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Arrazat, Laura. "Nutritional quality and environmental impact of university students’ food consumption : observational and interventional approaches in a university cafeteria in Dijon, France". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCK060.
Pełny tekst źródłaAdopting more sustainable diets is essential to address the challenges posed by our current food systems, such as improving public health, limiting climate change, and reducing inequalities regarding food access. The student period, characterised by the development of a new identity and changes in dietary habits, represents is an ideal time to adopt more sustainable diets. University catering plays a central role in students’ diets and could therefore be a critical lever. However, students’ eating behaviours, especially within university catering facilities, are poorly studied, particularly in France. To address this gap, we conducted a research-action project with the Crous of Bourgogne Franche-Comté that aimed at better understanding and changing the eating habits of French students, particularly within the context of university catering. The aim was to lay the foundations for identifying and implementing promising actions to promote a sustainable diet that is accessible to all students.Firstly, the analysis of the diets of a representative sample of students revealed suboptimal nutritional quality, with only 57% of national nutritional recommendations being met. Moreover, the carbon footprint of their diet was more than twice that recommended to stay within planetary boundaries. We identified three profiles of eaters: "Healthy diets" (20% of students), "Frugal diets" (40%), and "Western diets" (40%), but no profile combined high nutritional quality and low environmental impact. Cooking skills and knowledge of food’s environmental impact were correlated with more sustainable diets.Secondly, an assessment of the sustainability of the main dishes served at the Resto U' Montmuzard in Dijon in 2021-2022 showed that only 10% of the main dishes served had a good sustainability profile, combining good nutritional quality, low environmental impact and moderate ingredients’ costs. Nevertheless, the study of food choices in this Resto U' showed that students who ate more regularly in university cafeterias tended to choose foods of better nutritional quality (fewer sugary products and more vegetables).Thirdly, we evaluated the effect of increasing the service of vegetarian main dishes that presented the best sustainability profile. An intervention at the Resto U' Montmuzard revealed that doubling the service of these main dishes increased their choice proportionally. Furthermore, this change was well accepted by students and reduced the carbon footprint by 21%. Finally, the analysis of individual choice behaviours showed that students who chose vegetarian main dishes more frequently reported feeling more concerned about health, ethics and animal welfare, and were more knowledgeable about the environmental impact of food. Thus, the choice of vegetarian main dishes depends on both the structure of the food offer and the individual characteristics of the students.This thesis highlights the importance of university catering and the sustainability of its food offer in promoting sustainable diets among students. Although changing the food offer in university cafeterias is an effective and well-accepted strategy, it seems essential to combine it with awareness-raising initiatives to encourage dietary changes within the student population
Koske, Lily Chemutai. "La pragmatique de l'écrit en français de spécialité : cas du français pour le tourisme, hôtellerie et restauration dans les universités kenyanes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0216.
Pełny tekst źródłaBecause of its focus on the teaching of French for tourism, hospitality and catering (FTHR), this study is situated in the teaching of language for special purposes. In this field, the teaching is designed to be based on the needs of the learner and it is on the basis of this premise that this we sought to find out whether writing is part of the learner’s needs in FTHR in Kenya. To do this, we endeavoured to determine the needs to find out the immediate and future needs of the FTHR students. The establishing of immediate needs was based on discerning the expectations and the motivation of the students concerning the learning of FTHR. On the other hand, establishing the future needs relied on finding out their professional aspirations as well as the actual competences required in the targeted job markets.To establish these needs, we collected data from four categories of people: students enrolled in the bachelor of tourism and hospitality programs in the Kenyan universities, teachers in charge of these programs, old students who did FTHR in the Kenyan universities and finally the professionals already working in the tourism and hospitality sectors. We did this by means of questionnaires, individual and collective and interviews. We then analysed the data both quantitatively and qualitatively. The data collected revealed that the factors that motivate students to learn French are mainly pragmatic in nature. The study also demonstrated that oral expression is the most desired competence by the students. In addition to that, analysis of the jobs exercised by the professionals and the competences required reveal that very little written French, if any is needed at the job market
