Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Union”
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1
FİDAN, Tuncer. "Perspectives and Expectations of Union Member and Non- Union Member Teachers on Teacher Unions". Journal of Educational Sciences Research 5, nr 2 (15.10.2015): 191–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.12973/jesr.2015.52.10.
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Colley, Linda. "Union recognition and union security". Journal of Management History 23, nr 1 (9.01.2017): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-06-2016-0029.
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Purpose Union membership has declined in many countries reducing union capacity to bargain and contribute to economic equality. This paper aims to explore a more hopeful case in an Australian state, where the dramatic anti-union strategies of conservative governments have been reversed by Labor governments. Design/methodology/approach The research frames union recognition and union security in an international context, highlighting differences between US, Canadian, UK and Australian approaches. The research focuses on the Australian state of Queensland, providing an historical account of changes to union recognition and union preference provisions, drawing on legislation, major public service agreements, newspapers and parliamentary transcripts. Findings Conservative governments in Australia have implemented anti-union strategies, and Labor governments have often failed to restore union-friendly provisions when re-elected. In contrast, the Queensland study demonstrates a substantial restoration of union security provisions when Labor governments are re-elected, rebuilding political capital with unions and potentially supporting union membership. This difference is due to unique political and institutional factors that provide governments with unfettered powers to legislate their industrial relations agenda, whether in support or otherwise of unions, and has led to the more distinctive pendulum swings to the right and left than occurred elsewhere in Australia. Originality/value The research contributes to debates about the factors related to declining union membership and highlights a case where unions have achieved restoration of many provisions that increase their influence and potentially their membership.
3
Furåker, Bengt. "European trade union cooperation, union density and employee attitudes to unions". Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 26, nr 3 (9.07.2020): 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258920933118.
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European trade unions have much to gain from cooperating with each other. Such cooperation does exist, but it is still fairly limited and many obstacles need to be overcome if cooperation is to be improved. According to our survey data, higher-level union officials regard differences concerning financial resources and national labour market regulations to be particularly substantial barriers to cooperation. The enormously varying union density across Europe, and its general decrease, also creates barriers. Therefore, employee attitudes to unions are examined using data from the International Social Survey Programme. As expected, union members tend to be more positive about trade unions than non-members. The most interesting finding, however, is that employees in some countries with low union density exhibit fairly positive views or at least views that are not less positive than what we find among employees in many countries with higher density rates. This suggests that there is potential for recruiting members.
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Langford, Tom. "Involvement with unions, union belief perspectives, and desires for union membership". Journal of Labor Research 15, nr 3 (wrzesień 1994): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02685769.
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Wooden, Mark. "Union Amalgamations and the Decline in Union Density". Journal of Industrial Relations 41, nr 1 (marzec 1999): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569904100102.
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Confronted by a marked decline in trade union density, the union movement in Australia bas responded by promoting the restructuring and amolgamation of trade unions. As a result, the number of active trade unions in Australia has fallen markedly since 1990. Despite tbis, the decline in trade union density accelerated during the 1990s, leading some analysts to suggest that the union amalgamation process may actually have been counterproductive in terms of overall trade union membership. This article tests this hypothesis using panel data collected as part of the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey. A regression model of changes in union density in the period 1989/90 to 1995 is developed and estimated. The results indicate that while declining union numbers have been associated with the decline in union density, none of the blame for the fall can be traced to the amalgamation process.
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Yao, Yao, i Morley Gunderson. "Do local union strategies explain the (unexpected) union pay premium in China?" International Journal of Manpower 42, nr 6 (20.01.2021): 1124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-03-2020-0084.
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PurposeThe authors investigate the extent to which differences in provincial union legislation have impacts on the union earnings premium.Design/methodology/approachContent analysis of provincial union regulations of 25 provinces is conducted to create two indices: one reflecting the degree of stringency of the local requirement that unions be established in a timely fashion and the other reflecting requirements for employers to negotiate wages with the union. The authors use individual level data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) of 2010 to estimate the union earnings premium.FindingsThe authors find that unionised workers in China receive an earnings premium ranging from 6.4 to 9.6%, which is in range of other studies (but not all) for China that tend to find a (perhaps surprising) union wage premium in spite of the fact that unions tend to be “company unions” designed to foster stability and growth and to serve as a transmission belt for the wishes of the Party rather than bargaining for the benefit of their members. The authors also find that provincial requirements to establish unions in a timely fashion enhance the impact of unions on the earnings of their members, but provincial requirements to negotiate wages dampen the effect of unions on the earnings of their members. Reasons for these results are discussed.Originality/valueDespite this lack of independence of the Chinese unions, research continuously finds that Chinese unions have effects that are surprisingly similar to those of unions in Western countries. This paper drills deeper into the underlying mechanisms to see if local union strategies, exemplified by provincial union legislation, can explain the unexpected union effects on compensation. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper to do so. Moreover, the authors use individual-level data in contrast to most studies on China that use firm or provincial level aggregate data.
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Panov, A. I. "THE MONOGRAPH ABOUT TRANSPORT TRADE UNIONS". World of Transport and Transportation 15, nr 1 (28.02.2017): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2017-15-1-27.
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[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].REVIEW OF THE BOOK: Zubkov, S. A., Krainov, G.N. Transport unions as part of the international trade union movement. Monograph. Moscow, INFRA-M publ., 2017, 297 p. ABSTRACT The book, published in the series «Scientific Thought», is devoted to the study of transport unions as components of the international trade union movement. The authors draw attention to the history, current state and problems of the international trade union movement, t h e processes of globalization, cooperation and coordination of the actions of international transport unions. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the trade union movement in rail transport, the participation of the Russian trade union of railway workers and transport builders in the international trade union movement. Keywords: trade union, transport unions, international trade union movement, International Confederation of Trade Unions (ITUC), World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), International Workers’ Association (IWA), Global Federation of Trade Unions (GUF), International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITWF), International Committee of Transport Workers’ Propaganda (ICTWP), Profintern, International Confederation of Trade Unions of Railway Workers and Transport Builders (ICRW), Russian Union of Railway Workers and Transport Builders (ROSPROFZHEL).
