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Shin, Mikyong, Angela Werner, Heather Strosnider, Lisa Hines, Lina Balluz i Fuyuen Yip. "Public Perceptions of Environmental Public Health Risks in the United States". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, nr 6 (22.03.2019): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061045.
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Understanding public perceptions about environmental health hazards, exposures, and health impacts can help environmental public health practitioners to target and prioritize community activities, policy needs, and communication strategies. The online cross-sectional 2013 summer wave of the ConsumerStyles survey sampled U.S. adults and used questions from the Centers for Disease Control’s Environmental Public Health Tracking Program to measure public awareness of governmental efforts to track environmental exposures and links to health impacts, as well as perceptions of environmental health issues. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions examined the associations between demographic characteristics and level of awareness of government environmental public health efforts or level of concern about health risks associated with environmental pollutants. Responses were received from 4033 participants, yielding a response rate of 66.0%. More than half of respondents (57.8%) noted concerns about health risks from environmental pollutants. More than one-third (40.0%) of respondents reported awareness of government efforts. Nearly 40% of respondents felt that none of the health impacts listed in the survey were related to environmental issues. Multiple logistic regression models showed that non-Hispanic blacks, other races, females, people with a college or higher education, and people living in the Midwest or South regions were more likely than their counterparts to be concerned about how the environment affects their health. Future work should focus on improving risk communication, filling the information gap on environmental health issues, and understanding how perceptions change over time.
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Chen, Lei-Shih, i Patricia Goodson. "Public Health Genomics knowledge and attitudes: A survey of public health educators in the United States". Genetics in Medicine 9, nr 8 (sierpień 2007): 496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gim.0b013e31812e95b5.
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Molla, Azizur R., Theresa Ann Bacon-Baguley, Susan DeVuyst-Miller, William Wonderlin i Elizabeth Benedetti. "Public perception of the United States’ Affordable Care Act". International Journal of Healthcare 5, nr 2 (10.06.2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijh.v5n2p28.
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Background/Objective: Implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the US has given opportunity to obtain health insurance for thousands who were previously uninsured. Many believe that the ACA is an improvement over previous insurance, while others view it as making health care more costly. The purpose of this study was to survey individuals regarding knowledge and perceptions of the ACA.Methods: Researchers in public health, physician assistant studies, pharmacy and medical education developed a survey to assess the impact of the ACA. The survey included demographic questions and statements which assessed ACA support, and perspectives of the ACA’s impact on pharmaceutical and medical coverage and personal out of pocket costs. A convenience sampling was used to recruit participants at a public venue in an urban setting.Results: Demographics of the 179 surveyed include: median age 31 years; 84% Caucasian; 37% married; 58% completed a minimum of four years of college; and 45% with income exceeding $50,000. 13 (7%) were uninsured before the ACA, and 8 (4%) after. 130 (73%) had prescription coverage before the ACA with 107 (60%) reported no change in coverage, 22 (12%) better coverage, and 21 (12%) less coverage after the ACA. An association for ACA support was found based on political affiliation with more Democrats than Republicans supporting the ACA (p < .001). 71 (71%) who support the ACA, reported insurance did not improved after the ACA.Conclusions: These findings identify that in a sample of upper middle class individuals, a majority support the ACA despite a lack of improvement in their own insurance indicating that personal sacrifice for the general population is occurring.
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Beets, Becca, Todd P. Newman, Emily L. Howell, Luye Bao i Shiyu Yang. "Surveying Public Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care in the United States: Systematic Review". Journal of Medical Internet Research 25 (4.04.2023): e40337. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/40337.
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Background This paper reviews nationally representative public opinion surveys on artificial intelligence (AI) in the United States, with a focus on areas related to health care. The potential health applications of AI continue to gain attention owing to their promise as well as challenges. For AI to fulfill its potential, it must not only be adopted by physicians and health providers but also by patients and other members of the public. Objective This study reviews the existing survey research on the United States’ public attitudes toward AI in health care and reveals the challenges and opportunities for more effective and inclusive engagement on the use of AI in health settings. Methods We conducted a systematic review of public opinion surveys, reports, and peer-reviewed journal articles published on Web of Science, PubMed, and Roper iPoll between January 2010 and January 2022. We include studies that are nationally representative US public opinion surveys and include at least one or more questions about attitudes toward AI in health care contexts. Two members of the research team independently screened the included studies. The reviewers screened study titles, abstracts, and methods for Web of Science and PubMed search results. For the Roper iPoll search results, individual survey items were assessed for relevance to the AI health focus, and survey details were screened to determine a nationally representative US sample. We reported the descriptive statistics available for the relevant survey questions. In addition, we performed secondary analyses on 4 data sets to further explore the findings on attitudes across different demographic groups. Results This review includes 11 nationally representative surveys. The search identified 175 records, 39 of which were assessed for inclusion. Surveys include questions related to familiarity and experience with AI; applications, benefits, and risks of AI in health care settings; the use of AI in disease diagnosis, treatment, and robotic caregiving; and related issues of data privacy and surveillance. Although most Americans have heard of AI, they are less aware of its specific health applications. Americans anticipate that medicine is likely to benefit from advances in AI; however, the anticipated benefits vary depending on the type of application. Specific application goals, such as disease prediction, diagnosis, and treatment, matter for the attitudes toward AI in health care among Americans. Most Americans reported wanting control over their personal health data. The willingness to share personal health information largely depends on the institutional actor collecting the data and the intended use. Conclusions Americans in general report seeing health care as an area in which AI applications could be particularly beneficial. However, they have substantial levels of concern regarding specific applications, especially those in which AI is involved in decision-making and regarding the privacy of health information.
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Buzzacott, Peter, Charles Edelson, James Chimiak i Frauke Tillmans. "Health and wellbeing of recently active United States scuba divers". Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 52, nr 1 (31.03.2022): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.28920/dhm52.1.16-21.
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Introduction: This study aimed to describe recently active adult scuba divers in the United States (US) and compare their characteristics with other active adults. The research question was: do active scuba divers have different health and wellbeing characteristics, compared with adults active in other pursuits? Methods: The Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is a proportionally representative annual survey of adults in the US. It is the largest continuous population health survey in the world. Since 2011, data on scuba diving is collected biannually. A comparison group were matched on age, sex, being physically active and state of residence. Results: The dataset comprised 103,686,087 person-years of monthly behavioural data, including 14,360 person years of monthly scuba data. The median weekly frequency of recent scuba diving was 1.0 times per week and the median weekly duration was equivalent to two dives each of one hour. Compared with the comparison group, divers more often earned > USD$50,000 per year, were less frequently married, with fewer children in the house, which they more often owned. They reported being able to afford a doctor if needed within the previous year, but more often reported excellent/good health and excellent/good mental health, despite the divers being 16% more frequently overweight. Conclusions: The results demonstrate a relatively healthy cohort of active scuba divers, confirming previous survey results that active divers are commonly college-educated, unmarried, without children, home owning, often overweight, they often currently drink alcohol, and smoked tobacco in the past, but commonly gave up smoking ten years or more ago.
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Steindel, Steven J., i Marianne K. Simon. "Characterization of Microorganism Identification in the United States in 1996". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 125, nr 7 (1.07.2001): 913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2001-125-0913-comiit.
