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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Urban planning; Traffic control"
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Ivankovic, Franc, Mauro Vallati, Lukáš Chrpa i Marco Roveri. "Urban Traffic Control via Planning with Global State Constraints (Extended Abstract)". Proceedings of the International Symposium on Combinatorial Search 15, nr 1 (17.07.2022): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/socs.v15i1.21789.
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Planning with global state constraints is an extension of classical planning such that some properties of each state are derived via a set of rules common to all states. This approach is important for the application of planning techniques in manipulating cyber-physical systems, and has been shown to be effective in practice. Urban Traffic Control (UTC) deals with the control and management of traffic in urban regions, and includes the optimisation of traffic signals configuration to minimise traffic congestion and travel delays. In this paper, we briefly introduce how to cast the UTC problem into the formalism of planning with global state constraints, and we perform a preliminary experimental evaluation considering significant scenarios taken from the literature, and a new one based on real-world data. The results show that the approach is feasible, and the quality of generated solutions has been confirmed in simulation using existing symbolic models.
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Laing, Richard, Amar Bennadji i David Gray. "Traffic Control and CO2 Reduction". International Journal of E-Planning Research 2, nr 1 (styczeń 2013): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijepr.2013010103.
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The aim of the research described in this article was to explore the use of intelligent virtual transport modelling, within the context of a case study involving the development of a University estate. Through the application of visualisation techniques, the study was able to explore how such techniques can lead to enlightenment of potential solutions, whilst simultaneously demonstrating the effects of design solutions on CO2 emissions. The research used UC-win/Road software to support the visualisation component. The software supports the integration of road planning within urban settings and enables the creation of walkthrough visualisations, useful in communication with non-specialist end users. Outcomes of the research included an animation to assist planners in the consideration of travel time, distance and staff experience. Vitally, though, this is intrinsically connected with a study of how one can ensure that visual elements of a design process are undertaken to support complex technical, social and environmental decision making. The work is placed within a consideration of participation in the planning and design of sustainable transport approaches in urban areas, and the approach described should be viewed within this context.
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Smith, Stephen. "Smart Infrastructure for Future Urban Mobility". AI Magazine 41, nr 1 (13.04.2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v41i1.5290.
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Real-time traffic signal control presents a challenging multiagent planning problem, particularly in urban road networks where, unlike simpler arterial settings, there are competing dominant traffic flows that shift through the day. Further complicating matters, urban environments require attention to multimodal traffic flows (vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists, buses) that move at different speeds and may be given different priorities. For the past several years, my research group has been developing and refining a real-time, adaptive traffic signal control system to address these challenges, referred to as scalable urban traffic control (Surtrac). Combining principles from automated planning and scheduling, multiagent systems, and traffic theory, Surtrac treats traffic signal control as a decentralized online planning process. In operation, each intersection repeatedly generates and executes (in rolling horizon fashion) signal-timing plans that optimize the movement of currently sensed approaching traffic through the intersection. Each time a new plan is produced (nominally every couple of seconds), the intersection communicates to its downstream neighbors what traffic it expects to send their way, allowing intersections to construct longer horizon plans and achieve coordinated behavior. Initial evaluation of Surtrac in the field has demonstrated significant performance improvements, and the technology is now deployed and operating in several U.S. cities. More recent work has focused on integrating real-time adaptive signal control with emerging connected vehicle technology, and exploration of the opportunities for enhanced mobility that direct vehicle (or pedestrian) to infrastructure communication can provide. Current technology development efforts center on vehicle route sharing, smart transit priority, safe intersection crossing for pedestrians with disabilities, real-time incident detection, and integrated optimization of signal control and route choice decisions. This article provides an overview of this overall research effort.
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McCluskey, Thomas, i Mauro Vallati. "Embedding Automated Planning within Urban Traffic Management Operations". Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 27 (5.06.2017): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v27i1.13842.
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This paper is an experience report on the results of an industry-led collaborative project aimed at automating the control of traffic flow within a large city centre. A major focus of the automation was to deal with abnormal or unexpected events such as roadworks, road closures or excessive demand, resulting in periods of saturation of the network within some region of the city. We describe the resulting system which works by sourcing and semantically enriching urban traffic data, and uses the derived knowledge as input to an automated planning component to generate light signal control strategies in real time. This paper reports on the development surrounding the planning component, and in particular the engineering, configuration and validation issues that arose in the application. It discusses a range of lessons learned from the experience of deploying automated planning in the road transport area, under the direction of transport operators and technology developers.
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Carlier, Guillaume, i Filippo Santambrogio. "A variational model for urban planning with traffic congestion". ESAIM: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations 11, nr 4 (15.09.2005): 595–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cocv:2005022.
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Song, Jiaxun, Qi Meng i Jian Kang. "A traffic big data analysis on relationships between urban planning and traffic noise level--taking Dongguan Demonstration Area, China as an example". INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, nr 7 (1.02.2023): 784–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0110.
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With the promotion of smart city research, traffic big data has become a new way to study urban traffic noise. Taking Dongguan Demonstration Area, China as an example, this research discussed the relationships between traffic noise levels and urban plannings using geographic information scienceGIS, global positioning system (GPS) techniques and OpenITS Organization OpenData. The results showed that, for the whole area, some planning factors, say global integration, local integration (R=500m), global betweenness, local betweenness (R=500m) and number of points of interest (POIs) had significant positive correlations with the daytime traffic noise levels. Among them, the number of POIs had the strongest correlation with the traffic noise levels (r=0.560 p<0.01). However, the degree of influence of each variable on traffic noise levels can be changed with geographical locations. This research also identified specific areas where traffic noise levels were negatively correlated with local integration and local betweenness, which had great potential to provide a recreational and peaceful place for people to walk. Therefore, the urban areas' centers and fringes can be studied separately to effectively control traffic noise by changing the urban plannings.
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Wang, Dan Ping, i Kun Yuan Hu. "Research on Path Optimization of Urban Traffic Guidance System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 624 (sierpień 2014): 520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.624.520.