Epstein, Alain. "Les collectivites territoriales et le service de la restauration scolaire". Reims, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REIMD001.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis deals with the functioning and organization of the public service provision of meals in educational establishments, essentially by local government. The primary objective of this non-obligatory local public service is to provide clients (pupils, students, but also teachers and other employees) with suitable meals at a reasonable price. After a review of the legal conditions governing the introduction of such a service, the close examination of personnel requirements, technical characteristics, statutory and financial aspects of educational establishment catering allows a comparison of direct and contracted-out management options. By favoring the partnership principale, it is possible to remain in close touch with the client, whose satisfaction should, for both policy-makers and management, be the essential measure of the success of this public service
Sy, Mariam maki. "Evaluation des services écosystémiques fournis par les complexes lagunaires dans un processus de restauration écologique". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG053.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the context of conservation, management, ecological restoration and others, ecosystem services (ESs) valuation and ranking, when meaningfully possible, allow to better frame our relationship with nature. The general objective of the thesis is to identify the demand in terms of ESs in order to achieve coherent, integrated and accepted public decisions. It is made of three case studies. The first case study identifies levels of consensus and divergence among stakeholders on the prioritization of ecosystem services provided by two French Mediterranean coastal lagoons areas. The second one investigates the impact of familiarity and academic information supply on citizens’ preferences for ESs issued by the Palavas lagoons complex. Finally, the third case study explores elicitation and aggregation methods of individual preferences for the Palavas lagoons complex. The thesis mobilizes the ordinal preference and behavioral economics theoretical frameworks. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Q methodology and a multinomial logit model. The results show the usefulness of the concept of ESs and its valuation using non-monetary methods. Indeed, monetary approaches do not take into account the heterogeneity of preferences because they flatten the various values of nature by projecting them on the single monetary dimension, an approach which is often rejected by stakeholders. Also, depending on the non-monetary valuation and ranking of ESs, stakeholder types, academic information supply and familiarity with the ecosystems, the results show that preferences vary especially for provisioning and cultural services. On the other hand, there is a relatively high consensus of high interest for regulation and maintenance services. I recommend that public policies should use more the concept of ESs in the decision-making process. ESs translate the complexity of the environment into a series of functions in a common language understandable to all stakeholders in decision-making processes. Another recommendation is to take into account the diversity of stakeholders’ preferences for ESs. Indeed, such an integrative practice can prevent or contribute to reduce conflicts among stakeholder groups
Bouchemit, Michae͏̈l. "Organisation du fonctionnement de la médecine préventive universitaire : bilan de quatre années sur l'Académie de Montpellier". Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON11148.
Pełny tekst źródłaLebart, Luce. "Une contribution à l'histoire du paysage : les photographies des services de restauration des terrains de montagnes, 1867-1931 /". Paris : L. Lebart, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb370733308.
Pełny tekst źródłaDerak, Mchich. "Analyse multicritère des services écosystémiques et restauration participative des forêts. Cas du bassin de Béni Boufrah (Rif Central marocain)". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/73167.
Pełny tekst źródłaMkhinini, Héla. "Approche cognitive de la contribution de l'environnement physique à la différenciation des entreprises de services : application au domaine de la restauration". Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF10263.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this doctoral work, the author analyze the manner that mangers use their physical environments in the aim of differentiation. Based on a case study method concerning twenty four restaurants, this research sheds light on three main cognitive processes of physical environment differentiation. It also demonstrates that the physical environment is not an objective entity but a social construct
Lacaze, Delphine. "Le rôle de l'individu dans la socialisation organisationnelle : le cas des employés dans les services de restauration rapide et de grande distribution". Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX32063.
Pełny tekst źródłaOrganizational entry is a determinant phase for newcomers. It refers to the larger concept of organizational socialization, imported from sociology. Defined as the process of "learning the ropes" of a new job, organizational socialization was first considered an instrument of control over individuals (Van Maanen and Schein, 1979). Later, the proactive role of newcomers, trough cognitive (Louis, 1980) and information seeking activities (Morrison, 1993 ; Ashforth and Saks, 1996), was recognized. In service firms where turnover is high, it is important that customer contact workers, representing their organization, be quickly socialized to insure a good quality of service. The role of the individual in organizational socialization is explored in a population of cashiers in the retailing industry and in fast-food operations. .
