban environments to promote walkable cities/communities. The results from using these methods provide policymakers and stakeholders with valuable information regarding the existing physical conditions of the environment. Although several US cities started to develop and refocus plans toward pedestrian-oriented policies approaches, results from this particular study determined that the quality of pedestrian environments cannot solely be determined by using available assessment tools and recommend additional analytical methods used in conjunction with source data to provide a complete perspective to successfully increase the quality of life. The condition of the physical environment – high, average, and low quality – was important contributing factors to increase walkability, yet, it is equally important to understand and consider the needs, preferences and perceptions of end users when public officials are charged with the task of developing plan proposals for pedestrian neighborhoods. This study addresses these issues through a case study examining the quality of pedestrian environment and how people perceive those surroundings of downtown San Luis Obispo.
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Wong, Chi-hung, i 黃志鴻. "Urban renewal policy in Hong Kong: an analysis of its formulation and implementation". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30110865.
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Close, Bowen. "Niche to Mainstream in Sustainable Urban Food Systems: The Case of Food Distribution in Portland, Oregon". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2006. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/9.
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To address the negative environmental, political, and social consequences of the dominant, industrialized global food system, communities around the world have developed goals and values underlying a sustainable food system. Conceptualizing food production, distribution, and consumption as systems helps clarify the ways food affects social and natural environments, with the distribution element as the critical juncture where the product reaches the consumer. Urban food systems are a particularly important environment in which to study movements toward sustainability. This paper focuses on the movement for a sustainable food system in Portland, Oregon, with particular focus on the city’s markets for food acquisition – food retail, farmers’ markets, community supported agriculture endeavors, restaurants, food service and distribution companies, institutional purchasing programs, and community gardens, as well as the organizations that support the work of these businesses and programs. Leaders in the field of sustainable food systems are now beginning to operate with a strategy for change that emphasizes incorporating sustainable food products and sustainable food system values into mainstream food markets instead of remaining in niche, alternative markets as has occurred in the past. This notion is supported by economic and social theories including the consumer information model, stakeholder theory, social movement theories of change, and network theories. This paper explores the extent to which Portland food distribution businesses, programs, and organizations attempt to fulfill the goals of a sustainable food system movement with moving from niche to mainstream in mind. The fact that the movement is in fact acting according to new strategies for change emphasizing the mainstream is indicated by the movement’s extensive consumer education and creative use of marketing, strong social and business networks, and organized local policy influences.
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Pham, Khanh Katherine. "Between a Rock and a Hot Place: Economic Development and Climate Change Adaptation in Vietnam". PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4498.
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This thesis explores 1) the ways that three Vietnamese infrastructure development projects undermine their cities' climate change adaptation goals and 2) the political and economic forces driving these developments. In-depth interviews highlight four main perspectives of planners and decision makers, which explain why these infrastructure projects often undermine cities' climate resilience goals. I describe how the mainstream climate change adaptation planning approach, with its emphasis on participatory planning, good governance and green growth, implicitly reinforces the neoliberal growth model, even as it seeks to ameliorate the inequality and ecological destruction that such a growth model creates. My research reveals how Vietnam's growth-first economic model and its dependence on international finance means that its climate adaptation priorities are increasingly shaped by the interests of financial institutions, and not necessarily the public interest. I argue that even if the strategies proposed by Vietnamese planners and climate adaptation practitioners are adopted, maladaptive projects will continue in Vietnam, unless the underlying economic growth imperative is addressed.
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Greco, Michael Angelo III. ""Riots and Sociability : a case study of human interaction networks in Qatif Saudi Arabia"". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/95576.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2014.Thesis: S.M. in Technology Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 78-81).
Since the onset of the Arab Spring in late 2010, waves of political activism have reverberated across much of the Arab world. A growing body of literature has emerged that explores how new communications and social media technologies have contributed to, and in certain cases instigated various forms of collective action. However, little research has examined the effect of these activities on communication patterns themselves. This thesis aims to investigate the reorganization of sociability under civil duress at an aggregate, urban scale. The study employs a novel approach to communications analysis, applying the Synthetic Control Method to estimate the causal effect of riots on different characteristics of human interaction within Qatif, Saudi Arabia, after an exogenous shock triggered a surge in public demonstrations. The analysis reveals a strong, statistically significant drop in total call volume, relative to other cities in Saudi Arabia. This is combined with a similarly strong and statistically significant drop in unique daily callers-demonstrating that people weren't only making fewer calls, fewer people were participating in the telecom network each day. Interestingly, daily phone activity is shown to increase within the subnetwork of users identified to hold strong spatiotemporal ties to the city, even though their total activity measures (which include connections both internal and external to the subnetwork) remain constant. This suggests a shift in callee preference for individuals who are more directly affected by urban unrest. Lastly, information transmission tests are performed on Qatif's pre and post treatment interaction networks. Initial research shows that-beyond a 26% diffusion threshold-information reaches more people faster through the post treatment network. This provides some support to the hypothesis that communities under duress intelligently reorganize communications to increase dissemination speed and breadth, however, further research will be required to refine these findings and demonstrate a causal link.
by Michael Angelo Greco III.
