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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Type 2 diabetes”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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1

Khalid Iqbal, Rana. "Type 2 Diabetes and its Treatment". Diabetes & Obesity International Journal 4, nr 3 (2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/doij-16000208.

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Type 2 diabetes is chronic disease that is spreading all over the world. In type 2 diabetes mainly there is less insulin production. It can be diet-induced and may also be associated with obesity. The body weight of a person increases due to more energy taken by the food, also the physical activity with less workout may lead to abdominal adiposity and finally the insulin resistance. Insulin resistance leads to the development of type 2 diabetes. The ratio of diabetic patients is increasing day by day. 90% of the total diabetic patients have type 2 diabetes. The risk of developing type 2diabetes is increasing according to an estimation of the American born in 2000 or later one of the three and some 50% members are expected to have type 2 diabetes.

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Sodikovna, Abdurazakova Dilbar, Yusupova Shahnoza Kadirjanovna, SaidjonovaFeruza Latifjonovna i Jabbarov Ibrohimjon Adhamjon O’gli. "PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS". American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation 4, nr 3 (1.03.2024): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/volume04issue03-06.

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Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus and complications is an urgent problem in modern medicine. In patients with a body mass index (BMI) above 25 kg/m2, indicators of markers of carbohydrate metabolism (serum glucose -fasting and postprandial glycemia, glycosylated hemoglobin and urine glucose) and lipid metabolism -total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), lipidogram (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol -LDL cholesterol, atherogenic index -AI is significantly higher, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol -HDL cholesterol is significantly lower than in patients with normal body mass index (BMI) and abdominal index (AI). Asignificant positive relationship between age, abdominal index, BMI, AI, glucose level in blood serum. Assessment of markers of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism should be included in the list of mandatory examinations of patients over the age of 30 years, and be strictly individual. There is a relationship between the progression of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and changes in lipid parameters metabolism in the examined women.The population should be widely informed about the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the progression of complications.

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Tian, Shen, Juan Wu, Jia-shuo Liu, Bao-shan Zou i Ling-quan Kong. "Type 2 Diabetes". Annals of Internal Medicine 172, nr 10 (19.05.2020): 704–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/l20-0011.

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Vijan, Sandeep. "Type 2 Diabetes". Annals of Internal Medicine 172, nr 10 (19.05.2020): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/l20-0012.

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Shimada, Akira. "Type 2 Diabetes". Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi 56, nr 12 (2009): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.56.665.

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Wilson, Jennifer F. "Type 2 Diabetes". Annals of Internal Medicine 146, nr 1 (2.01.2007): ITC1–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-1-200701020-01001.

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Vijan, Sandeep. "Type 2 Diabetes". Annals of Internal Medicine 152, nr 5 (2.03.2010): ITC3–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-01003.

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Quinn, Laurie. "TYPE 2 DIABETES". Nursing Clinics of North America 36, nr 2 (czerwiec 2001): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-6465(22)02543-9.

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Vijan, Sandeep. "Type 2 Diabetes". Annals of Internal Medicine 162, nr 5 (3.03.2015): ITC1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/aitc201503030.

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Vijan, Sandeep. "Type 2 Diabetes". Annals of Internal Medicine 171, nr 9 (5.11.2019): ITC65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/aitc201911050.

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Bell, David S. H. "Type 2 Diabetes". Annals of Internal Medicine 163, nr 4 (18.08.2015): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/l15-5122.

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Vijan, Sandeep. "Type 2 Diabetes". Annals of Internal Medicine 163, nr 4 (18.08.2015): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/l15-5122-2.

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Naveed, Shabnam, Syed Masroor Ahmed, Ayesha Nageen, Zeeshan Ali, Santosh Kumar, Humaira Zakir i Lubna Ghazi. "TYPE 2 DIABETES". Professional Medical Journal 23, nr 02 (10.01.2016): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.02.862.