Ait, Cheikh Joël. "Le service de santé militaire sous la Restauration : la campagne d'Espagne de 1823, la campagne de Morée de 1828". Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M160.
Pełny tekst źródłaDahmani, Justine. "Transition vers une restauration scolaire plus durable, évaluation et mise en place d'actions : le cas de la ville de Dijon". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UBFCK081.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn France, school catering must comply with regulatory constraints to ensure the nutritional quality of the meals. Beyond the nutritional dimension, school catering can play a role in various sustainability challenges (environmental, social, cultural, educational and economic). Recently, regulations have mandated school cantering to serve a weekly vegetarian meal, and have proposed that volunteer local authorities experiment a daily vegetarian meal option. The aim of this thesis was to assist the school catering of the city of Dijon increasing the frequency of vegetarian meals while involving the dimensions of sustainable food.In a first study, the nutritional quality and carbon footprint of the meals were analyzed across various categories. In a second study, connected feedback devices installed in the 38 elementary school canteens in Dijon were used to collect and analyze children's liking of the dishes. In a third study, a survey was conducted to investigate how many parents would like to opt for more vegetarian school meals for their children and what would be their family characteristics and motivations. In a fourth study, a sensory education program named “Chouette Cantine” was co-created with the school canteen staff and implemented in two schools in Dijon. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of this program on children’s plant-based food acceptance and eating traits.This research showed that the both vegetarian and non-vegetarian meals had a similar nutritional quality and were generally appreciated by children. Compared to non-vegetarian meals, greenhouse gas emissions were more than twofold reduced in vegetarian meals. Nevertheless, vegan dishes were less liked than egg and/or cheese-based dishes, which had a lower nutritional quality. Vegetarian dishes were slightly more popular than meat or fish dishes in school canteen attended by children from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Concerning parents, 49% of respondents to our survey would opt for a second weekly vegetarian meal for their children and 26% for a daily vegetarian meal. Parents willing to opt for more vegetarian meals were more likely to also opt for pork-free meals for their children and had a higher level of education, and their children used the school canteen less frequently. They were also more likely to be flexitarian or vegetarian. Environmental motivations, fair trade, health and animal welfare were positively associated with the desire to increase the frequency of vegetarian meals; while familiarity and sensory appeal motivations were negatively associated. Finally, the evaluation of “Chouette cantine” program showed encouraging effects on children’s knowledge, willingness to taste and identification one of the two plant-based food (red beans) but not the other (cabbage).This thesis provides recommendations for local authorities would like to offer more vegetarian meals in their school catering, while conciliate the dimensions of food sustainability
Abderrabi, Fatima. "Ordonnancement de la production des repas d’un hôpital dans un contexte d’amélioration du bien-être au travail". Thesis, Troyes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TROY0036.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe research work carried out within the framework of this thesis was motivated by a real problem issued from the hospital field relating to the optimization of the food supply chain processes of the hospital of Troyes. The Troyes hospital center has implemented important measures to effectively meet the demands of patients and to improve working conditions and employee's well-being. The contribution of the present work consists in determining the best plan to meet the customers' demands in matters of meals and to propose axes and tracks to improve the well-being of the catering service employees. The objective is to provide methods and decision support tools for optimizing and reorganizing the food supply chain with particular attention to the human factor. The studied problem in this thesis is considered as a flexible job-shop with sequence-dependent setup times and splitting of jobs in batches with the presence of different types of resources. The studied optimization criterion is the minimization of the total flow time. A new mathematical model and hybrid metaheuristics have been developed based on genetic algorithms and iterative local search methods combined with local searches. The implementation results of these methods proved their effectiveness for the scheduling of food production processes and allowed significant improvements in the real organization and the performance of the studied production system
