Rozprawy doktorskie: „Urban birds”

1

Lock, Nga Yi, i 駱雅儀. "The ecology of urban birds in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31240665.

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Cannon, Andrew R. "Wild birds in urban gardens : opportunity or constraint?" Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2005. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10287/.

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This thesis examines whether urban residential areas, where small private gardens are the main wildlife resource, offer wild birds ecological opportunities as habitat or impose ecological constraints on them. Ecological opportunities should facilitate the establishment of an avifauna that does not depend on immigration, is similar in composition and structure to those in less-urbanised gardens and comprises individuals within normal ranges of biometrics, behaviour and condition. Ecological constraints may compromise the sustainability of this avifauna and restrict successful exploitation of the habitat to birds of particular characteristics. The analyses presented first investigate which bird species urbanise and why, and secondly which species use gardens and how. Patterns and trends in the use of gardens by British birds are examined, in general and in urban areas. A case study builds on these two themes, linking urban and garden ornithology by investigating an avifauna that uses gardens as its primary habitat but within a highly-urbanised context. Field studies of the breeding avifauna and some aspects of its ecology are presented, together with data from a ringing study on the use of feeding stations and the mobility and persistence of individual birds. More bird species urbanise than might be expected and urbanisation is not restricted to species with high behavioural flexibility. Gardens are an extension of natural habitat for many species, but in urban gardens utilisation rates are declining more than in gardens elsewhere, raising concerns for urban conservation policy. Small gardens in a highlyurbanised area support a breeding avifauna that is of low density but appears sustainable and of stable composition with individual birds maintaining normal territoriality and persisting over time. The spatial distribution of breeding territories is related to all-year artificial feeding but not to cat activity, and the mechanisms of birds' adaptation to urban life show interesting variation between species.

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Lock, Nga-yi. "The ecology of urban birds in Hong Kong /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22424945.

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Hedblom, Marcus. "Birds and butterflies in Swedish urban and peri-urban habitats : a landscape perspective /". Uppsala : Dept. of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200760.pdf.

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Hedblom, Marcus Söderström Bo. "Birds and butterflies in Swedish urban and peri-urban habitats : a landscape perspective /". Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00001453/.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007.
Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Includes appendix of four papers and manuscripts co-authored with Bo Söderström. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.

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6

Pedley, Daniel James. "Birds and people in towns and cities : an exploration of human-bird relations in urban areas". Thesis, University of Hull, 2010. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3446.

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Urban nature conservation and sustainability discourses regularly state a desire to bring more �nature� and wildlife into towns and cities - for the perceived good of both people and wildlife. Yet many wildlife species that already live in urban areas are often seen as undesirable by people, and are caught up in the parallel discourses and practices of pest control. This partial disparity between the types of wildlife successfully inhabiting urban areas and the types that, put simplistically, different people want or don�t want in urban areas is further complicated by the heterogeneity of humans, nonhumans, ideas, practices and space-times that co-constitute the character of, and the uneven geographies of, different human-wildlife relations in urban areas. This heterogeneity, and these uneven relations, creates practical and ethical issues, not only for those directly involved in policy and management, but also for the constitution and potential implementation of a diverse body of social science theory that is concerned with developing an expanded political collective and fostering better relations between humans and nonhumans. In light of these issues, this thesis has examined and compared the specific constitution of particular, different, and uneven human-wildlife relations in urban areas in the cases of different bird species, with a particular focus on the built environment. It has subsequently considered the problems and opportunities that arise in seeking better relations. Using an approach derived from relational thinking, the contingent knowledges/ideas, practices, and human and nonhuman agencies involved in these relations have been assessed, revealing how diverse human-bird relations, and certain urban-space times, are produced. In spite of the problems that the heterogeneity and complexity of these relations presents for living with wildlife in urban areas, this thesis concludes that creatively experimenting with the form and practice of diverse urban landscapes offers opportunities for better relations.

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Smith, Nicoleen Celeste. "Birds and the urban ecology of Potchefstroom / Nicoleen Celeste Smith". Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/593.

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Human activities cause drastic changes in the environment, such as the fragmentation of habitats, which is the greatest threat to the world's biodiversity and biogeography. By using birds to study habitat changes, it is possible that the type of habitat qualities that may still be possible near and in cities could be determined. It is possible that by improving the quality or conditions of habitats for birds, habitat qualities for other fauna would also improve. Birds are also considered to be good indicators as they are collectively sensitive to changes in their environments; however, they are also easy and relatively inexpensive to survey. There is no single definition for an urban area, however, these are the places where environmental problems greatly affect the quality of life. Urbanisation is a continuous complex process and in order to understand the ecology of urban areas, the reasons and factors behind this process need to be understood. Cities themselves represent the extremes of human-modified environments and usually only contain a few remnants of the original habitat. On the other hand, many cities in South Africa are characterised by secondary woodland, as trees and other plants are planted in gardens and parks. This creates habitat that could be advantageous to birds. Biotopes have been used to map this aspect of cities, and it has generally been assumed that birds will distribute accordingly. The hypothesis for this study was as follows: Due to the mobility of birds, coupled with their ability to use multiple biotopes (e.g. nesting and feeding), urban bird communities or bird demography will show patterns different from vegetation and structure based biotopes alone, and could therefore be considered as avitopes. The primary aim of this study was to determine the distribution patterns of avian diversity in Potchefstroom. Secondary aims/objectives for this study included: Determining the bird species distribution in Potchefstroom using point counts Determining the distribution of feeding and nesting guilds in Potchefstroom Determining whether it is possible to identify urban avian indicators with this type of research To investigate, develop and define the concept of "active-habitat selectors" (AHS) To introduce, develop and define the concept of "avitopes" The research area included the city of Potchefstroom, with its associated suburban areas, lkageng, Promosa, Mohadin, the rural areas and the surrounding natural areas. Point counts were used to identify bird species at 56 different sites. The data was analysed using to two different programmes, GS+ and Primer 5. The data was analysed according to species richness, species abundance and numbers of birds. I found that species were most abundant in the agricultural areas, the eastern residential areas and the military areas. The socio-economic factors affecting the abundance and distribution of all the species, still needs to be further researched. When looking at the total avian biomass for this study, biomass was highest in the industrial area, which is probably the most highly urbanised site in the study area, due to the high numbers of doves and pigeons. The results for species richness indicated that the greatest species richness occurred in the less highly urbanised areas, and was lowest in the more highly urbanised (industrial) areas. The lower half of the western part of lkageng also had a low species richness, even though this is not a highly urbanised area. However, it is possible that conditions in this area are highly unsuitable for bird species due to various reasons such nesting availability, resource availability, density of people etc. When looking at the results for granivores, the majority of the species, and more so their numbers, were found primarily in the urbanised areas, with some present in the agricultural areas. However, this could possibly be put down to the fact that the agricultural areas are primarily a foraging area. In the case of omnivores, the highest numbers were found in the military areas and included only a small part of the very top section of the residential areas. The military areas are not highly urbanised areas. However, it is possible the reason for their low occurrence in the more urbanised areas was due to the insufficient 0bSeNati0n time, since omnivores were 0bSe~edin many of the more urban areas whilst not sampling in those areas. Omnivores and granivores are superior competitors when compared to other species, as they are better able to exploit urban food resources. In the case of the insectivores, the majority of them were located outside of the more urbanised areas; however, a focal point did occur in the very southern tip of the eastern residential areas. It is possible that they nest in this part of the residential areas but forage in the nearby agricultural areas. Birds were therefore not restricted to a single area or biotope, as they are able to utilise various suitable areas for different purposes e.g. foraging, nesting etc. Because of their mobility and ability to choose a suitable habitat, I have introduced the concept of active-habitat-selectors (AHS) in this study. Various elements support this idea, such as birds being able to choose a suitable habitat through choice, rather than as an automatic response, and that birds are able to continuously select habitats to support their needs etc. A preliminary definition for AHS could be the following: Active habitat selectors are those species of which the adult individuals within their lifetime are almost continuously able to select multiple, suitable habitats for different purposes, through choice, due to their mobility and comparative knowledge of different available habitats that are in range. The concept of avitopes has also been introduced and various elements have been taken into account with its definition. Some of these elements include, birds are good indicators of environmental change, they are not restricted to any single areas, etc. Various elements should be considered when defining avitopes. A preliminary definition could be: Avitopes are geographically delineated areas, defined by diversity indices, and do not take into account non-naturally occurring, nonvagrant, and otherwise generalist bird species. There are still arguable aspects of these definitions, which will require more development, refinement and research. All the objectives for this study have been achieved and new issues identified, that will require further investigation.
Thesis (M. Environmental Sciences)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

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8

Timmermans, Sarah. "Opportunism and the neostriatalhyperstriatum complex in birds". Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30757.

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This research seeks to pinpoint the telencephalic structures most closely correlated with feeding flexibility, which is operationalised as feeding innovation rate per taxon. By calculating a weighted average per taxon of 1030 feeding innovations collated from five zones of the world (western Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand and India), the study shows that relative size of the hyperstriatum ventrale and, to a lesser extent, the neostriatum , best predicts weighted innovation rate; these two structures are thought to be functionally equivalent to the mammalian neocortex. The worst telencephalic predictors of innovation rate are two structures respectively thought to be involved in primary visual projection and the control of stereotyped, species-specific behaviour, the wulst area and the paleostriatum.
A second presumed correlate of behavioural flexibility, taxonomic variation in the use of urbanised and other anthropogenically-modified habitats, shows a consistent pattern in four geographical zones (Great Britain, North America, Australia and New Guinea), as well as a qualitative association with the relative size of the forebrain. There is no linear correlation, however, between urbanisation rate per taxon and either forebrain size or innovation rate, suggesting that other variables like diet, tameness and neophilia may have to be quantified at finer taxonomic levels in future studies of opportunism in habitat use.