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Abstract Context.—The National Inventory of Clinical Laboratory Testing Services (NICLTS) was designed to give an unbiased estimate of all patient testing performed by laboratories registered under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments in 1996. Objective.—Survey data were used to develop a profile of laboratory testing primarily intended to identify microorganisms or antibodies to these microorganisms. Design.—Estimates of the extent of microorganism identification were derived from the NICLTS database by identifying associated tests and methods. The volumes for tests performed at locations that primarily prepared blood components for distribution were excluded. Organisms of public health importance were identified from the National Notifiable Disease list maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Participants.—Laboratories that were enrolled in the 1996 Online Certification Survey and Reporting System, maintained by the US Health Care Finance Administration, and that performed laboratory testing in 1996. Outcome Measure.—Estimated volumes and associated confidence limits by test, method, specimen type, public health importance, and testing location. Results.—Excluding testing of the blood supply, 315 million tests (95% confidence limits, 280–354 million tests) were performed in the United States for microorganism identification. Those tests for which public health consensus requires national reporting represented 38% of this total. Although hospitals performed 46% of all microorganism identification, they only performed 33% of the testing for microorganisms of public health importance. Independent and specialty laboratories performed 38% of all testing but 65% of the testing for microorganisms of public health importance. Direct methods (methods not involving culture) were used in 77% of the tests for microorganisms of public health importance and in 42% of all identification tests. Conclusions.—The distribution of microorganism identification testing found using NICLTS data is consistent with plans to modernize the public health surveillance system in the United States.
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Santibanez, Tammy A., Anup Srivastav, Yusheng Zhai i James A. Singleton. "Trends in Childhood Influenza Vaccination Coverage, United States, 2012-2019". Public Health Reports 135, nr 5 (12.08.2020): 640–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354920944867.
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Objective The objective was to compare estimates of childhood influenza vaccination across 7 consecutive influenza seasons based on 2 survey systems. Methods We analyzed data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the National Immunization Survey–Flu (NIS-Flu) using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to estimate receipt, based on parental report, of at least 1 dose of influenza vaccine among children aged 6 months to 17 years. Results We found no significant increasing trend in influenza vaccination coverage among children overall from 2012 to 2018 based on the NHIS or from 2012 to 2019 based on the NIS-Flu. We found 4 seasons with a significant increase in influenza vaccination coverage compared with the previous season (2012-2013 [NHIS, NIS-Flu], 2013-2014 [NIS-Flu], 2017-2018 [NHIS], and 2018-2019 [NIS-Flu]). As of the 2018-2019 season, based on NIS-Flu, influenza vaccination coverage was only 62.6%. Children with health conditions that put them at increased risk for complications from influenza had higher influenza vaccination coverage than children without these health conditions for all the seasons studied except 2014-2015. For all seasons studied, influenza vaccination coverage estimates for children were higher based on NIS-Flu data compared with NHIS data. Trends across seasons and differences in vaccination coverage between age groups were similar between the 2 surveys. Conclusions Influenza vaccination coverage among children appears to have plateaued. Only about half of the children in the United States were vaccinated against influenza. Improvements in measurement of influenza vaccination and development and review of strategies to increase childhood influenza vaccination coverage are needed.
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LI, JOHN, GULZAR H. SHAH i CRAIG HEDBERG. "Complaint-Based Surveillance for Foodborne Illness in the United States: A Survey of Local Health Departments". Journal of Food Protection 74, nr 3 (1.03.2011): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-353.
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Foodborne illnesses are an important public health problem in the United States in terms of both the burden of illness and cost to the health care system. Strengthening foodborne illness surveillance helps address the growing issues of food safety in the United States. Very little is known about the use of consumer complaint surveillance systems for foodborne illness. This study evaluates the use of these surveillance systems by local health departments (LHDs) in the United States and their practices and policies for investigating complaints. Data for this study were collected through two Web-based surveys based on a representative sample of LHDs in the United States; 81% of LHDs use complaint-based surveillance. Of those that did not have a complaint system, 64% reported that the state health department or another agency ran their complaint system. Health departments collect a wide variety of information from callers through their complaint systems, including food intake history. Most of the LHDs, however, do not store the information in an electronic database. Outbreak rates and complaint rates were found to be positively correlated, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.38. Complaints were the most common outbreak detection mechanism reported by respondents, with a median of 69% of outbreaks during the previous year found through complaints. Complaint systems are commonly used in the United States. Increasing the rate at which illnesses are reported by the public and improving investigation practices could help increase the number of outbreaks detected through complaint surveillance.
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Harrison, B. "A Historical Survey of National Health Movements and Public Opinion in the United States". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 289, nr 9 (5.03.2003): 1163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.9.1163.
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Wagenaar, Alexander C., Eileen M. Harwood, Traci L. Toomey, Charles E. Denk i Kay M. Zander. "Public Opinion on Alcohol Policies in the United States: Results from a National Survey". Journal of Public Health Policy 21, nr 3 (2000): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3343329.
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Clingenpeel, J. M. "Helmet rental practices at United States ski areas: a national survey". Injury Prevention 9, nr 4 (1.12.2003): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.9.4.317.
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Newacheck, Paul W., i Margaret A. McManus. "Health Insurance Status of Adolescents in the United States". Pediatrics 84, nr 4 (1.10.1989): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.4.699.
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This analysis of a sample of 15 181 adolescents aged 10 to 18 years from the National Health Interview Survey indicates that 86% of adolescents had some form of private or public health care coverage during 1984. Nevertheless, one in every seven adolescents, or nearly 4.5 million nationwide, were without any form of health insurance coverage. Adolescents without insurance coverage were concentrated in poor and near-poor households, families with little formal education, and were more likely to live in the South or West. Minorities, especially Hispanic adolescents, were less likely than white adolescents to have some form of health insurance coverage, but much of this difference was attributable to the smaller incomes of minorities. Similarly, although adolescents living in single-parent households were less likely to be insured, the reduced likelihood of coverage appears to be primarily attributable to smaller family income in single-parent households. That family economics plays a central role in determining whether an adolescent had some form of coverage was confirmed by interiew results concerning the major reasons for absence of coverage; 8 of 10 uninsured families cited economic reasons for absence of coverage. Together, these results indicate the principal barriers to obtaining health insurance are economic in nature. Public and private sector initiatives for reducing the size of the uninsured adolescent population are discussed.
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Bartley, Katherine F., Donna L. Eisenhower, Tiffany G. Harris i Karen K. Lee. "Accelerometer and Survey Data on Patterns of Physical Inactivity in New York City and the United States". Public Health Reports 134, nr 3 (5.04.2019): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919841855.
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Objective: Inactive lifestyles contribute to health problems and premature death and are influenced by the physical environment. The primary objective of this study was to quantify patterns of physical inactivity in New York City and the United States by combining data from surveys and accelerometers. Methods: We used Poisson regression models and self-reported survey data on physical activity and other demographic characteristics to predict accelerometer-measured inactivity in New York City and the United States among adults aged ≥18. National data came from the 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. New York City data came from the 2010-2011 New York City Physical Activity and Transit survey. Results: Self-reported survey data indicated no significant differences in inactivity between New York City and the United States, but accelerometer data showed that 53.1% of persons nationally, compared with 23.4% in New York City, were inactive ( P < .001). New Yorkers reported a median of 139 weekly minutes of transportation activity, compared with 0 minutes nationally. Nationally, 50.0% of self-reported activity minutes came from recreation activity, compared with 17.5% in New York City. Regression models indicated differences in the association between self-reported minutes of transportation and recreation and accelerometer-measured inactivity in the 2 settings. Conclusions: The prevalence of physical inactivity was higher nationally than in New York City. The largest difference was in walking behavior indicated by self-reported transportation activity. The study demonstrated the feasibility of combining accelerometer and survey measurement and that walkable environments promote an active lifestyle.