Aba-Perea, Johann. "Contribution à la compréhension de la tarification du service public local : une analyse empirique de la construction du tarif de la restauration scolaire dans cinq territoires". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. https://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2023_0266_ABA_PEREA_diff.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research is part of the field of public management with a main scope of studying local authorities. The project consists of understanding the method used in the decision-making in an environment bringing about interaction between internal and external actors within these organizations.The field of analysis here focuses on the method of financing local public service activities.and more particularly on that of catering within nurseries, kindergartens and elementaryschools. Local decision-makers can opt for two main methods : financing by the taxpayer and/or by the user through the fixing of a rate or fee.Local authorities here play a determining role in having access to essential services through their inhabitants. The financing of these thus presents a major challenge because it determines the level of accessibility depending on whether users will see their pecuniary participation evolve in consideration for the service.This work therefore requires to understand the field of competences of the local authorities and their financing methods with the place given to rates/fees. It seems important to identify the historical evolutions of the activities and their funding in order to better understand the current scope.This step is followed by the study of the general mechanisms of decision-making and looking at the forms of influence by the different parties: stakeholders, both internal and external to the organization.Then, the analysis of the determinants of the rate/fee is based on its empirical approach, on the study of rate fixing within different municipalities/towns. This study thus highlights the interactions between actors with the predominance of the Mayor in particular.The work focuses, in a logic of methodological individualism, on the physical actors who are the objects of study and can interact with each other.Finally, the research endeavors in parallel to identify, from a longitudinal study, the factorsexplaining the annual price change
Mezuret, Lucie. "« Making the best of a bad situation » : incertitudes, négociations et résistances chez les serveuses de restaurants aux États-Unis aux XXe et XXIe siècles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2024. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=5887&f=68460.
Pełny tekst źródłaBased on fieldwork in New York between November 2021 and February 2022, the thesis examines the living and working conditions of waitresses in restaurants in the United States. Drawing on scientific literature on women's working conditions in the service sector, the thesis focuses on two books explaining waitresses' means of resistance (symbolic and political) in the USA. The testimonials collected from New York waitresses through phone interviews or in-person during the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as observations conducted in restaurants in New York, constitute the material for the thesis. The first part looks at the history of the profession. The second part deals with the instability of the waitress's environment, before focusing on the tipping system in the third part. The fourth and fifth parts respectively delve into the symbolic representations that weigh on them and the resulting consequences on their bodies. Focusing on the notions of negotiation and resistance in the face of uncertainty, the research results showed that waitresses are not simply "victims" of a system, but that they navigate, they bargain with their working conditions and put in place symbolic and political resistance strategies, reappropriating their bodies in order to "play" with the customer and hope for a big tip. In fact, the majority of them are not in favor of abolishing this system, even if they recognize a partial alienation. The conclusion focuses on the link between "care" work and the loss of connection with the customer, linked in particular to the health crisis. As a result, waitresses no longer accept the "price to pay" for survival
Burylo, Melanie. "Relations entre les traits fonctionnels des espèces végétales et leurs fonctions de protection contre l'érosion dans les milieux marneux restaurés de montagne". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00602804.
Pełny tekst źródłaGarcia, Lara Gabrielle. "Composição e configuração da cobertura florestal na bacia hidrográfica e seus efeitos nos serviços hidrológicos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-13032019-151029/.
