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Reddy, P. Srinivas, M. V. S. Murali Krishna i Narsimhulu Sanke. "Investigations on exhaust emissions of insulated diesel engine fuelled with algae oil blended with nano particles". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28, nr 08 (2022): S17—S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i08s.003.
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Vegetable oils are good substitutes for diesel, as they are renewable, comparable calorific value and cetane (measure of combustion quality) number when compared with neat diesel operation. However, the disadvantages associated with vegetable oils such as high viscosity and low volatility cause combustion problems in diesel engines, which call for low heat rejection (LHR) engine, consisting of air gap insulated piston and air gap insulated liner. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect and Global Warming. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx, CO and UBHC were determined at full load operation of the engine fuelled with algae oil blended with optimum quantity of diethyl ether (DEE) mixed with copper nano particles with varied injection timing with both versions of the engine such as conventional engine (CE) and LHR engine and compared with diesel operation on conventional engine. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at full load operation. The pollutants of PM, CO and UBHC were drastically reduced with test fuel with advanced injection timing with both versions of the engine. However, NOx emissions increased with LHR engine.
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Rabbani, Mohammad Attalique, M. V. S. Murali Krishna i P. Usha Sree. "Reduction of Pollutants of Insulated Diesel Engine with Plastic Oil with Supercharging". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): S284—S290. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01s.043.
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This paper aims at alternative fuel technology for diesel engine and environmental protection. The exhaust emissions from diesel engine are particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxide (NOx ) levels, carbon mono oxide (CO) emissions and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) and cause severe health hazards when they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental disorders like Global warming, Green-House effect, acid rain etc,. Hence control of these emissions is urgent and an immediate step. Vegetable oils and alcohols are important substitutes for diesel fuel, as they are renewable in nature. Though vegetable oils have comparable properties with diesel fuel, however, they have high viscosity and low volatility causing combustion problems in diesel engines. Alcohols have high volatility but low Cetane number (a measure of combustion quality in diesel engine). Plastic oil derived from waste plastic collected from debris by the process of pyrolysis has equitant calorific value with diesel fuel. However, its viscosity is higher than diesel fuel calls for low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine. The concept of LHR diesel engine is to minimize the heat flow to the coolant there by increase of thermal efficiency. This LHR engine is useful for burning high viscous and low calorific value fuels. LHR engine consisted of ceramic coated cylinder head engine. The exhaust emissionsof PM, CO, NOx and UBHC with plastic oil were determined with conventional engine (CE) and LHR engine with varied injection timing at full load operation of the engine. Injection timing was varied with an electronic sensor. PM was determined by AVL Smoke meter, while NOx , CO and UBHC were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi gas analyzer at full load operation of the engine. The data was compared with neat diesel operation on conventional engine.
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Saravanakumar, L., B. R. Ramesh Bapu i B. Durga Prasad. "Effect of Combustion Chamber Geometry on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Mahua Biodiesel Blends". Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (lipiec 2014): 900–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.900.
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The present work investigates the effect of change in combustion chamber geometry on performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder diesel engine fuelled with mahua biodiesel. Since plant oil derived from the mahua tree has high fatty acids, it undergoes esterification followed by transesterification process to reduce its viscosity. Experiments were conducted using a blend of 20% biodiesel (B20) 40% biodiesel (B40) with diesel and compared with diesel by using two types of combustion chamber geometry, explicitly hemispherical and modified hemispherical combustion chamber. Performance parameters such as Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and emission parameters like Unburned Hydro Carbon (UBHC), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) were studied from the diesel engine with above mentioned configurations. It is obvious that there is considerable improvement in the performance parameter viz, BTE, BSFC and reduction in UBHC emissions by using the modified geometry piston. However, the NOx emission was found to be higher than that of standard configuration. The results obtained from the blend B20 at modified combustion chamber geometry are on par with diesel and hence mahua biodiesel can be suggested as an alternative fuel for Compression Ignition (C.I) engine with modified combustion chamber geometry.
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Jaichandar, Sriramulu, D. Samuelraj i M. Sathish Kumar. "Effects of Varying Injector Opening Pressure on the Performance of a B20 JOME Biodiesel Fueled Diesel Engine". Journal of Mechanical Engineering 16, nr 1 (1.04.2019): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v16i1.6031.
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The present work examines the influence of Injector Opening Pressure (IOP) on Jatropha oil fueled Compression Ignition (CI) engine. A Direct Injection (DI) type diesel engine was tested with a blend of 20% Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester (JOME) with 80% diesel (B20) on volume basis. The engine was run on four different injector opening pressures viz. 190, 210, 220 and 230 bar along with standard IOP of 200 bar. For all IOPs, performance considerations like brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), combustion factors such as cylinder pressure and ignition delay and emission issues such as CO, UBHC, smoke opacity and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were investigated. From the experimental examinations it was observed that IOP of 220 bar showed improvement in terms of BTE and BSFC by about 2.3% and 4.4%. Considerable enhancement in reduction of emission levels particularly for CO, UBHC and smoke were also observed for increased IOP of 220bar by about 26.4%, 12.96% and 3.4% respectively, compared to the engine operated at standard IOP of 200 bar. However, NOx emission level was deteriorated compared to normal IOP. It was also found that increasing the IOP, lowered ignition delay and increased the in-cylinder pressure.
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Chaichan, Miqdam Tariq. "Characterization of Lean Misfire Limits of Mixture Alternative Gaseous Fuels Used for Spark Ignition Engines". Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 19, nr 1 (31.03.2012): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.19.1.06.
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Increasing on gaseous fuels as clean, economical and abundant fuels encourages the search for optimum conditions of gas-fueled internal combustion engines. This paper presents the experimental results on the lean operational limits of Recardo E6 engine using gasoline, LPG, NG and hydrogen as fuels. The first appearance of almost motoring cycle was used to define the engine lean limit after the fuel flow was reduced gradually. The effects of compression ratio, engine speed and spark timing on the engine operational limits are presented and discussed in detailed. Increasing compression ratio (CR) extend the lean limits, this appears obviously with hydrogen, which has a wide range of equivalence ratios, while for hydrocarbon fuel octane number affect gasoline, so it can' t work above CR=9:1, and for LPG it reaches CR=12:1, NG reaches CR=15:1 at lean limit operation. Movement from low speeds to medium speeds extended lean misfire limits, while moving from medium to high speeds contracted the lean misfiring limits. NOx, CO and UBHC concentrations increased with CR increase for all fuels, while CO2 concentrations reduced with this increment. NOx concentration increased for medium speeds and reduced for high speeds, but the resulted concentrations were inconcedrable for these lean limits. CO and CO2 increased with engine speed increase, while UBHC reduced with this increment. The hydrogen engine runs with zero CO, CO2 and UNHC concentrations, and altra low levels of NOx concentrations at studied lean misfire limits.
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Y. Nagini, M. V. S. Murali Krishna i S. Naga Sarada. "Investigations on reduction of pollutants in spark ignition engine". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29, nr 01 (2023): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01.039.
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With a great vulnerability to oil embargoes and shortage of fossil fuels, attention is focussed on development of alternative fuel sources. Therefore alternative fuels like alcohol are preferred due to their comparable properties with gasoline. Reduction of exhaust emissions from engines has been focused and given importance in the development of new engines. The aim of the investigations is to determine and control of pollutants of the variable speed engine with piston surface, coated with copper and also inner side of the cylinder head as well as liner fuelled with gasohol [80% of gasoline blended with 20% of ethanol] by varying timing of spark ignition coupled with catalytic converter using catalyst of sponge iron incorporating air injection in catalytic chamber. The operating conditions of the investigations were configuration of the engine and ignition timing, with and without the provision of catalytic chamber. The exhaust emissions of carbon mono oxide (CO), un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) levels were determined at various values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine. CO emissions, UBHC emissions and NOx levels were evaluated with sophisticated analyzer at various values of BMEP of the engine. Copper coated engine with gasohol at its optimum ignition timing reduced pollution levels. Catalytic converter reduced pollution levels by 40% and further reduction of emissions were pronounced with the injection of air. The ignition timing which was found to be optimum with CE was 280bTDC (before top dead centre), while it was 270b TDC with copper coated engine (CCE).
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Reghu, V. R., V. Shankar i P. Ramaswamy. "Comparative Experimental Studies on Four Stroke Four Cylinder Diesel fuelled Base Line Engine and Low Heat Rejection Engine". International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, nr 3 (3.10.2019): 6889–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.3.2019.05.0517.