M.C.P.
S.M. in Technology Policy
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Beem, Lisa A. "Connecting Urban Residents to Their Watershed with Green Stormwater Infrastructure: A case study of Thornton Creek in Seattle, Washington". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/339.
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Lau, Wai-keung, i 劉偉強. "Recreation planning and provision of urban open spaces for elderly in Hong Kong: a case study in Mongkok". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258931.
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Williams, Richard A. Sr. "Post-Katrina Retention of Law Enforcement Officers: A Case Study of the New Orleans Police Department". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2018. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2500.
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This dissertation is a case study of the New Orleans Police Department and identified factors that affected the retention of law enforcement officers post-Hurricane Katrina. The NOPD was chosen because the agency was an extreme case and experienced the unprecedented separation of over 300 officers during and post- Hurricane Katrina. The variables examined included tenure, age, salary, education, and job satisfaction, as well as, race, sex, marital status, and New Orleans residency.
This research is significant because in a time of decreasing budgets and increased cost to replace employees, where skills are scarce and knowledge is important, recruitment is costly, and it takes time to fill vacancies, turnover can be problematic (Loquercio, 2006). Hurricane Katrina was an unprecedented catastrophic disaster unlike any event experienced by a local police department. The impact accelerated the attrition of New Orleans Police Department officers at a time when the agency and community needed them the most. In addition to normal retention challenges experienced by law enforcement, post-Hurricane Katrina, the New Orleans Police Department experienced separation of almost a fourth of its agency post-Hurricane Katrina. This was very problematic and forced the department to operate severely short-staffed at a time when the department was trying to provide essential services to the community and recover from the storm’s affect at the same time. This dissertation explored some of the causes of attrition, examined the attrition of the NOPD pre-and post-Hurricane Katrina, and reasons most officers stayed. It was important to identify lessons learned from an agency and officers who experienced a disaster and unprecedented attrition of officers first hand. The consequences of such significant attrition will take years to overcome, especially in light of the New Orleans Police Department’s pre-and post-Hurricane Katrina recruitment and retention challenges.
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Lee, Chang-Bin. "An investigation into the interrelationship between tourism and cultural policy in the discourse of urban regeneration : case studies in Birmingham and Liverpool". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2007. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5080/.
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In recent years, tourism and cultural policy have been seen as an important means of the revival of many western cities. A number of post-industrial cities- some whose principal concern is of improving their economic and physical structures and of transforming their image- have adopted these means as a key element of urban regeneration. This research examines two case studies featuring urban regeneration strategies that have been instrumental in developing tourism and cultural policy and the thinking behind them. Focusing on the case studies of Birmingham and Liverpool, it critically investigates the interrelationship that emerges between tourism and the use of high-profile projects and cultural industries in the discourse of urban regeneration. This research considers four research questions- their concepts as elements in urban policy, the nature of cultural policy and its influence on tourism activities, their implementation associated with place promotion activities, and the effectiveness of cultural policy to develop tourism provision- as constituent parts of a wider justification for the existence of this interrelationship. The findings demonstrate that there is indeed a strong interrelationship between tourism and cultural policy in the discourse of urban regeneration. This research contributes to an emerging and structured dialogue between tourism studies and cultural policy studies to broaden out what has been so far developed in that existing body of knowledge relating to regeneration strategies.
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Choo, YeunKyung. "Strategies for Urban Cultural Policy: The Case of the Hub City of Asian Culture Gwangju, South Korea". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1420732989.
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Meekyaa, U. J. "Housing and urban development policy for small towns in Nigeria : An evaluative and prospective study for housing and urban development in small towns with case studies in Benue State". Thesis, Cardiff University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376827.