Pełny tekst źródłaWater resources recovery and maintenance are the main objectives of restoration cover forest programs and payment for ecosystem services. These programs are gaining force and incentives, especially in water crises regions. However, water resources recovery and maintenance are attributed in many cases to forest cover effects on hydrological processes and, consequently, on hydrological services. In this context, our aim in this study was to evaluate if forest cover restoration can result in increase or maintenance of hydrological services. Therefore, firstly it was necessary to calibrate and validate a distributed hydrological physical base model to simulate different land use at the catchment scale. The model parameterization was done on a monitored catchment (flow and precipitation) of agricultural characteristics (pasture and sugar cane). After calibrating and validating the model (R2 of 0.65 and 0.62, respectively), the land use scenarios were generated based on two landscape approaches: forest cover proportion and spatial configuration on catchment scale. The hydrological services used were water supply and protection; indicators for analysis were annual flow (Q), minimum flows (Q95), base flow index (BFI); maximum flows (Q5) and velocity index (IF). Q, Q95 e BFI correspond to water supply, the others are flood protection service. The first approach objective was tested forest cover proportion scenarios with a random increase in forest cover (CF) of 10%, starting with 0% CF reference scenario to 100% CF reference scenario (total of 11 simulated scenarios). The hypotheses tested were that (i) the random increase in forest cover decreases the hydrological service of water supply, and (ii) the random increase in forest cover increases the hydrological protection service. Both hypotheses were partially accepted. Since the results showed relative differences between the scenarios without statistical difference. There was a decrease in Q and Q95 indicators and an increase in Q5 values followed by an increase in forest cover. The statistical difference happened only for Q and Q5 indicators. For both hydrological services it is possible to perceive a threshold of 50% CF, from which the flow annual and the maximum index become statistically different from the 0% CF scenario. The second approach was the simulations of same forest cover proportion scenarios, however with changes in their spatial configuration. Four scenarios were simulated: CF in the lower land (LOW); CF in the middle land (MIDD); CF in the upper lands (UPP) of the river basin; and CF randomly distributed in the area (RAN). The hypotheses tested were (i) the forest cover spatial configuration has no influence on water supply hydrological service; and (ii) the forest cover spatial configuration in areas near the water bodies (lower land) has a positive impact on protection hydrological service. Our results allowed partially accepting the hypotheses, since there are relative differences in the water supply hydrological service after scenarios simulation, there was no statistically significant difference, the same occurring for the protection hydrological service. The results allow us to highlight a trade-off between hydrological services tested in this study, for example, the scenario with the greatest reduction in Q and Q95 values (LOW) also presented the greatest reductions in Q5. However, even with the decrease in water supply indicators, the LOW scenario was considered the closest to an optimum scenario to hydrological services. In view of this, we can be observed that forest cover can present hydrological services trade-off, being necessary to restoration and payment of environmental services programs to know dynamics to maximize the hydrological service of interest. It is important to emphasize that these results and analyses simulations were based on land use change scenarios (related to the evapotranspiration and surface runoff processes) and their unfolding, however, were not modified (e.g. infiltration and percolation). However, land use effects on the soil structure are still not proved a point, possibly these being key processes to forest cover restoration and hydrological services trade-off.
Morizet, David. "Le comportement alimentaire des enfants de 8 à 11 ans : facteurs cognitifs, sensoriels et situationnels : étude des choix, de l’appréciation et de la consommation de légumes en restauration scolaire". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10296/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis PhD project aims at understanding better choice, liking and consumption of vegetables in 8- to -11-years children in natural situation of a school meal. In a first step, we focused on subjects (i.e. children) and studied their visual and perceptual knowledge of vegetables. We showed that carrots, tomatoes and lettuce were the three most familiar vegetables in children. Lexical knowledge of vegetables increases with age and is more important in rural children than urban ones. We did not observe a link between perceptual knowledge and children’s characteristics (i.e. age, gender, living environment or the possession of a vegetable garden at home). In a second step, we manipulated the shape and the duration of cooking for two objects (i.e. vegetables) selected at the end of the first step (i.e. a well-known and appreciated vegetable: carrots; a less known and less appreciated vegetable: broccoli). We studied the influence of these factors on children’s food behavior. Results showed that arrows are more frequently chosen, appreciated and consumed with a familiar shape and when less cooked. Visually, children preferred the broccoli presented in small florets rather than the big ones. The duration of cooking did not influence choices, liking and consumption of broccoli. The third step dealt with the influence of a situational variable: food labels. Firstly, we examined children’s preferences for several food labels, and secondly we studied the influence of these labels on children’s choice and consumption of two new recipes of carrots and broccoli. Adding a food label referring to the name of the vegetable was an effective mean to increase the probability that children would choose a new vegetable dish provided that no other more appreciated alternative was presented simultaneously. This research underlined the importance of children’s familiarity with the vegetable and its culinary form in their acceptance: children choose, appreciate and consume much more a familiar vegetable with a familiar culinary form. Also, the results showed that the food label participate to children food choice and underlined the importance of situational factors in food behavior