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9

Whittaker, Kara Ayn. "Dispersal, habitat use, and survival of native forest songbirds in an urban landscape /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5483.

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10

Smith-Castro, Jennifer R. "Impacts of recreational trails on breeding birds in forested urban parks". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1204664592.

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11

Hanmer, Hugh James. "Unintended consequences : how human intervention affects the ecology of urban birds". Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/74256/.

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Urbanisation is an ever-growing threat to global wildlife. Nevertheless, urban areas around the world hold significant wild bird populations and urban birds provide a key connection between people and wildlife. Many people provide supplementary resources, such as food and nesting sites. However, even apparently beneficial actions may have unintended negative consequences. This work explores some of these direct and indirect effects. Grey Squirrels Sciurus carolinensis are a widespread, introduced species in the UK, acting both as a competitor for resources with birds and predator of their nests. When present, Grey Squirrels effectively excluded birds from supplementary feeding stations. Allowing them unrestricted access both supports their energy requirements and reduces its availability to target taxa, through both behavioural exclusion and food consumption. In addition, nest predation was higher in artificial nests adjacent to filled bird feeders which were frequented by potential nest predators and the exclusion of these predators did not significantly reduce nest predation. Providing point attractants during the breeding season may therefore depress local urban bird breeding success in addition to directly supporting predator/competitor populations. Garden supplementary feeding stations may also represent a threat to wild bird and human health through pathogen transmission. Bacterial communities were found to differ between two bird feeder types but there was little association between feeder usage by animals and bacterial load or pathogen presence in a typical UK suburban garden bird-feeding setting. Nest boxes are commonly provided for cavity nesting urban birds as an additional supplementary resource. Nest box using Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus and Great Tits Parus major differed in their use of anthropogenic material. Anthropogenic nest material was associated with lower arthropod diversity and ectoparasite predator abundance but higher ectoparasite loads. Higher arthropod diversity was linked to lower flea numbers, implying more complex arthropod communities depressed ectoparasite abundance though no direct link was found between these factors with breeding success. Domestic cats Felis catus are the most abundant predator in many urban ecosystems. Cat home ranges varied with level of urbanisation and they ranged significantly further during the night. To reduce the probability of Domestic Cats entering local protected areas a management zone of 300-400m from the nearest housing was estimated to be of management value and must be adjusted to the local landscape to ensure effectiveness. Despite the various negative effects highlighted in this thesis, the findings suggest that many of them can be mitigated, to ensure that our best intentions do effectively benefit urban birds.

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12

Moraes, Aline Ferraz Gringo [UNESP]. "Assembleia de aves no meio urbano e suas relações com áreas verdes". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143802.

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A urbanização altera a composição e a diversidade das comunidades bióticas, por esse motivo pesquisas ecológicas têm sido realizadas nas cidades com o objetivo de reconhecer seus impactos. As aves, consideradas bioindicadores, têm sido intensamente estudadas em áreas urbanas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a riqueza e a abundância da avifauna na área urbana de Bauru (SP), bem como verificar como diferentes coberturas vegetais podem interferir na comunidade de aves. A avifauna foi amostrada entre dezembro de 2014 e novembro de 2015 em quatro áreas, sendo três condomínios residenciais e um campus universitário. As observações ocorreram mensalmente em cada uma das áreas, sendo uma hora no período matutino e uma hora no período vespertino. O método utilizado foi o transecto linear com duração de 60 minutos, totalizando 96 horas de observação. Em todas as áreas foi realizada a caracterização da cobertura vegetal arbórea como número de espécies e de indivíduos utilizando amostras de vegetação paralelas aos transectos. Foi observado que a riqueza de aves aumentou com a riqueza da vegetação. Além disso, as áreas mais urbanizadas e com menor diversidade vegetal estiveram relacionadas com alta abundancia e poucas espécies de aves. Sugerindo que uma maior riqueza da cobertura arbórea, mesmo em áreas centrais das cidades, pode auxiliar na presença da avifauna.
Urbanization alters the composition and diversity of biotic community, therefore ecological research has been conducted in the cities in order to recognize its impacts. The birds, considered bioindicators, have been intensively studied in urban areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the richness and abundance of avifauna in the urban area of Bauru, state of São Paulo (SP), Brazil, as well as verify how different vegetation covers may interfere with the bird community. The avifauna was sampled between December 2014 and November 2015 in four areas: three residential condominiums and a university campus. The observations were monthly held in each of the areas, one hour in the morning and one hour in the afternoon. The method used was linear transect with a duration of 60 minutes, totaling 96 hours of observation. In all areas, it was carried out the characterization of arboreal vegetation cover, as for the number of species and individuals, using parallel vegetation samples to transects. It was observed that the richness of birds increased with the richness of vegetation. In addition, more urbanized areas and with less plant diversity were related to high abundance and a few species of birds. Suggesting that the richness of arboreal covering, even in central areas of cities, may assist in the presence of avifauna.

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McCaffrey, Rachel. "Assessing Patterns of Abundance and the Influence of Habitat Features and Scale on Birds in an Urban Environment". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194004.

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My doctoral research focused on birds in the urban environment of Tucson, Arizona. Urban environments present unique challenges and opportunities for ecological research and conservation, and my work illustrates these aspects. From 2003-2008, I coordinated the Tucson Bird Count (TBC), a citywide bird survey program conducted by volunteer birders. My work with the TBC suggests that citizen-scientists may represent a valuable resource for ecologists because they can collect data over large scales and/or time periods. However, the environmental changes induced by humans in urban areas can also have significant negative impacts on native wildlife. My research indicates that for many native bird species, these impacts can be reduced through the actions of individual homeowners, neighborhood groups, and city and regional planners and managers. In working to maintain these species, it is important to consider both the specific habitat features important for each species, as well as the scale at which the species respond to these features.

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Ausprey, Ian J. "Post-fledging Ecology of Two Songbird Species Across a Rural-to-Urban Landscape Gradient". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276811589.

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Liu, Chengyi. "How does greenspace design affect attractiveness to birds and humans in urban area?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-416224.

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City greenspaces are often considered as refuges for wildlife living in the urban area.At the same time, the original function of greenspaces is providing relaxing places forpeople. So, to provide suitable area for both humans and wildlife in the city, it isimportant to learn about the preference to city greenspace design by humans and birds.In this study, I selected 45 city greenspaces from Stockholm and Uppsala, Sweden, andused opportunistic citizen science bird records, environmental parameters ofgreenspaces analyzed by GIS and an online social survey to compare the preference ofbirds (using bird diversity as a proxy for preference) and humans living in urban areawith respect to certain environmental parameters of city greenspaces. I found that bothpeople and birds prefer greenspaces with large area, and some water area in or aroundgreenspace. I also found some conflicting preferences in that people more preferredgreenspaces near the city center but bird diversity was higher in greenspaces fartherfrom the city center. These results might bring new mind for urban ecology researchand ecofriendly city greenspace design. Greenspaces with larger area and water areawould be preferred by both people and birds.

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16

Moraes, Aline Ferraz Gringo. "Assembleia de aves no meio urbano e suas relações com áreas verdes". Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143802.

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Orientador: Reginaldo José Donatelli
Resumo: A urbanização altera a composição e a diversidade das comunidades bióticas, por esse motivo pesquisas ecológicas têm sido realizadas nas cidades com o objetivo de reconhecer seus impactos. As aves, consideradas bioindicadores, têm sido intensamente estudadas em áreas urbanas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a riqueza e a abundância da avifauna na área urbana de Bauru (SP), bem como verificar como diferentes coberturas vegetais podem interferir na comunidade de aves. A avifauna foi amostrada entre dezembro de 2014 e novembro de 2015 em quatro áreas, sendo três condomínios residenciais e um campus universitário. As observações ocorreram mensalmente em cada uma das áreas, sendo uma hora no período matutino e uma hora no período vespertino. O método utilizado foi o transecto linear com duração de 60 minutos, totalizando 96 horas de observação. Em todas as áreas foi realizada a caracterização da cobertura vegetal arbórea como número de espécies e de indivíduos utilizando amostras de vegetação paralelas aos transectos. Foi observado que a riqueza de aves aumentou com a riqueza da vegetação. Além disso, as áreas mais urbanizadas e com menor diversidade vegetal estiveram relacionadas com alta abundancia e poucas espécies de aves. Sugerindo que uma maior riqueza da cobertura arbórea, mesmo em áreas centrais das cidades, pode auxiliar na presença da avifauna.
Abstract: Urbanization alters the composition and diversity of biotic community, therefore ecological research has been conducted in the cities in order to recognize its impacts. The birds, considered bioindicators, have been intensively studied in urban areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the richness and abundance of avifauna in the urban area of Bauru, state of São Paulo (SP), Brazil, as well as verify how different vegetation covers may interfere with the bird community. The avifauna was sampled between December 2014 and November 2015 in four areas: three residential condominiums and a university campus. The observations were monthly held in each of the areas, one hour in the morning and one hour in the afternoon. The method used was linear transect with a duration of 60 minutes, totaling 96 hours of observation. In all areas, it was carried out the characterization of arboreal vegetation cover, as for the number of species and individuals, using parallel vegetation samples to transects. It was observed that the richness of birds increased with the richness of vegetation. In addition, more urbanized areas and with less plant diversity were related to high abundance and a few species of birds. Suggesting that the richness of arboreal covering, even in central areas of cities, may assist in the presence of avifauna.
Mestre

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Kale, Manoj Ashokrao. "Bird Species in Urban and Agricultural Landscapes : Bird diversity patterns along an urbanisation gradient and crop damage caused by birds on the Deccan Plateau, India". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-154421.