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With the rapid development of economics and technology; the number of vehicles has largely increased. In this paper, traffic guidance and traffic control systems were researched as well as the Internet of Things (IOT). The author tried to combine these three parts to send traffic data to road users so as to let them choose the best route to travel. Meanwhile, traffic network optimization has been realized to reduce traffic congestion areas. This paper has optimized regional traffic signal control systems based on IOT, traffic guidance as well as traffic assignment, involved data sources, IOT design patterns, data collection as well as the relationship between guidance obeisance rate and traffic jam. It also involved the definition of ideal traffic shortest routes, planning and designing of traffic control systems. Results and researches could hope to combine with reality in order to reduce traffic congestion.
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WU, WEI. "Research on Urban Congestion Control Strategy Based on Smart Traffic Management System". Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 4, nr 1 (14.02.2022): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2022.4.1.9.
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With the rapid economic development, the scale of cities has expanded, the population of cities has increased, the number of motor vehicles has increased, the contradiction between traffic supply and traffic demand has increased, and traffic congestion has appeared in major cities. Many countries have proposed planning and construction measures and policies in the current smart transportation development and construction. The construction of smart transportation requires a complete management system for planning. The article selects smart transportation in some countries and regions to conduct inductive analysis in the smart transportation management system construction measures and put forward suggestions for my country's smart transportation construction to effectively alleviate urban congestion.
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Jiang, Di Gang, i Yi Zhou Wu. "A Planning Method of Urban Non-Motorized Traffic System — A Case from Hangzhou". Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (maj 2012): 2395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.2395.
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By the context of the tightening energy supply, growing environmental crisis and urban traffic congestion in current China, non-motorized traffic system provides new solutions. This paper learns from the ideas of planning and design of non-motorized traffic system in the other cities and explores the planning of Hangzhou non-motorized traffic system by the key control approach of zoning and classification. The studies show that the non-motorized traffic system planning in Hangzhou mainly proceeds from the pedestrian traffic system and non-motorized transportation system guides the traveling public with a concept of green travel. And it will contribute to achieving cities’ sustainable development by planning an efficient non-motorized traffic system.
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Ratcliffe, B. G., i R. Y. S. Li. "Urban traffic control strategy effects on vehicle fuel consumption". Transportation Planning and Technology 14, nr 1 (czerwiec 1989): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081068908717413.
Pełny tekst źródłaRozprawy doktorskie na temat "Urban planning; Traffic control"
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Withill, Ronald Adrian. "Maximising the effectiveness of SCOOT based urban traffic control systems". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283466.
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Wong, Sze Chun. "Phase-based optimisation of signal timings for area traffic control". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262573.
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Jimoh, Falilat. "A synthesis of automated planning and model predictive control techniques and its use in solving urban traffic control problem". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/30343/.
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Most desired applications for planning and scheduling typically have the characteristics of a continuous changing world. Unfortunately, traditional classical planning does not possess this characteristic. This drawback is because most real-world situations involve quantities and numeric values, which cannot be adequately represented in classical planning. Continuous planning in domains that are represented with rich notations is still a great challenge for AI. For instance, changes occurring due to fuel consumption, continuous movement, or environmental conditions may not be adequately modelled through instantaneous or even durative actions; rather these require modelling as continuously changing processes. The development of planning tools that can reason with domains involving continuous and complex numeric fluents would facilitate the integration of automated planning in the design and development of complex application models to solve real world problems. Traditional urban traffic control (UTC) approaches are still not very efficient during unforeseen situations such as road incidents when changes in traffic are requested in a short time interval. For such anomalies, we need systems that can plan and act effectively in order to restore an unexpected road traffic situation into a normal order. In the quest to improve reasoning with continuous process within the UTC domain, we investigate the role of Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach to planning in the presence of mixed discrete and continuous state variables within a UTC problem. We explore this control approach and show how it can be embedded into existing, modern AI Planning technology. This approach preserves the many advantages of the AI Planning approach, to do with domain independence through declarative modelling, and explicit reasoning while leveraging the capability of MPC to deal with continuous processes. We evaluate the possibility of reasoning with the knowledge of UTC structures to optimise traffic flow in situations where a given road within a network of roads becomes unavailable due to unexpected situations such as road accidents. We specify how to augment the standard AI planning engine with the incorporation of MPC techniques into the central reasoning process of a continuous domain. This approach effectively utilises the strengths of search-based and model-simulation-based methods. We create a representation that can be used to capture declaratively, the definitions of processes, actions, events, resources resumption and the structure of the environment in a UTC scenario. This representation is founded on world states modelled by mixed discrete and continuous state variables. We create a planner with a hybrid algorithm, called UTCPLAN that combines both AI planning and MPC approach to reason with traffic network and control traffic signal at junctions within the network. The experimental objective of minimising the number of vehicles in a queue is implemented to validate the applicability and effectiveness of the algorithm. We present an experimental evaluation showing that our approach can provide UTC plans in a reasonable time. The result also shows that the UTCPLAN approach can perform well in dealing with heavy traffic congestion problems, which might result from heavy traffic flow during rush hours.
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Gettman, Douglas Mark 1971. "A multi-objective integrated large-scale optimized ramp metering control system for freeway/surface-street traffic management". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282797.
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This research, denoted MILOS (Multi-objective Integrated Large-scale Optimized ramp metering System) is a hierarchical structure for solution of the large-scale freeway management problem to address the key features of this problem (dynamic state changes, stochasticity, multi-dimensionality, unpredictability, partial-observability, and existence of multiple objectives). MILOS decomposes the freeway control problem into subproblems along temporal/spatial boundaries and is composed of three primary components: SPC-based anomaly detection and optimization scheduling, area-wide coordination layer, and predictive-cooperative real-time (PC-RT) optimization layer. The area-wide coordination component of the hierarchical control system considers the impact of queue growth on the adjacent interchanges in a quadratic programming optimization model with a multi-criterion objective function. The formulation of the area-wide optimization problem is augmented with overflow variables to guarantee a feasible solution. The nominal solution of the areawide coordination problem is then modified in real-time by the locally traffic-reactive, PC-RT algorithm based on a linear-program using a linearized dynamic difference equation implementation of the macroscopic FREFLO model. The PC-RT formulation pro-actively plans to utilize opportunities to disperse queues or hold back additional vehicles when freeway and ramp demand conditions are appropriate. The cost coefficients of this optimization problem is linked to the solution of the area-wide coordination problem by using information on the dual of the solution to the area-wide coordination problem. The optimization runs of the area-wide coordination problem and the PC-RT optimization problems at each ramp are scheduled by a demand/flow monitoring system based on statistical process control. A simulation experiment is executed to evaluate the MILOS hierarchical system against "no control", ADOT's current ramp metering policy, and an area-wide LP optimization problem resolved in 5-minute intervals on a small freeway network in the metropolitan Phoenix, AZ area. Three test cases are presented for a short "burst" of heavy-volume flows to all ramps, a 3-hour commuting peak, and a 3-hour commuting peak with a 30-minute incident occurring in the middle of the network. The performance results indicate that MILOS is able to reduce freeway travel time, increase freeway average speed, and improve recovery performance of the system when flow conditions become congested.