Mayeur, Anaël. "La végétalisation des milieux transformés par les projets d'aménagement Organisation des acteurs, évolution des pratiques et écologie des communautés végétales". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB054.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe role of vegetation in large-scale development projects has evolved over time. Beyond its landscape and technical functions, revegetation is increasingly valued for mitigating biodiversity impacts. This led to the creation of a wild and local seed production sector, spearheaded, in France, by the Végétal local brand.The central issue of this thesis addresses the revegetation of areas transformed by development projects, specifically highway embankments. It examines historical and current practices, barriers and potential improvements that would allow them to better integrate into actions to promote biodiversity. The first part of this thesis is based on the analysis of qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders (prescribers, developers, seed producers, and Végétal local representatives). A historical approach reveals that expectations surrounding revegetation in major development projects have evolved over time. While the goals of landscape integration and soil protection through erosion control has persisted, new demands relative to biodiversity have been added the revegetation imperatives. However, the evolution of practices to address these demands is slow, partly due to a lack of ecological expertise among motorway project practitioners, but also due to budgetary and logistical constraints. The Végétal local brand supports the development of a production chain for wild and local seeds that favours biodiversity, offering tools to better integrate these considerations into development projects. However, the absence of certain seed quality criteria, their higher cost, and the relative difficulty of sourcing them remain barriers to the wider use of wild and local seeds by stakeholders, who are constrained by the technical and budgetary aspects of development projects. In the second part, through a number of experiments, both ex situ in greenhouse conditions, and in situ on road embankments, we evaluate the ability of different revegetation mixtures, varying in richness and origin (cultivar vs. wild and local), to meet technical needs while contributing to floral diversity. Our findings show that wild and local seed mixtures produce more roots than cultivars, potentially offering beneficial effects for soil protection against erosion. We also confirm the effectiveness of seeding immediately after earthwork operations to limit the germination of invasive exotic species seeds on bare soil. On embankments, rich and local revegetation mixtures - although containing a lower proportion of grasses and sown at half the rate - provide vegetation cover and density comparable to standard mixtures selected for this function. Although much of the observed floristic diversity comes from spontaneous vegetation, sowing species-rich mixtures significantly increases local diversity.Based on our findings, we encourage project developers and practitioners to adopt the use of wild and local seeds more widely. This constitutes the application of a certain form of precautionary principle, maximizing the conservation of functional aspects of introduced flora and minimizing the risk of maladaptation of the seeded communities, or the introduction of potentially harmful non-local genotypes or alien species. Achieving this will require continued growth in the wild and local seed production sector and a shift in developer practices to respect the necessary value chain for proper seed use
Robin, Yoan. "Food supply procurement : the influence of politics on food supply chains and the governance of local public food services". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E055/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis dissertation offers an empirical investigation of the links between the political sphere and the management of local public services in France. When they administer public services, local governments can decide either to provide a service in-house, or to externalize its management, and therefore conclude contracts with private entities. First, this choice of governance is analyzed in the case of French school canteens and the political drivers of this choice are highlighted. The political contestation in the municipal election is found to be one of the drivers of the organizational choice. Second, we analyzed public-private contracts in case of externalization. We found those contracts to be more rigid than pure private contracts. Besides, this excessive rigidity can be explained by the level of political contestation in the municipality. Finally, the determinants of the local food supply is studied. We find that the availability of alternative food networks is sometimes driven by political considerations. This dissertation contributes to add knowledge to the understanding of the management of local public services, as well as to the understanding of food retail stores availability