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The major human activities that have transformed the Earth include agriculture and urbanization. The present study was conducted to contribute to a description of the effect on birds of urbanization and agriculture in an Indian region. Terrestrial bird assemblages were censused along a five-stage urbanisation gradient between January and April 2010-2013 near the city of Amravati, on the Deccan Plateau, Central India. Altogether, 89 species of birds were recorded, with the highest species richness in the rural areas (67 species) and lowest in the urban stage (29 species). The assemblages were significantly nested in all the five stages. Maximum cumulative species abundance (12 399 individuals over four years) was found in the urban stage, and was due to the constant presence of large groups of Rose-ringed Parakeets (Psittacula krameri). The lowest bird abundance was found in the industrial zone (4837 in total), where there was also a nearly two-fold decrease from 2010 to 2013. Thirty-six species demonstrated significant variation in their densities at least in one stage and between at least two months (p<0.05). Densities of 13.9% (n=5) of those species varied significantly in two stages, that of Copsychus saularis in three stages, and of Phoenicurus ochruros, in all five stages. Urban, suburban, periurban and forest stages were characterised by relatively stable species densities (significant changes observed only for 17.2% (n=5), 17.1% (n=6), 12.9% (n=7), and 17.8% (n=16) species, respectively). The additive diversity partitioning indicated that of the overall diversity (gamma-diversity), alpha diversity (within transects located within one stage) contributed 50.1% to the total diversity, and the controbution of within-stage variability was small (2.7%). Additionally, censuses on cultivated fields were taken. In two areas under mixed cropping systems, 53 bird species were identified in the two years period between June and December, 2011 and 2012. Out of the 53 detected species, only 14 were common (recorded at ≥50% of visits). Twenty-one species were recorded at Zadgaon in crops of tur (Cajanus cajan), cotton (Gossypium arboreum) and soybean (Glycine max). Nineteen species were recorded at Bhankhed in jawar (Sorghum bicolor), cotton and mung bean (Phaseolus aureus). At Zadgaon, territorial activity was observed in four species: the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), Jungle Babbler (Turdoides striata), Yellow-eyed Babbler (Chrysomma sinense) and Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus). The study indicated that four bird species were found under high risk, thirteen species at medium risk and eight species at low risk due to pesticide applications in croplands. The extent of crop damage in fields of groundnut, pearl millet, peas, sorghum, and sunflower was assessed by doing actual field censuses. The sustainable solution for reducing crop damage is a need for the farmers and such techniques will help to avoid direct or indirect effects of use of lethal bird control techniques on bird species diversity.

QC 20141022

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McCurdy, Jason D. "The effects of human development on avian diversity along an urban-rural gradient in Iowa City, Iowa". Thesis, University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2119.

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The human population is rapidly urbanizing. While this will undoubtedly present challenges for humans it will also place pressure on birds in these areas. To better manage these spaces in a manner that promotes avian biodiversity, we must first come to understand how human development affects the distribution and abundance of bird species and guilds within cities and if patterns observed previously in large cities can be extended to smaller ones. Breeding birds were surveyed along a gradient of increasing urbanization in Iowa City, Iowa, during the summers of 2014 and 2015. Study areas included a forested park, recreational park, low density residential area, medium density residential area, high density/mixed-use area, and urban core. Birds were censused a total of four times at each site using variable circular plot counts. Landscape characteristics were measured using a high resolution land cover dataset and tree canopy model. Regression models were developed to investigate relationships between the bird community and land cover characteristics. Bird species richness, diversity, and evenness all decreased with increasing urbanization, while biomass and the number of individuals peaked in the urban core. The community shifted from non-native, resident, granivorous, multi-brooding building nesters in highly developed areas to native, migrant, invertivorous, single-brooding, tree and tree cavity nesters at the least developed sites. Regression models indicated varied relationships among landscape characteristics and species richness and community prevalence of functional guilds. Native, migratory, invertivorous, tree cavity-nesting, and single-brooding species showed negative relationships to variables measuring the built environment, while non-native, resident, granivorous, building nesting, and multi-brooding species showed positive relationships to these measures. Overall, the response of avian functional guilds to varying levels of urban intensity in Iowa City were remarkably similar to the results of previous studies. This suggests that much of what has been learned previously concerning avian responses to human development can be extended to planning and implementing conservation strategies in smaller cities.

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Leston, Lionel. "Are urban forests ecological traps for understory birds? An examination with Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis Cardinalis)". The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1407239353.

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Frederick, Teresa Moore 1963. "Patterns of habitat use by birds and lizards in urban river corridors of Tucson, Arizona". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278547.

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I surveyed songbirds and lizards adjacent to dry rivers throughout metropolitan Tucson and related species richness to recreational use and habitat using stepwise multiple regression. Habitat characteristics included vegetation structure and floristics in river-edge areas, adjacent land uses, and land uses of the surrounding landscape. Bank stabilization had a negative effect on species richness of all bird groups. Total vegetation cover, mesquite (Prosopis velutina) density, and natural open space had a positive effect on species richness of most bird groups. Tall vegetation was important for species richness of lizards. River corridors could function as conservation corridors for five bird species and two lizard species. However, habitat for many other species was not continuous across the metropolitan area. Recommendations include protecting mesquite bosques without bank stabilization, protecting wide areas of upland vegetation near large protected areas, and increasing structural diversity and use of native plants in river parkways.

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Hull, Jamie Rebekah. "Can urban greenways provide high quality avian habitat?" Connect to this title online, 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06052003-131934/.

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22

Ahrné, Karin. "Local management and landscape effects on diversity of bees, wasps, and birds in urban green areas /". Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00001766/.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008.
Includes reprints of four papers and manuscripts co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also partially issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks reprints of four papers and manuscripts.

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23

Angelstam, Mikael. "Urban green space for human well-being and biodiversity : Do people and birds favour the same?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-100222.

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Urban green space has been proven by the field of environmental psychology to have high value for human well-being. Green space is also important for biodiversity. However, the management of urban green space is commonly focused on present aesthetic values and not on the level of naturalness and its consequences for humans and biodiversity. This study compares the green space situation in relation to human well-being and biodiversity in Lviv, Ukraine and Stockholm, Sweden. By sampling urban green space gradients, from unnatural to natural, as well as collecting data about visiting people and bird taxa in those areas, comparisons between these two response variables and the level of naturalness were made. The results show correlations between the level of naturalness and the social structure of human visitors as well as to the bird taxa present. The results thus indicate that both human well-being and biodiversity is positively related to the level of naturalness of green space. Since more and more people live in urban areas decision-makers should leave sufficient amounts of green space, for the inhabitants’ well-being, both people and other species, in physical planning. Given generally low levels of green space in urban settings, areas for recreation and rehabilitation should be enhanced further.

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24

Guymon, Ruth A. "Birds in Residential Metropolitan New Orleans Neighborhoods and Their Relationships to the Batture and Yard Vegetation". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1537.

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Metropolitan New Orleans Neighborhoods were surveyed in order to determine how bird populations responded to distance from the batture, percent canopy cover, stem counts, and understory vegetation. Surveys were conducted in the spring and summer of 2010. It was found that batture birds, urban birds, and pooled birds all had greater species richness and abundance in the spring in areas with more canopy cover, higher stem counts, more understory vegetation, and distances closer to the batture. In the summer, batture birds had greater richness and abundance in areas with more canopy cover, higher stem counts, and more understory cover. This group of birds also had greater richness nearer the batture in the summer, but there were no significant abundance tests. Urban birds showed no preferences for any of the vegetative variables, but showed some tendency to have greater richness further away from the batture. Pooled birds did not significantly respond to any of the variables during the summer. Fifteen individual species of birds were also analyzed to see how they responded to the same variables.

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25

Wong, Mei-ling. "Urban renewal and cultural heritage conservation in Hong Kong : a case study of Hong Lok Street renewal project /". [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14802399.

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26

Rousseau, Josée. "Avian diversity, assemblages and use of vegetation, mainly by shrub-nesters, in an urban ecosystem". Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82419.

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Urbanization is known to have a negative impact on biodiversity. However, it is possible to increase bird species richness in cities through local actions such as increasing vegetation density and diversity. My first objective was to compare bird density and diversity on the island of Montreal among four urban habitat types: low-density and medium-density residential sectors, and residential and natural parks. A second objective was to determine the presence of bird species assemblages within these four urban habitats and a third was to explore associative relationships among six mainly shrub-nesting bird species and the vegetation they use. Point counts were conducted in each of 103 locations. Environmental variables measured consisted of the type (coniferous versus deciduous), density and height of vegetation within each 1 ha sector. Results revealed a decrease in bird abundance from medium-density residential habitats, residential park, low density residential habitats to natural parks and an increase in diversity from medium density residential habitats, low density residential habitats, residential parks to natural parks. Bird assemblages were determined through correspondence analysis. Most bird species were associated with at least one type of urban habitat. Associations between bird species and vegetation were measured through canonical correspondence analysis. The six focal species associated with shrubs demonstrated different levels of association with different habitat variables.

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27

Hiding, Camilla. "Diversity of birds in relation to area, vegetation structure and connectivity in urban green areas in La Paz, Bolivia". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-79408.