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Objectives: To determine the prevalence and the associated risk factors ofNAFLD in Type 2 diabetic patients. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Diabeticclinic of Medical Unit 3, JPMC. Methods: It is a cross sectional study. 262 patients wereenrolled between the ages of 18-70 years attending Diabetes Clinic of Medical Unit III, JPMC.Each consenting patient underwent a detailed medical history-taking, physical examination,laboratory assessment and abdominal ultrasonography (US). Fatty liver was diagnosed onabdominal US on the basis of two out of the three criteria: increased hepatic echogenicity,blurring of liver vasculature and deep attenuation of the ultrasonographic signal. In accordancewith the guidelines, subjects diagnosed with NAFLD had to fulfill the following criteria: nohistory of current or past alcohol consumption, other systemic illness known to cause fatty liverdisease; absence of history and clinical, biochemical and US findings consistent with cirrhosis.Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Blood pressures of greater than 130/90 were takenas hypertensive. LFTs, FBS, HbA1c, Lipid profiles were taken. Results: Out of 262 diabeticpatients 107 (40.8%) of them were found to be having NFALD. Prevalence was found out to behigher in age group of 41-50 years, females, obese & in Pashtoon subjects.It was also moreprevalent in sedentary lifestyle patients and those on oral anti diabetics in contrast to insulintherapy. It was correlating well with US findings when the ALT cut-off value was taken as 30 IUfor males and 19 IU for females compared to standard values of ALT. There was associationwith hypertension, metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia. Conclusion: Prevalence of NAFLDwas higher in our diabetic patients. Middle age, female gender and obesity were found to bestatistically strong risk factors in our study.

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SHAIKH, ZULFIQAR ALI, SAIMA AKHUND, MUKKARAM ALI i Masood Hameed Khan. "TYPE 2 DIABETES;". Professional Medical Journal 20, nr 02 (7.02.2013): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.02.628.

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Objective: To determine the effects of various socio-demographic factors upon the prevalence of diabetes mellitus.Background: Type 2 Diabetes is growing at an epidemic scale. Besides genetic predisposition, numerous environmental factors elicit thedevelopment of diabetes. An estimated 246 million people are suffering from diabetes worldwide. Majority of diabetics (80%) live in verypoor countries of the world, where even the least expensive lifesaving diabetes drugs are not available. Pakistan ranks number seven interms of global diabetes burden and is projected to reach number five in 2025. Approximately half of the diabetics are aware of theirdisease status, and most of them are diagnosed with complications and poor metabolic control. This study determines the effects ofvarious socio-demographic factors upon the prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: Study Design: Cross-sectional.Place: National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, DUHS, Karachi, Pakistan. Duration of study: March 2008 to December 2009.Sample size: 1029. Results: The mean age of the study sample was 50.5 ±12.1 years. Fifty two percent study participants were malesand 48% females. They were from various occupations, educational levels and socio-economic strata. Among these diabetics, 73% hadfamily history of diabetes; 20% were doing exercise, 20% knew self monitoring blood glucose and 6% had knowledge to inject insulin.Only 29% followed diabetes diet. Conclusions: A vast majority of diabetic patients was not doing exercise; had least knowledge of selfmonitoring blood glucose and did not follow diabetes diet. Various environmental factors, lack of related information and peoples’reluctant attitude played important role in the high prevalence of diabetes.

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Majeed Babar, Muhammad Zafar, Mazhar Hussain i Asma Manzur. "TYPE 2 DIABETES;". Professional Medical Journal 24, nr 06 (5.06.2017): 899–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.06.1206.

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Background: The data among vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control isvariable and contradictory in various clinical studies. Objectives: To determine the efficacy of vitD supplementation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Study Design: Case controlstudy. Setting: Private Clinical Set up of District, Rahim Yar Khan. Period: August to October2016. Patients and methods: 100 cases of type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into groupA and group B each contained 50 patients .The cases in group A were treated with vitamin D3at the dose of 50,000 units per week orally while cases in group B were treated with placeboalong with the standard doses of anti-diabetic drugs. The value of HbA1c and Vit D wereassayed pre and post treatment by high performance liquid chromatography. Results: Therewas significant post treatment changes observed in vitamin D level in group A vs group B inmales 20.46±2.45 vs 15.16±1.47 (p= 0.001) and females 18.32±1.44 vs 13.95±2.48 (p= 0.09)There was significant post treatment changes in HbA1c in males 6.65±0.12 vs 8.34±0.71 (p=0.01) and in females 6.81±0.43 vs 8.04±0.71 (p= 0.03) in group A and group B respectively.Similarly better improvement in vitamin D and HbA1c level was seen with respect to aged group30-50 years and duration of diabetes less than 5 years. Conclusion: Vitamin D is deficient in ourpopulation and its supplementation not only improves its own level but also glycemic control intype 2 diabetic patients.

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MacKinnon, Mary. "Type 2 diabetes". Nursing Standard 14, nr 10 (24.11.1999): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns1999.11.14.10.39.c2715.