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Onyebueke, Victor Udemezue. "Policy implications of the spatial and structural relationships of the informal and formal business sectors in urban Nigeria : the case of Enugu (1990-2010)". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79889.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The 21st Century is witnessing the concurrence of neoliberal globalisation and widespread informalisation. To this extent, the informal sector or economy is perceived as a permanent ‘feature of modern capitalist development’ (Chen 2007: 2). Its expansion, particularly in developing countries, has far reaching implications for employment generation, occupational or livelihood diversification, urban form dynamics, urban planning, as well as the general economic outcome. The historical evolutionary truth of the informal origin of most businesses coupled with the reality of informal-formal sector continuum gives credence to the critical imperative of multi-path development regime that does not consider the informal sector as a dead end. Consequently, the research explored the policy implications of the spatial and structural relationships between the informal and formal business sectors in urban Nigeria. The study region is viewed from the prism of Enugu, the major administrative centre in the southeast region of the country. Here, spatial-structural causalities at the city level are conjectured as surrogates of the globalisation-induced transformations occurring in the country from 1990 to 2010 (Andranovich & Riposa 1993). The research sought to: one, examine the extent relationships between the distribution structures of two economic segments in the city; and two, explore the changes in inter-sectoral linkages and the urban business landscape mediated by the global-local economic changes. To guide the study, two research hypotheses were formulated, viz.: (1) to prove whether or not some significant spatial/structural relationships exist between the distribution of informal and formal business units in the study area; and (2) to verify if the observed changes in the spatial and structural relationships between the two segments are accounted for by the same sets of physical, economic, and socio-cultural variables. The study made use of primary and secondary data, which were collected via mixed research methods. The proportional stratified sampling was used where necessary. The primary data were collected through casual observation/recognisance, photographic and questionnaire surveys, and semi-structured personal interviews; while the secondary data were sourced from literature review, maps and databanks of local governments and Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS). The data analytical procedure involved data reduction and hypotheses testing. The former technique consists of sectoral aggregation (the segmentation by coherent attribute-sectors) and spatial aggregation (translation from quantitative into spatial dimensions) (Wang & Vom Hofe 2007), while the latter required the use of Spatial Statistics Analysis toolsets of the ArGIS software and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the SPSS package. The Spatial Statistics Analysis (the Spatial Autocorrelation or Moran’s I index) and PCA results permitted the rejection of the two null hypotheses respectively. The Moran’s I index is 0.16 with a Z score of 159.78 at a significant level of .01 and critical value of 2.58, revealing a highly clustered spatial association (or dependence) between the informal and formal business distribution in the study area. Based on the eigenvalues of 10 selected variables, the PCA extracted three major determinants of the observed spatial-structural causalities, namely: socio-economic and cultural traits or business ethos, client base and market control, and physical environment/business transaction mode. The findings challenges the received model of Nigeria retail hierarchy, and among the key recommendations for guaranteeing stronger informal-formal sector linkages that are generative of sustainable endogenous development are: (i) the reinstatement of the import substitution programme; (ii) implementation of the innovative Cluster Concept of Industrial Development Strategy (CCIDS) of 2007; and (iii) adoption of urban planning standards that are pro-informal sector.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die 21ste eeubeleefonsgelyktydigneoliberaleglobalisasie en wydverspreideinformalisasie. Samelopendhiermee word die informelesektorvandieekonomiegesien as ’n “permanentekenmerk van die kapitalistieseontwikkeling.” (Chen 2007: 2). Die uitbreidingdaarvan, veral in ontwikkelendelande, het verreikendeimplikasies vir die skepping van werksgeleenthede, die diversifikasie van loopbaan- en broodwinnings-moontlikhede, stedelikevorms, stedelikebeplanning, asookalgemeneekonomieseuitkomstes. Die historieseevolusionêrewaarheidoor die oorsprong van die meestebesighede, tesame met die realiteit van die informelesektorkontinuum, verleengeloofwaardigheidaandie kritiesebelangrikheid van die multi-pad ontwikkelingraamwerkwaarbinne die informelesektorniegesien word as ’n doodloopstraatnie. Gevolglik het die navorser die beleidsimplikasies van die ruimtelike- en struktureleverhoudingtussen die informele en die formele sake-sektors in stedelikeNigeriëondersoek. Die studiegebied word besigtigvanuit die prisma van Enugu, die hoof administratiewesentrum van die suidelikestreek van Nigerië. Hier word ruimetelik-struktureleoorsaaklikhedegebruik as maatstawwe vir die transformasieswatdeurglobalisasieveroorsaak is, en wattussen 1990 en 2010 in die land plaasgvind het (Andranovich&Riposa 1993). Daar is in die navorsinggepoog om eerstens die omvang van verwantskappetussen die verspreidingstrukture van die twee ekonomiesesegmente van die stad vas te stel, en tweedens, om die veranderings in inter-sektorieseskakels en die stedelike sake landskapwatdeur die globaale-plaaslikeekonomieseveranderingsbemiddel is, te bestudeer. Twee navorsinghipoteses is geformaliseer, naamlik (1) om te bewys of daarbetekenisvolleruimtelike/struktureleverwantskappebestaantussen die verspreiding van informele en formeleeenhede in die studie- gebied, en (2) om te bevestig of die veranderings in die ruimtelike en struktureleverwantskappetussen die twee besigheidsegmentetoegeskryfkan word aandieselfdestelfisiese, ekonomiese en sosio-kultureleveranderlikes. In die studie is daargebruikgemaak van primêre en sekondêre data watdeurmiddel van gemengdenavorsingmetodesversamel is. Die proporsioneelgestratifiseerdesteekproefmetode is, waarnodig, gebruik. Die primêre data is