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김선권. "Calvin’s Mystical Union(unio mystica)". Korean Jounal of Systematic Theology ll, nr 38 (czerwiec 2014): 157–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21650/ksst..38.201406.157.
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Metcalf, David, Kirstine Hansen i Andy Charlwood. "Unions and the Sword of Justice: Unions and Pay Systems, Pay Inequality, Pay Discrimination and Low Pay". National Institute Economic Review 176 (kwiecień 2001): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010117600106.
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Dispersion in pay is lower among union members than among non-unionists. This reflects two factors. First, union members and jobs are more homogeneous than their non-union counterparts. Second, union wage policies within and across firms lower pay dispersion. Unions' minimum wage targets also truncate the lower tail of the union distribution. There are two major consequences of these egalitarian union wage policies. First, the return to human capital is lower in firms which recognise unions than in the unorganised sector. Second, unions compress the wage structure by gender, race and occupation.
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Harcourt, Mark, Helen Lam i Geoffrey Wood. "US union revival, minority unionism and inter-union conflict". Journal of Industrial Relations 56, nr 5 (12.12.2013): 653–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185613507165.
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One option for reversing US union decline, requiring no legislative change, would involve re-legitimizing non-majority or minority union representation, allowing unions to organize without running the gauntlet of union certification. Such minority representation, applicable only to workplaces without majority union support on a members-only basis, could run in parallel with the existing system of exclusive representation in workplaces where majority support is achieved. The increased representation in the currently unrepresented workplaces would inevitably promote workers’ collective voice and contribute to union revival. However, minority unionism has been criticized for breeding union competition because it is non-exclusive. In this paper, the nature and extent of inter-union conflict under minority unionism are re-examined, using survey data from unions in New Zealand which already has non-exclusive, minority union representation. The low levels and consequences of conflict suggest that the benefits of minority unionism far outweigh any potentially unfavourable effects.
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Peetz, David. "Why Join? Why Stay? Instrumentality, Beliefs, Satisfaction and Individual Decisions on Union Membership". Economic and Labour Relations Review 9, nr 1 (czerwiec 1998): 123–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469800900106.
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To understand individuals' union membership choices it is necessary to examine decisions both to join and to leave (exit) unions, observed when employees are in jobs where unions are available and there is freedom of choice on union membership (‘open’ jobs). Using multivariate analysis of survey data, it was found that sympathy towards unions was the most powerful influence upon union joining, but had little impact on union exit, which was more a function of the perceived instrumentality of membership. Employee perceptions on union in-fighting and cooperation with management influenced union membership, as did the outcome of involvement in industrial disputes. Satisfaction with union delegates was a key influence on attitudes and membership. Employee trust of management only influenced exit behaviour through its interaction with satisfaction with union delegates. Job satisfaction had a complex relationship with union membership that is disguised in aggregated studies.
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Jasevičienė, Filomena, Vytautas Kėdaitis i Simona Vidzbelytė. "CREDIT UNIONS’ ACTIVITY AND FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF THEM IN LITHUANIA". Ekonomika 93, nr 1 (1.01.2014): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2014.0.3018.
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Abstract. In the recent years, the role of credit unions in the financial sector of Lithuania has gradually become more significant. The number of credit unions grew together with their assets, number of members, and deposits. The beginning of a rapid process of credit unions’ establishment and development caused unmeasured risks which led to a suspended activity of several credit unions in 2013. This caused an insignificant migration of credit unions’ shareholders (members) from one union to another, retirements, etc. Although residents haven’t lost the confidence, this fact demands to investigate and analyse the factors determining the choice of a credit union. After a survey of credit union members in Lithuania, the factors most significant for shareholders were determined. Also, the factors least significant for the choice of a credit union were determined, and conclusions and recommendations for managers of credit unions were given. Conclusions and recommendations can help the management to choose the strategy which would result in a higher level of new members’ involvement in the union.Key words: credit union, credit union members, credit union performance, factor analysis, criteria of choice
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Toshpulatovich, Avezov Umidjon. "THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF TRADE UNIONS AS AN INSTITUTION OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN UZBEKISTAN". American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 03, nr 01 (1.01.2022): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume04issue01-04.
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This article analyzes the concept of a trade union and its legal nature, the role and importance of trade unions as an institution of civil society in Uzbekistan, the functions and basic principles of trade union activity, the organizational and legal foundations of trade unions. The article also provides a constitutional and legal analysis of the concept of a trade union and its legal nature, an analysis of the functions and basic principles of trade union activity, a study of the stages of development of the legislative system of trade unions in Uzbekistan, organizational and legal issues of trade union activity, a study, an analysis of the legal nature of documents adopted by trade unions, comparatively - legal analysis of foreign experience in organizing trade union activities, determining priority areas for improving trade union activities, developing proposals and recommendations for improving the legislation governing this activity, and other issues were also analyzed
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Pyman, Amanda, Julian Teicher, Brian Cooper i Peter Holland. "The Predictors of Unmet Demand for Unions in Non-Union Workplaces: Lessons from Australia". Articles 72, nr 2 (22.06.2017): 270–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1040401ar.
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In this study, we examine the predictors of unmet demand for unions in non-union workplaces, using theAustralian Worker Representation and Participation Survey(AWRPS). Unmet demand is defined here, as those employees in non-union workplaces who would be likely to join a union if one were available. We argue that this is the first study in Australia to examine the predictors of unmet demand in non-union workplaces, and, that this is an important line of inquiry given a rise in non-union workplaces and never members in Australia, alongside declining union density and membership numbers. Drawing on three strands of existing literature, namely the individual propensity to unionize, the rise and characteristics of non-union workplaces and alternative forms of representation, and, managerial responsiveness to employees and unions, we develop and test four hypotheses.Our results show, controlling for a range of personal, job and workplace characteristics, that there are two significant predictors of the willingness to join a union in non-union workplaces: perceived union instrumentality (Hypothesis 2) and perceived managerial responsiveness to employees (Hypothesis 4), whereby employees who perceive that managers lack responsiveness are more likely to want to join a union if one were available.These results show that unions must try to enhance their instrumentality in workplaces and could be more effective in recruiting if they targeted never members. The results also show that unions need to have some gauge (measure) of how responsive managers are to employees, and that they can leverage poor responsiveness of managers for membership gain and the extension of organizing. In the final analysis, an understanding of the predictors of unmet demand for unions in non-union workplaces has implications for Australian unions’ servicing and organizing strategies, and for their future growth prospects.