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The depletion of conventional fuel source at a fast rate and increasing of environment pollution motivated extensive research in energy efficient engine design. In the present work, experimental investigations were carried out on a four-stroke four-cylinder dieselfuelled Base Line Engine (BLE) by conducting a normal load test and measuring the required Brake Thermal Efficiency (BThE) and Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) in a 100 HP dyno facility. A six-gas Analyser was used for the measurement of Unburnt
Hydrocarbons (UBHC), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), free Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulphur oxides (SOx) and a smoke meter was used to measure smoke opacity. Low Heat Rejection (LHR) engine was realized by coating the crown of the aluminium alloy piston with the most popular Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) material, namely 8%Yttria Partially Stabilized Zirconia (8YPSZ), after coating qualification on research pistons, specifically fabricated to retain the piston material specification, and the geometry of the crown contour. A normal load test was conducted on LHR engine to evaluate the performance as well as to determine the concentration of pollutants. A ~30% improvement in BThE and ~35% improvement in SFC was exhibited by the LHR engine at all loads studied (7 to 64%). While UBHC level showed an increase, the CO, CO2 and O2 contents as revealed in the emission test showed a mixed response (high and low) for an LHR engine. Compared with BLE, NOx and smoke level in LHR engine emission showed an increasing trend with the load. On comparing BLE and LHR engine test results, value addition to the BLE in terms of reduced fuel consumption and pollutants was observed.
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Machiraju, Aditya Seshu, M. V. S. Murali Krishna i P. Ushasree. "Experimental Investigations on Control of Exhaust Emissions of a Semi-Adiabatic Diesel Engine with Plastic Oil". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): S383—S390. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01s.059.
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This paper concentrates on alternative fuel technology for diesel engine and environmental protection. The exhaust emissions from diesel engine cause severe health hazards when they are inhaled in.. They also cause environmental disorders. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate step. Vegetable oils and alcohols are important substitutes for diesel fuel, as they are renewable in nature. Though vegetable oils have comparable properties with diesel fuel, they have high viscosity and low volatility causing combustion problems in diesel engines. Alcohols have high volatility but low Cetane number (a measure of combustion quality in diesel engine). Plastic oil derived from waste plastic by the process of pyrolysis has equitant calorific value with diesel fuel. However, its viscosity is higher than diesel fuel calls for semi adiabatic diesel engine (SADE). The concept of semi adiabatic diesel engine is to reduce heat flow to the coolant there by providing hot combustion chamber used for burning high viscous fuels like plastic oil. Semi adiabatic engine consisted of air gap insulated piston with stainless steel crown and stainless steel gasket. The exhaust emissionsof particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide levels (NOx ) and Un-burnt hydrocarbons (UBHC), with plastic oil were determined with conventional engine (CE) and SADE with varied injection timing at full load operation of the engine. Injection timing was varied with an electronic sensor. PM was determined by AVL Smoke meter, while NOx , CO and UBHC were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi gas analyzer at full load operation of the engine. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) at optimum value of 10% flow rate was provided to control the emissions. The data were compared with neat diesel operation on conventional engine with and without EGR.
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Venkatesan, Elumalai Perumal, Parthasarathy Murugesan, Sri Veera Venkata Satya Narayana Pichika, Durga Venkatesh Janaki, Yasir Javed, Z. Mahmoud i C. Ahamed Saleel. "Effects of Injection Timing and Antioxidant on NOx Reduction of CI Engine Fueled with Algae Biodiesel Blend Using Machine Learning Techniques". Sustainability 15, nr 1 (29.12.2022): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010603.
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Fossil fuels are depended upon often in the transport sector. The use of diesel engines in all areas produce pollutants, such as NOx and CO, which cause serious environmental pollution and hazards, such as global climate change and breathing difficulties. Conventional fuel usage should be reduced, and there should be a shift toward alternative fuels. For compression ignition (CI) engines, microalgae biodiesel has been promoted as a clean, sustainable fuel. This is because it possesses desired traits, such as a quick rate of development, high productivity, and the capacity to turn CO2 into fuel. When algal biodiesel is used, pollutants, such as CO, UBHC, and smoke, are typically reduced, whereas NOx emissions are typically increased. The adoption of an exhaust gas recirculation technology and the advancement or delay of injection timing can effectively reduce NOx formation. Incorporating antioxidant chemicals such as butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) into fuel also minimizes NOx formation. In this study, the use of microalgae biodiesel as a substitute fuel for CI engines was investigated by altering the injection timing and adding each antioxidant in two doses. According to ASTM standard test procedures for biodiesel, the fuel qualities of various blends of algal biodiesel with antioxidants were tested and compared with the diesel fuel. The experiments were conducted using CI engines, and parameters were examined, such UBHC, CO, NOx, and smoke opacity. In comparison to diesel fuel, B20 + 30% BHA (21 bTDC) blends produced 49% lower oxides of nitrogen. The smoke, HC, and CO emissions of fuel blend B20 + 30% BHA (25 bTDC) were reduced by 33.33%, 32.37%, and 11.21%, respectively, compared with those of diesel fuel. The fuel blend B20 + 30% BHA (25 bTDC) showed the highest brake thermal efficiency of 14.52% at peak load condition. A multi-output regression deep long short-term memory (MDLSTM) model was designed to predict the performance and emissions of CI engines operating with varied fuel mixtures. The average RMSE and R2 values for the proposed MDLSTM were 0.38 and 0.9579, respectively.
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Laxmi, K., i M. V. S. Murali Krishna. "Effect of injection pressure on exhaust emissions of diesel engine fuelled with LPG". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): S341—S346. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01s.052.
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In the context of exhaustion of fossil fuels day by day due to heavy demand with the use of agriculture sector and transport sector, escalation of fuel prices in International Oil Market causing huge economic burden on developing countries like India and rise of pollution levels with fossil fuel, the conservation of fossil fuels has become pertinent. Gaseous fuels have many merits over liquid fuels, as the pollutants emitted by gaseous fuels are low due to clean combustion, high calorific value in comparison with liquid fuels. Vegetable oils are good substitutes for diesel, as they are renewable, comparable calorific value and cetane (meausre of combustion quality) number when compared with neat diesel operation. However, the disadvantages associated with vegetable oils such as high viscosity and low volatility cause combustion problems in diesel engines. They can be rectified to some extent by converting them into biodiesel. They are many methods to induct gaseous fuels such as port injection, carburetion technique, injection of gaseous fuel at the near end of compression stroke etc,. Investigations were carried out with LPG as primary fuel inducted by port injection and diesel was injected into the engine in conventional manner. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx ), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect and Global Warming. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx ,CO and UBHC were determined at full load operation of the engine with varied injection pressure and compared with diesel operation on conventional engine. The maximum induction of LPG was 35% of total mass of diesel as full load operation. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at full load operation. These pollutants were drastically reduced with induction of LPG and further reduced with an increase of injection pressure.
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Narendranathan, S. K., i K. Sudhagar. "Study on Performance & Emission Characteristic of CI Engine Using Biodiesel". Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (lipiec 2014): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.885.
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Biodiesel are extracted from transesterification process of edible and non-edible oil of vegetable and animal fat. It can be used in the diesel engine either in the form of neat oil or as a mixture of diesel fuel in the form of blend. The properties of oil are compared with the characteristic required for the fuel of internal combustion engine and the properties fuel are compared with conventional diesel fuel. Use of bio-diesel in a conventional diesel engine results in substantial reduction in unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matters (PM) emission and oxide of nitrogen. The blends of biodiesel with small content in place of petroleum diesel can help in controlling air pollution and easing the pressure on scarce resources without significantly sacrificing engine power and economy.
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Krishna, B. Rama, M. V. S. Murali Krishna i P. Usha Sri. "Control exhaust emissions of insulated diesel engine fuelled with biogas and cottonseed biodiesel". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01s.066.
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Gaseous fuels have many advantages than liquid fuels, as their calorific values of fuels are high, pollutants emitted by gaseous fuels are low and less dangerous when compared with liquid fuels. The drawbacks associated with use of vegetable oils in diesel engines such as high viscosity and low volatility can be reduced to some extent by converting them into biodiesel. However, they (biodiesel) cause combustion problems in diesel engine, due to their moderate viscosity, and hence call for low heat rejection (LHR) engine, which can burn low calorific value fuel, give high heat release rate and faster rate of combustion. The concept of LHR engine is to minimize heat loss to the coolant, thereby increasing thermal efficiency. LHR engine in this investigation consisted of ceramic coated diesel engine. They are many methods toinduct gaseous fuels such as port injection, carburetion technique, injection of gaseous fuel at the near endof compression stroke etc,. Investigations were carried out with biogas gas as primary fuel inducted by port injection and cottonseed biodiesel was injected into the engine in conventional manner, as India is second large producer of cottonseed oil in the world. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect and Global Warming. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx ,CO and UBHC were determined at full load operation of the engine with varied injection timing such as recommended injection timing and optimum injection timing. NOx levels were reduced with provision of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) at optimum flow rate of 10%. The maximum induction of biogas with conventional engine (CE) was 35% of total mass of biodiesel as full load operation, while it was 45% with LHR engine. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at full load operation. These pollutants were drastically reduced with induction of biogas and further reduced with advanced injection timing. NOx levels drastically reduced with EGR.
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Karthe, M., M. Tamilarasan, S. C. Prasanna i A. Manikandan. "Experimental Investigation on Reduction of NOX Emission Using Zeolite Coated Converter in CI Engine". Applied Mechanics and Materials 854 (październik 2016): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.854.72.