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Jerreat, Lynne, i Sonia Davies. "Type 2 diabetes". Nursing Standard 24, nr 1 (9.09.2009): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2009.09.24.1.58.c7262.

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Gower, Amanda. "Type 2 diabetes". Nursing Standard 25, nr 41 (15.06.2011): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2011.06.25.41.59.c8574.

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&NA;. "Type 2 Diabetes". Nurse Practitioner 30, nr 11 (listopad 2005): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-200511000-00012.

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Calles-Escandon, Jorge, Ernesto Garcia-Rubi, Shirwan Mirza i Aaron Mortensen. "Type 2 diabetes". Coronary Artery Disease 10, nr 1 (1999): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019501-199901000-00004.

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MOSHANG, JOAN. "Type 2 diabetes". Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! 3, nr 4 (lipiec 2005): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152258-200507000-00003.

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&NA;. "Type 2 diabetes". Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! 3, nr 4 (lipiec 2005): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152258-200507000-00004.

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KESTEL, FRAN. "Type 2 diabetes". Nursing 34, nr 6 (czerwiec 2004): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200406000-00045.

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Herman, Andrew. "Type 2 diabetes". Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! 10, nr 1 (2012): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nme.0000408228.38924.4b.

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Lawrence, Wanda, Sharyn Conrad i Ann S. Moore. "Type 2 diabetes". Nursing Management (Springhouse) 43, nr 1 (styczeń 2012): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.numa.0000409921.17324.c9.

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&NA;. "Type 2 diabetes". Nursing Management (Springhouse) 43, nr 1 (styczeń 2012): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.numa.0000410740.51779.30.

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Brauer, Sandra. "Type 2 diabetes". Journal of Physiotherapy 58, nr 1 (marzec 2012): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1836-9553(12)70080-2.

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Hall, Mellisa A. "TYPE 2 DIABETES". Home Healthcare Nurse: The Journal for the Home Care and Hospice Professional 26, nr 6 (czerwiec 2008): 346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nhh.0000324307.56212.dc.

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&NA;. "Type 2 Diabetes". Home Healthcare Nurse: The Journal for the Home Care and Hospice Professional 26, nr 6 (czerwiec 2008): 354–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nhh.0000324308.56212.38.

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Barnett, Richard. "Type 2 diabetes". Lancet 394, nr 10198 (sierpień 2019): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31728-3.

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Chatterjee, Sudesna, Kamlesh Khunti i Melanie J. Davies. "Type 2 diabetes". Lancet 389, nr 10085 (czerwiec 2017): 2239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30058-2.

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Boussageon, Remy, Matthieu Roustit, Francois Gueyffier, Benoit V. Tudrej i Michaela B. Rehman. "Type 2 diabetes". Lancet 391, nr 10127 (marzec 2018): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30702-5.

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Tate, A. Rosemary. "Type 2 diabetes". Lancet 391, nr 10127 (marzec 2018): 1261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30703-7.

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Guber, Carol. "Type 2 diabetes". Lancet 365, nr 9467 (kwiecień 2005): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61033-1.

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Gower, Amanda. "Type 2 diabetes". Nursing Standard 25, nr 41 (15.06.2011): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.25.41.59.s52.

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Irace, Concetta. "Awareness of Diabetes Complication in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes". Diabetes & Obesity International Journal 7, nr 1 (2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/doij-16000251.

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Patients with diabetes are well-educated about the self-management of glycemic control; conversely, the education on the screening of complications are less structured and personalized. We designed our study to assess the awareness of complications in a sample of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This is an observational cross-sectional study. A questionnaire aimed to evaluate the knowledge of micro- and macro-vascular diabetic complications and of the tests used to detect them was provided to consecutive people with T2D. Three-hundred eleven participants with T2D were enrolled and competed the questionnaire. The majority of them were aware of retinopathy (98%), kidney disease (90%), cardiovascular diseases (57%), and leg sensitive abnormalities (83%), while few were aware of sexual (38%), bladder (45%), gastrointestinal (27%) and cardiovascular autonomic disorders (0.6%). Among those who were aware of sexual disorders, 33% defined the complication specific of male sex and 5% of both sexes. About one-third were aware of albuminuria, and 37% indicated electromyography as the standard test for peripheral neuropathy. An adequate level of awareness for most complications was observed. However, some complications linked to autonomic neuropathy and standard tests to detect diabetic nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy were poorly known. Furthermore, bladder, gastrointestinal disorders, and cardiac autonomic neuropathy were also less aware or unaware. A comprehensive education might be helpful to prevent the lesser-known complications and avoid inappropriate and expensive diagnostic tests.