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Christie, Virginia, i Paul Miller. "Attitudes towards unions and union membership". Economics Letters 30, nr 3 (wrzesień 1989): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(89)90238-3.
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Van Dalsem, Shane. "Effects of Credit Union Service Organizations on Credit Union Performance". Journal of Finance Issues 15, nr 1 (30.06.2016): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.58886/jfi.v15i1.2482.
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This study examines the effects of credit union service organizations (CUSOs) on credit union performance for the period 2009 through 2014. I use random effects models with Mundlak (1978) correction to estimate the relationships between CUSOs and credit union performance variables. Credit union participation in CUSOs increased over the sample period and participation increases with credit union size. CUSO participation is divided based on whether the credit union wholly owned the CUSO or was required to collaborate with other institutions. I find evidence that participation in wholly-owned CUSOs increases the interest rate spread, collaborative consumer mortgage origination reduces loan rates, and insurance brokerage or agency significantly increases non-interest income for credit unions. The results of the study support existing findings that small organizations are reluctant to give up autonomy and offer insight on which CUSOs benefit credit unions and their members.
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McAleese, Owen, i Martin V. Day. "Some psychological determinants of broad union attitudes". Journal of Social and Political Psychology 10, nr 2 (12.10.2022): 588–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.9659.
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Many societies are grappling with how to reduce high levels of economic inequality. Although often overlooked, labor unions can have significant flattening effects on inequality. However, unions are not highly supported by the general public. To provide some psychological explanation as to why this may be the case, we examined five potential predictors of general union attitudes (i.e., political orientation, prejudice toward union members, meritocratic beliefs, union knowledge and social mobility beliefs). We tested each variable at least twice across three studies (two in the U.S., one in Canada, total N = 1756). Results indicated that stronger political conservative orientation, prejudice feelings towards union members and less accurate knowledge of union activities uniquely explained lower pro-union attitudes across studies. Meritocratic and social mobility beliefs did not meaningfully explain union attitudes. Although mostly correlational, this research provides insight into potential reasons why everyday citizens may support or condemn unions in an increasingly unequal world. Implications for altering union attitudes and support for related policies are discussed.
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Kane, John V., i Benjamin J. Newman. "Organized Labor as the New Undeserving Rich?: Mass Media, Class-Based Anti-Union Rhetoric and Public Support for Unions in the United States". British Journal of Political Science 49, nr 3 (14.08.2017): 997–1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000712341700014x.
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Labor unions play a prominent role in the economy and in politics, and have long been depicted by opponents as an overly powerful, corrupt and economically harmful institution. In labor-related news in recent years, anti-union rhetoric has regularly focused on union workers themselves, frequently portraying them as overpaid, greedy and undeserving of their wealth, while also drawing a contrast between the compensation of union vs. non-union workers. This type of rhetoric is referred to here as class-based anti-union rhetoric (CAR). Despite its prevalence, it remains unknown whether CAR affects public opinion toward unions. This study uses a series of national survey experiments to demonstrate that exposure to CAR reduces the perceived similarity of targeted union workers, unions’ perceived deservingness of public support and support for pro-union legislation. Moreover, CAR repeatedly nullified or reversed the otherwise positive relationship between the strength of worker identity and solidarity with union workers.
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Larsson, Bengt. "Trade Union Channels for Influencing European Union Policies". Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 5, nr 3 (1.10.2015): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v5i3.4809.
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This paper analyzes what channels trade unions in Europe use when trying to influence European Union (EU) policies. It compares and contrasts trade unions in different industrial relations regimes with regard to the degree to which they cooperate with different actors to influence EU policies, while also touching on the importance of sector differences and organizational resources. The study is based on survey data collected in 2010–2011 from unions affiliated with the European Trade Union Confederation and from below peak unions in 14 European countries. Results of the survey show that the ‘national route’ is generally the most important for trade unions in influencing EU policies in the sense that this channel is, on average, used to the highest degree. In addition, the survey delineates some important differences between trade unions in different industrial relations regimes with regard to the balance between the national route and different access points in the ‘Brussels route’.
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Juravich, Tom, i Peter R. Shergold. "The Impact of Unions on the Voting Behavior of Their Members". ILR Review 41, nr 3 (kwiecień 1988): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398804100303.
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Based on a survey of members of AFL-CIO-affiliated unions in Pennsylvania, this paper investigates the influence of unions on how their members voted in the 1984 Presidential election. The authors find that unions had little effect on the number of members who voted but surprisingly strong influence on the Presidential choice of those who did vote. Union members who actively participated in their union, held union leadership positions, and reported that they had received literature or telephone calls about the election from their union were significantly more likely than other members to support the candidate endorsed by their union (Mondale). The electronic media influenced voting behavior significantly, but traditional forms of union communication were more influential than many believe.
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Camfield, David. "Renewal in Canadian Public Sector Unions". Articles 62, nr 2 (13.07.2007): 282–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/016089ar.
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Challenges from employers and governments and the limited success of public sector union responses suggest the need for renewal in Canadian public sector unions. This article engages with discussions of union renewal by way of theoretically conceptualizing the modes of union praxis relevant to Canadian unions. It then examines the nature of neoliberal public sector reform and assesses the experiences of Canadian public sector unions under neoliberalism. In this difficult context, unions that are able to make progress in the interconnected development of greater democracy and power will be more capable of channelling workers’ concerns into union activity. This, along with international and Canadian evidence, highlights the significance of the praxis of social movement unionism to union renewal in the public sector.