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With a growing human population, cities keep growing worldwide altering ecosystem and thereby affecting the species living in these areas. Most studies of urbanization and its effect on ecosystem have been conducted in the western world and little is known about its effect in the neotropical part of the world. I examined effects of fragment size, vegetation structure and connectivity of urban green areas on bird species richness, mean abundance, diversity and biomass in La Paz, Bolivia. Additionally, the effects of different disturbance variables on bird community were evaluated. In total, 36 bird species were found in 24 fragment of varying size, connectivity and level of disturbance. Bird species richness decreased with increasing disturbance while connectivity and fragment size did not contribute significantly to explain the variation in species richness at count point scale (p>0.005, multiple linear regression). At fragment scale, however, species richness increased with fragment sizes, which has been shown in other studies from neotrophical regions. Variation in abundance, diversity or biomass could not be explained by connectivity, fragment size or disturbance. Furthermore, coverage of construction had a negative effect on species richness while coverage of bushes and coverage of herbs were negatively related to biomass and diversity, respectively. The composition of bird species differed with size and disturbance of the fragments, so that more omnivorous and granivorous species such as Zonotrichia capensis, Turdus chiguanco and Zenaida auriculata, were present in areas highly affected by human activities. Larger fragments, less affected by human presence held a larger proportion of insectivorous species.

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28

Finnicum, Nicole E. "Patterns of Avian Species Diversity Along an Urbanization Gradient in Edinburgh, Scotland". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1338500714.

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29

Pennington, Derric Neville. "LAND USE EFFECTS ON URBAN RIPARIAN BIRD COMMUNITIES DURING THE MIGRATORY AND BREEDING SEASON IN THE GREATER CINCINNATI METROPOLITAN AREA". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1071084848.

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30

Harring-Harris, Kaarissa. "Preventing bird declines in urban landscapes: Influence of behavioural traits and streetscape plantings". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2022. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2538.

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Urbanisation is thought to be the leading cause of habitat loss and ecosystem fragmentation world-wide. Australian urban bird communities are constantly under threat from landscape modification and the associated disturbances. The Perth metropolitan region, Western Australia provides a unique case study to observe the impact of a developing city that is also located in a biodiversity hotspot. The long-term reporting rate of 66 small passerine birds was analysed on a time and spatial scale, utilising 20 years of citizen science from Birdata collected by birdwatchers. The study compared the overall change in reporting rate to changes in the urban environment, focusing on human population density and the canopy cover of native trees. Life history traits were also used to determine if certain groups/guilds of birds responded differently to changes in the urban landscape. This study revealed that a concerning number of urban sensitive native species are in decline and are being replaced by native and exotic ‘urban-exploiters’. Species that were found to be most at risk in this study were foraging specialists, particularly insectivores, small understorey-dependent birds, and species reliant on large bushland remnants. The study also found generalist species and large nectarivorous birds are increasingly dominating the urban community. Australian urban gardens and streets are lined with nectar-rich, seed-producing vegetation both native and exotic; therefore, favouring species that have the ability to exploit novel foraging resources. Significant loss of habitat in lower strata levels, as a result of land clearing, has reduced the connectivity between large bushland remnants. This has led to urban bird communities becoming overrun by species that frequently utilise the upper canopy and/or thrive in open green areas. Many endemic and native species are locally threatened, and by identifying ‘at risk’ species we can better understand the association between environmental and ecological factors and the impact they have on an individual’s urban tolerance.

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31

Evans, Darren J., i n/a. "The influence of exotic shrubs on birds or urban yellow box-blakly's red gum (E. melliodora-E. blakelyi) woodland in Canberra". University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060707.144146.

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This study considered the influence of exotic shrubs on birds in urban patches of Yellow Box- Blakely's Red Gum (E. melliodora-E. blakelyi) woodlands in the Australian Capital Territory, Canberra. The aim of this research was to identify native and exotic birds that have their abundance influenced by exotic shrubs. The purpose of this work was to provide more information to managers of this woodland about the potential impacts of weed control on birds living in woodland reserves adjacent to suburban areas. Birds were sampled between 1996 and 1998 using the twenty minute area-search method to derive estimates of bird abundance. Around 680 twenty minute area-searches were completed, with 665 of these undertaken at 12 two hectare plots with varying levels of exotic shrub cover over a period of ten months. The abundance of birds for each of the ten months sampled were compared by pooling sites into four classes of exotic shrub cover. Classes of exotic shrub cover were nil, light, moderate and dense. Seasonal inferences were drawn from non-parametric analysis of variance. Non-parametric measures of association were used to test for correlation between the mean abundance of bird species at different woodland sites and percentage foliage estimates of exotic shrub cover. Percentage foliage estimates of native shrub cover were included in tests for correlation between bird abundance and exotic shrub cover by applying partial measures of association. To support statistical information, observations of birds in exotic shrub cover were also recorded. In one woodland site birds were sampled before and after the removal of exotic shrub cover. No statistical tests were applied to these samples because of a lack of replication; however, descriptive graphs of the abundance of selected birds following weed control are presented. To investigate the effect that exotic shrub invasion may have on the composition of bird assemblages in woodland cluster analysis and ordination of the 12 sites using the mean abundance of the 75 species recorded between July 1997 and June 1998 were also undertaken. The presence of exotic shrub cover in E. melliodora-E. blakelyi woodland in Canberra was found to have differential effects on bird abundance. Wrens, finches, thornbills, whistlers and pigeons were more abundant in woodland sites where exotic shrubs were present when compared to sites with no or little exotic shrub cover. Fruit-eating birds, such as Silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis), Pied Currawong (Strepera graculina) and Crimson Rosella (Platycercus elegans), were more abundant in woodland with exotic shrubs in winter and autumn when these shrubs provided food in the form of berries. The abundance of fruit-eating birds, and wrens and finches was reduced in a single woodland site following the removal of most of the exotic shrub cover. The Common Blackbird (Turdus merula) was the only exotic bird which showed a strong association with exotic shrubs in woodland, while the Laughing Kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) was negatively correlated with exotic shrub cover, possibly because prey is harder to detect and capture in woodland with a shrubby understorey. Cluster analysis and ordination of the 12 woodland sites did not group sites into the four experimental classes used to undertake analysis of variance. Multivariate analysis, however, did reveal that seasonal peaks in the abundance of fruit eating birds affected the composition of bird assemblages by increasing the mean abundance of these birds in densely invaded sites. Similarly, structural differences in the understorey resulted in some birds being more abundant in woodland sites invaded by exotic shrubs when compared to sites lacking a shrubby understorey. The distance between some sites confirmed this stark difference in bird life when plotted in three dimensions. The results of this study suggest that exotic shrubs add food and structural complexity to woodland habitat. Benefits of structural complexity for small native birds in woodland include nest sites and protection from predators. These benefits may operate at certain thresholds of invasion, as the woodland site with the densest level of exotic shrub invasion showed a slight decrease in the number of wrens and finches. Adverse impacts from exotic shrub invasion may include reduced open ground in which to forage and loss of floristic diversity in the understorey. In effect, exotic shrubs add and remove resources in woodland habitat, benefiting some bird species and limiting others. These findings suggest that the removal of exotic shrub cover in woodland located in urban landscapes simplifies the structural complexity of the understorey, reducing the quality of habitat for some birds. Thus, adverse impacts on biodiversity arising from the invasion of exotic shrubs in woodland need to be considered against the important role that a diverse bird population has in maintaining ecosystem function.

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32

ASANTE, MELDOMI ASABEA. "EFFECT OF URBAN RIPARIAN DEVELOPMENT ON BIODIVERSITY; USING BIRDS AND VEGETATION AS ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS IN COOPER CREEK LOCATED IN SOUTHWEST OHIO". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1146157392.

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33

Rollinson, Daniel J., i n/a. "Synanthropy of the Australian Magpie: A Comparison of Populations in Rural and Suburban Areas of Southeast Queensland, Australia". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040924.152124.

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The urbanised environment provides ecologists with unique situations in which to undertake ecological study. It has been said that urbanisation is like a natural experiment; we often have populations of animals that have gone from living in natural or semi-natural environments to living in a highly modified anthropogenic environment. These situations provide ideal settings to study the ecological and behavioural differences that may develop in populations located in different habitats. Urbanisation typically results in a minority of species dominating the fauna, and this thesis aimed to examine one such species, the Australian magpie. Despite the magpie being a common and well-liked suburban bird, the majority of previous research on this species has been undertaken within rural or exurban locations. This thesis aimed to examine what actually happens to the species when it lives in the suburban environment. In particular I focused on specific behavioural and ecological features, to see if there were any particular adaptations the suburban magpies showed and also if the suburban habitats provide certain resources favourable to the magpies and what ecological effects these may have. Comparisons of the territory structure and resources of rural and suburban magpies showed that although many features of the territory are similar between rural and suburban locations, notably the choice of native nest trees, magpie territories within suburban areas were smaller and contained more anthropogenic features. The reduced territory size may possibly be related to a greater abundance of key food resources also evident within suburban areas. Furthermore, suburban magpies are more successful in their foraging attempts, again possibly reflecting a more abundant food supply in suburbia and also the simplified nature of suburban foraging areas might facilitate more successful foraging. The increased foraging success is likely to explain the greater provisioning rate to nestling suburban magpies. Suburban magpies also utilised human provided foods. I quantified the extent of wildlife feeding within many of the suburban study sites of this thesis (through the use of questionnaire surveys). In each of the locations it was evident that at least one person (usually more) was providing a regular supply of food to wildlife and magpies appeared to be the main recipients of this food. Previous ecological studies suggest the provision of extra food to avian populations is likely to affect the breeding ecology, and this was so for magpies. The suburban populations initiated breeding significantly earlier than rural magpies. To test the influence of food, supplementary food was provided to rural magpies, not currently receiving any additional human provided foods. The fed rural magpies initiated breeding before control rural magpies (i.e. not receiving any additional food) but suburban magpies still initiated breeding before all other groups. This suggests additional factors present within suburbia, such as warmer temperatures, may also control the timing of breeding in magpies. Magpies in rural and suburban locations lived within different vertebrate communities. Within suburban magpie territories a greater number of intrusions were made by domestic animals, notably dogs (Canis lupus) and cats (Felis domesticus). The frequency of raptors entering the territorial areas occupied by magpies appears to suggest such events are more common in rural areas. The number of humans entering magpie territories was obviously greater in the more populated suburban areas and the majority of magpies responded neutrally to humans. However a group of magpies that previously exhibited extreme aggression towards humans were found to have a greater frequency of aggressive interactions with potential predatory intruders, which were primarily humans. Subsequent examination of the level of corticosterone from this aggressive group of magpies found that a high level of aggressive interactions with potential predators and humans is reflected in higher level of corticosterone, which may have implications for further behavioural and even physiological changes. An ability to habituate to human in urbanised areas is a key attribute of successful synanthropic species. Comparisons of magpies disturbance distances at different points along the urban gradient (the gradient that runs from the urbaised city to natural wildlands) found suburban magpies only responded to humans when they had approached to a close distance (often less than one metre) and many simply walked away to avoid the approaching human. Rural and exurban magpies responded to humans at greater distances than suburban magpies. The distance at which they responded to the human was usually 100 meters plus, and these magpies always flew away. A continuation of this investigation over a temporal scale again found the large difference in response to humans, with suburban magpies exhibiting a decreased response towards humans. However, a certain proportion of responses from suburban magpies were also aggressive. The examination of disturbance distance over the breeding season found that in suburban magpies the responses of most disturbance distance variables remained similar between breeding stages. Rural magpies, however, exhibited variation in their responses towards humans depending on the stage of breeding. It is suggested that the response of rural magpies may be a typical fear response towards an unusual potential threat. The studies presented in this thesis show that magpies have the behavioural capacity to take advantage of resources in suburban landscapes that are not available or are in lessor supply in rural landscapes, it is these abilities that facilitate the magpies synanthropy.