deurterloopseobservasie, fotografiese- en vraelysopnames, en semi-gestruktureerde persoonlike onderhoudeversamel, terwyl die sekondêre data verkry is uit ’n oorsig van die letterkunde, landkaarte, en die databanke van plaaslikeowerhede en die binnelandsebelastingsdiens. (FIRS). Die data ontledingsproses het data reduksie en hipotesetoetsingingesluit. Dievorigetegniekbestaanuitsektorieseaggregasie (segmentasiedeursamehandeattribuutsektore) en ruimtelikeaggregasie (oorgesitvanafkwantitatiewenaruimtelikedimensies) (Wang & VomHofe 2007). Vir die laasgenoemde was dit nodig om Spatial Statistics Analysis gereedskapstel van die ArGISsagteware en die Principal Component Analysis (PCA) van die SPSS paket te gebruik. The Spatial Statistics Analysis (die Spatial Autocorrelation of Moran se I indeks) en die PCA resultatehet die verwerping van die twee nulhipotesesmoontlikgemaak. Moran se I indeks is 0.16 met ’n Z telling van 159.78 teen ’n betekenisvollevlak van .01 en ’n kritiesewaarde van 2.58, wat ’n hoogsgetrosderuimetlikeassosiasieaantoon, of dat die verspreiding van die informele en formelebesighede in die studiegebiednabymekaargeleë en afhanklik is van mekaar. Gegrond op die eigenwaardes van die 10 gekoseveranderlikes, is daardeur die PCA bepaalwat die drie hoof ruimtelik-strukturelekousaliteite is. Dit is sosio-ekonomiese en kulturelekenmerke, kliente basis en markbeheer, en fisieseomgewing/sake transaksie modus. Die bevindingeverskil van die ontvangdemodel van die Nigeriesehierargie. Om sterkerinformele-formeleskakelswatvolhoubareendogeneontwikkelingwaarborg, te genereer, word die volgendeaanbevelingsgemaak: (i) die invoerplaasvervangings-program moetingestel word, (ii) die Cluster Concept of Industrial Development Strategy (CCIDS) van 2007 moet implementer word; en (iii) stedelikebeplanningstandaardewat pro-informelesektor is, moet aanvaar word.
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Howard, Jacob M. "Form Based Codes and Economic Impacts: A Multivariate Regression Analysis and Case Study". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2044.
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After a 100-year history, traditional zoning practices are being challenged as a contributing factor in a number of social, heath and economic problems facing cities in the United States. In this context, form based codes have emerged as a possible alternative way for cities to guide development. Growing out of the New Urbanist movement, form based codes frequently mix uses, allow for a greater variety of housing types and encourage development that is both denser and more compact. Despite an established literature which links land-use regulations, and zoning in particular, to fiscal outcomes, the impacts that form based codes have on public finance in the growing number of cities which have adopted them has yet to be fully investigated. The goal of this research is to examine if and how form based codes alter property tax and sales tax generation in the cities that adopt them. To examine the relationship between form based codes and public finance a series of two multivariate regression analyses were conducted using historic property and sales tax data. The first regression analysis was performed using the full list of 122 cities which have adopted form based standards from between 1984 and 2009. In an attempt to limit the diversity of sample cities and improve the ability to generalize results a second regression analysis was performed using a smaller list of 47 cities with populations between 50,000 and 200,000 thousand that had adopted form based standards between 1984 and 2009. The results of the first analysis established that a statistically significant positive relationship existed between the presence of form based standards which were implemented citywide and observed property tax revenue both in total and on a per capita basis. Similarly, a statistically significant positive relationship between the presence of form based standards implemented at the neighborhood level and total property tax revenue was observed. No significant relationship was found between the presence of neighborhood level standards and per capita property tax revenue. Further no significant relationship was found between form based standards and sales tax revenue. In general, these findings support the theory that form based codes and the development they allow, does alter the amount of property tax a city collects, but does not support the theory that form based codes affect sales tax revenues by facilitating the development of a more conducive urban, walkable environment or for any other reason. The results of the second regression analysis using data from cities with populations between 50,000 and 200,000 showed a significant positive relationship between the presences of citywide form based standards and total property tax revenue and per capita property tax revenue. Analysis of sales tax data showed a positive relationship between total sales tax revenue and the presence of form based standards at the neighborhood level. No other significant relationship between form based standards and sales tax revenue was observed. Similar, to analysis of all cities, the results for cities with population of 50,000 to 200,000 support the theory that form based codes and the development they allow does alter the amount of property tax a city collects, and that form based codes do not affect sales tax revenues except in the case of codes adopted at the neighborhood level, where a generally positive relationship was identified at the 10% confidence interval. Following this multivariate regression analysis, a case study of Saratoga Springs, New York was completed. Located in the far reaches of the Albany Metropolitan Area, Saratoga Springs developed as a popular tourist destination in the mid 1800’s. After experiencing economic decline in line with that of its peer cities in the mid to late 20th century, Saratoga Springs has experience a boom and now boast some of the highest home values in Upstate New York. In 2003 the city was one of the first in country to adopt form based standards, which have guided a significant amount of development in the city’s historic downtown as the city re-emerged as a popular tourist destination. Since the adoption of form based standards in Saratoga Springs both property tax and sales tax receipts have doubled.
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Abdullah, Moha Asri. "Government policy support, inter-firm linkages and the success of urban small firms in developing countries : a case study of small textile and clothing firms in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320223.