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In the recent times, the issues of reduction of harmful pollutants emitted from an internal combustion engine have gained large prominence as a part of climate change and global warming. Automobile and power generation systems are identified to be one of the largest contributors to atmospheric pollution. Some of the major pollutants emitted from an engine are Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Unburnt Hydrocarbon (UBHC) and soot particles. This project work presents a new wash coat material is in the catalytic converter to be used for compressed ignition engine. Zeolite coated in the catalytic converter insists of aluminium oxide to reduce the emission. The objective of this project work is to control the NOx emission and to develop a low-cost three way catalytic converter. This catalytic converter is assembled in the exhaust manifold region of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. The emission from the engines is measured using a five gas analyzer and the results are tabulated.
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Janardhan, N., i M. V. S. Murali Krishna. "Influence of injection pressure and injection timing on pollution levels of insulated diesel engine fuelled with CNG and cotton seed biodiesel". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28, nr 08 (2022): S225—S233. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i08s.034.
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In the context of fast depletion of fossil fuels, increase of pollution levels with fossils and increase of economic burden due to increase of import cost of crude petroleum, the search for alternative fuels has become pertinent. The most common alternative fuels for CI engine are vegetable oils, biodiesel and alcohols. Gaseous fuels have many advantages than liquid fuels, as the pollutants emitted by gaseous fuels are low, calorific value of the gases is very high and running and maintenance cost is low. The drawbacks associated with vegetable oils such as high viscosity and low volatility can be rectified to some extend by converting them into biodiesel. How they (biodiesel) cause combustion problems in diesel engine and hence call for low heat rejection (LHR) engine, which can burn low calorific value fuel, give high heat release rate and faster rate of combustion. Investigations were carried out with CNG as primary fuel inducted by port injection and cottonseed biodiesel blended with 15% of diethyl ether (DEE) was injected into the engine in conventional manner with LHR engine consisted of ceramic coated cylinder head. The purpose of DEE was to improve cetane (a measure of combustion quality in diesel engine) and to reduce viscosity of the cotton seed biodiesel. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect, acid raining, Global Warming etc,. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx, CO and UBHC were determined at full load operation of the engine and compared with diesel operation on conventional engine. The maximum induction of CNG was 35% of total mass of biodiesel, with CE, while it was 45% with LHR engine at full load operation. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at full load operation. The optimum injection timing with cottonseed biodiesel was 31obTDC (before top dead centre), with CE, while it was 28obTDC with LHR engine. These pollutants were drastically reduced with induction of CNG and further reduced with the provision of LHR engine. They were further reduced with advanced injection timing and increase of injection pressure.
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Sree, G. Vanya, M. V. S. Murali Krishna i P. Usha Sri. "Experimental Investigations on Exhaust Emissions of Insulated Engine Fuelled with Acetylene, Cottonseed biodiesel Mixtures". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): 438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01s.068.
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In the context of exhaustion of fossil fuels day by day due to heavy demand with the use of agriculture sector and transport sector, escalation of fuel prices in International Oil Market causing huge economic burden on developing countries like India and rise of pollution levels with fossil fuel, the conservation of fossil fuels has become pertinent. Gaseous fuels have many merits over liquid fuels, as the pollutants emitted by gaseous fuels are low due to clean combustion, high calorific value in comparison with liquid fuels. Vegetable oils are good substitutes for diesel, as they are renewable, comparable calorific value and cetane (meausre of combustion quality) number when compared with neat diesel operation. However, the disadvantages associated with vegetable oils such as high viscosity and low volatility cause combustion problems in diesel engines. They can be rectified to some extent by converting them into biodiesel. In this experiment, cottonseed oil was used as alternative fuel for diesel fuel, as India is second producer of Cottonseed oil in the world. The drawbacks associated with vegetable oil were overcome, by adopting the principle of low heat rejection (LHR) consisted of air gap insulated piston engine. Investigations were carried out with Acetylene gas as primary fuel inducted by port injection and cottonseed oil blended with optimum quantity (20%) diethyl ether (DEE) was injected into the engine in conventional manner. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect and Global Warming. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx , CO and UBHC were determined at full load operation of the engine with varied injection pressure and compared with test fuel on conventional engine. The maximum induction of Acetylene gas was 35%, with CE, while it was 45% with LHR engine of total mass of diesel as full load operation. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at full load operation. These pollutants were drastically reduced with induction of Acetylene gasand further reduced with an increase of injection pressure.
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Akkoli, K. M., N. R. Banapurmath, Suresh G, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar, T. M. Yunus Khan, Maughal Ahmed Ali Baig, M. A. Mujtaba i in. "Effect of Producer Gas from Redgram Stalk and Combustion Chamber Types on the Emission and Performance Characteristics of Diesel Engine". Energies 14, nr 18 (17.09.2021): 5879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185879.
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The engine performance has been improved by modifying the combustion chamber shape of the diesel engine for dual-fuel operation with liquid fuel and producer gas (PG). The combined effect of gaseous fuel from redgram stalk and combustion chamber type on the emission and performance of blended-fuel of diesel and HOME biodiesel–PG has been investigated. In this experimental study, four varieties of combustion chambers hemispherical (HCC), low swirl (LSCC), dual swirl (DSCC), and toroidal re-entrant (TRCC) were analyzed comprehensively. The results presented that the TRCC configuration with a given nozzle geometry has 9% improved brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and 10.4% lower exhaust gas temperature (EGT). The smoke, unburnt hydrocarbon (UBHC), and carbon monoxide (CO) decreased by 10–40%, but a 9% increase in nitrogen oxides (NOX) emission levels was observed with TRCC. The delay period and combustion period were decreased by 5% and 7%. The fuel replacement of about 71% for the diesel–PG combination with HCC and 68% for the HOME–PG combination with TRCC was achieved.
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Hariprakash, S. R., i T. Prakash. "A Review on Microalgae Biofuel Production and use in CI Engine Applications". Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, nr 4 (1.12.2022): 1531–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i04.006.
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Alternative fuel technology of third-generation biofuels in place of conventional fossil fuels is currently being witnessed at a global level. Due to its sustainability and environmental friendliness, in recent years more importance is being given to biodiesel in CI engine applications. Recent trends show that microalgae are promoted as a bio-fuel due to their inherent advantages of abundant availability of oil sources and faster growth rate with ease of cultivation. Particular species of algae such as Chlorella, Botryococcus braunii, and Scenedesmus obliquus are conventionally favored for biodiesel production as they have a prominent amount of lipids content. This review outlines the current state of experimental investigations on the use of different algae biodiesel blends with diesel for CI engines. Amongst the different algae-based biodiesel, the dual Calophyllum Inophyllum methyl ester blend (CIME20) with DEE demonstrated the maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and better brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of CI engines. In terms of emissions, the CO, UBHC, and smoke levels are significantly lower for algae blends in contrast to neat diesel.
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P.Balu. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF LOW HEAT REJECTION WITH RETARDED INJECTION TIMING ON DIESEL ENGINE USING KARANJA OIL METHYL ESTER". EDXJL International Journal on Innovations and Advanced Research 01, nr 03 (2023): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.59599/edxjl-ijiar.2022.1303.
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Rising demand for fuel will now pose a significant risk for global pollution levels in various applications. The biodiesel of Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME), an alternative to diesel fuel, is a potential source of unspent fuel in India. Karanja oil contains fatty acid esters, which are environmentally friendly fuel. This experiment aimed to research low heat rejection using Karanja oil methyl ester with retarded injection timing diesel-fueled. The piston, cylinder walls, and engine valves were coated with a 0.5 mm thickness of partially stabilized zirconium (PSZ) without affecting the engine compression ratio. Experiments in the engine with and without coating were carried out using Karanja oil methyl ester. The results showed that Karanja oil methyl ester's specific fuel consumption a retarded timing (RT) with coated engine decreased by 7.4 percent and the brake thermal efficiency improved by 5.5 percent compared to the conventional engine with diesel fuel. CO and UBHC emissions on the LHR with RT engine are lower, whereas the zirconia coating has increased NOx emissions.
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Venkatesan, S. P., i P. N. Kadiresh. "Effects of Nano-Sized Metal Oxide Additive on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of C I Engine". Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (czerwiec 2015): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.389.
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An Experimental investigation was carried out to determine performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of diesel engine using nanoaluminum oxide (n-Al2O3) blended diesel fuel. The n-Al2O3 of size 40 nm was blended into diesel fuel. The different dosing levels studied were 250mg, 500mg, 750mg, and 1000mg. Each dosing levels of nanoparticles were mixed with one litre of diesel to prepare test fuels. The n-Al2O3was dispersed by means of an ultrasonic vibrator in order to produce uniform dispersion of n-Al2O3 in the diesel fuel. nanoAl2O3possess better combustion characteristics and enhanced surface-area-to-volume ratio and hence allows more amount of diesel to react with the oxidizer which in turn enhances the burning efficiency of the test fuels. The diesel fuel with and without n-Al2O3 additive were tested in a direct injection diesel engine at different load conditions and the results revealed that a considerable enhancement in the brake thermal efficiency and substantial reduction in content of NOX and unburnt hydrocarbon (UBHC) at all the loads compared to neat diesel were observed due to nanoAl2O3’s better combustion characteristics and improved degree of mixing with air.
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Ramesha, D. K., H. N. Vidyasagar, G. Trilok, A. Lakshmi Prasad i V. Vinay Kumar Reddy. "Study of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of DI Diesel Engine Fuelled with Neem Biodiesel with Carbon Nano Tube as Additive". Applied Mechanics and Materials 895 (listopad 2019): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.895.237.