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34

Rollinson, Daniel J. "Synanthropy of the Australian Magpie: A Comparison of Populations in Rural and Suburban Areas of Southeast Queensland, Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367089.

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The urbanised environment provides ecologists with unique situations in which to undertake ecological study. It has been said that urbanisation is like a natural experiment; we often have populations of animals that have gone from living in natural or semi-natural environments to living in a highly modified anthropogenic environment. These situations provide ideal settings to study the ecological and behavioural differences that may develop in populations located in different habitats. Urbanisation typically results in a minority of species dominating the fauna, and this thesis aimed to examine one such species, the Australian magpie. Despite the magpie being a common and well-liked suburban bird, the majority of previous research on this species has been undertaken within rural or exurban locations. This thesis aimed to examine what actually happens to the species when it lives in the suburban environment. In particular I focused on specific behavioural and ecological features, to see if there were any particular adaptations the suburban magpies showed and also if the suburban habitats provide certain resources favourable to the magpies and what ecological effects these may have. Comparisons of the territory structure and resources of rural and suburban magpies showed that although many features of the territory are similar between rural and suburban locations, notably the choice of native nest trees, magpie territories within suburban areas were smaller and contained more anthropogenic features. The reduced territory size may possibly be related to a greater abundance of key food resources also evident within suburban areas. Furthermore, suburban magpies are more successful in their foraging attempts, again possibly reflecting a more abundant food supply in suburbia and also the simplified nature of suburban foraging areas might facilitate more successful foraging. The increased foraging success is likely to explain the greater provisioning rate to nestling suburban magpies. Suburban magpies also utilised human provided foods. I quantified the extent of wildlife feeding within many of the suburban study sites of this thesis (through the use of questionnaire surveys). In each of the locations it was evident that at least one person (usually more) was providing a regular supply of food to wildlife and magpies appeared to be the main recipients of this food. Previous ecological studies suggest the provision of extra food to avian populations is likely to affect the breeding ecology, and this was so for magpies. The suburban populations initiated breeding significantly earlier than rural magpies. To test the influence of food, supplementary food was provided to rural magpies, not currently receiving any additional human provided foods. The fed rural magpies initiated breeding before control rural magpies (i.e. not receiving any additional food) but suburban magpies still initiated breeding before all other groups. This suggests additional factors present within suburbia, such as warmer temperatures, may also control the timing of breeding in magpies. Magpies in rural and suburban locations lived within different vertebrate communities. Within suburban magpie territories a greater number of intrusions were made by domestic animals, notably dogs (Canis lupus) and cats (Felis domesticus). The frequency of raptors entering the territorial areas occupied by magpies appears to suggest such events are more common in rural areas. The number of humans entering magpie territories was obviously greater in the more populated suburban areas and the majority of magpies responded neutrally to humans. However a group of magpies that previously exhibited extreme aggression towards humans were found to have a greater frequency of aggressive interactions with potential predatory intruders, which were primarily humans. Subsequent examination of the level of corticosterone from this aggressive group of magpies found that a high level of aggressive interactions with potential predators and humans is reflected in higher level of corticosterone, which may have implications for further behavioural and even physiological changes. An ability to habituate to human in urbanised areas is a key attribute of successful synanthropic species. Comparisons of magpies disturbance distances at different points along the urban gradient (the gradient that runs from the urbaised city to natural wildlands) found suburban magpies only responded to humans when they had approached to a close distance (often less than one metre) and many simply walked away to avoid the approaching human. Rural and exurban magpies responded to humans at greater distances than suburban magpies. The distance at which they responded to the human was usually 100 meters plus, and these magpies always flew away. A continuation of this investigation over a temporal scale again found the large difference in response to humans, with suburban magpies exhibiting a decreased response towards humans. However, a certain proportion of responses from suburban magpies were also aggressive. The examination of disturbance distance over the breeding season found that in suburban magpies the responses of most disturbance distance variables remained similar between breeding stages. Rural magpies, however, exhibited variation in their responses towards humans depending on the stage of breeding. It is suggested that the response of rural magpies may be a typical fear response towards an unusual potential threat. The studies presented in this thesis show that magpies have the behavioural capacity to take advantage of resources in suburban landscapes that are not available or are in lessor supply in rural landscapes, it is these abilities that facilitate the magpies synanthropy.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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35

Narango, Desiree Lynn. "Causes and Consequences of Urban-associated Song Variation: A Study of Vocal Behavior in the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)". The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337792731.

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Malpass, Jennifer S. "Effects of food and vegetation on breeding birds and nest predators in the suburban matrix". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1446725882.

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37

Cassel, Kevin William. "FACTORS INFLUENCING SITE OCCUPANCY OF BREEDING BIRDS, HERPTILES, MESOCARNIVORES, AND SMALL MAMMALS ON SUBURBAN FOREST PRESERVES IN THE CHICAGO METROPOLITAN AREA". OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1563.

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Wildlife in urban settings are a management challenge because wildlife populations and their habitats are often fragmented and degraded, but natural resource managers need information concerning their spatial distribution, spatial turnover, and spatial co-occurrence while accounting for imperfect detection. Based in the Chicago Metropolitan Area during 2009-2012, my study modeled 23 species across 5 wildlife taxa concerning patterns of site occupancy, spatial turnover (i.e., colonization and extinction), and/or spatial co-occurrence at 1-2 spatial scales. In detail, I investigated: (1) detection probabilities, site occupancy, and spatial turnover as affected by habitat and anthropogenic influences at 2 spatial scales for 6 species of songbirds: field sparrows (Spizella pusilla), great crested flycatchers (Myiarchus crinitus), willow flycatchers (Empidonax traillii), bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), marsh wrens (Cistothorus palustris), and rose-breasted grosbeaks (Pheucticus ludovicianus); (2) detection probabilities, site occupancy, and spatial turnover as affected by habitat and anthropogenic influences at 2 spatial scales for 3 species of reptiles and 4 species of amphibians: common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis), painted turtles (Chrysemys picta), snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina), blue-spotted salamanders (Ambystoma laterale), tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum), green frogs (Rana clamitans), and northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens); (3) habitat use and landscape site occupancy and spatial turnover as affected by habitat and anthropogenic influences for 4 species of mesocarnivores: coyotes (Canis latrans), raccoons (Procyon lotor), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana); and (4) detection probabilities and spatial distributions as affected by local habitat, an interacting species (dominant or subordinate), or both for 6 species of small mammals: short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda), meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), masked shrews (Sorex cinereus), and eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus). I elucidate how managers can improve or design their survey techniques that will aid their inference of the distribution of wildlife in the Midwest. This work also provides suburban natural resource managers in the Chicago Metropolitan Area with information concerning land management and land acquisition guidelines to best conserve, attract, or deter the aforementioned wildlife on their properties.

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Ludwig, Thomas John. "In Transition: Creating Early Successional Avian Habitat in Transitional Urban Spaces". The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397740935.

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Oliveira, Raquel Colombo [UNESP]. "Ecologia de um psitacídeo introduzido em ambiente urbano". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151324.