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Ghiasi, Amir. "Connected Autonomous Vehicles: Capacity Analysis, Trajectory Optimization, and Speed Harmonization". Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7295.
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Emerging connected and autonomous vehicle technologies (CAV) provide an opportunity to improve highway capacity and reduce adverse impacts of stop-and-go traffic. To realize the potential benefits of CAV technologies, this study provides insightful methodological and managerial tools in microscopic and macroscopic traffic scales. In the macroscopic scale, this dissertation proposes an analytical method to formulate highway capacity for a mixed traffic environment where a portion of vehicles are CAVs and the remaining are human-driven vehicles (HVs). The proposed analytical mixed traffic highway capacity model is based on a Markov chain representation of spatial distribution of heterogeneous and stochastic headways. This model captures not only the full spectrum of CAV market penetration rates but also all possible values of CAV platooning intensities that largely affect the spatial distribution of different headway types. Numerical experiments verify that this analytical model accurately quantifies the corresponding mixed traffic capacity at various settings. This analytical model allows for examination of the impact of different CAV technology scenarios on mixed traffic capacity. We identify sufficient and necessary conditions for the mixed traffic capacity to increase (or decrease) with CAV market penetration rate and platooning intensity. These theoretical results caution scholars not to take CAVs as a sure means of increasing highway capacity for granted but rather to quantitatively analyze the actual headway settings before drawing any qualitative conclusion.
In the microscopic scale, this study develops innovative control strategies to smooth highway traffic using CAV technologies. First, it formulates a simplified traffic smoothing model for guiding movements of CAVs on a general one-lane highway segment. The proposed simplified model is able to control the overall smoothness of a platoon of CAVs and approximately optimize traffic performance in terms of fuel efficiency and driving comfort. The elegant theoretical properties for the general objective function and the associated constraints provides an efficient analytical algorithm for solving this problem to the exact optimum. Numerical examples reveal that this exact algorithm has an efficient computational performance and a satisfactory solution quality. This trajectory-based traffic smoothing concept is then extended to develop a joint trajectory and signal optimization problem. This problem simultaneously solves the optimal CAV trajectory function shape and the signal timing plan to minimize travel time delay and fuel consumption. The proposed algorithm simplifies the vehicle trajectory and fuel consumption functions that leads to an efficient optimization model that provides exact solutions. Numerical experiments reveal that this algorithm is applicable to any signalized crossing points including intersections and work-zones. Further, the model is tested with various traffic conditions and roadway geometries. These control approaches are then extended to a mixed traffic environment with HVs, connected vehicles (CVs), and CAVs by proposing a CAV-based speed harmonization algorithm. This algorithm develops an innovative traffic prediction model to estimate the real-time status of downstream traffic using traffic sensor data and information provided by CVs and CAVs. With this prediction, the algorithm controls the upstream CAVs so that they smoothly hedge against the backward deceleration waves and gradually merge into the downstream traffic with a reasonable speed. This model addresses the full spectrum of CV and CAV market penetration rates and various traffic conditions. Numerical experiments are performed to assess the algorithm performance with different traffic conditions and CV and CAV market penetration rates. The results show significant improvements in damping traffic oscillations and reducing fuel consumption.
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Hine, Julian Paul. "Traffic barriers : the impact of traffic on pedestrian behaviour". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1310.
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MacDonald, Gary Douglas. "Modelling the effects on traffic of area-wide traffic-calming". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245708.
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Negi, Pallav. "Artificial Immune System based urban traffic control". Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5764.
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Borrowing ideas from natural immunity, Artificial Immune Systems (AIS) offer a novel
approach to solving many diagnosis, optimization and control problems. In the course of
this research this paradigm was applied to the problem of optimizing urban traffic. The
traffic was micro-simulated with each car on a two junction road system modeled
individually. The cars themselves were programmed with 'personalities' to better
simulate real traffic. A novel AIS was developed to detect, predict, and control
anomalous traffic conditions. It was also used to optimize the flow of traffic through the
road network. Benchmarking was performed against the well accepted TRANSYT
traffic control system. Though the TRANSYT system performed better initially, the AIS
control showed marked improvement over time as it adapted better to changing traffic
conditions. This change was expected as TRANSYT is optimized for specific initial
conditions unlike the AIS system which adapts to changes.
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Garside, Simon. "Dynamic prediction of road traffic networks". Thesis, Lancaster University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387431.
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Vassiliades, S. "Traffic monitoring in an operational service network". Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373446.