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Suzuki, Takahiro, Kenji Takahashi, Satoshi Miyamoto, Hiroyuki Ueno, Sato Takekawa, Atsushi Yoshida i Motohiro Fujita. ""Type 1 on Type 2" Diabetes Mellitus: Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes Superimposed on Established Type 2 Diabetes". Internal Medicine 46, nr 24 (2007): 1957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.46.0282.

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Makrilakis, Konstantinos, i Nikolaos Katsilambros. "Prediction and prevention of type 2 diabetes". HORMONES 2, nr 1 (15.01.2003): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1179.

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Dr. Vanitha Gowda M. N, Dr Vanitha Gowda M. N., Dr Kusuma K. S. Dr. Kusuma K. S i Dr Vasudha K. C. Dr. Vasudha. K. C. "Serum Paraoxonase (Arylesterase) activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and diabetic nephropathy". Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, nr 4 (1.10.2011): 351–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2013/115.

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White, Patricia, Susan M. Smith, David Hevey i Thomas O'Dowd. "Understanding Type 2 Diabetes". Diabetes Educator 35, nr 5 (wrzesień 2009): 810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145721709340930.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between psychological and social factors and diabetes outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes and their family members. Methods A total of 153 patients with type 2 diabetes were assessed at a diabetes outpatient clinic and postal questionnaires were sent to nominated family members. The measures examined were diabetes knowledge, social support, well-being, and illness perceptions. Results When compared with those with diabetes, family members reported lower positive well-being and lower levels of satisfaction with support. They also perceived diabetes as a more cyclical illness, which was controlled more by treatment than by the individual. Family members also reported that the person with diabetes was more emotionally distressed and knew more about diabetes than the patient had actually reported himself or herself. There were no differences between the family members of those in good or poor glycaemic control. Conclusions This study reinforces the importance of understanding social context and illness beliefs in diabetes management. It also highlights the potential for including family members in discussions and education about diabetes management.

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Marcinek, Leann, i Tricia Jefferson. "Understanding Type 2 Diabetes:". Delaware Journal of Public Health 3, nr 2 (kwiecień 2017): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32481/djph.2017.04.005.

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Ackroyd, Susan. "Understanding type 2 diabetes". Nursing Standard 14, nr 33 (3.05.2000): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2000.05.14.33.55.c2833.

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Mayerson, Adam B., i Silvio E. Inzucchi. "Type 2 diabetes therapy". Postgraduate Medicine 111, nr 3 (marzec 2002): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2002.03.1140.

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Jan, Fauzia, Muhammad Saeed, Sadaf Zia, Rahat Rahman, Sara Muzaffar i Anam Waheed. "TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS". Professional Medical Journal 25, nr 12 (8.12.2018): 1972–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.5045.

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Developing countries like Pakistan have many sufferers of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 still unprepared and unaware of the disastrous implications and complications of the disease. Local population must be aware about all factors that may worsen the disease or that may be monitored to keep them in a better status of health. Objectives: To assess the correlation between blood glucose and various parameters of lipid profile alongwith levels ofMagnesium in Type 2 diabetic patients. The aim was to help in better management of patients by monitoring dyslipidemia and mineral levels in Type2 diabetics. Study design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Madinah Teaching Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: 6 months from July to December 2017. Subjects and methods: The study was executed at Madinah Teaching Hospital Faisalabad on 50 known cases of diabetes mellitus type 2 as well as 30 healthy subjects. Estimations included Fasting blood glucose, Lipid profile and Serum Magnesium. All parameters were performed by Cobas C311 analyzer. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Results: There was significant positive correlation between fasting blood sugar andserum cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL while a highly significant negative correlation existed between HDL and FBS. There was negative correlation among fasting blood sugar and serum Magnesium. The control group also showed low HDL and Magnesium levels. Conclusion: Hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus along with low HDL and hypomagnesaemia. The low levels in control group may be due to heredity or dietary factors.

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Khawaja, Rehan, Tahir Munir, Uzma Hassan i Syed Shoaib Shah. "TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS". Professional Medical Journal 22, nr 01 (10.01.2015): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.01.1424.