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O processo de urbanização promove a modificação no uso da terra e torna as áreas urbanas em um complexo mosaico de ambientes naturais e antrópicos. A maracanã- pequena (Diopsittaca nobilis - Psittacidae) teve sua população drasticamente reduzida no estado de São Paulo, todavia apresenta diversas populações recentemente estabelecidas em municípios da região sudeste do país, entre os quais, São Paulo. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição, uso de habitat e parâmetros ecológicos de D. nobilis no município de São Paulo, buscando compreender o estabelecimento desta população e o uso do ambiente pela espécie. Foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos e de dados primários, além de consultas a instituições e especialistas. Quatro campanhas de amostragem foram executadas entre setembro/2015 e julho/2016, em 15 distritos do município, empregando-se o método de “taxa de encontro” em trajetos pré-selecionados. O estudo indica que D. nobilis foi introduzida no município a partir de alguns eventos de soltura, o primeiro deles entre 1987-88, corroborando o Parque Ecológico do Tietê como local e estimando-se um número inicial desta população em 30 a 50 indivíduos. O número inicial de indivíduos, a repetição dos eventos de soltura, realizada com bandos que poderiam ter até 15 indivíduos, e recursos fornecidos pela arborização viária disponível, bem como a suplementação de alimentos no período inicial (soltura branda) devem ter contribuído para o estabelecimento desta população. A distribuição da espécie concentra-se na região central do município, assim como avaliado para o período inicial de estabelecimento, verificando-se progressiva diminuição dos registros à medida em que se afasta do centro. A extensão de ocorrência foi avaliada em 807 km² para São Paulo, chegando a 1074 km² quando considerados registros para a Região Metropolitana. A população de D. nobilis foi avaliada, por meio de censo com contagem simultânea de indivíduos em dormitórios, entre 456 a 524 indivíduos, podendo chegar a 594 indivíduos, ou mais, se consideradas áreas de potencial dormitório ou eventuais dormitórios desconhecidos. A espécie se apresentou como o segundo psitacídeo mais comum na cidade, atrás apenas de Brotogeris tirica. Os bandos registrados variaram entre 1 a 38 indivíduos, com prevalência de casais e bandos com até seis aves, sendo verificada variação circanual no tamanho de bandos, possivelmente refletindo o período reprodutivo da espécie, apontado como de setembro a janeiro. Identificou-se o consumo de frutos, sementes e flores de 12 famílias de plantas, de 22 espécies, predominantemente exóticas. A associação de D. nobilis a palmeiras, verificada para pernoite e sugerida para alimentação e reprodução, deve ser melhor investigada. A espécie distribui-se fundamentalmente pela área urbana, verificando-se sua ausência na região rural do extremo sul do município. A avaliação de uso de habitat indica associação da espécie a Áreas Verdes urbanas, sendo que a população de D. nobilis parece se configurar como uma exploradora do ambiente urbano. Recomenda-se a continuação dos estudos sobre a espécie em áreas urbanas e áreas em que foi introduzida, dando sequência à investigação dos fatores que influenciam a distribuição da espécie em área urbana, mas também abrangendo biologia reprodutiva e tendência populacional.
Urbanization process promotes land use change, creating a complex mosaic of natural and anthropic environments. While the Red-shouldered-macaw (Diopsittaca nobilis – Psittacidae) has had its population severely reduced in the São Paulo state, nowadays it has established several populations in cities in the Brazilian Southeast Region, including the São Paulo city. The present research aimed to evaluate the distribution, habitat use and ecological parameters of the D. nobilis population in São Paulo city, in order to understand the establishment of this species and its environmental use. The research encompassed bibliographic search and personal contact with institutes and experts, besides primary data collection. Field work was conducted between September/2015 and July/2016, in 15 municipal districts, using “encounter rate” method in pre-selected tracks. The research indicates D. nobilis was introduced in the city by some release events, beginning in 1987-88, with initial population size estimated around 30 to 50 individuals. Our study corroborates Tiete Ecological Park as the place where the species was introduced. Some facts such as the initial number of released birds; repeated releases events of groups which could have until 15 individuals, considering this is a gregarious species; and resources provided by urban trees available and soft release may have contributed to the population establishment. The species distribution covers especially the central region of the city, as it was checked for establishment period, noticing a decrease in number of registers as it increases the distance to the central area. The extent of occurrence was gauged in 807 km² in São Paulo city, reaching 1074 km² considering registers available in the Greater São Paulo. D. nobilis population size, evaluated by simultaneous counts of communal roost sites, encompassed between 456 and 524 individuals, which could reach 594 individuals, or even more, considering potential roost areas or unknown roost sites. The species was the second most common parrot in the city, after the most common Brotogeris tirica. Flocks of D. nobilis had between 1 to 38 individuals, and couples and groups of up to six birds prevailed. The flock size presented an annual fluctuation, possibly in response to the reproductive period of the species – between September to January, as indicated by this research. We identify the species feeding of fruits, seeds and flowers of 12 plant family, comprising 22 species, most of them exotic. Association between D. nobilis and palm trees was verified for roosting and it was suggested for feeding and nesting, but it must be better investigated. The species distribution comprised the urban area of the city, being absent in the rural area in the south region of São Paulo. The evaluation of the D. nobilis habitat use indicates an association between the species and urban green areas. D. nobilis population could be classified as an urban exploiter. Further studies are recommended about this species in urban areas and in areas with introduced populations, in order to continue the investigation about factors which influence the distribution of this species in urban areas, but also involving reproductive biology and population trends.

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Shih, Wan-Yu. "Optimising urban green networks in Taipei City : linking ecological and social functions in urban green space systems". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/optimising-urban-green-networks-in-taipei-city-linking-ecological-and-socal-functions-in-urban-green-space-systems(eca36d35-4470-4fdf-a766-ba9eebe5ca63).html.

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With the global population becoming more urban and less rural, increasingly research has argued for concepts such as establish Green Infrastructure (GI) as a tool for enhancing wildlife survival and human’s living quality (e.g. Harrison et al., 1995; Benedict and McMahon, 2006). However, an interdisciplinary planning approach underpinned by ecological and social evidence has not yet been fully developed. This research therefore seeks to integrate an ecological network with a green space planning standard by exploring the use of biotope and sociotope mapping methods. Seeking a comprehensive planning that takes all green resources into account, a green space typology is firstly developed according to Taiwanese contexts for identifying green spaces from land use maps. In order to specify effective features of these green spaces to bird survival and user preferences, an insight was conducted into the relationship of ‘birds and urban habitats’, as well as ‘human preferred urban green spaces’ in Taipei City. Important environmental factors influencing bird distribution and influencing human experiences in urban green spaces are respectively specified and developed into an ecological value index (EVI) to detail potential habitats and a social value index (SVI) to evaluate recreational green space provision. Interestingly, proximity to green space appears to plays a more critical role in human preferences than bird survival in Taipei city; size is important both as a habitat and for creating an attractive green space; and green space quality tends to be a more significant factor than its structure for both wildlife and people. Utilising the bio-sociotope maps, this thesis argues for a number of strategies: conserving, enlarging, or creating large green spaces in green space deficient areas; increasing ecological and recreational value by enhancing green space quality of specific characteristics; and tackling gravity distance by combining green space accessibility and attractiveness in optimising urban green structure. As these suggestions are a challenge to apply in intensively developed urban areas, barriers from land use, political mechanisms, technical shortages, and cultural characteristics are also explored with possible resolutions presented for facilitating implementation. It is clear that optimising a multifunctional GI for both wildlife and people requires interdisciplinary knowledge and cooperation from various fields. The EVI and SVI developed within this thesis create the potential for a more place-specific and quantifiable green spaces strategy to help better link ecological and social functions in urban areas.

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Lundh, Johan. "Indicators for ecosystem services in urban green space management". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-326806.

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Urban green spaces are put under high pressure due to increasing population density in cities. This problem will potentially accelerate where the densification in the cities continues. Consequently, this sets high requirements on the management, if the green spaces are to generate the benefits and values that are associated with greens spaces as urban parks. One way to increase these benefits and values could be to incorporate ecosystem services and indicators for ecosystem services in a multi-stakeholder management system. Is it possible that ecosystem service indicators could facilitate collaboration between stakeholders and thus improve the value of urban green space? This master thesis aimed to identify ecosystem service indicators for a green space and incorporate them in a multi-stakeholder management system. The study was made to clarify if indicators can facilitate collaboration between stakeholders and thus improve the management of an urban green space. In order to achieve that, the first step was to let the stakeholders express what they desired the green space to generate in terms of benefits and values. These expressed benefits and values were formulated into target variables which were linked with the ecosystem services that the green space was assessed to generate if the target variables are achieved. A literature study was conducted to identify applicable indicators for the chosen ecosystem services. These indicators were quantified and incorporated into an already existing management system. This management system performed as a framework and a fundament which was further developed to incorporate more functions as indicators and ecosystem services. The thesis resulted in two identified indicators for ten ecosystem services and the development of a multi-stakeholder management system. Identified indicators were birds and compliant seating. Birds were identified as an indicator because they indicated many of the same ecosystem services as the ones that are generated in the green space. These ecosystem services are linked with the benefits and values that are associated with the target variables. In addition, the birds were chosen because they were possible to quantify. Compliant seating was the second indicator, and it has the potential to function as a control indicator as it can be seen as a manifestation of the cultural ecosystem services generated at the green space. A multi-stakeholder management system was developed with the incorporation of indicators for ecosystem services. The developed management system aimed to facilitate the collaboration between stakeholders with the use of ecosystem service indicators. Taken together, the findings suggest a role for ecosystem service indicators in multi-stakeholder management plans to improve the value of green spaces.
Grönytor i städer är satt under hög press på grund av ökande befolkningstäthet vilket leder till att fler människor behöver dela på samma mängd urban grönyta. Detta fenomen ökar kraven på förvaltningen av grönytor då de behöver generera fler nyttigheter och mera värde. Ett sätt att öka dessa värden skulle kunna vara att använda sig av indikatorer för ekosystemtjänster inom ett förvaltningssystem där flera förvaltare verkar. Är det möjligt att indikatorer för ekosystemtjänster kan underlätta samarbetet mellan olika förvaltare och därigenom öka värdet av en grönyta? Den här masteruppsatsen hade målet att identifiera indikatorer för ekosystemtjänster genererade av en grönyta och sedan inkorporera dem i en förvaltningsmetod som ökar samverkan mellan förvaltare. Studien syftade till att tydliggöra om användandet av ekosystemtjänstindikatorer kan underlätta samarbetet av mellan olika förvaltare för att förbättra förvaltningen av en grönyta. Det första steget för att åstadkomma detta var att låta förvaltarna uttrycka vilka värden och nyttigheter de vill att grönytan skulle skapa. Dessa värden och nyttigheter formulerades som målvariabler vilka länkades till de ekosystemtjänster som grönytan bedömdes generera. Genom en litteraturstudie identifierades indikatorer som kunde indikera de ekosystemtjänster som genererades vid grönytan. Indikatorerna kvantifierades och inkorporerades in i ett redan existerande förvaltningssystem. Studien resulterade i två identifierade indikatorer och i utvecklandet av ett förvaltningssystem som underlättar samverkan genom användandet av indikatorer. Fåglar identifierade som en indikator på grund av att fåglar indikerade samma ekosystemtjänster som genereras på grönytan. Fåglar valdes också för att det var möjligt att kvantifiera fåglarna vid grönytan. Villkorlig sittplats var den andra indikatorn och den har möjligheten att fungera som en kontrollindikator eftersom den kan beskrivas som en manifestation av de ekosystemtjänster som genereras på grönytan. Sedan så utvecklas även ett förvaltningssystem där indikatorerna inkorporerades. Förvaltningssystemet hade målet att underlätta samverkan mellan de olika förvaltarna med hjälp av indikatorerna. Sammanfattningsvis så bedöms det att indikatorer för ekosystemtjänster har potentialen att användas i ett förvaltningssystem och därigenom kunna bidra till att öka värdet av grönytan.