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The widespread introduction of Local Area Network (LAN) media has had profound implications for communications protocols. It is required that the campus network at Hatfield, which since 1981 has been based on the cambridge Ring, should take advantage of the properties of their LAN, should meet the demand of both new and traditional applications and should allow network interconnections. To show how these requirements might be met a review is given of the communications support provided elsewhere by data transportation protocols. Expansion is also required, but it may not be achieved unless appropriate planning decisions are made. Measurements which provide knowledge of typical traffic characteristics and quantities and of constraints or erroneous behaviour which may affect the decisions made are required. This information will allow modellers and planners to make predictions and estimates so that future demands can be met. A monitor tool has therefore been developed. It allows the traffic of the network to be monitored and measurements to be retrieved, displayed and analysed. A decentralized approach which provides an integrated measurement facility has been adopted. The design, and the decisions and constraints which influenced that design, are desribed. From the measurements gathered a comprehensive traffic characterization is provided. It relates traffic characteristics of different grains to applications, to system characteristics and to constraints. The measurement analysis therefore establishes a firm base from which predictions and estimates may be made. It also provides a base for comparisons, one which allows the effects of hardware and software changes to be observed and which also provides valuable information to both planners and modellers of similar and different environments. Implementation errors and erroneous behaviour are demonstrated and their cause is established. A bottleneck is identified, performance thresholds are determined and protocol modifications are suggested. Specific traffic characteristics are identified for particular applications and user groups, effects of different buffer sizes are considered and relationships between protocol efficiency and traffic patterns are discussed
Książki na temat "Urban planning; Traffic control"
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Guberinić, Slobodan. Optimal traffic control: Urban intersections. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008.
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Wood, K. Urban traffic control, systems review. Crowthorne: Transport Research Laboratory, 1993.
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Wright, Christopher. Strategies for urban traffic control. Oxford (11 Bevington Road, OX2 6NB): Transport Studies Unit, Oxford University, 1989.
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Guberinić, Slobodan. Optimal traffic control: Urban intersections. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2007.
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Teodorović, Dušan, i Katarina Vukadinović. Traffic Control and Transport Planning:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4403-2.
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Gronlund, Scott D. Planning in air traffic control. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aerospace Medicine, 2001.
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Vahl, H. G. Traffic calming through integrated urban planning. Paris: Amarcande, 1990.
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Tyworth, John E. Traffic management: Planning, operations, and control. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1987.
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L, Cavinato Joseph, i Langley C. John, red. Traffic management: Planning, operations, and control. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1986.
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Pratelli, A. Urban street design & planning. Southampton: WIT Press, 2014.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Urban planning; Traffic control"
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Franco, Santiago, Alan Lindsay, Mauro Vallati i Thomas Lee McCluskey. "An Innovative Heuristic for Planning-Based Urban Traffic Control". W Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 181–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93698-7_14.
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Jimoh, Falilat, i Thomas Leo McCluskey. "Self-management in Urban Traffic Control: An Automated Planning Perspective". W Autonomic Road Transport Support Systems, 29–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25808-9_3.
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Harmati, István. "Urban Traffic Control and Path Planning for Vehicles in Game Theoretic Framework". W Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, 437–44. London: Springer London, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-974-3_40.
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Zhang, Chao, i Jiawei Han. "Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery". W Urban Informatics, 797–814. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_42.
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AbstractOur physical world is being projected into online cyberspace at an unprecedented rate. People nowadays visit different places and leave behind them million-scale digital traces such as tweets, check-ins, Yelp reviews, and Uber trajectories. Such digital data are a result of social sensing: namely people act as human sensors that probe different places in the physical world and share their activities online. The availability of massive social-sensing data provides a unique opportunity for understanding urban space in a data-driven manner and improving many urban computing applications, ranging from urban planning and traffic scheduling to disaster control and trip planning. In this chapter, we present recent developments in data-mining techniques for urban activity modeling, a fundamental task for extracting useful urban knowledge from social-sensing data. We first describe traditional approaches to urban activity modeling, including pattern discovery methods and statistical models. Then, we present the latest developments in multimodal embedding techniques for this task, which learns vector representations for different modalities to model people's spatiotemporal activities. We study the empirical performance of these methods and demonstrate how data-mining techniques can be successfully applied to social-sensing data to extract actionable knowledge and facilitate downstream applications.
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Santoso, M. Iman, Djoko Santoso Abi Suroso, Muhammad S. Fitriyanto, Muhammad S. P. A. Suroso, Klaus Krumme, Ani Melkonyan-Gottschalk i Bernd Noche. "Conceptual Design of Sustainable Governance by VIDEL (Virtual Dashboard of Environmentally Logistics-Port-City): A Case Study of Jakarta and Tanjung-Priok Port". W Environment & Policy, 487–506. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15904-6_25.
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AbstractThe dimensions of the triple bottom-line approach to sustainable development contain inherent conflicting goals in implementation. In cases of urban development around the world, this is exemplary for settings in major port cities. Here, mostly economically oriented infrastructure requirements of the ports meet more comprehensive concerns of sustainable urban development. There are incoherent governance systems: Ports are often involved in higher-level national planning hierarchies, while urban development is predominantly locally controlled. This is also the case in Jakarta Megapolitan with Tanjung Priok Port, Indonesia, the most prominent and still expanding national seaport. The port expansion is also aimed to be a significant hub in one of the world’s maritime axes, which refers to vast urban growth. However, the entire urban economic effects are uncertain, for example, concerning urban diseconomies of scale or rebound effects, such as traffic congestion, social segregation, conflicts, or the digital divide. Urbanization and the contemporary patterns of economic growth are drivers of environmental vulnerability of both parties. This study serves to overcome fragmented approaches by using a holistic, sustainable governance transition process for integrating urban and port-industry governance concepts. A novel online platform, VIDEL (Virtual Dashboard of Environmentally Logistics-Port-City), is designed as a smart system that engages all stakeholders. This platform binds the requirements and interests as well as harmonizing actors in the interactions of urban with port and industry to secure innovative and environmental-friendly way. It will become a digital control tower for sustainable governance system in a port-city.
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Salter, R. J. "Urban traffic control systems". W Highway Traffic Analysis and Design, 379–87. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13423-6_51.
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Salter, R. J. "Urban traffic control systems". W Highway Traffic Analysis and Design, 364–69. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20014-6_51.
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Bruno, Giuseppe, i Gennaro Improta. "Traffic Control under Pollutant Emissions Constraints". W Urban Traffic Networks, 187–209. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79641-8_7.
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Al-Malik, Mohammed, i Nathan H. Gartner. "Development of a Combined Traffic Signal Control-Traffic Assignment Model". W Urban Traffic Networks, 155–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79641-8_6.
