Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Turkmenistan

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Turkmenistan”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 10 marca 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Turkmenistan"

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Khudaiberdieva, Nurbibi Kh. "Influence of Turkey on the policy of neutrality and foreign policy of Turkmenistan (1995–2016)". Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, nr 2 (30.04.2020): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2020-2-51-58.

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The paper analyzes the attitude of Turkey to the policy of neutrality of Turkmenistan in the period from 1995 to 2016. Based on the geopolitical situation in the Central Asian region in the post-Soviet period, the author identifies the reasons for Turkmenistan’s adoption of a neutral status. Among the reasons for this decision by the Turkmen leadership are the deterioration of the situation in the region, the desire of the great powers and regional leaders to strengthen their positions in Central Asia, including in the energy sector, Turkey’s active position in the post-Soviet period aimed at developing political, energy, and humanitarian contacts, and the desire of The Niyazov regime to limit external influence on the country’s internal and foreign policy. The author noted the influence of the status of neutrality on the implementation of Turkmenistan’s foreign policy and the attitude of Turkey to this process. In the development of Turkmenistan’s neutrality policy in 1995–2016, two stages can be conditionally distinguished: the first is 1995–2006 when the policy of neutrality bordering on isolationism, which seriously limited Turkey’s contacts with Turkmenistan; the second is 2007–2016 when the expansion of cooperation between Turkmenistan and Turkey, including in the security sphere. In the 2007–2016 Turkey sought to expand its geopolitical influence over Turkmenistan by maintaining its neutrality, which led to the formation of a close political and economic dialogue between Ankara and Ashgabat.
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Iwaszczuk, Natalia, Jacek Wolak i Aleksander Iwaszczuk. "Turkmenistan’s Gas Sector Development Scenarios Based on Econometric and SWOT Analysis". Energies 14, nr 10 (11.05.2021): 2740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102740.

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Turkmenistan is currently one of the key suppliers in the global natural gas market, and it is important to examine its competitive position in the world. The aim of this article is to forecast the development strategy of its gas sector. To achieve this aim, the authors first examined: (1) Turkmenistan’s position in the global gas market and the structure of its oil and gas sector; (2) the share of gas in Turkmenistan’s exports. They then conducted an analysis of the causal relationship between FDI and GDP. The above research made it possible to conduct a comprehensive SWOT analysis. Based on the SWOT analysis, three sector development scenarios were developed: pessimistic, realistic, and optimistic. On their basis, the gas sector in Turkmenistan can build strategies for its development, considering the impact of market and non-market factors.
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Kwon, Hoyoung, i Jai S. Mah. "Diversification and Industrialization in the Economic Development of Turkmenistan". Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 20, nr 4 (23.11.2021): 358–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341600.

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Abstract In the early stages of its transition, Turkmenistan pursued a gradualist path. Diversification, industrialization, and market-based reforms led to very rapid economic growth particularly since the late 2000s. This article investigates the role of Turkmenistan’s economic development policy in diversifying industries and promoting the manufacturing sector. The government has diversified the destinations for the natural gas exports. Although its agriculture had been characterized as cotton monoculture, the share of wheat has risen since the 1990s. The textile industry has led the manufacturing sector, and other industries are not well developed. The government has successfully attracted foreign direct investment. Turkmenistan’s trade policy has contributed to supplying machines for manufactured products, although it might have been harmful to the early-stage development of the manufacturing sector. Turkmenistan, which is not a member of the WTO, may actively utilize its policy space to promote technology-intensive industries and must strengthen its level of human capital.
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Yacher, Leon. "Photojournal: Turkmenistan". Focus on Geography 49, nr 3 (grudzień 2006): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8535.2006.tb00169.x.

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Nowak, Wioletta. "Food crisis in fast-growing Turkmenistan". Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 43, nr 3 (19.12.2021): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.43.3.20.