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Rozance, Mary Ann. "Recognizing and Addressing Risk Ambiguity in Sea Level Rise Adaptation Planning: a Case Study of Miami-Dade County, Florida". PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4673.
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As coastal cities around the world identify and implement adaptations to sea level rise, they are faced with competing interests around what should be done and how to prioritize actions. Often, environmental problems--like confronting the challenge of sea level rise--are posed as requiring expert driven, technical solutions to identify and mitigate risks across the landscape. This framing, however, ignores the way in which diverse knowledge can help inform long-term planning horizons that address complex ways that sea level rise affects communities. The failure to integrate diverse knowledge into sea level rise adaptation can result in barriers to implementation and outcomes that can reproduce inequities. In environmental planning, knowledge integration challenges can stem from ambiguity around the construction of environmental risk knowledge, as well as institutional arrangements that inhibit diverse involvement. Ambiguity refers to a context in which there are different and sometimes conflicting views on how to understand the problem or system to be managed, for example, conflicts around what risks to measure and how to measure them. This manifests in the ways that different groups construct and use knowledge about risks. Often ignored in planning contexts and research on sea level rise adaptation, ambiguity--particularly around social risks--are critical to address, since they can determine whether diverse knowledge about risks are integrated or ignored in planning. This dissertation uses a case study of Miami-Dade County, Florida and is guided by the question: how do different groups understand risk within sea level rise, and what planning and governance factors influence the way diverse dimensions of risk are integrated into adaptation strategies? Findings from this case study suggest that baselines, projections, and the focus of risk rooted in an economic discourse based on short-term planning horizons and technical constructions of risk have more authority as compared with counter arguments around ecological and social risks. Recommendations include the need for transparent adaptation decisions and the inclusion of diverse stakeholders in the production of regional climate science, sea level rise assessments, and adaptation planning. A more integrated approach can better address diverse risks and facilitate long-term planning.
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Arriaga, Cordero Eugenio. "Explaining Unequal Transportation Outcomes in a Gentrifying City: the Example of Portland, Oregon". PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3509.
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This dissertation examines unequal outcomes of urban transportation policies in the neoliberal era. It focuses on inequalities in the Portland, Oregon metro area between 1994 and 2011 as measured in three key areas: 1) access to public transit; 2) the journey-to-work; and 3) "household-serving" trips. Growing concern over the harmful impacts from an increasing dependence on cars has led planners in the U.S. to encourage a modal shift from private car to public transit, bicycling, and walking. The required policies to make this modal shift possible, however, might inadvertently be benefiting "choice" riders at the cost of transport disadvantaged groups. Other contributing factors to this unequal benefit appear to be the suburbanization of poverty, an ongoing gentrification of central areas, and market forces that make it difficult for low income groups to afford housing in transit-rich neighborhoods. The Oregon Household Activity and Travel surveys are used to answer the three major research questions in this dissertation: what has been the effect of neoliberalism on access to public transit?, how do gender, race/ethnicity, and income inequality affect the journey-to-work in Portland?, and how do household-serving trips vary by gender in Portland? Six hypothesis are tested in answering these questions. Those related to access to transit draw on Fred Block's theory of the capitalist state and the "urban growth machine" concept, both of which predict spatially unequal outcomes from neoliberal ideology. Hypotheses about the journey to work draw on a rich body of literature around social relations in the household and the job market, as well as residential location. The final question, about household-serving trips, draws on theories of gender socialization. Findings showed that: (i) individuals in the Portland metro area had less access overall to bus public transit in 2011 than in 1994; (ii) impoverished dependent riders have lost access to transit service over time, whereas choice dependent riders increased their access to public transit; (iii) low income groups have been "forced" into greater car-ownership, in part due to the lower access to public transit; (iv) women in Portland have shorter journey-to-work trips than men; (v) Blacks have longer journey-to-work trips than Whites and Latinos; (vi) low-income individuals have shorter journey-to-work trips than higher income individuals; and (vii) women with children make more household-serving trips than men in similar family structures.
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Ssekibuule, Henry Jacob Festus. "An evaluation of citizen participation in low-income housing settlement in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa: the case of the Tyutyu Housing Project in Buffalo City Municipality (1985-2010)". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/337.
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The provision of housing is a developmental practice and development cannot prevail without public participation. This is echoed in the Manila Declaration on People‟s Participation and Sustainable Development, 1989 as follows, “Public participation is an essential part of human growth that is the development of self-confidence, pride, initiative, responsibility, cooperation. Without such development within the people themselves, all efforts to alleviate their poverty will be immensely more difficult, if not impossible” (Burkey, 1993:56). Housing provision plays a vital role in meeting basic needs; dwellings provide the security required for basic functioning and are thus essential for both human development and the alleviation of poverty. South Africa has one of the most progressive constitutions in the world. It includes the municipal legislative framework that provides for community participation in decision-making at municipal level. However, in practice, citizens have had little experience of this, which is particularly relevant in contexts of severe poverty and failure by the state to provide basic services. This case study demonstrates the challenges faced by the Centre for Public Participation (CPP), a national NGO, when working to influence central government policy on citizen participation. It also explores the role and influence of international donors in promoting this agenda. From the literature review, it was evident that service delivery is essential in the communities, and, as such, government departments and municipalities have a critical role to play. In order to achieve this goal, an interview was conducted with various interviewees. The participants ranged from the youth to the elderly citizens in the community as well as government officials. The main patterns that emerged from the collected data related to the dissatisfaction of the community about the lack of consultation. It would be advisable for government, especially municipalities, to take cognizance of the results and concerns, in an effort to improve and ensure the effective service delivery, as stipulated in the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) document.