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Darmofal, David, Nathan J. Kelly, Christopher Witko i Sarah Young. "Federalism, Government Liberalism, and Union Weakness in America". State Politics & Policy Quarterly 19, nr 4 (6.06.2019): 428–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532440019851806.
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Unlike most other countries, in the United States, subnational governments (states) have substantial authority over collective bargaining and union organization laws. Because states compete for business investment and union (dis)organization likely has spillover effects beyond state borders, weak unions in one state may affect union organization in other states. We examine how union decline in one state is associated with union decline in neighboring states, and whether the presence of prounion (left-leaning) governments may limit the spread of union decline. Examining a period of major union decline (1983–2014), we find that union weakness in one state is associated with union weakness in nearby states. We observe that Democratic power in Congress is associated with higher unionization rates, but that liberal state governments have been relatively powerless to stop union decline in this period. These findings have important implications for understanding the historical and contemporary weakness of American unions and for the future of union strength in the United States.
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Parker, Jane, i Janice Foley. "Progress on Women’s Equality within UK and Canadian Trade Unions: Do Women’s Structures Make a Difference?" Articles 65, nr 2 (31.08.2010): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/044303ar.
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Many Canadian and UK trade unions host collective structures for women unionists. These structures continue to widen in form to encompass women’s conferences, committees, courses, meetings, seminars, workshops, caucuses, branches and networks. The bulk of extant work on union women’s structures focuses on their concern with improving women’s conditions in the workplace. However, a growing body of works acknowledges their role as agents for change within the union setting in promoting women’s equality and in supporting union revitalization efforts. This study focuses on women’s structures’ meaning for progress with women’s equality within UK and Canadian unions. Using national surveys and semi-structured interview evidence supplied by a wide variety of unionists, it “maps” and cross-nationally compares equality achievements for women in this setting. The assessment is structured by a typology of union dimensions where progress on women’s equality has been emphasized in the literature: i) union membership and participation, ii) union education/training, iii) local union position-holding, iv) convention attendance and v) union leadership. Thematic and simple quantitative analyses were employed to account for the nature of progress in these areas for women in relation to women’s structures’ presence and activity. It emerges that the dimensions for women’s union involvement are interrelated, and that women’s union involvement to date has not been comprehensively gauged, particularly in terms of its parity with men’s activity and empowerment in unions, and also with regard to the influences on the level and character of advances towards union equality for women. Further, women’s structures are shown to play a part in effecting uneven progress for women on additional equality indices that emerge from the data, ranging from more inclusive language in union constitutions through new union ways of working to union action on interests which reflect gendered structural inequalities in that setting. According to the informants, the uneven character of women’s union equality advancements reflects the varying obduracy of impediments to women’s structures’ equality goals and the ambition of their equality initiatives. The article’s concluding discussion centres on the significance of equality developments in UK and Canadian unions for progressing institutional goals (e.g., union membership growth, strong identity, internal cohesion, diverse interest representation) and for refining assessments of women’s advancement towards equality in unions. Further, it emphasizes the need for women’s structures, advancements as internal union critics and guardians of existing women’s equality achievements, to profile their “contribution” to union equality. Efforts to develop an expanded repertoire of internal equality measures might also encourage UK and Canadian unions themselves to re-evaluate the fullness of conventional measures of their influence, given continuous pressure on union strategists to find a solid and innovative basis for union revitalization.
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Lindvall, Johannes. "Union Density and Political Strikes". World Politics 65, nr 3 (lipiec 2013): 539–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887113000142.
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Why do trade unions organize antigovernment strikes in some countries but not in others? This article argues that there is a curvilinear relationship between union density and political strike activity. Political strikes are rare in countries with low union density, since effective protests require a basic level of organizational capacity. They are also rare in countries with high union density, since a government that faces a strong union movement has powerful incentives to adjust its policies in order to avoid open confrontation. But political strikes are relatively common in countries with moderate levels of union density, since it is difficult for governments and unions to find viable compromises when the strength of the unions is not secure. The empirical part of the article estimates the relationship between union density and the likelihood of political strikes in two samples of advanced democracies.
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Taschereau-Dumouchel, Mathieu. "The Union Threat". Review of Economic Studies 87, nr 6 (27.05.2020): 2859–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdaa027.
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Abstract This article develops a search theory of labour unions in which the possibility of unionization distorts the behaviour of non-union firms. In the model, unions arise endogenously through a majority election within firms. As union wages are set through a collective bargaining process, unionization compresses wages and lowers profits. To prevent unionization, non-union firms over-hire high-skill workers— who vote against the union— and under-hire low-skill workers— who vote in its favour. As a consequence of this distortion in hiring, firms that are threatened by unionization hire fewer workers, produce less and pay a more concentrated distribution of wages. In the calibrated economy, the threat of unionization has a significant negative impact on aggregate output, but it also reduces wage inequality.
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Hyman, Richard, i Rebecca Gumbrell-McCormick. "(How) can international trade union organisations be democratic?" Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 26, nr 3 (sierpień 2020): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258920938499.
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International trade union organisations, like unions at national level, commonly affirm their commitment to internal democracy. But what does this mean? There exists a vast literature on union democracy, addressing the questions whether democracy in trade unions is desirable; whether it is possible; and if so, how it can be achieved. However, the focus of analysis is almost exclusively at the national (or sub-national) level, with the premise that union members are individual workers. But international unions (like many national confederations indeed) do not have individual workers as members: they are organisations of organisations. What does this imply for our understanding of union democracy? We begin our article by summarising the broader literature on union democracy, then develop an interpretation of international unions as ‘meta-organisations’. We next explore some of the implications for debates on democracy at international level, and end by asking whether theories of deliberative democracy can help in understanding the options for international union democracy.
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Jit, Ravinder. "Challenges of Trade Union Movement in India". Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 8, nr 2 (28.02.2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2016/7656.