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Alexandrino, Eduardo Roberto. "Amostragem de avifauna urbana por meio de pontos fixos: verificando a eficiência do método". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-20092010-102906/.

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A urbanização é uma das ações antrópicas que mais crescem no mundo atual. Por este motivo pesquisas ecológicas são realizadas nas cidades com o objetivo de reconhecer seus impactos, e as aves são utilizadas como uma das ferramentas para diagnóstico ambiental. Assim, o presente estudo avaliou o método de levantamento de aves por ponto fixo, método amplamente utilizado em estudos com aves em diversos ambientes. Foram analisados três pontos que podem influenciar a amostragem de aves através deste método: 1) o habitat onde o levantamento é realizado, observando a composição dos elementos urbanos existentes na cidade; 2) o intervalo de tempo adotado em cada ponto fixo para a coleta de dados; 3) os fatores potencialmente prejudiciais a observação de aves, tais como o ruído sonoro urbano e a presença de conversas causadas por pessoas curiosas. Com a área de estudo estratificada a partir da quantidade de cobertura arbórea existente nos bairros abrangidos, 90 unidades amostrais foram selecionadas. Nestes, foram quantificados os elementos urbanos presentes, a riqueza, o número de contato de aves, os ruídos sonoros e a presença de conversas. Os resultados demonstraram que a reunião de um número maior de espécies e contatos pode ser favorecida pelas áreas de cobertura arbórea, enquanto áreas construídas e pisos impermeáveis podem prejudicar o número de espécies, sendo o número de contato prejudicado apenas pelas áreas de pisos impermeáveis. O número de espécies observadas não foi significativamente diferente após nove minutos de coleta de dados, entretanto o número de contatos continuou crescendo, demonstrando haver recontagens de indivíduos após este intervalo. A riqueza de espécies foi significativamente diferente entre os dados coletados no período seco e no período chuvoso. Conforme houve a maior presença do ruído sonoro urbano menor foi o número de espécies e contatos obtidos nos pontos. A incidência de conversas ocasionadas por pessoas curiosas foi baixa não prejudicando as coletas de dados. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que: o levantamento de aves no meio urbano através do ponto fixo deve considerar a composição do ambiente, já que a riqueza e o número de contato podem variar de acordo com a presença dos diferentes elementos; sejam adotados intervalos de tempo por ponto não superiores a nove minutos; quando possível diferentes épocas do ano devem ser utilizadas para as coletas de dados, visto que podem ser encontradas diferenças entre as estações; sejam escolhidos locais e momentos para as coletas de dados com baixo ruído sonoro. Por fim, o método de ponto fixo foi considerado eficaz para amostragem de aves urbanas, desde que tais cuidados sejam considerados.
The urbanization is one of the anthropic activities with the highest growth rate in the world. Due to this reason, ecological research are conducted in the cities with the goal of recognizing its impacts, using birds as one of the tools to assess the environmental diagnosis. Therefore, the present study assessed the samples by point counts method, which is broadly used for bird census in many environments. Three issues that might affect the sampling of the birds by using this method were analyzed: 1) the habitat where the sampling is performed, observing the urban elements presented in the city; 2) the period of point count duration spent in each sample; 3) the potential factors which disturb the birds detectability, as urban noise and presence of curious citizens who can talk to the researcher in the point count. The research area was stratified from the amount of tree canopies in the selected suburbs, where 90 sample units were selected. In these units, the presence of urban elements, the richness, the number of birds contacts, the noise and the presence of conversations were quantified. The results showed that the number of species and contacts can be benefited from the tree canopy area, while build up areas and impermeable grounds may harm the number of species, although the contact number is harmed only by the impermeable grounds. The number of observed species did not differ significantly after nine minutes of sample period, however the number of contacts kept increasing, demonstrating a repeated counting birds after this interval. The species richness was significantly different between the samples collected in dry and wet seasons. As the urban noise increased, a lower number of species and birds contacts was acknowledged. The incidence of conversation performed by curious people was low, not being able to harm the sample collection. The results suggest that: the bird survey inside the cities by point counts should consider the composition of environment, since the richness and the number of birds contacts can vary according to the presence of different elements; the time of interval should not exceed nine minutes; when possible, different annual seasons should be used for sampling, since differences may be found among them; places and moments for the sampling should be chosen with a low noise. Finally, the point counts method was considered efficient for the sampling of urban birds, provided that such care are considered.

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Shustack, Daniel P. "Reproductive Timing of Passerines in Urbanizing Landscapes". The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1217601092.

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Barrie, Christine. "Bird and insect diversity along an urban disturbance gradient". Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121346.

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The diversity and community composition of birds and seven insect taxa: butterflies and skippers (Lepidoptera); Carabidae (Coleoptera); Dolichopodidae, Syrphidae, Sphaeroceridae, Chloropidae (Diptera); Apoidea (Hymenoptera) were studied in old field habitats surrounded by different intensities of urbanization in the Montreal region. A total of 386 breeding birds of 42 species as well as 2255 migrating birds of 31 species were surveyed. More than 7000 insect specimens of 264 species were identified. Results indicate that, in terms of studied taxa, old field biodiversity remains fairly constant despite different surrounding land use. The exceptions were that butterfly and skipper species richness and number of Syrphidae specimens collected were both higher in suburban than periurban sites, and breeding birds were more abundant in rural areas compared to suburban ones. Breeding bird communities in suburban areas were most similar to one another. Despite these findings, the overarching pattern was that the diversity and community composition of birds and insects did not differ between old fields in suburban, periurban, or rural areas. Chloropidae was the only taxon influenced by surrounding land use, particularly by amounts of residential, industrial/commercial/transportation areas, and green space. Because of the differences in responses, none of the taxa were reliable bioindicators of diversity patterns in all the other taxa, however, some significant correlations between individual taxa were established.
Cette étude visait à comprendre la diversité et la composition des communautés d'oiseaux et d'insectes présentes dans des champs abandonnés par rapport à l'intensité d'urbanisation des terres adjacentes dans la région de Montréal. Les sept taxons d'insectes choisis étaient: les papillons et les hespéries (Lepidoptera); Carabidae (Coleoptera); Dolichopodidae, Syrphidae, Sphaeroceridae, Chloropidae (Diptera); Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Au total, 386 oiseaux nicheurs représentant 42 espèces, ainsi que 2255 oiseaux migrateurs représentant 31 espèces ont été répertoriés. Plus de 7000 spécimens d'insectes comprenant 264 espèces ont été identifiés. Les résultats indiquent que la diversité des champs abandonnés reste stable, malgré des différences dans l'urbanisation des terres adjacentes, du moins dans les groupes étudiés. Toutefois, il y avait quelques exceptions : la diversité des papillons et des hespéries ainsi que l'abondance des syrphes étaient plus élevées dans les sites suburbains comparé aux sites periurbains; de plus, les oiseaux nicheurs étaient plus abondants dans les sites ruraux que les sites suburbains. Les assemblages d'oiseaux nicheurs dans les sites suburbains démontraient le plus grand degré de similitude les uns par rapport aux autres. Malgré ces résultats, le patron global indique que la diversité et les assemblages d'oiseaux et d'insectes dans les champs abandonnés diffèrent peu malgré des alentours suburbains, périurbains ou ruraux. Chloropidae serait le seul taxon influencé par l'urbanisation des terrains adjacents, particulièrement par la quantité de terrains résidentiels et industriels et d'espaces verts. Étant donné ces variations, aucun des taxons choisis n'a pu être utile en tant qu'espèce indicatrice des patrons de diversité des autres taxons; cependant, quelques corrélations significatives ont été établies entre certains taxons.

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D'Angelo, Giulia Bagarolli 1982. "História natural das aves em um parque urbano no Sudeste do Brasil". [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314736.