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Objectives: To access the Antioxidant Status in Patient with Variation in Durationof Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Data source: 90 selected patients suffering from Type 2 DiabetesMellitus (DM) and 30 subjects as control group. Design of study: Case Control Study. Setting:Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad. Period: July 2013 – March 2014. Materials& methods: Out of 120 selected subjects, 90 were of DM type 2and 30 were assigned ascontrol group (group 1). Based on duration, patients of DM type 2 were divided into; group2, 3 and 4; group 2 – patients with DM (type 2) duration less than 5 years, group 3 - with DMduration between 5-10 years and group 4 - with duration of DM more than 10 years. Smokers,renal failure, coronary artery disease, thyroid disease and previous antioxidant treatmentpatients were excluded from the study. Diabetes mellitus type 2 was diagnosed according tothe standards set by American Diabetes Association. The fasting plasma glucose levels weremeasured by glucose oxidase method; HbA1c by automated kit on Cobas Integra of Roche.The TAC was measured by calorimetric TAC Assay Kit (BioVision) while Vitamin C and E weremeasured by using ELISA Kit (HUMAN). Cut off values for HbA1c was taken as ≤6%; FBS≤110 mg/dl; TAC ≥1.16 mmol/L; Vitamin C ≥2 mg/dl; Vitamin E ≥ 9.5nmol/ml. Results: Asthe duration of type 2 diabetes increases, it was seen that vitamin C levels and TAC levels inall groups except between groups 1 & 2 decreased significantly; however, anti-oxidant vitaminE, was found to be significantly decreased in all the groups as the duration increases. Asignificantly increased level of HbA1c were noticed in groups 2, 3 and 4 as compared to group1 as the duration of diabetes increases; however, the levels were found to be non-significantwhen group 4 was compared with that of group 2 and group 3. When fasting blood sugarwas compared between the diabetic groups a significant increased levels were noticed in allthe groups with the exception between group 3 and 4. A significant differences between eachgroup and within the groups was observed when Hb1Ac, vitamin E, vitamin C, &TAC werecompared using ANOVA. A statistical significant correlation was observed when HbA1c wascorrelated with FBS; however, it shows an inverse relationship with TAC, vitamin C and vitaminE. A significant inverse correlation of FBS was noticed with TAC, vitamin C, and vitamin E. Asignificant positive correlation was seen when TAC was correlated with vitamin C and vitamin E.A similar trend of significant positive correlation was seen when vitamin C was correlated withvitamin E. Conclusions: The levels of total anti-oxidant capacity, vitamin C, and vitamin Egradually decrease with duration of diabetes and are associated with oxidative stress. Theseantioxidant vitamins (vitamin C and vitamin E) should be supplemented in diabetics to increasetheir quality of life. TAC status may be taken as early marker to detect complications in diabetictype 2 patients especially of longer duration.

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Jaffery, Mukhtiar Hussain, Nisar Ahmed Shah, Muhammad Sajid Abbas Jaffri, Athar Hussain Memon i Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah. "TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS;". Professional Medical Journal 21, nr 06 (10.12.2014): 1174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.06.2255.

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Objective: To determine the frequency of raised C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients and methods: This cross sectional descriptive study of six months study was conducted at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad from March 2013 to August 2013. All diabetic patients of ≥35 years age of either gender for >01 year duration visited at OPD were evaluated for C-reactive protein and their glycemic status by hemoglobin A1c. The data was analyzed in SPSS and the frequency and percentage was calculated. Results: During six month study period, total 100 diabetic patients were evaluated for C-reactive protein. Majority of patients were from urban areas 75/100 (75%). The mean ±SD for age of patients with diabetes mellitus was 51.63±7.82. The mean age ±SD of patient with raised CRP was 53±7.21. The mean ±SD for HbA1c in patients with raised CRP is 9.55±1.73. The mean random blood sugar level in patients with raised CRP was 247.42 ± 6.62. The majority of subjects from 50-69 years of age group with female predominance (p = 0.01) while the CRP was raised in 70(70%) patients in relation to age (p=0.02) and gender (p=0.01) respectively. Both HbA1c and CRP was raised in 64.9% (p = 0.04) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The mean ±SD of CRP was 5.8±1.21 while for male and female individuals with raised CRP was 3.52±1.22 and 5.7±1.63 respectively. Conclusions: The raised CRP was observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

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Tanweer, Salma, Muhammad Tahir, Muhammad Usman, Rashid Kamal i Muhammad Ibrahim. "TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS". Professional Medical Journal 23, nr 11 (10.11.2016): 1390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.11.1768.