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Cho, Seong Yun. "Environmental Justice in Natural Disaster Mitigation Policy and Planning: a Case Study of Flood Risk Management in Johnson Creek, Portland, Oregon". PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4502.
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This study aims to explore the possibility of environmental justice as social consensus and an institutional framework to reduce socioeconomic differences in natural disaster vulnerability through a case study of flood risk management in Johnson Creek, Portland, Oregon. First, by analyzing institutions, policies, and currently ongoing flood mitigation projects, this study investigates how federal and local governments are addressing and responding to current flood problems. Second, through flood expert surveys and GIS spatial analysis, this study examines various factors that contribute to communities' susceptibility to flood risks, and whether there exist spatial differences between physically and socioeconomically vulnerable communities within the Johnson Creek area. Lastly, this study conducted comparative analysis of perceptions using Q-methodology to explore the diverse range of meanings and understandings that flood experts and urban practitioners construct in relation to the dilemmas of environmental justice in flood mitigation practice. The findings of this study indicate that institutional blind spots and barriers in natural disaster mitigation policy and planning can be generated by flood experts' and urban practitioners' different understandings of vulnerability, different interpretations of human rights, and different perspectives on the extent of institutional responsibility to assist socioeconomically vulnerable populations.
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Millward, Alison J. "Affordable downtown housing : innovative U.S. municipal initiatives and a case study of Seattle". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29996.
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The past decade has witnessed both steep reductions in federal housing assistance and an intensification of local housing problems including homelessness. In light of these trends, this study explores alternative means available to municipalities of meeting the housing needs of low-income households.
The methods chosen to accomplish this were two-fold: a literature review and a case study. The literature review revealed that in response to the Reagan administration's 1981 cutbacks to housing programs a new low-income housing delivery system, based largely on public-private partnerships, has emerged from the grass roots level in communities across the United States. In the new production system efforts have focused on preservation rather than new construction, and large for-profit developers have been replaced by nonprofit community-based development corporations and local public agencies. With the assurance of federal subsidies gone, local governments and nonprofit developers have sought to increase the effectiveness of current resources, direct more general revenue to housing activities and have raised new resources. Today, financing packages for low-income projects are usually built upon customized and creative financial packages that are difficult to replicate, and as a result, no definitive solutions have yet been found.
Despite the hard work and creativity that has gone into developing low-income housing in the U.S. over the past decade local programs have been able to meet only a fraction of the country's housing needs.
The case study method was chosen to focus on the City of Seattle, Washington's specific housing initiatives. The City's response has closely followed the national experience. A new delivery system has emerged which depends largely on the efforts of the City's municipal government, through its Department of Community Development, and the community's growing nonprofit sector. As a
matter of policy Seattle has chosen to spend most of its low-income housing dollars on preserving the downtown's remaining 7,311 low-income units. The City does not. build housing itself, but instead, acts as a "bank" loaning money generated, for the most part, by off-budget strategies to nonprofit housing developers to rehabilitate existing low-income units to meet housing code standards.
Seattle's housing programs have had mixed results. Despite their efforts, due to downtown's expansion, the City has continued to lose low-income units in the downtown to demolition and rent increases, no gain has been made on the City's overall housing need, and while the City has replaced the lost federal subsidies, it has not created significant ongoing revenue streams for future housing development.
Results of this study indicate that, only the long term commitment of federal funds to a national housing strategy can stem the growing tide of homelessness across the U.S. and avert, a deepening of the country's housing crisis.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Movahed, Arezu. "Physical and Environmental Features that Contribute to Satisfaction with Hospice Facilities". PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1283.
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Improving the quality of remaining life for individuals who are terminally ill and their families is an issue that has become increasingly important in recent years. This issue has evolved from perceived deficiencies of conventional health care institutions in meeting the needs of people who are in the final stages of their life, when curative measures are no longer deemed appropriate. In response to deficiencies in care of the terminally ill and their families, there has been a movement toward humanizing conventional health care and making it more holistic. Hospice care, which is consistent with this movement, has evolved as an alternative to hospitals and nursing homes. The purpose (of this study was to investigate the physical environment (building and grounds) of a free-standing hospice facility to identify the features that would contribute to the design and renovation of other hospices and health care facilities that plan to adopt a hospice program of care. In this study, an attempt was made to examine how architectural factors combine in a hospice setting to meet the needs of the dying and their families and those who work in hospices. Specifically, this study used a qualitative, case study approach to describe and develop an understanding of the feelings and experiences of the users of a particular hospice facility concerning the physical environment of that facility. Post Occupancy Evaluation Methodology, which is a process to assess the performance of the built environment after it has been occupied for some time, was employed. Qualitative analysis of the data revealed three distinct environments within the facility to be of major importance to the users when discussing the physical surroundings. The three separate areas of importance were the grounds, the administrative offices, and the patient care unit. The findings of the study will be of use to designers, architects, and planners, as well as hospice advocates, as they will assist them in conceptualizing essential components of hospice design and in creating better hospice facilities in the future.