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Bell, M. G. H., C. M. Shield, J. M. Anderson i F. Busch. "Assignment in the Integration of Urban Traffic Control and Dynamic Route Guidance". W Urban Traffic Networks, 39–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79641-8_2.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Urban planning; Traffic control"
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Corsi, N., i A. Capitanelli. "Multi-sensor data fusion for traffic planning and control". W URBAN TRANSPORT 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut110161.
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Bhatnagar, Saumya. "AI Techniques for Urban Traffic Control and Mobility". W Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/812.
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The growing population has accelerated the process of urbanisation, and is putting under stress the urban transport infrastructure. This results in increased traffic congestion, with significant health, economy, and social issues. Artificial Intelligence techniques are increasingly demonstrating their capabilities in predicting and supporting urban traffic control, by extending the abilities of traffic authorities in planning and reacting to different traffic conditions. In this context, our main research topic fits in the autonomic traffic control theme, with the aim of supporting the design of autonomous traffic control systems.
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Jimoh, Falilat, Lukas Chrpa, Thomas Leo McCluskey i Shahin Shah. "Towards application of automated planning in urban traffic control". W 2013 16th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems - (ITSC 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2013.6728360.
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Bhatnagar, Saumya, Rongge Guo, Keith McCabe, Thomas McCluskey, Francesco Percassi i Mauro Vallati. "Automated Planning for Generating and Simulating Traffic Signal Strategies". W Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/830.
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There is a growing interest in the use of AI techniques for urban traffic control, with a particular focus on traffic signal optimisation. Model-based approaches such as planning demonstrated to be capable of dealing in real-time with unexpected or unusual traffic conditions, as well as with the usual traffic patterns. Further, the knowledge models on which such techniques rely to generate traffic signal strategies are in fact simulation models of traffic, hence can be used by traffic authorities to test and compare different approaches. In this work, we present a framework that relies on automated planning to generate and simulate traffic signal strategies in a urban region. To demonstrate the capabilities of the framework, we consider real-world data collected from sensors deployed in a major corridor of the Kirklees region of the United Kingdom.
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Li, Yunna. "Impact of inter-city population mobility and public transportation policies on infectious epidemics". W Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/aoto6191.
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This study takes the COVID-19 outbreak in early 2020 as the research object, and obtains the population outflow data of Wuhan from January 1 to February 1, 2020 based on the Baidu Migration Big Data system, and compares the data on the number of epidemics in each city published on the official website, studies the relevance of population movement between cities and epidemic infection, and analyzes the role of policy-oriented epidemic control by controlling public transportation during special periods of infectious diseases. The results show that the spread of the infectious epidemic between cities in the early outbreak stage is strongly correlated with the population outflow from the source city of the infection. After the traffic connection is cut off in the later stage, it is more related to crowd gathering and prevention and control measures; During the special epidemic period, we should not blindly advocate the “public transportation priority” policy. We should distinguish between passenger and freight transportation, formulate rough rules at the inter-regional and intra-city traffic levels, and specify corresponding safeguards under the framework of the “Healthy City”.
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Dubey, Mayank. "Smart signals in heterogeneous traffic conditions". W 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/nsde5701.
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Major urban corridors in Indian cities are carrying significantly high traffic leading to near saturated conditions for extended peak hours. As mixed landuse and major trip attracting/generating establishments are generally observed to be located along such corridors for better accessibility, significant side friction is also observed along these corridors. Among various measures to improve the throughput along such corridors, signalized intersections seem to be the most preferred intervention for intersection control. Although frequent occurrence of such traffic signals and non-coordinated signal phases have in turn made the whole situation more complex. To overcome this challenge, variations of smart signals are being proposed by technology and traffic enterprises globally. Generally, smart interventions in operation of signalised intersections require communication among vehicles and control system through various sensors and applications of Intelligent transport services (ITS). Smart signal operations require the sensors grouted in pavement or attached with camera to share the relevant data in real time basis with central command and control centre. With adaptive signal operations, it is attempted to schedule signal phases in such a way that green phase of every cycle generally experiences near saturated flow conditions. The smart cities mission (SCM) of India, covering around 100 cities also focuses upon improving the urban mobility through various measures including smart signals. Some of the popular proposals relating to smart operation of signalised intersection across shortlisted smart cities include adaptive and coordinated traffic signals. It is understood that traffic signal optimization is not a one-time action but rather a continuous process, as data archiving, data crunching, research and adaptations are indispensable for its success. As the geometry, location and setting of each intersection in every network is bound to be unique, the optimization process needs to consider the same. The literature and case study of Indian city Bhubaneswar (ranked first in nationwide smart city challenge) revealed that challenges specific to Indian driving conditions are major cause of worry for yielding stated benefits of smart signals. Factors like varying hierarchy and functions along major arterial corridors, fluctuating carriageway width and quality, considerable side friction within right of way, heterogeneity in vehicular mix, significant variation in peak hour directional flows leading to tidal flow, surrounding network characteristics and efficacy of optimisation techniques are responsible for limited rewards out of the whole process. The study reflects upon these challenges and concludes with recommendations to improve the performance of signalized intersections along corridors with heterogeneous traffic conditions.
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Liu, Chengcheng. "Strategies on healthy urban planning and construction for challenges of rapid urbanization in China". W 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/subf4944.