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Objectives: To determine the frequency of microalbuminuria in patients withtype 2 diabetes mellitus with retinopathy. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Out PatientDepartment Nishtar Hospital Multan. Period: June 2015 to December 2015. Methodology:Sample size of 296 was calculated according to formula. Results: Of these 300 study cases,179 (59.7%) were male while 121 (40.3%) were female patients. Mean age of our study caseswas 52.10 ± 5.65 years (with minimum age was 42 years while maximum age was 60 years).Majority of our study cases had low educational level such as illiterate i.e. 60 (20%), primaryeducation in 71 (23.7%) secondary education 53.3% while only 3 % had bachelor’s degree orabove. Mean duration of diabetes was 14.18 ± 2.73 years (with minimum duration of disease10 years and 19 years was maximum duration of the disease). Among these patients Grade IIIdiabetic retinopathy was more prevalent i.e. 149 (49.7%) followed by grade IV retinopathy i.e.100 (33.3%) and grade11 retinopathy (17%). Diabetes was controlled (HbA1c<7%) in only 81(27%) of our study cases and obesity (BMI>30kg/m2) was present in 101 (33.7%) of our studycases. Microalbuminuria was present in 121(40.3% of our study cases. Conclusion: Very highfrequency of microalbuminuria was noted in patients with diabetic retinopathy in our study.

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Khawaja, Rehan, Muhammad Sarwar, Muhammad Hussain Bloach, Iftikkhar Ahmad i Tahir Ahmad Munir. "TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS". Professional Medical Journal 23, nr 09 (10.09.2016): 1084–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.09.1703.

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Objectives: To access the Homocystein and Antioxidant Status in Patient withVariation in Duration of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Data source: 90 selected patients sufferingfrom Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DMT2) and 30 subjects as control group. Design of study: CaseControl Study. Setting: Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad. Period: July 2013 –March 2014. Materials & methods: Out of 120 selected subjects, 30 were assigned as control,(group 1) and 90 of DMT2. Based on duration, patients of DMT2 were divided into; group 2(DMT2 <5 years), 3 (DMT2 = 5-10 years) and group 4 (DMT2 >10 years). Smokers, renalfailure, coronary artery disease, thyroid disease and patients on antioxidant treatment wereexcluded from the study. DMT2 was diagnosed according to American Diabetes Associationstandards. The fasting plasma glucose levels were measured by glucose oxidase method;HbA1c by automated kit, TAC by calorimetric TAC Assay Kit (BioVision), Vitamin C and E byELISA Kit (HUMAN) while homocysteine measured by AXSYM HCY assay kit (ABBOTT). Cut offvalues for HbA1c was taken as ≤6%; FBS ≤110 mg/dl; TAC ≥1.16 mmol/L; Vitamin C ≥2 mg/dl;Vitamin E ≥ 9.5nmol/ml and homocysteine was < 6.3 μmol/L. Results: As the duration of DMT2increases, levels of vitamin C and TAC fall significantly (p <0.05) in all groups except betweengroups 1 & 2; however, vitamin E, decreased significantly in all the groups with increased DMT2duration. A significantly increased level of HbA1c was noticed in groups 2, 3 and 4 comparedto group 1 with increased DMT2 duration. The fasting blood sugar increased significantly in allthe groups except between group 3 and 4. ANOVA showed significant differences (p <0.05)between each group and within the groups when Hb1Ac, vitamin E, vitamin C, & TAC werecompared. A positive significant correlation was observed when HbA1c was correlated withFBS; TAC correlated with vitamin C and E and between vitamin C and vitamin E. Conclusions:The levels of TAC, vitamin C and E gradually decrease with increased DMT2 duration; so shouldbe supplemented in diabetics. TAC status can be taken as early marker to detect complicationswhile homocysteine levels to prevent diabetic complications.

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BALOCH, GHULAM HUSSAIN, ABDUL QADIR DALL, ATIF SITWAT HAYAT, Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah i Bikha Ram Devrajani. "TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS;". Professional Medical Journal 20, nr 02 (7.02.2013): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.02.678.