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Boyles, Julie. "Women's Actions and Reactions to Male Migration: A Case Study of Women in San Juan Guelavía, Oaxaca, Mexico". PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/659.
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Using a mixed methods, interdisciplinary case study approach, this research project explores the benefits, risks, and challenges of male migration for women who reside in San Juan Guelavía, Oaxaca, Mexico. In a unique approach in the field of migration studies, this project considers not only women whose husbands have migrated--absent husbands--but also the impact of male migration on women whose husbands have returned as well as women whose husbands have never left--anchored husbands. Women with returned husbands and even women with anchored husbands feel the threat, worry, and fear that male migration could, at an unknown point in the future, fragment their family. This case study approach looks at how women's work responses are differentiated by husbands' migration status, by age, and by husband's control over women's activities. Women with absent husbands tend be income-producing women as well as women ages 35 to 50 far more than women 35 and under and 50 and over. With motherhood as a cultured priority of rural Mexican women, women's income-producing opportunities are primarily limited to options within the home or in venues that can accommodate their children until the children enter school. Although this case study showed little or no connection between male migration and educational attainment, substantial policy-worthy findings suggest that the lack of value that residents of San Juan Guelavía place on the local public high school curriculum negatively impacts educational attainment of children beyond middle school. Women's traditional and cultural emphasis of marriage for their daughters as well as their reluctance to expose daughters to the negative influences of the city sway the decisions that women make for their daughters.
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Jerolleman, Alessandra. "The Privatization of Hazard Mitigation: A Case Study of the Creation and Implementation of a Federal Program". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1692.
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This dissertation explores the role of the private and public sectors in hazard mitigation, an important part of the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA’s) performance requirements from the Stafford Act. Hazard mitigation is the effort to reduce societal impacts from natural disasters by reducing their risk to people, property and infrastructure; before hazards occur. The goal of the work is to contribute to the literature examining the national trend towards privatization and reliance on the free market economy for the provision of government social services, through such public management movements as the “New Public Management” (NPM) of the 1980s and the general efficiency movement that encompasses a greater market orientation in public government and an increase in the use of private sector contractors as an alternative to public provision (Boston 1996).
The primary question which this dissertation seeks to answer is: How has the provision of hazard mitigation services by the private sector come to be the norm and what have been the consequences. Due to the broad nature of the question and the lack of previous research, this dissertation will utilize a mixed methods approach with the goal of gaining a broad understanding of the privatization of the hazard mitigation sector in its various manifestations. The approach consists of one case study, broken down into two time periods: hazard mitigation prior to the passage of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, and hazard mitigation following the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. The case study is based primarily upon a series of interviews and includes several imbedded cases. They will be contextualized within an overall description of hazard mitigation focusing on the history and the context of the relevant federal legislation.
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Fuhrman, Sefla. "Women in Nontraditional Occupations: a mixed methods qualitative case study on women in the U.S. concrete-construction industry". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2323.
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The purpose of this mixed methods qualitative case study is to gain a deeper understanding about the factors that contribute to and/or hinder women’s participation in the construction industry by examining women’s experiences within one very industry-specific, male-dominated nontraditional occupation (NTO)—the concrete industry. In this study I utilized a combination of methods including interviews and survey research, as well as case analysis of an organization specifically involved with this population, the Women In Concrete Alliance (WICA). This investigation identifiesd some of the reasons why women’s participation remains low, discusses some of ways that the private, public, and educational sectors have set out to address those shortages, how women working in the field felt feel about those initiatives based upon their experiences, and what systems of support these women draw upon to remain active in a male-dominated profession. As women’s associations within NTOs are one relatively formal potential means of support for women facing occupational isolation, this study also examines different types of organizations to which women working in NTOs belong (e.g. membership, educational, advocacy, trades). I want to know in what ways the organizations benefit members; how the organizations support themselves or are supported financially.
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DeLaTorre, Alan Kenneth. "Sustainable, Affordable Housing for Older Adults: A Case Study of Factors that Affect Development in Portland, Oregon". PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/714.