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Orientador: Ivan Sazima
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: O processo de urbanização no Brasil aumenta rapidamente e as áreas verdes fornecem refúgio para a fauna local, na qual as aves são o elemento mais evidente. Aves são agentes importantes de dispersão e polinização, controle de pragas, além de ciclagem de nutrientes e adubação do solo, exercendo diversos serviços ambientais. Embora essas funções possam ser vistas como tendo pouca importância no ambiente urbano, aves apresentam grande mobilidade, o que significa que suas funções podem ser transportadas de uma área verde para outra. Estudamos a história natural das aves em um parque urbano em Campinas, São Paulo. Alimentação, reprodução e repouso foram os focos deste estudo, além de outras atividades como higiene e conforto. As atividades alimentares que observamos seguem, em linhas gerais, o que está relatado na literatura sobre aves brasileiras. Entretanto, observamos alguns fenômenos não relatados ou pouco conhecidos Associações alimentares de aves piscívoras seguindo lontras em atividade de caça não estavam relatadas para América do Sul. Disputa por área de caça entre fêmeas de biguatinga Anhinga anhinga foi outra novidade relacionada à atividade alimentar, assim como a predação de um bivalve asiático invasor por aves aquáticas. A inclusão de uma categoria de presa (répteis) na dieta do sabiá Turdus leucomelas também representou uma novidade. As atividades reprodutivas que observamos no parque também seguem, em linhas gerais, as informações disponíveis na literatura sobre aves brasileiras. Todavia, observamos eventos pouco conhecidos ou não relatados na literatura. A corte do urubu Coragyps atratus está relatada para a América do Norte apenas. Também pouco conhecida é a disputa territorial "simbólica" entre fêmeas do pica-pau Colaptes melanochloros, comportamento relatado para machos de outras espécies. Outra novidade foi a pressão de predação pelo lagarto Salvator merianae em ninhos de aves que nidificam no chão ou em vegetação próxima a margem de lagoa. Atividades de higiene e conforto são bem conhecidas e ilustradas na literatura e acreditamos que não tenhamos observado algum comportamento de higiene e conforto que não esteja relatado, ainda que de passagem, para as aves brasileiras. Estudos sobre história natural de aves proporcionam um conhecimento mais adequado das relações entre as aves, o ambiente urbano e a população humana. Em parques e áreas verdes, as aves representam uma parcela de lazer para a população urbana. O número de observadores de aves aumenta no Brasil e, paralelamente, há uma valorização da conservação ambiental. Portanto, estudos em parques urbanos resultam em conhecimento sobre a avifauna, além de valorizar as áreas verdes e popularizar o conhecimento sobre as aves e a sua importância biológica
Abstract: The urbanization process in Brazil is quickly changing the landscape and so called green areas provide refuge for the local fauna, of which birds are the most conspicuous part. Birds are important agents of plant dispersal and pollination, pest control, as well as nutrient cycling and soil fertilizing, which result in ecosystem services. Although these functions may be viewed as having little or no importance in the urban landscape, birds are highly mobile and their functions may connect several green areas. We studied the natural history of birds in an urban park in Campinas, São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. We focused on feeding, reproducing, and resting, besides preening and comfort activities. In general, feeding activities we observed followed what is published about Brazilian birds. However, we observed a few little known or until recently unpublished events. Feeding associations of piscivorous birds following foraging otters were unreported for South America. Contests for hunting area between females of the darter Anhinga anhinga was another novelty related to feeding activity, as well as the predation of an Asiatic invasive clam by water birds. Predation of reptiles by the thrush Turdus leucomelas was also a novelty. In general, reproductive activities we observed followed what is published for Brazilian birds. However, we observed a few little known or unpublished behaviors. For example the courtship of the vulture Coragyps atratus is reported for the North America only. Also little known is the territorial "symbolic" contest between females of the woodpecker Colaptes melanochloros, a behavior reported for males of other species. Another novelty was the predation pressure on birds that nest on the ground or bank vegetation by the large lizard Salvator merianae. Preening and comfort behaviors are well known and illustrated in literature and we believe that we did not record any behavior that is not reported in the literature on Brazilian birds, even if en passant. Studies on natural history of birds provide a better knowledge on the relationships between the birds, the urban landscape, and the human population. In urban parks and green areas, birds are part of leisure activities for urban people. The number of birdwatchers is increasing in Brazil and, at the same time, there is a growing awareness of environment conservation among people who are in contact with nature. Therefore, studies on natural history of birds in urban parks and other green areas result in knowledge of the bird fauna, besides increasing the intrinsic value of these environments and making available details of the life of birds and their biological significance
Mestrado
Biodiversidade Animal
Mestra em Biologia Animal

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Mockford, Emily. "Adaptation and efficacy of bird song in an urban environment". Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.690028.

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Oliveira, Raquel Colombo. "Ecologia de um psitacídeo introduzido em ambiente urbano /". Rio Claro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151324.

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Orientador: Marco Aurélio Pizo
Banca: Pedro Ferreira Develey
Banca: Luis Fabio Silveira
Resumo: O processo de urbanização promove a modificação no uso da terra e torna as áreas urbanas em um complexo mosaico de ambientes naturais e antrópicos. A maracanã- pequena (Diopsittaca nobilis - Psittacidae) teve sua população drasticamente reduzida no estado de São Paulo, todavia apresenta diversas populações recentemente estabelecidas em municípios da região sudeste do país, entre os quais, São Paulo. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição, uso de habitat e parâmetros ecológicos de D. nobilis no município de São Paulo, buscando compreender o estabelecimento desta população e o uso do ambiente pela espécie. Foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos e de dados primários, além de consultas a instituições e especialistas. Quatro campanhas de amostragem foram executadas entre setembro/2015 e julho/2016, em 15 distritos do município, empregando-se o método de "taxa de encontro" em trajetos pré-selecionados. O estudo indica que D. nobilis foi introduzida no município a partir de alguns eventos de soltura, o primeiro deles entre 1987-88, corroborando o Parque Ecológico do Tietê como local e estimando-se um número inicial desta população em 30 a 50 indivíduos. O número inicial de indivíduos, a repetição dos eventos de soltura, realizada com bandos que poderiam ter até 15 indivíduos, e recursos fornecidos pela arborização viária disponível, bem como a suplementação de alimentos no período inicial (soltura branda) devem ter contribuído para o estabelecimento desta população ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Urbanization process promotes land use change, creating a complex mosaic of natural and anthropic environments. While the Red-shouldered-macaw (Diopsittaca nobilis - Psittacidae) has had its population severely reduced in the São Paulo state, nowadays it has established several populations in cities in the Brazilian Southeast Region, including the São Paulo city. The present research aimed to evaluate the distribution, habitat use and ecological parameters of the D. nobilis population in São Paulo city, in order to understand the establishment of this species and its environmental use. The research encompassed bibliographic search and personal contact with institutes and experts, besides primary data collection. Field work was conducted between September/2015 and July/2016, in 15 municipal districts, using "encounter rate" method in pre-selected tracks. The research indicates D. nobilis was introduced in the city by some release events, beginning in 1987-88, with initial population size estimated around 30 to 50 individuals. Our study corroborates Tiete Ecological Park as the place where the species was introduced. Some facts such as the initial number of released birds; repeated releases events of groups which could have until 15 individuals, considering this is a gregarious species; and resources provided by urban trees available and soft release may have contributed to the population establishment. The species distribution covers especially the central region of the city, as it was checked for establishment period, noticing a decrease in number of registers as it increases the distance to the central area. The extent of occurrence was gauged in 807 km² in São Paulo city, reaching 1074 km² considering registers available in the Greater São Paulo. D. nobilis population size, evaluated by simultaneous counts of communal roost sites, ... (Complete abstract electronic access below)
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48

Chicklis, Pamela Carol. "The redevelopment of Bird Mill, East Walpole, Massachusetts : public/private profit from rehabilitation and reuse". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72250.

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Thesis (M.C.P. and M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1986.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH
Bibliography: p. 129-130.
by Pamela Carol Chicklis.
M.S.
M.C.P.

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49

Fok, Chi-wai David, i 霍志偉. "The role of urban regeneration in sustaining local economy: the case of Bird Market". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31261243.

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De, Beer Stephanus Francois. "Mother bird, Hovering over the city : space, spirituality & a community-based urban praxis". Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/66383.

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In his thesis, Mother bird hovering over the city: space, spirituality and a community-based urban praxis, the promovendus adopted a trans-disciplinary, praxis-approach to consider participatory, critical and liberationist planning and city-building processes. His journey was about the soul of the city, embodied in its spaces and its people. It reflected on unfolding urban spaces, tracing dynamics in the Berea-Burgers Park neighbourhood of Tshwane’s inner city between 1993 and 2016. The narratives emerging from this neighbourhood was brought into conversation with a range of other narratives, hoping to discern and propose a vision for a community-based urban praxis. The journey originated from a deliberate option for the city’s most vulnerable people, hoping to contribute towards a city characterised by radical forms of inclusion, sustainability and justice. It recognised that space is not neutral and spatial constructs are shaped by deep value frameworks that are prejudiced, exclusive and oppressive, or equalising, inclusive, and life-affirming. What the promovendus sought to discern and outline was a spirituality that can infuse planning praxis and spatial thinking: making spaces that will mediate dignity, justice and well-being. Part I of the study considered a new epistemology, identity and methodology, expressed in the metaphor of “becoming like children”, requiring a new selfunderstanding for those involved in planning, city-building or place-making, but also amongst urban citizens and vulnerable urban dwellers: to reclaim their own voice and agency in processes of city-making. In Part II of the study, after describing and deconstructing urban spaces and discourses in a contextual-narrative way, a spirituality and ethic of urban space are developed. It argues for a radical shift from planning as bureaucracy and technocracy, to planning as immersed, participatory artistry: opening up to the “genius” or (S)pirit of space – the Mother bird – hovering over urban spaces, responsive to urban cries, of humans and earth alike, and inviting us to be co-constructors of new and surprising spaces, mending and making whole.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Town and Regional Planning
PhD
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