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Objective: To determine the frequency and pattern of dental carries in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Design: Crosssectional descriptive study. Patients and methods: Patients with history of type 2 diabetes mellitus for ≥ 02 years duration with ≥ 35 years ofage and of either gender with dental pain visit at medical and dental outpatient department (OPD) of Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad.The detail history was taken and the blood samples were taken for haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) to assess the glycemic status. The existenceof dental carries and its pattern was diagnosed through dental examination by consultant dentist had clinical experience ≥05 years. The datawas collected on pre-designed proforma, entered and analyzed in SPSS version 11.00. Results: A total of 137 type 2 diabetic patients wereselected for this study, out of these 82 were males and 55 females. The dental carries was found in 98 (71.5%) patients. Out of these ninetyeight, 53 (54.08%) were males and 45 (45.92%) were female. Upper molar teeth involvement was present in 46 patients and lower molarteeth were involved in 52 patients. Dentine carries was seen in 35 patients, enamel carries in 19, white spot carries in 20 patients, pulpitis in16 patients, and pulp capping in 8 patients. Involvement of individual teeth was also assessed, the upper molar involvement was present in32 patients, premolar involvement was present in 11, incisor involvement in 03 patients. The lower molars were involved in 28 patients,lower pre molar in 21 and lower incisors in 03 patients. Dental carries was present in 43 (43.9%) patients in patients whose duration ofdiabetes was between 5-10 years, whereas those patients having duration >10 years had 31.6% frequency of dental carries, whileregarding duration of <5 years only 24 (24.5%) patients had dental carries. Conclusions: The diabetic patients are more prone to acquiredental caries.

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ALAM, MUHAMMAD TANVEER, HARILAL KHIEMANI, AMIR SHAHZAD MALIK, Muhammad Aurengzeb, Mukhtiar Pathan i Khalid Imran. "DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2;". Professional Medical Journal 20, nr 03 (25.03.2013): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.03.914.

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Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the pattern dyslipidimia in patients of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. StudyDesign: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: This study was carried out in General Medicine department of Peoples MedicalUniversity & Hospital Nawabshah and Civil Hospital Karachi, from June 2011 to July 2012. Methodology: This study consisted of seventypatients. Detailed history was taken from all the patients with special regard to increased thirst and frequent urination, increased hunger,weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, slow-healing sores or frequent infections and an areas of darkened skin. Inclusion criteria were that allpatients after counseling for study and taking written consent were included in this study >35 years of age with either sex admitted ingeneral medicine ward through outpatient department and diagnosed as case of DM type 2 on the basis of history , clinical examinationand investigations. Exclusion criteria included patients on dialysis, patients on lipid lowering agents, patients with acute complication ofdiabetes mellitus such as diabetic keto-acidosis, patients suffering from hypothyroidism, nephritic syndrome, type 1 DM and HTN, lacticacidosisand hypoglycemia. Results were prepared with the help of tables and graphs. Data was analyzed through SPSS software.Results: Out of 70 patients included in this study 46 were men (65.8%) and 24 patients were female (34.2%); with male to female ratio of1.9:1. There was wide variation of age ranging from a minimum of 35 year to 75 year. The mean age was 48.65+7.8 years. Mean totalserum cholesterol was 196.04 ± 44.02mg/dl, mean serum triglycerides was 193.04 ± 108.64 mg/dl , mean high density lipoprotein29.28 ± 8.48mg/dl, mean low density lipoprotein 125.24 ± 39.68mg/dl and mean very low density lipoprotein was 31.28 ± 8.48 mg/dl.Total cholesterol was abnormal (>200mg/dl) in 56(80%) patients out of 70[ 21(87.5%) were females and 35 (76.1%) were males],Triglycerides was abnormal (>150mg/dl) in 62(88.5%) patients [ 22 (91.66 %) were females and 40 (86.95%) were males], high densitylipoprotein was abnormal (< 35 mg/dl) in 51(72.8%) patients[ 18(75%) were females and 33(71.73%) were males], LDL was abnormal(>130 mg/dl) in 40(57.1%) patients [ 17 (70.83%) were females and 23(50%) were males] and VLDL was abnormal (> 30 mg/dl) in47(67.14%) patients [19(79.16%) were females and 28(60.86%) were males]. Conclusions: We conclude that dyslipidemia is commonamong type 2 diabetic patients. Males are more prone to suffer from this complication. Patterns of dyslipidemia found more commonlywere decreased HDL levels, increased LDL and Triglycerides levels. There is a need for early detection and treatment of this problem toprevent type 2 diabetic complications .

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