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In the past 40 years, China has experienced the largest and fastest urbanization development in the world. The infrastructure, urban environment and medical services of cities have been improved significantly. The health impacts are manifested in the decrease of the incidence of infectious diseases and the significant increase of the life span of residents. However, the development of urbanization in China has also created many problems, including the increasing pollution of urban environment such as air, water and soil, the disorderly spread of urban construction land, the fragmentation of natural ecological environment, dense population, traffic congestion and so on. With the process of urbanization and motorization, the lifestyle of urban population has changed, and the disease spectrum and the sequence of death causes have changed. Chronic noncommunicable diseases have replaced acute infectious diseases and become the primary threat to urban public health. According to the data published by the famous medical journal The LANCET on China's health care, the economic losses caused by five major non-communicable diseases (ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, breast cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) will reach US$23 trillion between 2012 and 2030, more than twice the total GDP of China in 2015 (US$11.7 trillion). Therefore, China proposes to implement the strategy of "Healthy China" and develop the policy of "integrating health into ten thousand strategies". Integrate health into the whole process of urban and rural planning, construction and governance to form a healthy, equitable and accessible production and living environment. China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. The main strategies from national system design to local planning are as follows. First of all, the top-level design of the country. There are two main points: one point, the formulation of the Healthy China 2030 Plan determines the first batch of 38 pilot healthy cities and practices the strategy of healthy city planning; the other point, formulate and implement the national health city policy and issue the National Healthy City. The evaluation index system evaluates the development of local work from five aspects: environment, society, service, crowd and culture, finds out the weak links in the work in time, and constantly improves the quality of healthy city construction. Secondly, the reform of territorial spatial planning. In order to adapt to the rapid development of urbanization, China urban plan promote the reform of spatial planning system, change the layout of spatial planning into the fine management of space, and promote the sustainable development of cities. To delimit the boundary line of urban development and the red line of urban ecological protection and limit the disorderly spread of urban development as the requirements of space control. The bottom line of urban environmental quality and resource utilization are studied as capacity control and environmental access requirements. The grid management of urban built environment and natural environment is carried out, and the hierarchical and classified management unit is determined. Thirdly, the practice of special planning for local health and medical distribution facilities. In order to embody the equity of health services, including health equity, equity of health services utilization and equity of health resources distribution. For the elderly population, vulnerable groups and patients with chronic diseases, the layout of community health care facilities and intelligent medical treatment are combined to facilitate the "last kilometer" service of health care. Finally, urban repair and ecological restoration design are carried out. From the perspective of people-oriented, on the basis of studying the comfortable construction of urban physical environment, human behavior and the characteristics of human needs, to tackle "urban diseases" and make up for "urban shortboard". China is building healthy cities through the above four strategies. Committed to the realization of a constantly developing natural and social environment, and can continue to expand social resources, so that people can enjoy life and give full play to their potential to support each other in the city.
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Duarte, Mariana M. G., Marcos V. Pontarolo, Rebeca Schroeder i Carmem S. Hara. "MIDET: A Method for Indexing Traffic Events". W Simpósio Brasileiro de Banco de Dados. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbbd.2021.17879.
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Traffic events announcements such as jams and road closures are continuously reported by mobile and Web applications. This collection of spatio-temporal data is an important source of information for urban planning, and can be used to orchestrate a number of actions to mprove the mobility, such as traffic control, traffic lights synchronization and preventive maintenance. Such analysis usually involves computation of spatial relationships among data, and may involve location of landmarks, roads and different types of events. In this paper, we propose a Method for Indexing Traffic Events (MIDET) for querying spatio-temporal data, whose location can be represented as a point or collection of points. MIDET is based on a fixed-grid space-oriented partitioning. In order to tackle the data skew, each grid cell is associated with a set of blocks containing event records. Moreover, a bitmap index is used for filtering out blocks without retrieving the actual data. MIDET provides the following benefits: adoption of a simple bulk loading process to manage dynamic insertion streams, and in-memory spatial joins. We conducted an experimental study using real data obtained from Waze. MIDET’s query performance was compared with Postgis, which adopts an R-tree index structure.
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Brennand, Celso A. R. L., Daniel Ludovico Guidoni i Leandro Aparecido Villas. "Fog Computing-based Traffic Management Support forIntelligent Transportation Systems". W Anais Estendidos do Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbrc_estendido.2021.17165.
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Traffic in large urban centers contributes to problems ranging from decreasing the population's quality of life and security to increasing financial costs for people, cities, and companies. Considering the advance of communication, processing, and sensing technologies, Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) have emerged as an alternative to mitigate these problems. The interoperability of ITS with new technologies, such as vehicular networks (VANETs) and Fog computing, make them more promising and effective. VANETs ensure that vehicles have the computing power and wireless communication capabilities providing a new range of security and entertainment services for drivers and passengers can be developed. However, these types of services, especially traffic management, demand a continuous analysis of vehicle flow conditions on roads. Thereby, a huge network and processing resources are required making the development of ITS solutions more complex and difficult to scale. Fog computing is a decentralized computing infrastructure in which data, processing, storage, and applications are distributed at the network edge, thereby increasing the system's scalability. In the literature, traffic management systems do not adequately address the scalability problem, resulting in load balancing and response time problems. This doctoral thesis proposes a traffic management system based on the Fog computing paradigm to detect, classify, and control traffic congestion. The proposed system presents a distributed and scalable framework that reduces the aforementioned problems in relation to state of the art. Therefore, using Fog computing's distributed nature, the solution implements a probabilistic routing algorithm that balances traffic and avoids the problem of congestion displacement to other regions. Using the characteristics of Fog computing, a distributed methodology was developed based on regions that collect data and classify the roads concerning the traffic conditions shared by the vehicles. Finally, a set of communication algorithms/protocols was developed which, compared with other literature solutions, reduces packet loss and the number of messages transmitted. The proposed service was compared extensively with other solutions in the literature regarding traffic metrics, where the proposed system was able to reduce downtime by up to 70% and up to 49% of the planning time index. Considering communication metrics, the proposed service can reduce packet collision by up to 12% reaching 98% coverage of the scenario.
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Jan, Lung En, Junfeng Zhao, Shunsuke Aoki, Anand Bhat, Chen-Fang Chang i Ragunathan (Raj) Rajkumar. "Speed Trajectory Generation for Energy-Efficient Connected and Automated Vehicles". W ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3148.
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Abstract Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) have real-time knowledge of the immediate driving environment, actions to be taken in the near future and information from the cloud. This knowledge, referred to as preview information, enables CAVs to drive safely, but can also be used to minimize fuel consumption. Such fuel-efficient transportation has the potential to reduce aggregate fuel consumption by billions of gallons of gas every year in the U.S. alone. In this paper, we propose a planning framework for use in CAVs with the goal of generating fuel-efficient vehicle trajectories. By utilizing on-board sensor data and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, we leverage the computational power of CAVs to generate eco-friendly vehicle trajectories. The planner uses an eco-driver model and a predictive cost-based search to determine the optimal speed profile for use by a CAV. To evaluate the performance of the planner, we introduce a co-simulation environment consisting of a CAV simulator, Matlab/Simulink and a CAV software platform called the InfoRich Eco-Autonomous Driving (iREAD) system. The planner is evaluated in various urban traffic scenarios based on real-world road network models provided by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Simulations show an average savings of 14.5% in fuel consumption with a corresponding increase of 2% in travel time using our method.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Urban planning; Traffic control"
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Huberman, Bernardo A., i Baldo Faieta. FireFly: A Synchronization Strategy for Urban Traffic Control. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, wrzesień 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada270872.