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Dumont, Matthew P., i Dora M. Dumont. "Deinstitutionalization in the United States and Italy: A Historical Survey". International Journal of Mental Health 37, nr 4 (grudzień 2008): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/imh0020-7411370405.
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Moore, Perry. "Health Care Cost Containment in Large American Cities". Public Personnel Management 18, nr 1 (marzec 1989): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102608901800108.
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This research provides information about the health care cost containment efforts of local governments and agencies across the United States, particularly in large American cities. Survey results indicate that while the public sector lags behind the private sector, public agencies are beginning to match the cost containment efforts of private employers. While initiation of these efforts represents considerable recent progress, their tangible benefits are not yet apparent.
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Ford, Earl S., i Diane H. Jones. "Cardiovascular health knowledge in the United States: Findings from the National Health Interview Survey, 1985". Preventive Medicine 20, nr 6 (listopad 1991): 725–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-7435(91)90067-e.
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Massoudi, B. L., i K. G. Chester. "Public Health, Population Health, and Epidemiology Informatics: Recent Research and Trends in the United States". Yearbook of Medical Informatics 26, nr 01 (sierpień 2017): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1606510.
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Summary Objectives: To survey advances in public and population health and epidemiology informatics over the past 18 months. Methods: We conducted a review of English-language research works conducted in the domain of public and population health informatics and published in MEDLINE or Web of Science between January 2015 and June 2016 where information technology or informatics was a primary subject or main component of the study methodology. Selected articles were presented using a thematic analysis based on the 2011 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Public Health Informatics Agenda tracks as a typology. Results: Results are given within the context developed by Dixon et al., (2015) and key themes from the 2011 AMIA Public Health Informatics Agenda. Advances are presented within a socio-technical infrastructure undergirded by a trained, competent public health workforce, systems development to meet the business needs of the practice field, and research that evaluates whether those needs are adequately met. The ability to support and grow the infrastructure depends on financial sustainability. Conclusions: The fields of public health and population health informatics continue to grow, with the most notable developments focused on surveillance, workforce development, and linking to or providing clinical services, which encompassed population health informatics advances. Very few advances addressed the need to improve communication, coordination, and consistency with the field of informatics itself, as identified in the AMIA agenda. This will likely result in the persistence of the silos of public health information systems that currently exist. Future research activities need to aim toward a holistic approach of informatics across the enterprise.
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Massoudi, B. L., i K. G. Chester. "Public Health, Population Health, and Epidemiology Informatics: Recent Research and Trends in the United States". Yearbook of Medical Informatics 26, nr 01 (2017): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15265/iy-2017-035.
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Summary Objectives: To survey advances in public and population health and epidemiology informatics over the past 18 months. Methods: We conducted a review of English-language research works conducted in the domain of public and population health informatics and published in MEDLINE or Web of Science between January 2015 and June 2016 where information technology or informatics was a primary subject or main component of the study methodology. Selected articles were presented using a thematic analysis based on the 2011 American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Public Health Informatics Agenda tracks as a typology. Results: Results are given within the context developed by Dixon et al., (2015) and key themes from the 2011 AMIA Public Health Informatics Agenda. Advances are presented within a socio-technical infrastructure undergirded by a trained, competent public health workforce, systems development to meet the business needs of the practice field, and research that evaluates whether those needs are adequately met. The ability to support and grow the infrastructure depends on financial sustainability. Conclusions: The fields of public health and population health informatics continue to grow, with the most notable developments focused on surveillance, workforce development, and linking to or providing clinical services, which encompassed population health informatics advances. Very few advances addressed the need to improve communication, coordination, and consistency with the field of informatics itself, as identified in the AMIA agenda. This will likely result in the persistence of the silos of public health information systems that currently exist. Future research activities need to aim toward a holistic approach of informatics across the enterprise.
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McManus, Margaret A., Ann M. Greaney i Paul W. Newacheck. "Health Insurance Status of Young Adults in the United States". Pediatrics 84, nr 4 (1.10.1989): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.4.709.
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Sociodemographic and health characteristics of young adults who are uninsured, publicly insured, and privately insured were examined using the 1984 National Health Interview Survey. The results indicated that 26% of 19 to 24-year-old persons had no health insurance protection, 65% were privately insured, 7% were publicly insured, and 1% had both private and public coverage. Young adults at greatest risk for being uninsured were male, Hispanic and black, poor and near-poor, unemployed, high school dropouts, living with others, and residing in the South and West. All young adults predictably lose or change health insurance as they move from dependence to independence. It was concluded that greater use of new and existing transitional insurance options should be offered as well as targeted educational and communication strategies to assure that all young persons enter adulthood with some basic insurance protection.
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Taube, Juliana C., Zachary Susswein i Shweta Bansal. "Spatiotemporal Trends in Self-Reported Mask-Wearing Behavior in the United States: Analysis of a Large Cross-sectional Survey". JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 9 (6.03.2023): e42128. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/42128.
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Background Face mask wearing has been identified as an effective strategy to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, yet mask mandates were never imposed nationally in the United States. This decision resulted in a patchwork of local policies and varying compliance, potentially generating heterogeneities in the local trajectories of COVID-19 in the United States. Although numerous studies have investigated the patterns and predictors of masking behavior nationally, most suffer from survey biases and none have been able to characterize mask wearing at fine spatial scales across the United States through different phases of the pandemic. Objective Urgently needed is a debiased spatiotemporal characterization of mask-wearing behavior in the United States. This information is critical to further assess the effectiveness of masking, evaluate the drivers of transmission at different time points during the pandemic, and guide future public health decisions through, for example, forecasting disease surges. Methods We analyzed spatiotemporal masking patterns in over 8 million behavioral survey responses from across the United States, starting in September 2020 through May 2021. We adjusted for sample size and representation using binomial regression models and survey raking, respectively, to produce county-level monthly estimates of masking behavior. We additionally debiased self-reported masking estimates using bias measures derived by comparing vaccination data from the same survey to official records at the county level. Lastly, we evaluated whether individuals’ perceptions of their social environment can serve as a less biased form of behavioral surveillance than self-reported data. Results We found that county-level masking behavior was spatially heterogeneous along an urban-rural gradient, with mask wearing peaking in winter 2021 and declining sharply through May 2021. Our results identified regions where targeted public health efforts could have been most effective and suggest that individuals’ frequency of mask wearing may be influenced by national guidance and disease prevalence. We validated our bias correction approach by comparing debiased self-reported mask-wearing estimates with community-reported estimates, after addressing issues of a small sample size and representation. Self-reported behavior estimates were especially prone to social desirability and nonresponse biases, and our findings demonstrated that these biases can be reduced if individuals are asked to report on community rather than self behaviors. Conclusions Our work highlights the importance of characterizing public health behaviors at fine spatiotemporal scales to capture heterogeneities that may drive outbreak trajectories. Our findings also emphasize the need for a standardized approach to incorporating behavioral big data into public health response efforts. Even large surveys are prone to bias; thus, we advocate for a social sensing approach to behavioral surveillance to enable more accurate estimates of health behaviors. Finally, we invite the public health and behavioral research communities to use our publicly available estimates to consider how bias-corrected behavioral estimates may improve our understanding of protective behaviors during crises and their impact on disease dynamics.
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Crowe, Remle P., Roger Levine, Severo Rodriguez, Ashley D. Larrimore i Ronald G. Pirrallo. "Public Perception of Emergency Medical Services in the United States". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 31, S1 (25.11.2016): S112—S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x16001126.