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To tackle one of the major environmental issues concerning modern day mankind, that is air pollution and to reduce dependency on other countries for conventional fuel, finding an alternative fuel is of high priority. Biodiesel is one such alternative. Adding nanoparticles like Carbon nanotubes (CNT) leads to reduction in emissions and enhancement in performance. In this context, in the present paper an experimental investigation was carried out on a computerized single cylinder water cooled diesel engine coupled with an eddy current dynamometer to determine the impact of blending CNT with biodiesel (Neem Oil Methyl Ester or NOME) and a comparative study of various blends using diesel as the baseline was done. The concentration of CNT used were 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm CNT blended with B20 biodiesel. The blends were prepared using homogeniser. Readings were recorded for different loads for all the blends and comparative graphs were drawn for performance, combustion and emission characteristics. There was an improvement in the performance characteristics with 8.1% increase in BTE, lowered emissions with 0.0785% decrease in CO and 8.15% decrease in UBHC emissions along with improved combustion relative to diesel when CNT (50 ppm) was added to B20 biodiesel.
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Rajashekhar, C. R., T. K. Chandrashekar, C. Umashankar i R. Harish Kumar. "Reductions of Bio-Diesel Exhaust Emissions through Engine Combustion Chamber Design Modifications — An Experimental Study". Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (lipiec 2014): 1751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1751.
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Increased demand and production in all segments of the automotive industry has driven the nation to impose stringent emission norms for automobile engines. At this juncture, bio-diesel has sufficient attraction as vehicular fuel. But the properties of bio-diesels are not the same as diesel fuels, including high viscosity and low volatility. Due to this inherent problem it exhibits poor atomization, which results in incomplete combustion and increased exhaust emissions. This naturally implies that automotive designers have to focus their research more on engine emissions while at the same time not compromising on power development. This has put enormous pressure on automotive industry to design the engine efficiently and economically to compete with the global market. This paper relates the modification of engine combustion chamber design, for inducing turbulence to improve the combustibility of combustible mixture of karanja bio-diesel and to reduce the exhaust emissions. The modification includes the tri-chambered piston and twisting blade pistons. In the present work the emission characteristics of modified piston engine are compared with the standard piston engine. It was observed that the CO and UBHC emissions can be effectively reduced with tri-chambered piston engine.
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Janardhan, N., i M. V. S. Murali Krishna. "Experimental Investigations on exhaust emissions with an air gap insulated engine". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28, nr 08 (2022): S154—S162. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i08s.025.
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Experiments were carried out to study exhaust emissions of diesel engine withair gap insulated low heat rejection (LHR–2) combustion chamber consisting of air gap insulated piston with 3mm air gap, with Superni (an alloy of nickel) crown and air gap insulated liner with superni insert with neat diesel with varied injection timing. Exhaust emissions of particulate emissions, nitrogen oxide (NOx) levels, carbon monoxide (CO) and un-burnt hydrocarbons (UBHC) were determined at various values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the LHR-2 combustion chamberand compared with neat diesel operation on conventional engine (CE) at similar operating conditions. The optimum injection timing was found to be 31obTDC (before top dead centre) with conventional engine, while it was 29obTDC for engine with LHR–2 combustion chamber with diesel operation. Engine with LHR–2 combustion chamber with neat diesel operation showed increased pollution levels at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing of 27obTDC, and they improved marginally with advanced injection timing of 29obTDC in comparison with CE at 27obTDC. The exhaust emissions from diesel engine cause health hazards and also environmental disorders. Hence, controlling of these emissions in an important and urgent step.
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Srinivasulu, N. V., K. Kishor i M. V. S. Murali Krishna. "Experimental investigations on exhaust emissions of copper coated engine with methanol blended gasoline". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29, nr 01 (2023): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01.020.
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Investigations were carried out to evaluate the exhaust emissions of two stroke and four stroke of single cylinder, spark ignition (SI) engine having copper coated engine [CCE, copper- (thickness, 250 ) coated on piston crown and inner side of cylinder head] provided with catalytic converter with copper as catalyst with methanol blended gasoline (85% gasoline and 15% methanol by volume) and compared with conventional engine (CE) with neat gasoline operation. Exhaust emissions of carbon mono oxide (CO), unburnt hydro carbons (UBHC) were varied with different values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). Aldehdyes were measured at full load operation of the engine. The engine was provided with catalytic converter with copper as catalyst. There was provision for injection of air into the catalytic converter. Brake thermal efficiency increased with methanol blended gasoline with both versions of the engine. CCE showed improvement in the performance when compared with CE with both test fuels. 4-Stroke engine decreased exhaust emissions effectively in comparison with 2-stroke engine with both versions of the engine. Catalytic converter with air injection significantly reduced pollutants with different test fuels on both configurations of the engine.
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Ramesh, B. T., Javed Sayyad, Arunkumar Bongale i Anupkumar Bongale. "Extraction and Performance Analysis of Hydrocarbons from Waste Plastic Using the Pyrolysis Process". Energies 15, nr 24 (11.12.2022): 9381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249381.
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Ecosystem destruction is one of today’s significant challenges due to fast industrialisation and an increasing population. It takes several years for solid trash, such as plastic bottles and super-market bags, to decompose in nature. In addition, plastic disposal techniques such as landfilling, reuse, and incineration pose significant threats to human health and the environment. In this paper, we investigated whether the impact of mixing biodiesel with waste oil from recycled plastic on the resulting fuel mixture’s yields better physical and chemical properties. Consequently, pyrolysis is one of the most advantageous and practical waste disposal methods as it is both environmentally benign and efficient. Pyrolysis is the high-temperature thermal breakdown of solid waste to produce pyrolytic oil. The pyrolytic (plastic) oil produced is converted to a hydrocarbon-rich pyrolytic fuel. Similar to diesel and gasoline, pyrolytic fuel has the same calorific value. Internal combustion engines may operate on pyrolytic fuel without suffering a performance reduction. Researchers examined engine performance and exhaust pollutants. The research discovered that the engine could operate on plastic pyrolysis fuel at full load, enhance brake thermal efficiency by 6–8%, and lower UBHC and CO emissions; however, nitrous oxide (NOx) emissions were noticeably higher. The findings demonstrated the possibility of using plastic pyrolysis fuel as a diesel substitute.
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Ramesha, D. K., Nishad Rajmalwar, T. Sreeharsha Varma i Swamy K. M. Mrithyunajaya. "Study of the Effects of Ethanol As an Additive with a Blend of Poultry Litter Biodiesel and Alumina Nanoparticles on a Diesel Engine". Journal of Middle European Construction and Design of Cars 15, nr 2 (20.12.2017): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mecdc-2017-0008.
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AbstractWith the increasing population and rise in industrialization, the demand for petroleum reserves is increasing almost daily. This is causing depletion of the non-renewable energy resources. This work aims to find an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The use of poultry litter oil biodiesel obtained from poultry industry waste, which is a non-edible source for biodiesel, is very encouraging as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The aim of this study is to observe and maximize the performance of poultry litter oil biodiesel by adding alumina nanoparticles and ethanol. The biodiesel is prepared with acid and the base catalysed transesterification of poultry litter oil with methanol using concentrated sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide as catalysts. The experimentation is carried out on a CI engine with three different blends - B20 biodiesel blend, B20 biodiesel blend with 30 mg/L alumina nanoparticles, and B20 biodiesel blend with 30 mg/L alumina nanoparticles and 15 ml/L ethanol. The performance, combustion and emission characteristics of all three blends are compared with neat diesel. The results of the experiment show that ethanol as an additive improves the combustion and performance characteristics. It increases the brake thermal efficiency and peak cylinder pressure. It also reduces CO and UBHC emissions and there is a marginal increase in NOxemissions as compared to neat diesel.
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Kothandapany, Anandavelu, i Viswanath Krishnan. "Investigating the Performance, Reduction of Emission and Combustion Characteristics of YSZ Coated D.I.Diesel Engine Powered by Binary Bio-fuels". Revista de Chimie 72, nr 1 (3.02.2021): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.21.1.8403.
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Performance, emission and combustion studies were carried out on the ceramic coated diesel engine (YSZ) fed with biodiesel obtained from the oil derived from the mango seeds (MSBD) and MSBD blended with turpentine oil (MSBTO). The performance study showed that the MSBD and MSBTO blends showed 3.6% and 7.1% more BSFC value compared to that of DF in ceramic coated engine due to higher density and viscosity. The maximum brake thermal efficiency was observed 28% for DF in coated engine compared to other fuels due to less fuel consumption of DF because of lower density. The emission characteristics displayed that the MSBTO fuel showed 12%, 15.2% and 29.1% reduction in the smoke density, NOx and CO respectively compared to that of DF in coated engine. However, the MSBD and MSBTO showed 17 and 21% more release of UBHC at full conditions compared to that of DF in ceramic coated engine due to lesser calorific values of MSBD and MSBTO compared to the calorific value of DF. Combustion study revealed that the MSBD and MSBTO displayed less cylinder pressure compared to that of DF in coated engine and the MSBTO fuel showed the 5.3% decrease in the cylinder pressure compared to that of DF in coated engine owing to less heat liberation and lower cetane value. HRR followed the similar trend of variation of cylinder pressure and the MSBTO displayed 7.4% lower HRR compared to that of DF in coated engine.