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Schluckebier, Kai. Intersections in contemporary traffic planning. Goethe-Universität, Institut für Humangeographie, sierpień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.58866.
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In Germany, traffic planning still follows the tradition of modernist urban planning theory from the beginning of the 1930s and car-oriented city planning during the post-war period in West Germany. From a methodological perspective, the prevailing narrative is that traffic can be abstracted and modelled under laboratory conditions (in vitro) as a spatial movement process of individual neutral particles. The use of these laboratory experiments in traffic planning cannot be understood as a neutral application of experimental results, assumed to be true, in a variety of spatial contexts. Rather, it is an active practice of staging traffic according to a particular social interactionist paradigm. According to this, traffic is staged through interventions in planning authorities as well as the practices of people on the streets. In order to describe these staging conduits, traffic is ontologically thought of as a social order that is continuously reproduced situationally through interactions, following Erving Goffman and Harold Garfinkel. To investigate the staging conduits empirically, an ethnographic-inspired field study was conducted at Willy-Brandt-Platz in Frankfurt am Main in May and June 2020. Through situational mapping and observation of social interactions (in situ), knowledge about the staging of social orders was generated. These empirical findings are further embedded in debates that discuss traffic not only as a staging but also as an enactment of certain realities. Understanding planning practice as a political enactment, through which realities are not only described but also made, makes it possible for us to think and design alternative realities.
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Mwamba, Isaiah C., Mohamadali Morshedi, Suyash Padhye, Amir Davatgari, Soojin Yoon, Samuel Labi i Makarand Hastak. Synthesis Study of Best Practices for Mapping and Coordinating Detours for Maintenance of Traffic (MOT) and Risk Assessment for Duration of Traffic Control Activities. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317344.
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Maintenance of traffic (MOT) during construction periods is critical to the success of project delivery and the overall mission of transportation agencies. MOT plans may include full road closures and coordination of detours near construction areas. Various state DOTs have designed their own manuals for detour mapping and coordination. However, very limited information is provided to select optimal detour routes. Moreover, closures or detours should provide not only measurable consequences, such as vehicle operating costs and added travel time, but also various unforeseen qualitative impacts, such as business impacts and inconvenience to local communities. Since the qualitative aspects are not easily measurable they tend to be neglected in systematic evaluations and decision-making processes. In this study, the current practices obtained based on an extensive literature review, a nation-wide survey, as well as a series of interviews with INDOT and other state DOTs are leveraged to (1) identify a comprehensive set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for detour route mapping, (2) understand how other state DOTs address the qualitative criteria, (3) identify how the involved risks during the planning, service time, and closure of the detour routes are managed, and (4) recommend process improvements for INDOT detour mapping guidelines. As demonstrated by two sample case studies, the proposed KPIs can be taken as a basis for developing a decision-support tool that enables decision-makers to consider both qualitative and quantitative aspects for optimal detour route mapping. In addition, the current INDOT detour policy can be updated based on the proposed process improvements.
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Duvvuri, Sarvani, i Srinivas S. Pulugurtha. Researching Relationships between Truck Travel Time Performance Measures and On-Network and Off-Network Characteristics. Mineta Transportation Institute, lipiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1946.
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Trucks serve significant amount of freight tonnage and are more susceptible to complex interactions with other vehicles in a traffic stream. While traffic congestion continues to be a significant ‘highway’ problem, delays in truck travel result in loss of revenue to the trucking companies. There is a significant research on the traffic congestion mitigation, but a very few studies focused on data exclusive to trucks. This research is aimed at a regional-level analysis of truck travel time data to identify roads for improving mobility and reducing congestion for truck traffic. The objectives of the research are to compute and evaluate the truck travel time performance measures (by time of the day and day of the week) and use selected truck travel time performance measures to examine their correlation with on-network and off-network characteristics. Truck travel time data for the year 2019 were obtained and processed at the link level for Mecklenburg County, Wake County, and Buncombe County, NC. Various truck travel time performance measures were computed by time of the day and day of the week. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was performed to select the average travel time (ATT), planning time index (PTI), travel time index (TTI), and buffer time index (BTI) for further analysis. On-network characteristics such as the speed limit, reference speed, annual average daily traffic (AADT), and the number of through lanes were extracted for each link. Similarly, off-network characteristics such as land use and demographic data in the near vicinity of each selected link were captured using 0.25 miles and 0.50 miles as buffer widths. The relationships between the selected truck travel time performance measures and on-network and off-network characteristics were then analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. The results indicate that urban areas, high-volume roads, and principal arterial roads are positively correlated with the truck travel time performance measures. Further, the presence of agricultural, light commercial, heavy commercial, light industrial, single-family residential, multi-family residential, office, transportation, and medical land uses increase the truck travel time performance measures (decrease the operational performance). The methodological approach and findings can be used in identifying potential areas to serve as truck priority zones and for planning decentralized delivery locations.
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Kwon, Jaymin, Yushin Ahn i Steve Chung. Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Roadside Transportation Related Air Quality (STARTRAQ) and Neighborhood Characterization. Mineta Transportation Institute, sierpień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2010.