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AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the public’s experience, expectations, and perceptions related to Emergency Medical Services (EMS).MethodsA population-based telephone interview of adults in the United States was conducted. The survey instrument consisted of 112 items. Demographic variables including age, race, political beliefs, and household income were collected. Data collection was performed by trained interviewers from Kent State University’s (Kent, Ohio USA)Social Research Laboratory. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Comparative analyses were conducted between those who used EMS at least once in the past five years and those who did not use EMS using χ2andttests.ResultsA total of 2,443 phone calls were made and 1,348 individuals agreed to complete the survey (55.2%). There were 297 individuals who requested to drop out of the survey during the phone interview, leaving a total of 1,051 (43.0%) full responses. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 94 years with an average age of 57.5 years. Most were Caucasian or white (83.0%), married (62.8%), and held conservative political beliefs (54.8%). Three-fourths of all respondents believed that at least 40% of patients survive cardiac arrest when EMS services are received. Over half (56.7%) believed that Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)-Basics and EMT-Paramedics provide the same level of care. The estimated median hours of training required for EMT-Basics was 100 hours (IQR: 40-200 hours), while the vast majority of respondents estimated that EMT-Paramedics are required to take fewer than 1,000 clock hours of training (99.3%). The majority believed EMS professionals should be screened for illegal drug use (97.0%), criminal background (95.9%), mental health (95.2%), and physical fitness (91.3%). Over one-third (37.6%) had used EMS within the past five years. Of these individuals, over two-thirds (69.6%) rated their most recent experience as “excellent.” More of those who used EMS at least once in the past five years reported a willingness to consent to participate in EMS research compared with those who had not used EMS (69.9% vs. 61.4%,P=.005).ConclusionsMost respondents who had used EMS services rated their experience as excellent. Nevertheless, expectations related to survival after cardiac arrest in the out-of-hospital setting were not realistic. Furthermore, much of the public was unaware of the differences in training hour requirements and level of care provided by EMT-Basics and EMT-Paramedics.CroweRP,LevineR,RodriguezS,LarrimoreAD,PirralloRG.Public perception of Emergency Medical Services in the United States.Prehosp Disaster Med.2016;31(Suppl.1):s112–s117.
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O’Malley, Blaise Y., Edgard Etoundi-Ngono, Jianjun Hua, Joseph P. Nano i Catherine F. Pipas. "Evaluation of a Pilot Wellness Elective for Master of Public Health Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, nr 5 (3.05.2024): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050590.
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Background: Graduate student wellbeing is a public health issue in the United States. The COVID-19 outbreak exacerbated the mental health burden on graduate students worldwide. Culture of Wellness (PH 104) is a 2-week wellbeing elective course that teaches evidence-based wellbeing strategies for graduate students at a university in the United States. Our study aimed to evaluate the impact of this pilot wellbeing elective on Master of Public Health students’ mental health and wellness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Participants included 22 Master of Public Health students from the class of 2021 at a university in the United States. We provided a pre-course survey to students that assessed their perception of their own personal wellbeing, their knowledge about various wellbeing strategies, and their confidence in applying 13 wellbeing strategies before taking the course. Post-course students completed the same survey following course completion, as well as a matching evaluation and a five-month follow up survey. Results: Of the 13 strategies taught, students reported significant improvements in their ability to apply 10 strategies. There was a significant increase in self-reported emotional and physical wellbeing, as well as a significant decrease in burnout. Five months post-course, more than three quarters of respondents used strategies taught in the course on a weekly basis or more. Limitations: This pilot study is limited by its small sample size, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings. Conclusions: The PH 104 Culture of Wellness course was effective in improving graduate students’ wellbeing and confidence in applying wellbeing strategies
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Kirkland, Chelsey, Janette S. Dill i Harshada Karnik. "Retention of Community Health Workers in the Public Health Workforce: Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey, 2017 and 2021". American Journal of Public Health 114, nr 1 (styczeń 2024): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2023.307462.
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Objectives. To investigate the organizational factors contributing to the intent of community health workers (CHWs) to quit their jobs in local and state health departments in the United States. Methods. We used the 2017 (n = 844) and 2021 (n = 1014) Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey data sets to predict CHWs’ intent to leave with Stata 17 balanced repeated replication survey estimations. Results. CHWs dissatisfied with organizational support, pay, or job security had high probabilities of reporting an intent to leave (50%, P < .01; 39%, P < .01; and 42%, P < .01, respectively) relative to satisfied or neutral workers (24%, P < .01; 21%, P < .01; and 26%, P < .01, respectively). Conclusions. Improving organizational support, pay satisfaction, and job security satisfaction in public health agencies can significantly improve CHW retention, potentially lowering overall organizational costs, enhancing organizational morale, and promoting community health. Public Health Implications. Our findings shed light on actionable ways to improve CHW retention, including assessing training needs; prioritizing diversity, equity, and inclusion; and improving communication between management and workers. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(1):44–47. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307462 )
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Brownson, Ross C., Julie A. Jacobs, Rachel G. Tabak, Christine M. Hoehner i Katherine A. Stamatakis. "Designing for Dissemination Among Public Health Researchers: Findings From a National Survey in the United States". American Journal of Public Health 103, nr 9 (wrzesień 2013): 1693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2012.301165.
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Shendell, Derek G., Amber Gourdine i Melody Yuan. "Assessing Awareness of and Interests in Public Health Among Undergraduate Students Without Declared Majors". Pedagogy in Health Promotion 4, nr 2 (7.07.2017): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2373379917716087.
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There are underrepresented fields in both undergraduate-level (UG) and graduate-level public health (PH) professional preparation in the United States. Demand for employment and a diversified work force in PH is growing. To understand how well UG students are aware of and knowledgeable about PH, a survey was conducted at a large urban statewide public university in the Northeastern United States. Students solicited to participate in the anonymous online survey conducted in PsychData were first- and second-year undeclared major UG students during March to April 2015 (spring semester). Of 138 consenting respondents, there were 101 validated, complete sets of responses. Variables included student course enrollment, whether parental occupation influences student choice of majors, and perceived quality of available curricula. More UG students were enrolled in introductory statistics among the PH-related courses asked about; those courses fulfilled multiple UG major requirements and could play greater roles in student awareness of PH, that is, opportunities via PH faculty/staff/guest lectures. Implications of findings include providing students hands-on experiences late in high school and early UG years, and advisors mentioning PH to students interested in basic sciences.
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Samson, Frank L. "Support for immigration reduction and physician distrust in the United States". SAGE Open Medicine 4 (1.01.2016): 205031211665256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312116652567.
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Objectives: Health research indicates that physician trust in the United States has declined over the last 50 years. Paralleling this trend is a decline in social capital, with researchers finding a negative relationship between immigration-based diversity and social capital. This article examines whether physician distrust is also tied to immigration-based diversity and declining social capital. Methods: Data come from the 2012 General Social Survey, one of the gold standards of US public opinion surveys, using a national probability sample of 1080 adult US respondents. Key measures included support for reducing levels of immigration to the United States and multiple measures of physician trust. Results: The results of ordinary least squares regressions, using survey weights, indicate that support for reducing immigration is positively linked to physician distrust, bringing physician distrust into the orbit of research on diversity and declining social capital. Models controlled for age, education, income, gender, race, nativity, conservatism, unemployed status, lack of health insurance, and self-rated health. Furthermore, analyses of a subset of respondents reveal that measures of general trust and some forms of institutional trust do not explain away the association between support for immigration reduction and physician distrust, though confidence in science as an institution appears relevant. Conclusion: Consistent with diversity and social capital research, this article finds that an immigration attitude predicts physician distrust. Physician distrust may not be linked just to physician–patient interactions, the structure of the health care system, or health policies, but could also be tied to declining social trust in general.