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Dharmalingam, Babu, Santhoshkumar Annamalai, Sukunya Areeya, Kittipong Rattanaporn, Keerthi Katam, Pau-Loke Show i Malinee Sriariyanun. "Bayesian Regularization Neural Network-Based Machine Learning Approach on Optimization of CRDI-Split Injection with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel to Improve Diesel Engine Performance". Energies 16, nr 6 (17.03.2023): 2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062805.
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The present study utilized response surface methodology (RSM) and Bayesian neural network (BNN) to predict the characteristics of a diesel engine powered by a blend of biodiesel and diesel fuel. The biodiesel was produced from waste cooking oil using a biocatalyst synthesized from vegetable waste through the wet impregnation technique. A multilevel central composite design was utilized to predict engine characteristics, including brake thermal efficiency (BTE), nitric oxide (NO), unburned hydrocarbons (UBHC), smoke emissions, heat release rate (HRR), and cylinder peak pressure (CGPP). BNN and the logistic–sigmoid activation function were used to train the experimental data in the artificial neural network (ANN) model, and the errors and correlations of the predicted models were calculated. The study revealed that the biocatalyst was capable of producing a maximum yield of 93% at 55 °C under specific reaction conditions, namely a reaction time of 120 min, a stirrer speed of 900 rpm, a catalyst loading of 7 wt.%, and a molar ratio of 1:9. Further, the ANN model was found to exhibit comparably lower prediction errors (0.001–0.0024), lower MAPE errors (3.14–4.6%), and a strong correlation (0.984–0.998) compared to the RSM model. B100-80%-20% was discovered to be the best formulation for emission property, while B100-90%-10% was the best mix for engine performance and combustion at 100% load. In conclusion, this study found that utilizing the synthesized biocatalyst led to attaining a maximum biodiesel yield. Furthermore, the study recommends using ANN and RSM techniques for accurately predicting the characteristics of a diesel engine.
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Huang, Xu, Jessada Sresakoolchai, Xia Qin, Yiu Fan Ho i Sakdirat Kaewunruen. "Self-Healing Performance Assessment of Bacterial-Based Concrete Using Machine Learning Approaches". Materials 15, nr 13 (23.06.2022): 4436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134436.
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Bacterial-based self-healing concrete (BSHC) is a well-known healing technology which has been investigated for a few decades for its excellent crack healing capacity. Nevertheless, considered as costly and time-consuming, the healing performance (HP) of concrete with various types of bacteria can be designed and evaluated only in laboratory environments. Employing machine learning (ML) models for predicting the HP of BSHC is inspired by practical applications using concrete mechanical properties. The HP of BSHC can be predicted to save the time and cost of laboratory tests, bacteria selection and healing mechanisms adoption. In this paper, three types of BSHC, including ureolytic bacterial healing concrete (UBHC), aerobic bacterial healing concrete (ABHC) and nitrifying bacterial healing concrete (NBHC), and ML models with five kinds of algorithms consisting of the support vector regression (SVR), decision tree regression (DTR), deep neural network (DNN), gradient boosting regression (GBR) and random forest (RF) are established. Most importantly, 22 influencing factors are first employed as variables in the ML models to predict the HP of BSHC. A total of 797 sets of BSHC tests available in the open literature between 2000 and 2021 are collected to verify the ML models. The grid search algorithm (GSA) is also utilised for tuning parameters of the algorithms. Moreover, the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) are applied to evaluate the prediction ability, including the prediction performance and accuracy of the ML models. The results exhibit that the GBR model has better prediction ability (R2GBR = 0.956, RMSEGBR = 6.756%) than other ML models. Finally, the influence of the variables on the HP is investigated by employing the sensitivity analysis in the GBR model.
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Kaushik, Yatendra, Vijay Verma, Kuldeep Kumar Saxena, Chander Prakash, Lovi Raj Gupta i Saurav Dixit. "Effect of Al2O3 Nanoparticles on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diesel–Neem Biodiesel Blends". Sustainability 14, nr 13 (29.06.2022): 7913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137913.
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Indagation in the sphere of nanoparticle utilisation has provided commendatory upshots in discrete areas of application varying from medicinal use to environmental degradation alleviation. This study incorporates alumina nanoparticles as additives to diesel and biodiesel blends. The prime objective of the present study was the scrutinisation of the denouement of Al2O3 nanoparticle incorporation in diesel–biodiesel blends on a diesel engine’s performance and emission characteristics. Test fuel samples were prepared by blending different proportions of biodiesel and dispersing two concentrations of alumina nanoparticles (25 and 50 ppm) in the diesel. Dispersion was made without the use of a nanoparticle stabiliser to meet real-world feasibility. High-speed shearing was employed to blend the biodiesel and diesel, while nanoparticles were dispersed in the blends by ultrasonication. The blends so devised were tested using a single-cylinder diesel engine at fixed RPM and applied load for three compression ratios. Upshots of brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for fuel samples were measured with LabView-based software, whereas CO emissions and unburnt hydrocarbon (UBHC) emissions were computed using an external gas analyser attached to the exhaust vent of the engine. Investigation revealed that the inclusion of Al2O3 nanoparticles culminates in the amelioration of engine performance along with the alleviation of deleterious exhaust from engine. Furthermore, the incorporation of alumina nanoparticles assisted in the amelioration of dwindled performance attributed to biodiesel blending. More favourable results of nanoparticle inclusion were obtained at higher compression ratios compared to lower ones. Reckoning evinced that the Al2O3 nanoparticle is a lucrative introduction for fuels to boost the performance and dwindle the deleterious exhaust of diesel engines.
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N, Lakshminarayana, D. K. Ramesha i Manjunatha . "Impacts of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nano additive and waste cooking biodiesel on performance and emission characteristics of CI engine". Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels 69, nr 12A (28.04.2022): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2021/30107.
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The running down of fossil fuel resources and strict regulation on emission parameters, it is essential to search for improved diesel engine performance and cleaner combustion. Elective energizes are the up-and-comer powers of the present and what is to come. An ever increasing number of vehicles are exchanging over to elective energizes around the world, demonstrates a definite indication of their need. It is clear that without alternative fuels, mankind will not have sustained eco-mobility in the future. Using additives will play a very good role in improving the performance and emissions. The effect of waste cooking oil biodiesel and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nano additives on the performance and emission of diesel engines are clearly discussed in this article. In this article mainly focused on waste cooking oil and effect of nano additives. The different properties of this fuel are evaluated using ASTM test standard and compared in relation to that of conventional diesel oil. All experimentation carried out on TV2, Kirloskar, single acting, 4-stroke, water cooled diesel motor having an evaluated yield of 16HP at 1800 rpm and a pressure proportion of 17.5:1, with varied load 0% to 100% of full load with increment of 20%. Waste cooking oil biodiesel and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nano additives shows marginal variation in performance, combustion and emission characteristic like (UBHC, CO, NO<sub>x</sub>) have been evaluated and compared to diesel
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K. Kishor, Ch Indira Priyadarshini, Y. Nagini i M. V. S. Murali Krishna. "Investigations on Pollution Levels of Four Stroke Copper Coated Spark Ignition Engine with Alcohol blended Gasoline". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29, nr 01 (2023): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01.042.
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Alcohols are renewable fuels. They can be conveniently used in spark ignition engines. They have octane number (a measure of combustion quality in spark ignition engine) higher than gasoline. Alcohols are important substitutes for gasoline, in the context of fast depletion of fossil fuels, ever increase of pollution levels with fossil fuels and increase of economic burden due to import of crude petroleum the search for alternative fuels has become pertinent. Investigations were carried out to determine pollution levels of variable speed, variable compression ratio, four- stroke, single cylinder, spark ignition (SI) engine having copper coated engine [CCE, copper-(thickness, 250 ìm) coated on piston crown and inner side of cylinder head] provided with catalytic converter with sponge iron/manganese ore as catalyst with different test fuels of neat gasoline, gasohol (85% gasoline and 15% ethanol by volume) and methanol blended gasoline (85% gasoline and 15% methanol by volume) and compared with conventional engine (CE) with neat gasoline operation. Exhaust emissions of carbon mono oxide (CO), un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) were varied with different values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine with different versions of the engine with test fuels with and without provision of the catalytic converter with sponge iron or manganese ore as catalyst. The engine was provided with catalytic converter with sponge iron and manganese ore as catalysts. There was provision for injection of air into the catalytic converter. The performance of the catalyst was compared with one over the other. Methanol blended gasoline decreased exhaust emissions effectively in comparison with gasohol with both versions of the engine. Catalytic converter with air injection significantly reduced pollutants with different test fuels on both configurations of the engine.
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Ramesh, T., A. P. Sathiyagnanam, Melvin Victor De Poures i P. Murugan. "Combined Effect of Compression Ratio and Fuel Injection Pressure on CI Engine Equipped with CRDi System Using Prosopis juliflora Methyl Ester/Diesel Blends". International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022 (29.04.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4617664.