Galasso, Gil. "L’art de la découpe à table : trajectoires 1700 - 2017". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BOR30020.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe carving tableside of meats, fishes and fruits, dedicated to kings and nobility in past centuries and demonstrated today in some traditional restaurants, is part of the history of gastronomy, as well as food history. Regarded as a technic or a science, or even as an art, this practice already present in a ritualized form in many mythological texts and founding legends, has undergone major changes in history. From the Middle Ages, it has moved away from the butchery techniques to get an artistic dimension. Since the Renaissance era to the eighteenth century, poultry and other meats are carved by real specialists called carving horsemen, who perform gestures imbued with elegance, like the « flying cut » (cutting the meat held in the air on top of a fork). From the eighteenth century, the cut must adapt to social changes at the end of the Old Regime in France, the first major carving art revolution follows radical changes in the way of designing food platers by chefs, then with the appearance of the russian service largely influenced by Marie-Antoine Carême and Urbain Dubois. The roast becomes the center of the meal. Subsequently, several social, cultural and professional changes will take place in the carving history : the popularization of winter sports that will mark the decline of carving station, the Godart law (July 1933), that legislates control of the distribution of tips and will crystallize the famous kitchen/waiting struggle, and finally the « commandments of Nouvelle Cuisine » led by Christian Millau and Henri Gault (1973) which impose the generalization of the plated service and render obsolete the ancient science of the maitre d’. But cutting practices is also found in the family home. Extensive litterature demonstrate how to thread meat and fish for domestic use. Fathers, called amphitryons in France, possess and transmit this knowledge during family gatherings. Traditionally, if the housewife officiates in the kitchen, the father manages, in addition to drinks, the cuts of poultry and legs of lamb. But since the mid-twentieth century, we must recognize that these uses are declining. Still, the art of cutting survived in the technical way, in some restaurants and hospitality schools, where it is subject of heated debate between teachers and professionals, replaying in their own way the quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns. French restaurants, currently in great difficulty and in search of direction, have probably much to gain from a reflection on the return of threads and cut in front of customers. It would find, in our view, deep roots authenticity in this beginning of the 21st century
Huguet, Mélissa. "Le système éducatif au Chili : une analyse en équilibre général calculable". Thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0123/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Chilean education system is split between the public and private sectors, inducing persistent inequality. Students from public secondary schools benefit from fewer opportunities than those from private schools, particularly in regard to acceptance rates at traditional universities. Acceptance at traditional universities is conditional on passing a selection test. In this regard, private secondary school graduates outperform their public-school peers. However, businesses prefer to hire students from traditional universities rather than private universities. Due to the high costs of private education and to the quality gap between public and private education at primary and secondary levels, students from poor households find themselves at a disadvantage when applying to traditional universities. In this thesis, we study three kind of policies that facilitate access to private schools or aim to improve the quality of public education, allowing equal opportunities for all students to enter into traditional universities. The policies analyzed are: i) an increase in subsidies granted to private schools, ii) a decrease of the consumer price of public education services and iii) an increase in current expenditures in public education services.In the first chapter, we use a static computable general equilibrium model which takes into account the segmentation of the education market between public and private sectors. We present the behaviours in the education market in terms of the demand and production of education services by level of education (primary, secondary and tertiary). Labour supply is exogenous and is specified according to skills (diplomas) and type of education (public or private). The simulation results show that a policy of increased subsidies granted to private primary and secondary schools facilitates access to private primary and secondary schools. Conversely, an increase in current expenditures in public education services restricts access to private schools. A reduction in the consumer price of public education services renders the different sectors of education more competitive with one another. In addition, unemployment decreases significantly with a policy of higher current expenditures granted to public education services.The model presented in the second chapter is a dynamic extension of the model used in the first chapter, taking into account two new indicators. Household demand for public and private education services depends on relative prices and on an indicator for relative quality of education. The human capital formation indicator varies according to real investments made in each level and type of education. In this chapter, labour supply is exogenous. We focus on the impacts of each policy on sectoral productivity, growth and unemployment. Depending on the targets pursued by the government, policy can be chosen to induce high levels of growth at the expense of a rising unemployment (increased subsidies granted to private schools) or a policy which reduces unemployment and which generates lower, but still substantial, levels of growth (improvement of the quality of public education by increased public expenditures into public education services)
Melloni, Aurélia. "Procédure de lancement d'un nouveau service : le cas de services universités-entreprises". Mémoire, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5589/1/M13012.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródła"La culture et sa relation avec la qualité des services dans l´industrie de la restauration". Tesis, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 2004. http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/lad/almazan_s_m/.
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