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Omura, John D., Geoffrey P. Whitfield, Tiffany J. Chen, Eric T. Hyde, Emily N. Ussery, Kathleen B. Watson i Susan A. Carlson. "Surveillance of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Among Youth and Adults in the United States: History and Opportunities". Journal of Physical Activity and Health 18, S1 (1.08.2021): S6—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2021-0179.
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Background: Surveillance is a core function of public health, and approaches to national surveillance of physical activity and sedentary behavior have evolved over the past 2 decades. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of surveillance of physical activity and sedentary behavior in the United States over the past 2 decades, along with related challenges and emerging opportunities. Methods: The authors reviewed key national surveillance systems for the assessment of physical activity and sedentary behavior among youth and adults in the United States between 2000 and 2019. Results: Over the past 20 years, 8 surveillance systems have assessed physical activity, and 5 of those have assessed sedentary behavior. Three of the 8 originated in nonpublic health agencies. Most systems have assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior via surveys. However, survey questions varied over time within and also across systems, resulting in a wide array of available data. Conclusion: The evolving nature of physical activity surveillance in the United States has resulted in both broad challenges (eg, balancing content with survey space; providing data at the national, state, and local level; adapting traditional physical activity measures and survey designs; and addressing variation across surveillance systems) and related opportunities.
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Kopanoff, D. E., D. E. Snider i M. Johnson. "Recurrent tuberculosis: why do patients develop disease again? A United States Public Health Service cooperative survey." American Journal of Public Health 78, nr 1 (styczeń 1988): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.78.1.30.
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Yin, Xin, Keith W. Hamilton, Heather Tate i Nkuchia M. M’ikanatha. "920. Use of the Web by State and Territorial Health Departments to Promote the Dissemination of State Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Data, United States". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (1.10.2020): S494—S495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1108.
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Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria pose a serious threat to public health. The national response to this threat includes calls for promoting judicious use of antibiotics in humans and animals and strengthening integrated One Health surveillance of AMR bacteria in humans, animals, and environment. However, the extent to which public health jurisdictions are disseminating surveillance findings to promote judicious use of antimicrobials is unclear. Methods We used a standardized web audit tool to manually review and document the presence of AMR-related information on the websites of all public health jurisdictions that participate in national notifiable disease surveillance in the United States. We also emailed a survey to representatives in the 54 jurisdictions that participate in the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) activities coordinated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The survey asked questions about AMR-related information on their public health department website. Results Of the 37 (68.5%) jurisdictions that responded to the email survey, 26 (70.3%) indicated that their websites have information on appropriate antibiotic use for health professionals, veterinarians and general public, compared to 89.3% from the web survey (Figure). Eleven (29.7%) indicated that they have data on antimicrobial susceptibility for pathogens, or antibiograms, on their websites, compared to 48.2% from the web survey. While 11 (29.7%) jurisdictions indicated that they have highlighted appropriate antimicrobial use on the homepage, the web survey found no reference on the homepage. Comparison of results from email and web survey on public health jurisdictions’ website, United States - 2020 Conclusion Public health jurisdictions have begun to use websites to increase awareness about the threat of antimicrobial resistance. However, the limited presence of information on appropriate antimicrobial use for the public, health professionals and veterinarians suggest the need for improvement. Gaps exist between the awareness of the epidemiologists and laboratorians and the information reported on public health jurisdictions’ websites. Websites can be expanded and better leveraged to increase visibility of AMR and appropriate antimicrobial prescribing across One Health domains. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Dixon, B. E., H. Kharrazi i H. P. Lehmann. "Public Health and Epidemiology Informatics: Recent Research and Trends in the United States". Yearbook of Medical Informatics 24, nr 01 (sierpień 2015): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15265/iy-2015-012.
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Summary Objectives: To survey advances in public health and epidemiology informatics over the past three years. Methods: We conducted a review of English-language research works conducted in the domain of public health informatics (PHI), and published in MEDLINE between January 2012 and December 2014, where information and communication technology (ICT) was a primary subject, or a main component of the study methodology. Selected articles were synthesized using a thematic analysis using the Essential Services of Public Health as a typology. Results: Based on themes that emerged, we organized the advances into a model where applications that support the Essential Services are, in turn, supported by a socio-technical infrastructure that relies on government policies and ethical principles. That infrastructure, in turn, depends upon education and training of the public health workforce, development that creates novel or adapts existing infrastructure, and research that evaluates the success of the infrastructure. Finally, the persistence and growth of infrastructure depends on financial sustainability. Conclusions: Public health informatics is a field that is growing in breadth, depth, and complexity. Several Essential Services have benefited from informatics, notably, “Monitor Health,” “Diagnose & Investigate,” and “Evaluate.” Yet many Essential Services still have not yet benefited from advances such as maturing electronic health record systems, interoperability amongst health information systems, analytics for population health management, use of social media among consumers, and educational certification in clinical informatics. There is much work to be done to further advance the science of PHI as well as its impact on public health practice.
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Burke, Adam, Rena J. Gordon i Bhaswati Bhattacharya. "A Preliminary Survey of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Courses in Graduate Public Health Programs". Complementary health practice review 6, nr 2 (styczeń 2001): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153321010100600207.
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Interest in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has grown significantly in the United States. In response, numerous medical and nursing schools are now offering CAM courses. Considering the significant overlap of many CAM and public health objectives, it seems prudent for Schools of Public Health to also consider inclusion of this content into graduate training. This study examined the current status of CAM courses in public health programs. Interviews were conduct ed with school representatives attending the American Public Health Association annual meeting in Boston (November, 2000). School representatives reported a substantial interest in CAM among students and faculty, and that many schools were currently offering or considering CAM courses.
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Hirsch, Jana A., Yuzhe Zhao, Usama Bilal, Kathryn M. Neckerman i Yvonne L. Michael. "Health and Health-Related Resources in Newly Designated Federally Qualified Opportunity Zones: United States, 2012–2016". American Journal of Public Health 110, nr 3 (marzec 2020): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305489.
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Objectives. To characterize health and health-related resources in the new qualified opportunity zones (QOZs) relative to tracts not selected or not eligible for this federal investment incentive. Methods. We used tract-level data from the 498 largest cities in the contiguous United States (n = 24 409), categorized using designations from the Department of Treasury. We compiled data on population characteristics, health-related resources, and health from the American Community Survey, the National Establishment Time Series, the National Land Cover Dataset, and the US Small-Area Life Expectancy Estimates Project and the 500 Cities projects. We calculated means and SDs for ineligible, eligible (but not designated), and designated QOZ tracts. Results. In general, designated QOZ tracts had lower access to health care facilities, physical activity resources, and healthy food. They had a higher prevalence of unhealthy behaviors and worse health outcomes across most measures. Conclusions. By benchmarking conditions, we facilitate tracking and assessment of QOZ impacts. Public Health Implications. QOZ could spur unprecedented neighborhood change with substantial influence on health resources and outcomes. Public health collaboration and strategic local governance of QOZ will be crucial for yielding health benefits for existing residents.
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Amrock, S. M., T. Gordon, J. T. Zelikoff i M. Weitzman. "Hookah Use Among Adolescents in the United States: Results of a National Survey". Nicotine & Tobacco Research 16, nr 2 (23.10.2013): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt160.