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The exhaustion of worldwide oil reserves has created an incipient need to find hopeful alternative fuels for the future. Substantial research has been done in this direction, and all studies by researchers have provided results that proved the growing potential of biofuel as a popular alternative in the CI engine. The current investigation explores the biofuel potential derived from the wasteland tree Prosopis juliflora (Karuvalam tree seeds). Experimentation was done using a monocylinder 4-stroke water-cooled six holes CRDi CI engine with electrical loading. The experiment was conducted at three proportions (10%, 20%, and 30% volume basis) of Prosopis juliflora Oil Methyl Ester (PJOME) with diesel using 3 parametric CRs (16, 17.5, and 19) along with three different fuel injection pressure (FIP) (400, 500, and 600 bar). The impact of CR and FIP on fuel utilization BTE, cylinder pressure, net heat release, and exhaust particulates was scrutinized and characterized. The test results demonstrated that increasing the compression ratio from 16 to 19 enhanced the in-cylinder pressure, net heat release (NHR), and BTE for all the (PJOME/Diesel) combinations. With an augmentation in the compression ratio from 16 to 19, carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon discharge diminished, but the nitrogen oxide discharges augmented. FIP also had an impact of increasing the pressures on the in-cylinder, NHR, brake thermal efficiency, and nitrogen oxide and reducing the emissions of smoke, CO, and UBHC. The current research shows that the use of B20 and CR16 and FIP 600 bar as a combination improved BTE by 33.21%, BSFC by 0.25 kg/kw-hr, cylinder pressure at the maximum to reach 69.28 bar, net heat release of 79.14 J/deg, and exhaust emissions such as UHC at 55 ppm, CO at 0.25%, smoke at 34.33%, and NOx at 2401 ppm. Finally, the BTE and NOx were slightly higher, and the UHC, CO, and smoke values were diminutive compared to other blends.
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Ubhi, H. S., i A. W. Bowen. "Ubhi". Materials Science and Technology 12, nr 10 (październik 1996): 880–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1996.12.10.880.
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Nagata, Asami, Fumiko Itoh, Ayaka Sasho, Kaho Sugita, Riko Suzuki, Hiroki Hinata, Yuta Shimoda i in. "The evolutionarily conserved deubiquitinase UBH1/UCH-L1 augments DAF7/TGF-β signaling, inhibits dauer larva formation, and enhances lung tumorigenesis". Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, nr 27 (5.05.2020): 9105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011222.
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Modification of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling components by (de)ubiquitination is emerging as a key regulatory mechanism that controls cell signaling responses in health and disease. Here, we show that the deubiquitinating enzyme UBH-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans and its human homolog, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), stimulate DAF-7/TGF-β signaling, suggesting that this mode of regulation of TGF-β signaling is conserved across animal species. The dauer larva–constitutive C. elegans phenotype caused by defective DAF-7/TGF-β signaling was enhanced and suppressed, respectively, by ubh-1 deletion and overexpression in the loss-of-function genetic backgrounds of daf7, daf-1/TGF-βRI, and daf4/R-SMAD, but not of daf-8/R-SMAD. This suggested that UBH-1 may stimulate DAF-7/TGF-β signaling via DAF-8/R-SMAD. Therefore, we investigated the effect of UCH-L1 on TGF-β signaling via its intracellular effectors, i.e. SMAD2 and SMAD3, in mammalian cells. Overexpression of UCH-L1, but not of UCH-L3 (the other human homolog of UBH1) or of the catalytic mutant UCH-L1C90A, enhanced TGF-β/SMAD-induced transcriptional activity, indicating that the deubiquitination activity of UCH-L1 is indispensable for enhancing TGF-β/SMAD signaling. We also found that UCH-L1 interacts, deubiquitinates, and stabilizes SMAD2 and SMAD3. Under hypoxia, UCH-L1 expression increased and TGF-β/SMAD signaling was potentiated in the A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Notably, UCH-L1–deficient A549 cells were impaired in tumorigenesis, and, unlike WT UCH-L1, a UCH-L1 variant lacking deubiquitinating activity was unable to restore tumorigenesis in these cells. These results indicate that UCH-L1 activity supports DAF-7/TGF-β signaling and suggest that UCH-L1's deubiquitination activity is a potential therapeutic target for managing lung cancer.
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Rogl, Peter, i Peter Fischer. "Powder neutron diffraction of α-UB2C (α-UB2C-type)". Journal of Solid State Chemistry 90, nr 2 (luty 1991): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(91)90144-7.
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Ho, Cheng-Ju, Yu-Hui Huang, Tzuo-Yi Hsieh, Min-Hsin Yang, Shao-Chuan Wang, Wen-Jung Chen, Wen-Wei Sung i Sung-Lang Chen. "New Hydronephrosis in the Native Kidney Is Associated with the Development of De Novo Urinary Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma in Patients with Post-Kidney Transplantation". Healthcare 11, nr 9 (23.04.2023): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091209.
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Increased malignancy after kidney transplantation (KT) is by far the most troublesome issue. Among these malignancies, urothelial carcinoma (UC) incidence is uniquely high in Taiwan. We want to know whether routine sonography to detect native hydronephrosis is associated with the development of de novo urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma (UBUC) in post-KT recipients. From 2003 to 2018, we retrospectively analyzed 1005 KT patients, 58 of whom were subsequently diagnosed with UBUC. The association between new native hydronephrosis and post-KT UBUC was analyzed with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses and a Kaplan–Meier plot. We excluded cases of people who had upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and were diagnosed prior to UBUC. There were 612 males (60.9%) and 393 females (39.1%), with a mean age of 48.2 ± 12.0 years old at KT. The mean follow-up period was 118.6 ± 70.2 months, and the diagnosis of UBUC from KT to UBUC was 7.0 ± 5.1 years. New native kidney hydronephrosis occurred more frequently in the UBUC group (56.4% versus 6.4%, p < 0.001) than the non-UBUC group. Multivariate analysis disclosed that native hydronephrosis is the only statistically significant factor for UBUC, with an odds ratio of 16.03 (95% CI, 8.66–29.68; p < 0.001). UBUC in post-KT patients with native hydronephrosis also showed a tendency toward multifocal lesions upon presentation (47.8%). Post-KT UBUC is characterized by pathologically aggressive and multiple foci lesions. Native kidney hydronephrosis may be a deciding factor of post-KT UBUC.
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Kaelin, A. J., D. Hochstrasser i G. D. Mc-Ewen. "UBC". Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B 1, nr 2 (1992): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01202412-199201020-00052.
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Chaker, S. "Amalu (pl. imula, ubac)". Encyclopédie berbère, nr 4 (1.09.1986): 555–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2459.
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Chuang, Hao-Wen, Kan-Tai Hsia, Jia-Bin Liao, Chih-Ching Yeh, Wei-Ting Kuo i Yi-Fang Yang. "SERPINE2 Overexpression Is Associated with Poor Prognosis of Urothelial Carcinoma". Diagnostics 11, nr 10 (18.10.2021): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11101928.
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Recent studies have reported that SERPINE2 contributes to the development of various cancers. However, its association with urothelial carcinoma (UC) remains unclear. In this study, data on urinary bladder UC (UBUC) cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were used to investigate the prognostic value of SERPINE2 mRNA expression. Then, SERPINE2 expression was analyzed with tissue microarrays constructed from 117 upper tract UC (UTUC) and 84 UBUC tissue specimens using immunohistochemical staining. Results were compared to clinicopathologic data by multivariate analysis. In the TCGA database, high SERPINE2 mRNA expression indicated a poor prognosis in patients with UBUC. Furthermore, Mann–Whitney U test showed that high SERPINE2 immunoexpression was significantly associated with adverse pathologic parameters including invasion, high grade, coexistence of UC in situ, and advanced pT stage (all p < 0.05, except for a marginal association with high-grade UBUC, p = 0.066). Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that high SERPINE2 expression was associated with worse overall survival (OS; UTUC, p = 0.003; UBUC, p = 0.014) and disease-free survival (UTUC, p = 0.031; UBUC, p = 0.033). Moreover, multivariate analysis identified high SERPINE2 expression as an independent prognostic factor for OS (UTUC, p = 0.002; UBUC, p = 0.024). Taken together, our findings demonstrated that increased SERPINE2 expression is associated with adverse pathologic features and may serve as a prognostic biomarker for UC.
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Ninomiya, Akinori. "Ubc Recycling". Kobunshi 42, nr 3 (1993): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.42.254.
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Hwang, In Gyu, Mi Hwa Heo, Hee Kyung Kim, Hansang Lee, Jinhyun Cho, Youjin Kim, Sang-Cheol Lee, Jung Hun Kang i Se Hoon Park. "Molecular characterization of urothelial carcinoma of bladder and upper urinary tract." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, nr 6_suppl (20.02.2017): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.361.