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The trade union movement in India is facing many challenges. The finances of the unions are generally in a bad shape. Multiplicity of unions and inter-union rivalry makes it difficult to take a constructive approach to problems and issues. Heterogeneity of membership renders the unions unstable, weak, fragmented, uncoordinated and amorphous. Besides this, majority of unions are managed by professional politicians and lawyers who have no experience of physical work and no commitment to the organization. These outside leaders may give precedence to their personal interests and prejudices than welfare of the workers. Development of internal leadership is also not encouraged by unscrupulous politicians in the garb of union leaders. Keeping in mind all these challenges various scholars and practitioners have suggested certain measures to strengthen trade union movement in India. Developing internal leadership, presenting a united labor front for bargaining, ensuring financial stability of unions, having paid full time union office bearers, extending the boundaries of trade unions to unorganized sector and ensuring strong central legislation for recognition of representative union are some of the measures that can change the face of trade unionism in India.
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Boyer, George R. "What Did Unions Do in Nineteenth-Century Britain?" Journal of Economic History 48, nr 2 (czerwiec 1988): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700004939.
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The article examines the development of the insurance function of trade unions. It analyzes how such policies worked, and why union benefit packages differed across occupations. It also addresses the impact of insurance policies on union organization. Insurance benefits increased the ability of unions to attract and retain members. They did not, however, significantly increase the power of union leaders relative to employers or union rank and file.
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Nagy, Benedek. "Union-Freeness Revisited — Between Deterministic and Nondeterministic Union-Free Languages". International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 32, nr 05 (23.04.2021): 551–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054121410070.
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Union-free expressions are regular expressions without using the union operation. Consequently, (nondeterministic) union-free languages are described by regular expressions using only concatenation and Kleene star. The language class is also characterised by a special class of finite automata: 1CFPAs have exactly one cycle-free accepting path from each of their states. Obviously such an automaton has exactly one accepting state. The deterministic counterpart of such class of automata defines the deterministic union-free (d-union-free, for short) languages. In this paper [Formula: see text]-free nondeterministic variants of 1CFPAs are used to define n-union-free languages. The defined language class is shown to be properly between the classes of (nondeterministic) union-free and d-union-free languages (in case of at least binary alphabet). In case of unary alphabet the class of n-union-free languages coincides with the class of union-free languages. Some properties of the new subregular class of languages are discussed, e.g., closure properties. On the other hand, a regular expression is in union normal form if it is a finite union of union-free expressions. It is well known that every regular expression can be written in union normal form, i.e., all regular languages can be described as finite unions of (nondeterministic) union-free languages. It is also known that the same fact does not hold for deterministic union-free languages, that is, there are regular languages that cannot be written as finite unions of d-union-free languages. As an important result here we show that every regular language can be defined by a finite union of n-union-free languages. This fact also allows to define n-union-complexity of regular languages.
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Chaison, Gary N., i Joseph B. Rose. "The Structure and Growth of the Canadian National Unions". Relations industrielles 36, nr 3 (12.04.2005): 530–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/029180ar.
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The authors present an overview of union growth and high-light specific characteristics of national trade unions, review recent studies of union growth in Canada, examine their relevance to the rise of national unionism, develop an alternative model of union growth and test its applicability to national unions.
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Aðalsteinsson, Gylfi Dalmann, i Þórhallur Örn Guðlaugsson. "Stéttarfélagsaðild á Íslandi". Veftímaritið Stjórnmál og stjórnsýsla 15, nr 1 (17.06.2019): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2019.15.1.4.
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Few studies have been conducted on trade union density in Iceland, some has been written about trade unions in Iceland. There has been a lot of debate in Europe over the last 20 years of declining trade union density. There are various reasons for this decline, such as general economic prosperity since the end of the Second World War, EU directives and regulations on increased rights and protection of workers, more focus on work life balance, increased economic growth, higher employment rates, structural change in the labour market and new management practices that encourage employees to be outside of trade unions. Furthermore, as a possible explanation, internationalization and fierce competition of companies in global markets has also been pointed out, greater emphasis on flexibility in employment contracts, job outsourcing and the fact that it is more difficult to get well-educated professionals to be union members. The development of trade union density in Iceland has been different. For the last 20 years, trade union density in Iceland has been very high and remained fairly stable. This paper deals with trade union density in Iceland from 1994 to 2016. Few proposition, according to the authors’ assessment, are put forward that can shed light on high union density in Iceland. They are: 1) closed shop agreements, 2) check-off system, legal obligation for employers to deducts a portion of an employee’s wages to pay union dues, 3) large public sector, 4) strategic work of trade unions to make union membership attracting with various services and benefits for members, 5) trade unions has emphasized on reaching to young people in the labour market, 6) trade union membership granted union members access to pension fund, 7) the “Ghent system” which linked unemployment benefits to union membership.
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Beaumont, Phillip B., i Richard I. D. Harris. "Union De-Recognition and Declining Union Density in Britain". ILR Review 48, nr 3 (kwiecień 1995): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399504800301.
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In Britain, where there are no representation elections and management's recognition of unions is entirely voluntary, a substantial decline in union density since 1979 has been in part attributed to increased instances of union de-recognition by management. This study examines the relationship between union density and union de-recognition at the individual establishment level through an analysis of the panel data set contained in the 1990 national Workplace Industrial Relations Survey. The results indicate that between 1984 and 1990, union recognition was lost in less than 10% of establishments in the sample; changes in union status were closely related to changes in union density; and changes in union density, in turn, resulted from extrinsic and organizational changes, such as increased competition and changes in company size.