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Maytin, Lauren, Jason Maytin, Priya Agarwal, Anna Krenitsky, JoAnn Krenitsky i Robert S. Epstein. "Attitudes and Perceptions Toward COVID-19 Digital Surveillance: Survey of Young Adults in the United States". JMIR Formative Research 5, nr 1 (8.01.2021): e23000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/23000.
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Background COVID-19 is an international health crisis of particular concern in the United States, which saw surges of infections with the lifting of lockdowns and relaxed social distancing. Young adults have proven to be a critical factor for COVID-19 transmission and are an important target of the efforts to contain the pandemic. Scalable digital public health technologies could be deployed to reduce COVID-19 transmission, but their use depends on the willingness of young adults to participate in surveillance. Objective The aim of this study is to determine the attitudes of young adults regarding COVID-19 digital surveillance, including which aspects they would accept and which they would not, as well as to determine factors that may be associated with their willingness to participate in digital surveillance. Methods We conducted an anonymous online survey of young adults aged 18-24 years throughout the United States in June 2020. The questionnaire contained predominantly closed-ended response options with one open-ended question. Descriptive statistics were applied to the data. Results Of 513 young adult respondents, 383 (74.7%) agreed that COVID-19 represents a public health crisis. However, only 231 (45.1%) agreed to actively share their COVID-19 status or symptoms for monitoring and only 171 (33.4%) reported a willingness to allow access to their cell phone for passive location tracking or contact tracing. Conclusions Despite largely agreeing that COVID-19 represents a serious public health risk, the majority of young adults sampled were reluctant to participate in digital monitoring to manage the pandemic. This was true for both commonly used methods of public health surveillance (such as contact tracing) and novel methods designed to facilitate a return to normal (such as frequent symptom checking through digital apps). This is a potential obstacle to ongoing containment measures (many of which rely on widespread surveillance) and may reflect a need for greater education on the benefits of public health digital surveillance for young adults.
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Abir, Mahshid, Melinda Moore, Margaret Chamberlin, Kristi L. Koenig, Jon Mark Hirshon, Cynthia Singh, Sandra Schneider i Stephen Cantrill. "Using Timely Survey-Based Information Networks to Collect Data on Best Practices for Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response: Illustrative Case From the American College of Emergency Physicians’ Ebola Surveys". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, nr 4 (16.06.2016): 681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.93.
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AbstractObjectiveUsing the example of surveys conducted by the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) regarding the management of Ebola cases in the United States, we aimed to demonstrate how survey-based information networks can provide timely data to inform best practices in responding to public health emergencies.MethodsACEP conducted 3 surveys among its members in October to November 2014 to assess the state of Ebola preparedness in emergency departments. We analyzed the surveys to illustrate the types of information that can be gleaned from such surveys. We analyzed qualitative data through theme extraction and collected quantitative results through cross-tabulations and logistic regression examining associations between outcomes and potential contributing factors.ResultsIn the first survey, most respondents perceived their hospital as being reasonably prepared for Ebola. The second survey revealed significant associations between a hospital’s preparedness and its perceived ability to admit Ebola patients. The third survey identified 3 hospital characteristics that were significantly and independently associated with perceived ability to admit Ebola patients: large size, previous Ebola screening experience, and physician- and nurse-led hospital preparedness.ConclusionProfessional associations can use their member networks to collect timely survey data to inform best practices during and immediately after public health emergencies. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:681–690)
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Cohen, Leonard A., i Alice M. Horowitz. "Community-based Sealant Programs in the United States: Results of a Survey". Journal of Public Health Dentistry 53, nr 4 (grudzień 1993): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.1993.tb02711.x.
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Eheman, Christie R., Earl Ford, Norm Staehling i Paul Garbe. "Knowledge about Indoor Radon in the United States: 1990 National Health Interview Survey". Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 51, nr 3 (czerwiec 1996): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1996.9936023.
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Dye-Braumuller, Kyndall C., Jennifer R. Gordon, Danielle Johnson, Josie Morrissey, Kaci McCoy, Rhoel R. Dinglasan i Melissa S. Nolan. "Needs Assessment of Southeastern United States Vector Control Agencies: Capacity Improvement Is Greatly Needed to Prevent the Next Vector-Borne Disease Outbreak". Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, nr 5 (13.05.2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7050073.
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A national 2017 vector control capacity survey was conducted to assess the United States’ (U.S.’s) ability to prevent emerging vector-borne disease. Since that survey, the southeastern U.S. has experienced continued autochthonous exotic vector-borne disease transmission and establishment of invasive vector species. To understand the current gaps in control programs and establish a baseline to evaluate future vector control efforts for this vulnerable region, a focused needs assessment survey was conducted in early 2020. The southeastern U.S. region was targeted, as this region has a high probability of novel vector-borne disease introduction. Paper copies delivered in handwritten envelopes and electronic copies of the survey were delivered to 386 unique contacts, and 150 returned surveys were received, corresponding to a 39% response rate. Overall, the survey found vector control programs serving areas with over 100,000 residents and those affiliated with public health departments had more core capabilities compared to smaller programs and those not affiliated with public health departments. Furthermore, the majority of vector control programs in this region do not routinely monitor for pesticide resistance. Taken as a whole, these results suggest that the majority of the southeastern U.S. is vulnerable to vector-borne disease outbreaks. Results from this survey raise attention to the critical need of providing increased resources to bring all vector control programs to a competent level, ensuring that public health is protected from the threat of vector-borne disease.
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Sunarti, Sri, Tukimin Bin Sansuwito, Musheer Abdulwahid Al-Jaberi, Siti Mariyam i Nida Amalia. "Factors Affecting E-Smoking Behavior in Public Health Students of University Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur". BIO Web of Conferences 54 (2022): 00008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20225400008.
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Background The trend of using electronic cigarettes (vapor) has developed rapidly among teenagers in the United States, and the largest increase occurred in the United States and Canada in 2018. The increased use of electronic cigarettes occurred from 2011 to 2015 while the decreased use occurred in 2016 and 2017. However, in 2018, the National Youth Tobacco Survey identified the increased use of vapor among adolescents; a 30-day trial of e-cigarette use increased by 20.8% among adolescents, especially students. The results of a survey conducted 2.5% using e-cigarettes. Objectives This study aims to investigate factors that influence the electric smoking behavior of public health students. Methods This study employed quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach to determine the relationship of behavioral factors to e-smoking. This study involved 214 samples selected using simple random sampling. Results Factors that influence smoking behavior are knowledge with a p-value of 0.000 and attitude with a p-value of 0.000. Moreover, this study has found that modern women use e-cigarettes because they consider that it does not violate any rule. Conclusions Factors that influence smoking behavior are knowledge, attitude. Influential factors are knowledge and attitudes so it is necessary to prevent the use of e-cigarettes with health education, regulations
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Zhang, Yuanyuan, i Yuming Zhang. "Exploring the Relationship between Ridesharing and Public Transit Use in the United States". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, nr 8 (16.08.2018): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081763.
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Car travel accounts for the largest share of transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions in the United States (U.S.), leading to serious air pollution and negative health effects; approximately 76.3% of car trips are single-occupant. To reduce the negative externalities of cars, ridesharing and public transit are advocated as cost-effective and more environmentally sustainable alternatives. A better understanding of individuals’ uses of these two transport modes and their relationship is important for transport operators and policymakers; however, it is not well understood how ridesharing use is associated with public transit use. The objective of this study is to examine the relationships between the frequency and probability of ridesharing use and the frequency of public transit use in the U.S. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were employed to investigate the associations between these two modes, utilizing individual-level travel frequency data from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey. The survey data report the number of times the respondent had used ridesharing and public transit in the past 30 days. The results show that, generally, a one-unit increase in public transit use is significantly positively related to a 1.2% increase in the monthly frequency of ridesharing use and a 5.7% increase in the probability of ridesharing use. Additionally, the positive relationship between ridesharing and public transit use was more pronounced for people who live in areas with a high population density or in households with fewer vehicles. These findings highlight the potential for integrating public transit and ridesharing systems to provide easier multimodal transportation, promote the use of both modes, and enhance sustainable mobility, which are beneficial for the environment and public health.