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Portland, Oregon, is considered to be a leader in sustainable development. Government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and businesses have been innovators in policymaking and practice that is aimed at creating a more sustainable city. Despite population aging, little is known about how or whether planners and developers consider older persons in terms of sustainable development. Thus, this study examined the case of sustainable, affordable housing developed for low-income adults aged 55 and older. Interviews with 31 key informants were conducted in order to answer three research questions: What is the meaning of sustainable development in Portland, Oregon, as it pertains to affordable housing for an aging society? How and why has sustainable, affordable housing for older adults been developed in Portland? What are the policies that affect the availability and appropriateness of sustainable, affordable housing for older adults in Portland? The sample included individuals who influenced the creation of senior housing (e.g., urban planners, architects, nonprofit directors) and who were identified either because of their roles within local housing development or through snowball sampling. Six Portland-area developments provided the context for studying how and why sustainable, affordable housing for older adults was planned and created in the city. The findings suggested that introducing the topic of aging into the discourse of sustainable development will lead to a more robust meaning of the concept, which can aid future research, policy, and practice. Five elements characterizing sustainable housing for older adults were identified: physical accessibility; proximity to community services; infrastructure that connects housing with services; healthy living environments; and high-quality social spaces in and near housing developments. The findings also pointed to the need for sustainable development practices to pay attention to social equity and the equitable distribution of affordable housing, including housing for older adults. Several insights into how sustainable, affordable housing for older adults developed in Portland were gained (e.g., using government subsidies; involving aging experts in integrated design processes; intersectoral partnerships that led to the city becoming an early adopter in greening its affordable housing), as well as why such housing was completed (e.g., there was a collective public-sector response to meet the need for creating sustainable, affordable housing; an emerging culture of sustainable development in Portland; urban and regional planning efforts have begun to address population aging). However, the amount of sustainable, affordable housing remains insufficient to meet Portland's aging population. Reasons identified include: the absence of specific housing policy attuned to the needs of older adults in Portland; disconnects between housing and health care and supportive services; and lack of integration of older adults in the planning, design, and development processes. Room for innovation and improvement exists in regard to healthy, accessible, green, and affordable housing policies and the development of new models of housing for an aging population. Based on this research, 10 guiding principles of sustainable development for an aging society were proposed to inform future research, as well as planning and development efforts.
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Lazarus, Dayna J. "Making a Case for Equity Planning in Transportation Development: Identifying Indicators and Building a Framework for Hillsborough County, FL". Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7840.
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The idea that planners should work toward an equitable society has been part of the profession since the 1960s, largely based on the work of planning theorists like Paul Davidoff, Sherry Arnstein and Norman Krumholz. Transportation planning, however, has been slower than other sectors of the profession, such as housing, to embrace equity planning concepts. That has begun to change as concerns about income inequality, environmental justice and climate change have become more salient. This thesis makes the case that in order to improve social equity outcomes, transportation planners must make social equity an explicit goal and add social equity performance measures and targets to their plans. The study focuses on Hillsborough County, Florida as a case study and analyzes the extent that transportation planning agencies in the county consider social equity in their plans and processes. The data on plans and processes will be compared to data on social equity outcomes related to the distribution of transportation benefits and burdens, and next steps to improve social equity outcomes in the County will be identified in the form of policy recommendations.
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Jaffery, Zafreen. "Making Education Accessible: A Dual Case Study of Instructional Practices, Management, and Equity in a Rural and an Urban NGO School in Pakistan". PDXScholar, 2012. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/409.
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Two- thirds of Pakistan's primary aged children are enrolled in school and less than one-third complete fifth grade. Decades after the inception of the goal of primary education for all of its children, the state is unable to fulfill its promise of providing access to universal primary education. The failure of the government to provide for a system that ensures equitable opportunities for all of its children has resulted in individuals, for-profit organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) intervening to fill the void. In particular, international donor agencies (IDAs) have come forward to provide financial aid and personnel support for primary education. There is currently a dearth of research on the work of NGO schools in Pakistan, which leaves many unanswered questions about the role of NGO schools. Therefore, in this study, I examine the efficacy of not-for-profit, private schools managed by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in providing quality education to primary school children in Pakistan. This study examined schools formed and supported by two NGOs in Pakistan and their impact on providing primary education. A dual case study approach involving a concentrated enquiry into two cases (a rural and an urban school) was used. The study focused on the following research question: How does an NGO school provide education to primary aged school children? Results corroborate previous key-findings that the NGO is the parent body which oversees management, provides training, mobilizes the community and generates the primary funds to run the schools. The study goes further to suggest that NGO leaders provide leverage and establish connections that are important for fund raising and creating opportunities for the schools to expand and work cost-efficiently. The rural NGO had created its own methodology for literacy instruction, which produced adult literate women who were then hired as primary teachers. In addition, it showed that the two schools use: (1) an eclectic approach to teaching which ranged from using public school's curriculum to local, contextually based materials to foreign British-based curriculum; (2) the shift in instructional strategies suggested movement from a behaviorist approach toward integrating constructivist methods of teaching; and (3) the flexibility in curriculum choices poses challenges as well as opportunities for growth for the teachers. These results help to frame future research by linking NGO school's instructional practices to those used in private and public school systems in Pakistan.