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Stewart, Paul, Andy Danford i Edson Urano. "Organizing Latin American workers in Japan". Employee Relations 39, nr 3 (3.04.2017): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-03-2016-0054.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess difficulties facing the unionization of foreign workers focusing on the experience of trade unionists in Union MIE, an exemplar of what in Japan is known as a community union (sometimes described as a form of Minority union – Stewart, 2006). Union MIE is characterized by its orientation to the social and political agenda of Latin American workers, among whom Brazilians form the most numerous group. The paper also addresses the precarious nature of workers’ employment including the condition of labor. The increasing significance of community unions raises the question as to the possibility of the reregulation of worker interests in ways not fully encompassed by traditional labor market-focused unions. Design/methodology/approach The paper explores unique interviews using snowball technique and direct questionnaires to union membership of community union in Japan. Findings The increasing significance of community unions raises the question as to the possibility of the reregulation of worker interests in ways not fully encompassed by traditional labor market-focused unions. In addition to having relevance to the wider discussion on union decline, this paper contributes to the debate on migrant workers, their condition of labor and one form of labor organization responsive to their concerns. Research limitations/implications A comparative approach would add even more to the weight of evidence accrued in the paper. Practical implications Mainstream trade unions need to anticipate that the concerns of migrant and precarious workers will become increasingly common among their erstwhile “regularly” employed membership and so the activities of community and minority unions need to be taken on board in an organic, as opposed to an opportunistic, manner. Originality/value From unique interviews using snowball technique and direct questionnaires to union membership of community union in Japan, the paper presents original data not typically accessible in Anglo-Saxon research tradition.
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Miller, Paul, i Charles Mulvey. "Trade Unions and the Distribution of Paid Overtime". Journal of Industrial Relations 33, nr 2 (czerwiec 1991): 220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569103300204.
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The suggestion has been made by Mulvey (1986) that trade unions may be able to influence the allocation of work paid at premium rates in favour of their members and that this may partially explain the existence of a union/non-union differential in average hourly earnings in Australia. This paper investigates both the general proposition and its particular application to the union/non-union wage differential. with respect to the distribution of paid overtime. Analysis of the Australian Longi tudinal Survey reveals that, while unions do appear to influence the distribution of overtime in favour of their members, the effect is small and would account for only about one percentage point of the union/non-union wage differential.
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Hu, Enhua, Maolong Zhang, Hongmei Shan, Long Zhang i Yaqing Yue. "Job satisfaction and union participation in China". Employee Relations 40, nr 6 (1.10.2018): 964–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-10-2017-0245.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to offer empirical evidence on whether and how the work experiences of employees in China influence their union-related attitudes and behaviours. Design/methodology/approach The authors developed a mediated moderation model to examine how job satisfaction and labour relations climate interactively affect union participation and whether union commitment mediates the interactive effects. A total of 585 employees from enterprises in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and Fujian province of China were surveyed to verify the model. Findings Job satisfaction was negatively related to union participation and union commitment. Labour relations climate moderated the relationship between job satisfaction and union participation; the relationship was negative and stronger when employees perceived an adverse, rather than a favourable, labour relations climate. Further, the interactive effect of job satisfaction and labour relations climate on union participation was partly mediated by union commitment. Originality/value By empirically examining employees’ attitudes and behaviours towards unions in the Chinese context, this study confirms that unions could provide employees with alternative work resources to cope with job dissatisfaction, even in a country where unions play a “transmission belt” role between employees and employers. This study adds value to the existing base of knowledge on union practice and labour relations construction, both inside and outside of China.
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Clarke, Richard L. "Maritime unions and the U.S. merchant marine". Journal of Transportation Management 11, nr 2 (1.09.1999): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jotm/936144180.
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U.S. maritime unions have played a vital historical role in both the defense and the economic development of the United States. The economic and the political forces that helped shape and promote the growth of U.S. seafaring labor unions changed dramatically in the 1990s. Maritime union membership in the United States has fallen by more than 80 per cent since 1950. Inflexible union work rules and high union wage scales have contributed to this decline. Recent regulatory and industry changes require a new union approach if U. S. maritime unions are to survive the next decade.
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Clark, G. L., i K. Johnston. "The Geography of US Union Elections 3: The Context and Structure of Union Electoral Performance (the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Union and the United Auto Workers Union, 1970–82)". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, nr 3 (marzec 1987): 289–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190289.
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This paper is an extension of previous research on the geography of union elections. A model of union organization is proposed, relevant to the institutional and political structure of US labor legislation. Implications are drawn for unions' organizing strategies, and their likely electoral performance at the local level. It is argued that the structural imperatives faced by unions are inherently incomplete; local discretion is built-in to the structure of labor relations. Alternative empirical forms of the proposed model are considered and the advantages of a probit methodology discussed. Empirical analysis is based upon representation elections involving the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers union and the United Auto Workers union over the period 1970–82. To illustrate the implications of the derived empirical results, a series of scenarios are discussed involving both unions and their possible options for organizing at the local level.
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Lévesque, Christian, i Mélanie Dufour-Poirier. "Building North-South international union alliances: evidence from Mexico". Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 11, nr 4 (listopad 2005): 531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890501100405.
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This article offers an overview of how Mexican unions get involved in international union alliances. It is intended to increase our understanding of the prospects for North-South union cooperation, as the ability to construct international alliances is at the heart of union responses to globalisation. Drawing on data gathered from seven Mexican unions affiliated to the International Metalworking Federation (IMF), the authors distinguish three patterns of union involvement: a localist/defensive pattern, which rests on a narrow conception of solidarity and on sporadic relations, rather limited in scope, with other unions affiliated to the IMF; a nationalist/offensive pattern characterised by a broader view of solidarity and by intense exchange of information with other IMF affiliates; and an internationalist/proactive pattern which rests on the community of interest between workers from different countries and on active cross-border coordination of action. A critical condition for cross-border alliances lies in the existence of several power resources. Without these resources a union cannot overcome the acute constraints that it faces. In conclusion, the authors discuss the prospect of union renewal and union empowerment through North-South international union alliances.
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Spigarelli, Francesca, i Nikolai G. Wenzel. "Monetary Union without Fiscal Union? The Euro Crisis and the Move Towards European Fiscal Union". New Perspectives on Political Economy 11, nr 1-2 (30.12.2015): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.62374/38vs1m37.