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Stephan-Recaido, Shelley C., Trevor K. Peckham, Jérôme Lavoué i Marissa G. Baker. "Characterizing the Burden of Occupational Chemical Exposures by Sociodemographic Groups in the United States, 2021". American Journal of Public Health 114, nr 1 (styczeń 2024): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2023.307461.
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Objectives. To estimate the number and prevalence of workers in the United States exposed to chemical hazards available in the Canadian job-exposure matrix (CANJEM) database and examine exposure disparities across sociodemographic groups. Methods. We merged US worker demographic data from the Current Population Survey with CANJEM to characterize the burden and sociodemographic distribution of 244 chemical exposures in the United States in 2021. An interactive version of the full data set is available online ( https://deohs.washington.edu/us-exposure-burden ). Results. Of the chemical exposures examined, the most prevalent were cleaning and antimicrobial agents (14.7% of workforce estimated exposed), engine emissions (12.8%), organic solvents (12.1%), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (10.1%), and diesel engine emissions (8.3%). Racial and ethnic minoritized groups, persons with lower educational attainment, foreign-born noncitizens, and males were generally overrepresented in exposure to work-related chemical hazards. Conclusions. In the United States, marginalized sociodemographic groups are estimated to experience an inequitable burden to many chemical exposures because of occupational segregation. Data from this analysis can inform occupational and public health research, policy, and interventions aimed at reducing the burden of disease and health inequities in the United States. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(1):57–67. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307461 )
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Olfson, Mark, Candace M. Cosgrove, Sean F. Altekruse, Melanie M. Wall i Carlos Blanco. "Living Alone and Suicide Risk in the United States, 2008‒2019". American Journal of Public Health 112, nr 12 (grudzień 2022): 1774–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2022.307080.
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Objectives. To evaluate the association between living alone and suicide and how it varies across sociodemographic characteristics. Methods. A nationally representative sample of adults from the 2008 American Community Survey (n = 3 310 000) was followed through 2019 for mortality. Cox models estimated hazard ratios of suicide across living arrangements (living alone or with others) at the time of the survey. Total and sociodemographically stratified models compared hazards of suicide of people living alone to people living with others. Results. Annual suicide rates per 100 000 person-years were 23.0 among adults living alone and 13.2 among adults living with others. The age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-adjusted hazard ratio of suicide for living alone was 1.75 (95% confidence interval = 1.64, 1.87). Adjusted hazards of suicide associated with living alone varied across sociodemographic groups and were highest for adults with 4-year college degrees and annual incomes greater than $125 000 and lowest for Black individuals. Conclusions. Living alone is a risk marker for suicide with the strongest associations for adults with the highest levels of income and education. Because these associations were not controlled for psychiatric disorders, they should be interpreted as noncausal. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(12):1774–1782. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307080 )
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Xiao, Yanping, Lele Xiao, Ruizhi Zhu i Xueyin Liu. "Worldwide scientific efforts on nursing in the field of SARS-CoV-2: a cross-sectional survey analysis". Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 17, nr 11 (30.11.2023): 1522–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.18780.
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Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been a global public health issue. This study aimed to characterize global nursing research on SARS-CoV-2. Methodology: Nursing-related publications through December 31, 2022, were identified using Scopus. The number of studies, study types, countries, institutions, journals, authors, h-index, total confirmed cases, total deaths, and the highest-cited studies were investigated. Results: In total, 12,427 studies were identified. The number of studies increased rapidly, particularly between 2020 and 2021, with a 2.36–fold increase. The United States published the most studies (3,289, 26.47%), followed by the United Kingdom (1,059, 8.52%) and China (877, 7.06%). Scientific productivity significantly correlated with the total confirmed cases (r = 0.701, p = 0.024) and total deaths (r = 0.804, p = 0.005). The United States had the highest h-index (80), followed by China (59), and the United Kingdom (57). The University of Toronto published the most studies (181), followed by Harvard Medical School (165), and the University of São Paulo (107). Gravenstein S (23) was the most prolific author, followed by Mor V (22), and Rosa WE (19). The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health published the most papers (436), followed by PLOS ONE (219), and BMJ Open (185). Conclusions: Several countries, institutions, journals, and authors contributed greatly to SARS-CoV-2-related nursing studies. Countries with larger numbers of confirmed cases and deaths tended to publish more nursing studies. The United States, United Kingdom, and China had the highest quantity and quality of studies.
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Liu, Eugene W., Kimberly A. Workowski, Laura H. Taouk, Jay Schulkin, William E. Secor i Jeffrey L. Jones. "Survey of Obstetrician-gynecologists in the United States About Trichomoniasis, 2016". Sexually Transmitted Diseases 46, nr 1 (styczeń 2019): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000000893.
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Hawkins, Summer Sherburne, Janet Chung-Hall, Lorraine Craig, Geoffrey T. Fong, Ron Borland, K. Michael Cummings, David Levy i Sara C. Hitchman. "Support for Minimum Legal Sales Age Laws Set to Age 21 Across Australia, Canada, England, and United States: Findings From the 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey". Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, nr 12 (1.07.2020): 2266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa119.
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Abstract Introduction Although the United States has seen a rapid increase in tobacco minimum legal sales age (MLSA) laws set to age 21, there is wide variation across high-income countries and less is known about policy support outside of the United States. We examined the prevalence of support for tobacco MLSA 21 laws as well as associations by sociodemographic, smoking, and household characteristics among current and former adult smokers. Methods In this cross-sectional analysis, we used the 2018 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey to examine support for MLSA 21 laws among 12 904 respondents from Australia, Canada, England, and United States. Results Support for raising the legal age of purchasing cigarettes/tobacco to 21 ranged from 62.2% in the United States to 70.8% in Canada. Endorsement also varied by age, such that 40.6% of 18–20 years old supported the policy compared with 69.3% of those aged ≥60 years. In the adjusted regression model, there was also higher support among respondents who were female than male, non-white than white, those who did not allow smoking in the household than those that did, and those who had children in the household than those that did not. There were no differences by household income, education, or smoking status. Conclusions Most current and former smokers, including a sizable minority of those aged ≤20 years, support raising the legal age of purchasing cigarettes/tobacco to 21. Implications There was strong support for MLSA 21 laws among smokers and former smokers across Australia, Canada, England, and the United States, providing evidence for the increasing public support of the passage of these laws beyond the United States.
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Baker, Marissa G. "Nonrelocatable Occupations at Increased Risk During Pandemics: United States, 2018". American Journal of Public Health 110, nr 8 (sierpień 2020): 1126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305738.
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Objectives. To characterize which occupations in the United States could likely work from home during a pandemic such as COVID-19. Methods. I merged 2018 US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) national employment and wage data with measures ranking the importance of computer use at work and the importance of working with or performing for the public from the BLS O*NET survey. Results. Approximately 25% (35.6 million) of US workers are employed in occupations (such as technology, administrative, financial, and engineering) that could be done from home; the remaining 75% work in occupations (including health care, manufacturing, retail, and food services) that are challenging to do from home. Conclusions. Most US workers are employed in occupations that cannot be done at home, putting 108.4 million workers at increased risk for adverse health outcomes related to working during a pandemic. These workers tend to be lower paid. The stress experienced by lower-income groups, coupled with job insecurity, could result in a large burden of mental health disorders in the United States in addition to increased cases of COVID-19 from workplace transmission.