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361 Background: It is a considerable unmet need to increase understanding of the molecular basis of urothelial carcinoma (UC) to refine the clinical decision-making process. We also aim to assess that whether we can apply similar principles in the management of upper tract UC (UTUC) based on the behavior of urinary bladder UC (UBUC). Methods: To study the molecular nature of UC, we performed next-generation sequencing to investigate the mutational and transcriptional profiles of commonly mutated genes using the Ampliseq v2. Copy number variations (CNVs) were detected with nCounter assay. Genetic alterations between UTUC and UBUC were compared. Results: Tumor samples from 34 UTUC and 63 UBUC patients were eligible for analyses. Two groups showed similar clinicopathologic features including tumor grade and stage. Median survival was, although statistically insignificant, longer in UTUC than UBUC patients (59 vs. 41 months, P = 0.63). In total, we found 920 genetic alterations from 97 samples: most common type of somatic mutation was single nucleotide variants (SNVs; 494/525, 94.1%). After analyzing total genomic alteration frequency, we found that the frequency of CNVs was not significantly different between UTUC and UBUC group: most commonly observed mutation in the UBUC patients was TP53 (18.9%), followed by KDR (7.2%), FGFR3 (4.1%) and PIK3CA (4.1%). In the UTUC patients, TP53 (22.9%), KDR (6.5%), NOTCH1 (5.3%) and FGFR3 (4.1%) are most frequentl somatic mutations. We also identified five translocations in total UC cohort including one case with FGFR3–TACC3 (Chr4) fusion. Conclusions: Within the limitation of small sample size, we found no relevant differences in somatic mutation frequencies between UTUC and UBUC, indicating a basis for similar management strategies.
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Smulevich, A. B., E. B. Dubnitskaja, L. K. Pavlova i Y. V. Morosova. "Neurocognitive Impact of Umbilical Blood Stem Cells on Schizophrenic Patients". European Psychiatry 24, S1 (styczeń 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71434-8.
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Objective:To assess the safety and effectiveness of umbilical blood stem cells (UBSC) regarding neurocognition and social cognition in schizophrenic patients.Samples and methods:10 men (33,6±10,6 years old) with episodic type of paranoid schizophrenia in remission with dominating negative symptomatic (F20.04 in ICD-10), who gave the informed consent and received concentrate of 250 millions UBSC intravenously. the control sample (10 patients) meeting the key demographic and disorder criteria received placebo. All patients continued antipsychotic therapy in fixed doses. in the first phase, both samples previously examined against PANSS and MCCB received one injection of UBSC or placebo. in the second phase, ten patients received four injections of UBSC each, one injection every two weeks. the dynamic was rated before each injection and at the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 12th week after the last injection.Results:The date of the first phase points to a safety of UBSC injections (no serious or severe adverse events registered). the second phase proves the effectiveness of UBSC: the PANSS score drops from 24.5±2.4 to19.2±2.7(р< 0,001)on the negative psychopathology scale, and 41.2±6.8 to 30.82±4.4 on the general psychopathology scale. the neurocognition improved (р< 0,001) in speed of processing (30.6±1.6 to 49.4±1.7), attention (30.6±2.4 to 48.5±3.1), memory (39.7±1.4 to 56.1±1.4), verbal learning (41.3±1.7 to 62±3.2), visual learning (38.6±3.4 to 62.9±2.5), executive functions (35±2.2 to 59.5±2.5). However, the increase in social cognition was statistically nonsignificant (43.6±1.6 to 46.1±2.1).Conclusion:The cognitive impact of UBSC appears to be made via its obvious metabolic (nootropic) and psychostimulant actions.
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Liang, Peir-In, Yu-Hui Wang, Ting-Feng Wu, Wen-Ren Wu, Alex C. Liao, Kun-Hung Shen, Chung-Hsi Hsing i in. "IGFBP-5 overexpression as a poor prognostic factor in patients with urothelial carcinomas of upper urinary tracts and urinary bladder". Journal of Clinical Pathology 66, nr 7 (28.03.2013): 573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2012-201278.
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BackgroundUrothelial carcinoma (UC) is prevalent worldwide. Dysregulation of cell growth is a critical event of tumorigenesis and has not been assessed systemically in UC. We thus assessed the published transcriptome of urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma (UBUC) and identified insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) as the most significantly upregulated gene associated with the regulation of cell growth. Moreover, validated by using public domain data set, IGFBP-5 expression also significantly predicted worse outcome. IGFBP-5 is one of the binding proteins that regulate insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and its significance has not been comprehensively evaluated in UCs.MethodsUsing immunohistochemistry, we evaluated the IGFBP-5 expression status and its associations with clinicopathological features and survival in 340 cases of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and 295 cases of UBUC. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate IGFBP-5 protein expression in human urothelial cell (HUC) lines.ResultsIGFBP-5 overexpression was significantly associated with advanced pT stage (p<0.001), high histological grade (UTUC, p<0.001; UBUC, p=0.035), lymph node metastasis (UTUC, p=0.006; UBUC, p=0.004), vascular invasion (UTUC, p<0.001; UBUC, p=0.003), perineural invasion (UTUC, p=0.034; UBUC, p=0.021) and frequent mitosis (UTUC, p<0.001; UBUC, p=0.023). IGFBP-5 overexpression also independently predicted poor disease-specific survival and metastasis-free survival in both groups of patients. Western blot analysis showed IGFBP-5 protein as overexpressed in human urothelial cancer cell lines and not in normal urothelial cancer cells.ConclusionsIGFBP-5 plays an important role in tumour progression in UC. Its overexpression is associated with advanced tumour stage and conferred poorer clinical outcome.
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Fujishiro, Noriko, Shuichi Mitsunaga, Akira Shinohara, Misaki K. Takeno, Hideki Funazaki, Gen Kimura, Kazuo Watanabe i in. "Frequency of severe neutropenia occurring as an adverse events of gemcitabine plus cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with recurrent biliary tract cancer compared to those with unresectable biliary tract cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, nr 4_suppl (1.02.2017): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.4_suppl.488.
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488 Background: In patients (pts) with biliary tract cancer (BTC), relapse occurs at a high frequency even after curative resection. It remains unclear whether in pts with postoperative recurrence receiving chemotherapy, the surgery exerts any influence on the risk of development of toxicities. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes and incidences of adverse events between recurrent BTC (rBTC) pts and unresectable BTC (uBTC) pts receiving gemcitabine plus cisplatin chemotherapy (GC). Methods: Data of pts with rBTC or uBTC receiving GC as the first-line chemotherapy were analyzed. The GC regimen consisted of gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 plus cisplatin 25 mg/m2on days 1 and 8, administered every 3 weeks. All adverse events occurring during the first 180 days of GC were evaluated according to CTCAE, version 4.0. Results: A total of 151 pts, including 55 pts with rBTC and 96 pts with uBTC, were enrolled. In regard to the baseline characteristics, no significant differences between the rBTC and uBTC groups were found in the gender distribution [male: 69% vs. 57%], age [median: 68 vs. 68], or ECOG performance status (PS) [PS0: 67%vs. 55%]. The distribution of the primary tumor site (intrahepatic bile duct [27% vs. 33%] / extrahepatic bile duct [45% vs. 20%] / gallbladder [20% vs. 44%] / ampulla [7% vs. 3%]) was unbalanced between the two groups ( p < 0.01). The overall survival (OS) was significantly longer in the rBTC group than that in the uBTC group [median 15.8 months vs. 10.0 months, p = 0.02], however, there was no significant difference in the progression-free survival [median 6.8 months vs. 5.8 months] between the two groups. Grade 3-4 neutropenia was more frequent in the rBTC group [69%] as compared to that in the uBTC group [44%, p < 0.01], whereas Grade 3-4 cholangitis was significantly less frequent in the rBTC [5%] group than that in the uBTC group [21%, p = 0.02]. Conclusions: The incidence of Grade 3-4 neutropenia developing during GC was significantly higher in the rBTC group as compared to that in the uBTC group.
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Liu, Liang, Haibo Yuan, Qiang Wang i Chuangui Li. "Effects of Different Organ Metastases on the Prognosis of Stage IV Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder". Journal of Oncology 2022 (2.11.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8594022.
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Objective. To assess the prognosis of stage IV metastatic urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma (UBUC) at initial diagnosis and determine prognostic factors based on distant organ metastasis. Methods. A retrospective cohort analysis of UBUC was conducted based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to determine the variables associated with overall survival (OS). Kaplan–Meier curves were used to compare survival curves among different groups. Results. A total of 3103 patients with stage IV UBUC were selected for analysis. The number of distant organ metastatic sites independently predicted the OS. The OS was not different in other metastatic sites when bone metastasis was used as a reference P > 0.05 . However, the OS was shorter for a single metastatic site P < 0.001 and multiple metastatic sites when metastasis was not used as a reference P < 0.001 . Multivariable Cox regression analysis indicated that low survivorship was independently associated with no surgery for the entire cohort and patients with only one metastatic organ. Sex (P = 0.019) and grade (P = 0.046) were the independent risk factors for patients with only one metastatic organ. Conclusions These results show that the prognosis of stage IV metastatic UBUC is not different between any single metastatic organ. The prognosis of stage IV metastatic UBUC depends on the number of distant organ metastasis. This study determined some predictors of survival and thus may help therapists to choose appropriate treatment strategies for metastatic UBUC.