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This paper examines the European Monetary Union (EMU) and the euro crisis through the lens of a robust political economy. Based on the history of monetary unions, monetary union is unlikely to survive without a fiscal union or strong constitutional constraints. The EMU has neither, and its institutional structure makes it unsustainable. Since the euro was (and is) fundamentally a political – rather than economic – project, we argue that policymakers will not allow the EMU to fail. Rather, continued movement towards greater EU-level fiscal, and ultimately a fiscal union, are likely.
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Martin, James E., Lyonel Laulié i Ariel M. Lelchook. "Antecedents of union member retention in Right-to-Work environments". Personnel Review 48, nr 5 (2.08.2019): 1281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-08-2018-0281.
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PurposeStates with Right-to-Work (RTW) law coverage have increased since 2012, with union membership decreasing. In such states, employees in union-represented positions cannot be required to be union members and/or pay dues, even though the union must still legally represent them. While union member retention in RTW states provides new challenges for unions, it has not been extensively studied. The purpose of this paper is to extend the literature by testing a model of intent to remain a union member in an RTW context using union loyalty as a mediator.Design/methodology/approachThe model is based on how different types of exchanges shape intentions to remain a union member. To test the hypotheses, a sample of 475 members was used where an RTW law was about to be implemented in a Midwestern American state.FindingsUnion loyalty mediated the relationships between social and ideological exchanges with the union and employee intent to remain a union member and similarly mediated the organization–employee exchanges. Economic exchanges with the union were not a significant predictor in the full model.Research limitations/implicationsThis study extends the employment-relations literature by helping us better understand member intent triggered by RTW laws. Insights are provided for both unions and organizations to better manage their relationships with employees.Originality/valueThis study advanced the employee-relations literature by providing a more holistic theoretically based understanding of how unions may retain members by using multiple forms of exchange, often studied separately in previous literature of member–union relationships.
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Ncube, Farai. "Factors Enhancing Member Commitment to Trade Unions in the Hospitality Industry in Zimbabwe". Journal of Business Administration Research 9, nr 1 (29.06.2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jbar.v9n1p33.
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Trade unions in the hospitality industry have long served an important and vital role, acting as the vanguard to protect the worker’s rights and their financial livelihood, hence stressing their importance. Their future however remains hanging in balance as they continue to face an array of challenges and changes threatening their existence. In this paper the researcher attempt to respond to the question on, ‘why would individuals choose to be loyal and committed to trade unions?’ Finding through a 5 point likert scale administered on 227 members belonging to the Zimbabwe Catering and Hotel workers Union (ZCHWU) and interviews conducted with 18 union officials reveals that commitment is determined by the ability of the union to satisfy member expectations. Findings reveals that member commitment manifest itself through individual’s strong desire to remain a member of the union; willingness to exert high effort on behalf of the union as well as belief in the union goals and leadership. The study concludes that the unions’ ability to satisfy and meet its member’s expectation contributes to trade union commitment.
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Hagen, Inger Marie, i Ragnhild Steen Jensen. "Trade union representatives from ethnic minorities. Representation revisited". Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 25, nr 4 (22.10.2018): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258918800214.
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The Nordic countries have experienced major labour immigration since the EU enlargement round in 2004. Recruiting workers from ethnic minorities is a major challenge for all Nordic trade unions. Less attention has been directed towards the need also to integrate these members inside the unions, for example, by having them serve as trade union representatives at different levels in companies, as well as in the unions. A glance at the top positions in the Swedish, Danish and Norwegian trade unions reveals an almost all-white picture. There is considerable imbalance between the number of ethnic minority trade union members and the number of ethnic minority representatives. This article argues that looking into the concept of representation, and especially the features attributed to trade union representatives and how these features are perceived, enables us to investigate the mismatch between trade union density and trade union representatives among employees from different ethnic minorities.
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Davis, Aiark. "Is Bigger Better? Union Size and Expenditure on Members". Journal of Industrial Relations 41, nr 1 (marzec 1999): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569904100101.
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From the late 1980s to the mid-1990s Australian trade unions engaged in a series of amalgamations. One of the main rationales for these mergers was that larger unions would benefit from economies of scale. But this proposition has been contested in debates sparked by the Australian union amalgamation round. Research literature on union mergers and the economics of union administration is reviewed to identify factors affecting the costs incurred by unions in servicing their membership. Multivariate allalysis of data from a sample of thirty-four Australian unions suggests that larger unions incur lower costs in servicing their members when other factors thought to affect union cost structures are held constant. But methodological and conceptual issues meau that the findings do not provide unambiguous evidence for the existence of economies of scale.
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Dai, Luote, i Shengyu Gu. "Barriers to Trade Union Participation among Rural Migrant Workers in China: An Analysis of Labor Disputes, Employment Characteristics, and Socio-Demographic Factors". South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 21, nr 8 (24.07.2024): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2024/v21i8863.
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This study aims to understand the potential for migrant workers to join trade unions by analyzing labor disputes, employment characteristics, and socio-demographic factors. Utilizing data from a survey of 823 migrant workers conducted in Shanghai and nine other cities in China, this research examines both the associational (organizational membership) and behavioral (activity participation) aspects of trade union participation. The results indicate that rural migrant workers exhibit a low level of union participation, contrary to expectations based on their labor market position and the recruitment efforts by Chinese unions. Three primary barriers to union participation were identified: (1) migrant workers in state-owned firms are significantly more likely to participate in unions compared to those in private firms, where union presence is weaker; (2) occupational and employment status discrimination within workplaces hinders rural migrant workers from joining unions; and (3) trust in trade unions is relatively low among Chinese migrant workers, likely due to the close relationship between unions and the government, which may undermine union legitimacy and impede worker engagement. These findings highlight the systemic challenges that rural migrant workers face in engaging with trade unions in China.
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Fiorito, Jack, Paul Jarley i John Thomas Delaney. "National Union Effectiveness in Organizing: Measures and Influences". ILR Review 48, nr 4 (lipiec 1995): 613–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399504800402.