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To promote active transportation modes (such as bike ride and walking), and to create safer communities for easier access to transit, it is essential to provide consolidated data-driven transportation information to the public. The relevant and timely information from data facilitates the improvement of decision-making processes for the establishment of public policy and urban planning for sustainable growth, and for promoting public health in the region. For the characterization of the spatial variation of transportation-emitted air pollution in the Fresno/Clovis neighborhood in California, various species of particulate matters emitted from traffic sources were measured using real-time monitors and GPS loggers at over 100 neighborhood walking routes within 58 census tracts from the previous research, Children’s Health to Air Pollution Study - San Joaquin Valley (CHAPS-SJV). Roadside air pollution data show that PM2.5, black carbon, and PAHs were significantly elevated in the neighborhood walking air samples compared to indoor air or the ambient monitoring station in the Central Fresno area due to the immediate source proximity. The simultaneous parallel measurements in two neighborhoods which are distinctively different areas (High diesel High poverty vs. Low diesel Low poverty) showed that the higher pollution levels were observed when more frequent vehicular activities were occurring around the neighborhoods. Elevated PM2.5 concentrations near the roadways were evident with a high volume of traffic and in regions with more unpaved areas. Neighborhood walking air samples were influenced by immediate roadway traffic conditions, such as encounters with diesel trucks, approaching in close proximity to freeways and/or busy roadways, passing cigarette smokers, and gardening activity. The elevated black carbon concentrations occur near the highway corridors and regions with high diesel traffic and high industry. This project provides consolidated data-driven transportation information to the public including: 1. Transportation-related particle pollution data 2. Spatial analyses of geocoded vehicle emissions 3. Neighborhood characterization for the built environment such as cities, buildings, roads, parks, walkways, etc.
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Jacobsen, Nils. Linjebussens vekst og fall i den voksende byen: en studie av bybussenes geografiske kvalitet Stavanger – Sandnes 1920 – 2010. University of Stavanger, listopad 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.244.
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Linear city bus services are facing increased challenges from city growth. Increased number of inhabitants on increasing acres of built-up areas, makes it demanding to maintain adequate bus services within reasonable catchment areas. Number of departures per hour give a partial description of the bus service quality. Number of departures give reference to the time aspect of bus service quality, but say nothing about the geographical aspect. What part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service when frequencies are limited? To address the geographical aspect of bus service quality, the term network ratio is introduced. The term Network Ratio (NR) signifies what part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service to or from a certain place in the network. Network Ratio is given as a mathematical term whereby direct bus lines are calculated as a percentage of the entire network. The character and development of Network Ratio in a specific city is illustrated through an analysis of the urban growth of line network and built-up areas in the twin cities of Stavanger and Sandnes. The analysis is covering the period 1920 – 2000 in intervals of 20 years from the first bus lines were established in the urban area. Year 2010 is also included due to major changes implemented right after the turn of the millennium. Development show there is a close relation between bus network and built-up areas. When areas are being built, bus lines follow. The initial fase 1920 – 40 with extensive development of bus lines combined with some areal growth, is followed by a fase of consolidation 1940 – 60. The latter period is characterized by moderate areal growth, extended lines reducing network ratios, and increasing frequencies on the best bus lines. Extensive areal growth in the following period 1960 – 80, implies increased number of bus lines. As a consequence network ratios as well as frequencies are falling in the entire network. In 1960 certain lines had developed as much as 6 departures per hour, while maximum bus line frequency in 1980 has diminished to 2. New bus service development is introduced in the following period between 1980 and 2000. Numerous bus companies are united, and a more comprehensive planning of bus services are applied. The number of bus lines is stabilized at about 40, the fall in network ratio is reduced, and certain lines develop 4 departures per hour. Parallell to the bus development, growth of built-up areas is slowing down due to increased urban renewal with higher densities within built-up areas. In the period 2000 – 2010 new efforts are given to the development of bus services. Development of Network Ratio takes a new direction: The length of network links with high NR is increasing, while links with very low NR are diminishing. Number of bus lines is decreasing, and by 2010 almost 50% of the bus lines are served with 4 departures or more. Passenger comfort is improved in buses as well as on bus stops, and low floor buses are introduced to ease accessibility. Bus service quality is further developed after 2010. Digital services are introduced including digital ticketing, bus service information and real-time information on internet. In addition real-time information is presented at high frequency bus stops through visual screen and auditory speaker. Inside the buses name of next stop is given on screen and through loudspeaker. Further development of the bus services, should include improved Network Ratios in the entire network, as well as increased frequencies on major bus corridors. The latter is a task not only for the bus service planners, but just as well for the city planners and politicians in collaboration with the developers implementing urban density and allocation of important destinations. A last, but not least, objective for bus service development will be to improve punctuality and total travel time. Today a considerable proportion of city bus services are delayed in car traffic congestions. This is occurring especially on main streets and during rush hours. A set of different solutions are needed to address this question: 1. Dedicated bus streets (including car access to limited addresses) 2. Bus lines through local streets in concentrated housing, office and shopping areas. 3. Dedicated bus lane on main streets where possible. 4. Car traffic regulations on main streets without space for extra bus lane. As an overall vision, we need to cultivate the word of Flemming Larsen: urban growth as pearls on a string, as shown in fig. 13 and fig. 14.
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Hossain, Sharif M. I., Shongkour Roy, Sigma Ainul, Abdullah Al Mahmud Shohag, A. T. M. Rezaul Karim i Ubaidur Rob. Assessing effectiveness of a person-centered group ANC-PNC model among first-time young mothers and their partners for improving quality and use of MNCH-FP services. Population Council, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2022.1041.
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This baseline report is part of an operations research project “Healthy Women, Healthy Families (HWHF): Shustha Ma, Shustha Poribar” led by Management Sciences for Health (MSH) in partnership with BRAC, SCOPE, and the Population Council. The project aims to improve quality and increase utilization of maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) and family planning (FP) services and information for young mothers-to-be, first-time mothers (FTMs) aged 15-24, and their partners in the urban municipality of Tongi, Gazipur District, Bangladesh, through a group antenatal care ANC-PNC approach. The objectives of this study are to establish baseline values of selected HWHF project result indicators against which the impacts of the project’s intervention can be measured. The target group is young, first-time parents and the study examines the current status of knowledge on MNCH-FP and access to services among FTMs. This quasi-experimental pre-post control group design study employs both quantitative and qualitative data-collection methods. A simple random sampling procedure was employed to select respondents from BRAC FTM lists, while qualitative informants were selected purposively.