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Abbasi, Hiba, Christine Vandenhouten, Regina H. Johnson i Krista Jones. "Community, Public, and Population Health Content in Nursing Curricula: National Survey Results". Journal of Nursing Education 63, nr 5 (maj 2024): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20240305-02.
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Background: Policy, societal, and system changes are prompting nursing programs to expand population health content in curricula. This study examined the current state of community, public, and population health (CPPH) education in nursing curricula throughout the United States. Method: This descriptive study examined CPPH education in nursing programs nationally. A survey was developed and distributed to nursing programs from January to May 2021. Results: CPPH content integration occurred across all program levels, and the majority of the participants were involved in the development of CPPH-specific curriculum. Programs experienced reductions in CPPH curriculum due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), lack of experienced faculty, budget constraints, and an emphasis on acute care. Conclusion: The continuation of CPPH education in current nursing curricula is critical. National and academic nursing organizations must continue to monitor CPPH content in nursing curricula to assure a competent CPPH nursing workforce. [ J Nurs Educ . 2024;63(5):282–291.]
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Bell, Janice, Robin L. Whitney, Sarah Reed, Andra Davis, Katherine Kim, David Copenhaver, Richard J. Bold i Jill G. Joseph. "Health care quality experiences among cancer survivors in the United States, 2011." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, nr 31_suppl (1.11.2014): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.31_suppl.246.
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246 Background: Recent national reports highlight gaps in the quality of health care received by the growing population of cancer survivors in the United States. A deeper understanding of the health care experiences of cancer survivors and related disparities could inform interventions designed to address these gaps. Methods: Data from the 2011 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey Household Component and Experiences with Cancer Survivorship Supplement (n=1,592) were used to compare health care experiences of survivors those those of individuals in active treatment. Logistic regression models of three outcomes (receipt of necessary care; detailed discussions with providers about late or long-term side effects of cancer treatment; and detailed discussions with providers about lifestyle or health recommendations e.g., diet, exercise, quitting smoking) were controlled for potential confounding variables including age, sex, health insurance status, education, race/ethnicity, and marital status. Survey weights were applied to account for the complex sampling design and estimates are generalizable to the US civilian, non-institutionalized population. Results: Most respondents (96%), whether or not they were in active treatment, reported they had received all medical care, tests, or treatments that they or their providers believed were necessary. Fewer survivors, compared to respondents in active treatment, reported their providers had discussed late or long-term side effects (37% versus 61%; p<0.01) or lifestyle recommendations with them in detail (57% versus 72%). These associations persisted in the multivariable models of side effect discussions (OR=0.38; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.55) and lifestyle recommendations (OR=; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.68) regardless of the length of time since treatment had finished. Subgroups with lower odds of all three outcomes included those with public or no insurance and those with lower levels of education. Conclusions: Care received after treatment for cancer may not fully address the unique needs of cancer survivors and, in particular, those with public or no insurance and with low levels of education regardless of treatment status. Targeted interventions with a focus on these subgroups may be required.
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Geldsetzer, Pascal. "Use of Rapid Online Surveys to Assess People's Perceptions During Infectious Disease Outbreaks: A Cross-sectional Survey on COVID-19". Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, nr 4 (2.04.2020): e18790. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18790.
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Background Given the extensive time needed to conduct a nationally representative household survey and the commonly low response rate of phone surveys, rapid online surveys may be a promising method to assess and track knowledge and perceptions among the general public during fast-moving infectious disease outbreaks. Objective This study aimed to apply rapid online surveying to determine knowledge and perceptions of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among the general public in the United States and the United Kingdom. Methods An online questionnaire was administered to 3000 adults residing in the United States and 3000 adults residing in the United Kingdom who had registered with Prolific Academic to participate in online research. Prolific Academic established strata by age (18-27, 28-37, 38-47, 48-57, or ≥58 years), sex (male or female), and ethnicity (white, black or African American, Asian or Asian Indian, mixed, or “other”), as well as all permutations of these strata. The number of participants who could enroll in each of these strata was calculated to reflect the distribution in the US and UK general population. Enrollment into the survey within each stratum was on a first-come, first-served basis. Participants completed the questionnaire between February 23 and March 2, 2020. Results A total of 2986 and 2988 adults residing in the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively, completed the questionnaire. Of those, 64.4% (1924/2986) of US participants and 51.5% (1540/2988) of UK participants had a tertiary education degree, 67.5% (2015/2986) of US participants had a total household income between US $20,000 and US $99,999, and 74.4% (2223/2988) of UK participants had a total household income between £15,000 and £74,999. US and UK participants’ median estimate for the probability of a fatal disease course among those infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was 5.0% (IQR 2.0%-15.0%) and 3.0% (IQR 2.0%-10.0%), respectively. Participants generally had good knowledge of the main mode of disease transmission and common symptoms of COVID-19. However, a substantial proportion of participants had misconceptions about how to prevent an infection and the recommended care-seeking behavior. For instance, 37.8% (95% CI 36.1%-39.6%) of US participants and 29.7% (95% CI 28.1%-31.4%) of UK participants thought that wearing a common surgical mask was “highly effective” in protecting them from acquiring COVID-19, and 25.6% (95% CI 24.1%-27.2%) of US participants and 29.6% (95% CI 28.0%-31.3%) of UK participants thought it was prudent to refrain from eating at Chinese restaurants. Around half (53.8%, 95% CI 52.1%-55.6%) of US participants and 39.1% (95% CI 37.4%-40.9%) of UK participants thought that children were at an especially high risk of death when infected with SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions The distribution of participants by total household income and education followed approximately that of the US and UK general population. The findings from this online survey could guide information campaigns by public health authorities, clinicians, and the media. More broadly, rapid online surveys could be an important tool in tracking the public’s knowledge and misperceptions during rapidly moving infectious disease outbreaks.
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Ronca-Battista, M., M. Moon, J. Bergsten, S. B. White, B. Alexander i N. Holt. "Radon 222 Concentrations in the United States - Results of Sample Surveys in Five States". Radiation Protection Dosimetry 24, nr 1-4 (1.08.1988): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080292.
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Abstract During the winter of 1986-1987, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provided assistance to ten states to begin state-wide radon surveys. This paper presents survey results from the five states that completed a survey using a probability sample of housing units. Radon concentrations in six thousand homes in Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, Wisconsin, and Wyoming were measured. The data recorded from detectors placed in those houses have been compiled into the first multi-state survey of radon levels that allows valid extrapolation to the population at large. The target population was ground level, owner occupied residences with listed telephone numbers. Each state was partitioned into strata according to geologic characteristics relevant to radon levels. A systematic random sample of telephone numbers was selected within each stratum, and the telephone numbers together with associated names and addresses were supplied to each state. Charcoal canisters were deployed for a two-day period in each sample home, following the EPA screening measurement protocol. Strict procedures were followed to ensure randomness of the sample and the accuracy of the measurements. The results were analysed to produce estimates of the frequency distribution of radon concentrations throughout each state and for areas within states. A smaller sample of residences which were volunteered by their owners in each state also received detectors. The radon data from these houses were analysed separately. Estimates from the two northern states were significantly higher than those from the more southerly states and estimates for volunteers tended to be higher than the estimates from the random sample of homes. In the former case, the differences were influenced by the proportion of homes with basements.