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Zhang, Ruochen, Yaojing Yang, Haijian Huang, Tao Li, Liefu Ye, Le Lin i Yongbao Wei. "UBC Mediated by SEPT6 Inhibited the Progression of Prostate Cancer". Mediators of Inflammation 2021 (20.12.2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7393029.
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Background. Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men. Protein ubiquitination is an important mechanism for regulating protein activity and level in vivo. We aimed to study the mechanism of SEPT6 and UBC action in prostate cancer to identify new targets. Methods. The ubiquitin-protein and the ubiquitin coding gene UBA52, UBA80, UBB, and UBC expressions were detected in clinical tissues and cells. Overexpression and knockdown of UBC were performed in prostate cancer DU145 cells. Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) assay was performed to detect cell proliferation. Cell cycle at 24 h was detected by flow cytometry. Clonal formation assay was used to measure cell clone number. Immunofluorescence (IF) was performed to detect the colocalization of SEPT6 and UBC in prostate cancer cells. Next, we overexpressed or knocked down SEPT6 expression in DU145 cells. Pearson correlation coefficient was applied to analyze the relationship between SEPT6 and UBC in prostate cancer tissue. oe-SEPT6+oe-UBC coexpressing cells were constructed to detect the upstream and downstream relationship between SEPT6 and UBC on prostate cancer cells. The tumor formation experiment was performed to explore SEPT6/UBC effect on prostate cancer. Results. UBC was upregulated in prostate cancer tissues and cells. Overexpression of UBC promoted cell survival and proliferation. IF revealed the colocalization of SEPT6 and UBC in prostate cancer cells. UBC expression decreased after oe-SEPT6, while increased after sh-SEPT6, indicating that UBC was downstream of SEPT6. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis showed that SEPT6 was negatively correlated with UBC in prostate cancer tissues. SEPT6 as an upstream gene of UBC regulated prostate cancer cell behavior through UBC. The tumor formation experiment showed that SEPT6 could inhibit tumor growth. Conclusion. In general, SEPT6 inhibited UBC expression, thereby reducing the overall ubiquitination level, affecting the expression level of downstream cell proliferation-related genes, and then affecting the progression of prostate cancer.
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Gatta, Melocchi, Bugatti, Missale, Lonardi, Zanetti, Cristinelli i in. "Hyper-Activation of STAT3 Sustains Progression of Non-Papillary Basal-Type Bladder Cancer via FOSL1 Regulome". Cancers 11, nr 9 (21.08.2019): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11091219.
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Urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) are classified into luminal and basal subtypes showing distinct molecular features and clinical behaviour. Recent in silico data have proposed the activation on the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) as relevant transcription factor in UBC. To answer this question, we have combined the retrospective analysis of clinical samples, functional assays on cell lines, interrogation of public UBC datasets and a murine model of basal-type UBC. Immunohistochemistry on a retrospective UBC cohort uncovered that STAT3 Y705 phosphorylation (pSTAT3) is significantly increased in infiltrating basal-type UBC compared to luminal UBC. In vitro, STAT3 silencing in UBC cell lines significantly reduced tumor cell viability and invasion. Gene expression profile of UBC cell lines combined with the analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GSE32894 UBC datasets showed that increased expression of a set of STAT3 targets predicts basal-type, propensity to local progression and worse prognosis. MYC and FOSL1 represent relevant STAT3 downstream targets, as validated by their co-localization in pSTAT3+ UBC cancer cells. These findings were largely reproduced in the BBN-induced murine model of basal-type UBC. Of note, FOSL1 protein resulted strongly expressed in the non-papillary UBC pathway and FOSL1-regulated transcripts were significantly enriched in the transition from NMIBC to MIBC, as indicated by the interrogation of the GSE32894 dataset. The blockade of the STAT3 pathway might represent a novel treatment option for these neoplasms. Monitoring pSTAT3 and the downstream targets, particularly FOSL1, could provide meaningful levels of UBC stratification.
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Gimsing, P., i E. Nexø. "Cobalamin-binding capacity of haptocorrin and transcobalamin: age-correlated reference intervals and values from patients." Clinical Chemistry 35, nr 7 (1.07.1989): 1447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.7.1447.
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Abstract Unsaturated cobalamin-binding capacity in plasma (P-UBBC) is determined by use of a silica gel (QUSO G32) to separate haptocorrin (P-ApoHC) and transcobalamin (P-ApoTC). The method is sensitive and precise: detection limit 13 pmol/L, interassay coefficients of variation 3% for P-UBBC (mean = 1080 pmol/L), 4% for P-ApoTC (mean = 700 pmol/L) (n = 30). Values for P-UBBC, P-ApoHC, P-ApoTC, and P-TBBC (P-UBBC plus P-cobalamin) determined in a population study of 228 individuals, ages 21-87 years, did not differ by sex. These values increased with age, whereas the cobalamin saturation (P-cobalamin as percentage of P-TBBC) decreased with age. However, these changes were statistically significant but marginal and thus not clinically important. We therefore suggest using combined reference intervals (central 95 percentiles) for all age groups: 500-1200 pmol/L for P-UBBC, 90-275 pmol/L for P-ApoHC, 400-930 pmol/L for P-ApoTC, 850-1600 pmol/L for P-TBBC, and 20-50% for cobalamin saturation. Results for 277 inpatients show high P-ApoHC in myeloproliferative disorders or acute nonlymphatic leukemia, whereas P-ApoTC concentrations are high in some patients with lymphoproliferative disorders or autoimmune diseases.
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Müller, Christian, Jazan Omari, Konrad Mohnike, Caroline Bär, Maciej Pech, Verena Keitel i Marino Venerito. "Multidisciplinary Treatment of Patients with Progressive Biliary Tract Cancer after First-Line Gemcitabine and Cisplatin: A Single-Center Experience". Cancers 15, nr 9 (3.05.2023): 2598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15092598.
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Background: Patients with unresectable biliary tract cancer (uBTC) who progress despite first-line gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) treatment have limited systemic options with a modest survival benefit. Data are lacking on the clinical effectiveness and safety of personalized treatment based on multidisciplinary discussion for patients with progressing uBTC. Methods: This retrospective single-center study included patients with progressive uBTC who received either best supportive care or personalized treatment based on multidisciplinary discussion, including minimally invasive, image-guided procedures (MIT); FOLFIRI; or both (MIT and FOLFIRI), between 2011 and 2021. Results: Ninety-seven patients with progressive uBTC were identified. Patients received best supportive care (n = 50, 52%), MIT (n = 14, 14%), FOLFIRI (n = 19, 20%), or both (n = 14, 14%). Survival after disease progression was better in patients who received MIT (8.8 months; 95% CI: 2.60–15.08), FOLFIRI (6 months; 95% CI: 3.30–8.72), or both (15.1 months; 95% CI: 3.66–26.50) than in patients receiving BSC (0.36 months; 95% CI: 0.00–1.24, p < 0.001). The most common (>10%) grade 3–5 adverse events were anemia (25%) and thrombocytopenia (11%). Conclusion: Multidisciplinary discussion is critical for identifying patients with progressive uBTC who might benefit the most from MIT, FOLFIRI, or both. The safety profile was consistent with previous reports.
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Bustamante, Christian, Andrés Felipe Díez-Mejía, Natalia Arbeláez, Maurilio José Soares, Sara M. Robledo, Rodrigo Ochoa, Rubén E. Varela-M. i Marcel Marín-Villa. "In Silico, In Vitro, and Pharmacokinetic Studies of UBMC-4, a Potential Novel Compound for Treating against Trypanosoma cruzi". Pathogens 11, nr 6 (24.05.2022): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060616.
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The lack of therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of Chagas disease, a neglected disease, drives the discovery of new drugs with trypanocidal activity. Consequently, we conducted in vitro studies using UBMC-4, a potential Trypanosoma cruzi AKT-like pleckstrin homology (PH) domain inhibitory compound found using bioinformatics tools. The half effective concentration (EC50) on intracellular amastigotes was determined at 1.85 ± 1 μM showing low cytotoxicity (LC50) > 40 μM on human cell lines tested. In order to study the lethal effect caused by the compound on epimastigotes, morphological changes were assessed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Progressive alterations such as flagellum inactivation, cell size reduction, nuclear structure alteration, condensation of chromatin towards the nuclear periphery, vacuole formation, and mitochondrial swelling with kinetoplast integrity loss were evidenced. In addition, apoptosis-like markers in T. cruzi were assessed by flow cytometry, demonstrating that the effect of UBMC-4 on T. cruzi AKT-like kinase reduced the tolerance to nutritional stress-triggered, apoptosis-like events, including DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial damage, and loss of plasma membrane integrity. After this, UBMC-4 was formulated for oral administration and pharmacokinetics were analyzed in a mouse model. Finally, upon oral administration of 200 mg/kg in mice, we found that a UBMC-4 plasma concentration remaining in circulation beyond 24 h after administration is well described by the two-compartment model. We conclude that UBMC-4 has an effective trypanocidal activity in vitro at low concentrations and this effect is evident in T. cruzi cell structures. In mice, UBMC-4 was well absorbed and reached plasma concentrations higher than the EC50, showing features that would aid in developing a new drug to treat Chagas disease.