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The percentage of the U.S. work force that is unionized is at its lowest level in more than 50 years. Although many studies have sought the reasons for this decline, few have investigated characteristics of unions themselves as possible factors. This paper focuses on unions as organizations, and applies a model of national union effectiveness to union organizing. The authors propose a composite measure of organizing effectiveness that goes beyond union success in representation elections. An analysis of data from the 1990 National Union Survey and other sources, with controls for environmental influences, suggests that organizing effectiveness is enhanced by innovation and reduced by centralization of control at the national level. Some evidence is also found that internal union democracy enhances union success in organizing.
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Lukyanchuk, Petro. "TRADE UNION CONTROL IN THE CONTEXT OF TRADE UNION RELATIONS WITH PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ENTITIES IN UKRAINE". PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND LAW REVIEW, nr 3 (1.10.2020): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36690/2674-5216-2020-3-41.
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At the present stage of development of the trade union movement in Ukraine, the issues of determining the place and role of trade unions in the system of public administration as a subject of public administration and the institution of civil society are relevant. The lack of legal recognition of social partnership, and its replacement by social dialogue has led to a decrease in the influence of trade unions on social protection and the lack of trade union control. The latter has been replaced by public control exercised in Ukraine by various public associations. The aim of the article: As a result, trade unions began to participate as advisory bodies rather than as defenders of workers' labor rights. Accordingly, the relations with the subjects of public administration have changed. The aims of the article: to demonstrate that not only in the Ukrainian practice of public administration, but also in the science of public administration, no attention is paid to the problem of trade union control and the relationship between trade unions and public administration entities. Object of research: trade unions as a subject of public administration. Research methodology: a review of Ukrainian literature sources on trade union control and its impact on the relationship of public administration. The results obtained: in the Ukrainian science of public administration there are no publications on trade union activities and trade union control; the mechanisms for building relationships between trade unions and public administration entities are not defined; there is a constant perception that trade unions are public associations and their main role is to conduct a dialogue between employers, authorities and employees; there is no clear conceptual view of the trade union control process, which causes many legal conflicts. Practical significance: scientific substantiation of the use of the concept of "trade union control" in legal practice and in the activities of public administration, its clear definition makes it possible to influence the rights of workers and influence the development of social policy by public administration.
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Crampton, Suzanne M., John W. Hodge i Jitendra M. Mishra. "The Use of Union Dues for Political Activity-Current Status". Public Personnel Management 31, nr 1 (marzec 2002): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102600203100111.
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The NLRB, in a significant ruling for organized labor, recently ruled that employees who are forced to pay union dues are entitled to know how their money is being spent. The NLRB ruled in January 1997 that unions must supply financial information to workers who pay dues but who have elected not to join the union. The use of union dues for political activity continues to be a controversial issue for both public and private unions. This paper will provide a brief overview of the legal history of unions in America and the current issues they are encountering. Legal issues relating to the use of union dues for political activities for both public and private unions will also be discussed.
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Dølvik, Jon Erik, i Jeremy Waddington. "Private sector services: challenges to European trade unions". Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 8, nr 3 (sierpień 2002): 356–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890200800304.
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This article maps the challenges faced by European trade unions arising from the growth and diversification of employment in private sector services, and analyses union responses to these challenges. Focusing on recruitment, internal interest intermediation, and articulation between the central and local tiers of union activity, it shows that many unions are making considerable efforts to renew their organisational structures and policies, so as to reverse the decline in membership and strengthen their workplace presence in private sector services. Approaches include union mergers, extension of collective bargaining into new areas, development of new styles of organising, digital unions, and creation of unions for particular groups. A critical issue is how to combine the differentiation and decentralisation of unions with coordination of union objectives: union renewal is a contested process, implying difficult choices as regards target groups and internal power relations. The article suggests that although the reforms have been insufficient to turn the tide thus far, the breadth of change cautions against precipitate judgements about the demise of unionism in private sector services.
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Mng'omba, Simon A., Elsa S. du Toit, Festus K. Akinnifesi i Helena M. Venter. "Histological Evaluation of Early Graft Compatibility in Uapaca kirkiana Müell Arg. Scion/Stock Combinations". HortScience 42, nr 3 (czerwiec 2007): 732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.3.732.
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Compatibility of scion and stock combinations in Uapaca kirkiana fruit trees has not been evaluated despite noticeable growth irregularities. The objectives of this study were to determine graft compatibility of scion/stock combinations and possible causes of graft incompatibility. Scion, stock, and graft union diameters were measured. Stem sections comprising the graft unions were immersed in formalin acetic acid and then washed in sterile water. These were transversely dissected across the unions and examined under using light microscope. There were considerable growth disorders at the unions, which included significant overgrowth of stocks and unions and constricted unions. There were cracks in the bark across the union in many graft combinations. Anatomic and histological studies showed accumulation of phenol deposits and necrotic tissues, and there was no continuity of vascular tissues above the union. There were also differences in proliferation of callus tissues among grafted partners. Continuity in wood and bark tissues below the unions supported growth of partially compatible partners, whereas isolated parenchymatous tissues at the union supported growth of incompatible partners. There were many necrotic tissues and unfilled areas above the union. Accumulation of phenolic and necrotic cell deposits, poor or a high level of callusing at the union, and possibly specific incompatibility reactions were implicated as the causes of graft incompatibility in U. kirkiana trees.
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Sierocka, Iwona. "NON-UNION REPRESENTATIVES OF EMPLOYEES". Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 3, nr XXII (30.09.2022): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2447.
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The subject of the article are issues concerning the employees representatives chosen in the manner adopted by the employer. In the area of labor law, non-union representatives of employees are in some respects inferior to trade unions. First of all, they are of a subsidiary nature. They are established in the absence of trade union organizations in order to take specific actions, after which their mandate expires. Sometimes these representations, like trade unions, are at liberty to conclude an agreement, and sometimes their competencies are limited to provide counsel. However, in the matter of social security, the legal position of the non-union representatives of employees very often is similar to that of trade unions