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Since the beginning of the 21st century, Turkmenistan’s economy has been growing very fast, which has been primarily generated through the extractive sector and construction industry. After the energy price collapse in mid-2014, the country has recorded a shortage of foreign currency. The authoritarian regime passed currency and economic problems onto the society. As a result, the country has experienced the most severe food crisis in its history. The main aim of the paper is to identify the reasons behind the food crisis in Turkmenistan. The paper tries to answer the following question: how did it happen that people in one of the fastest-growing countries in the 21st century have been suffering from food shortages? The study is based on data retrieved from the World Bank Open Data, ILOSTAT, and Observatory of Economic Complexity, as well as a critical review of independent news websites. The food crisis in Turkmenistan was primarily caused by hyperinflation and rationing basic groceries at preferential prices, wage arrears, cutting salaries of state employees to fund construction projects in progress, group layoffs of state employees, growing difficulties in running a private business, and depriving people of the possibility to exchange the currency at the official rate. The end of a free provision of Turkmenistan’s population with electricity, gas, and drinking water has further deepened the crisis.
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JIA, Y. "EXPERIENCE, PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN CHINA AND TURKMENISTAN IN THE FIELDOF NATURAL GAS". Political Science Issues, nr 3(33) part: 9 (18.12.2019): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35775/psi.2019.33.3.012.

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Since 2007, the use of natural gas in China depends on the import, and with an increase in natural gas consumption, gas imports are also constantly growing. In 2018, Chinas natural gas imports approached 100 billion cubic meters, which is 70 times more than in 2006. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the use of natural gas in China. Turkmenistan is Chinas main source of pipeline gas imports, and China is Turkmenistans largest exporter of natural gas. In the framework of the traditional model of oil and gas cooperation, China and Turkmenistan are facing such problems as the uniform content of cooperation, lack of close ties in the field of multilateral cooperation and slow progress in the development of the entire industrial chain. Cooperation between China and Central Asia in the field of oil and gas is increasingly affecting the nerves of other countries, except the five countries of Central Asia, but including Russia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Iran and other countries of the Middle East, Japan, South Korea, etc. and even the European Union and the USA. Despite the favorable trading environment for both parties, there are also problems in the domestic market of Turkmenistan and the risks of international competition.
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Matthei, Dieter. "Turkmenistan – Quo vadis?" Zentralasien-Analysen, nr 12 (20.12.2008): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31205/za.012.01.

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Nissman, David. "Turkmenistan (Un)transformed". Current History 93, nr 582 (1.04.1994): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1994.93.582.183.

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Batyr Niyazliyev. "Turkmenistan and Russia". International Affairs 63, nr 004 (31.08.2017): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/iaf.49309832.

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Stanchin, I. "Food security Turkmenistan". Актуальные направления научных исследований XXI века: теория и практика 2, nr 5 (5.12.2014): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7016.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Turkmenistan"

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Geiß, Paul Georg. "Regionalismus und Staatlichkeit in Turkmenistan". Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1165/.

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Regionalism in Central Asia is often identified with the dominance of tribal affiliations in politics. This classification, however, is problematic because it neglects the extent of social change under the Soviet rule. In Soviet Turkmenistan state structures were relatively strong. However, personal relations within the Communist party had preserved patrimonial elements within the state. The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a stronger patrimonialization of authority relations. In Turkmenistan, this process led to an extreme form of a neo-patrimonial state due to the personal and arbitrary rule of its president Nijazov.
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Ashirova, Aygul. "Stalinismus und Stalin-Kult in Zentralasien Turkmenistan 1924 - 1953". Stuttgart Ibidem-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/994352379/04.

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Mills, Courtney. "Turkmenbashy : the propagation of personal rule in contemporary Turkmenistan /". St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/345.

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Mills, Courtney Anne. "Turkmenbashy : the propagation of personal rule in contemporary Turkmenistan". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/345.

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Turkmenistan President Saparmurat Niyazov (known as Turkmenbashy, or “father of Turkmens”), the longest-serving leader in post-Soviet space, has ruled his country with increasing repression and megalomaniacal idiosyncrasy over the past decade. Under Niyazov’s rule, alternative political parties have been banned, non-official religions persecuted, and free media outlets closed. State institutions, subsumed by the expansive presidency, are characterized by constant personnel purges and an arbitrary management style, and have become increasingly dysfunctional. Grandiose marble state buildings, large museums and golden presidential statues dominate Ashgabat, Turkmenistan’s capital. Socioeconomic indicators, however, are at low levels, and poverty and unemployment have reached new highs. Niyazov has formulated, transmitted and imposed a new Turkmen national program as a method of political legitimation. This “pseudo-ideology” has been elaborated since independence in a series of texts published under the president’s name—Niyazov’s quasi-spiritual works are required reading throughout all levels of education in Turkmenistan and are heavily propagated through official mass media and cultural associations. This thesis seeks to understand the forms that the legitimation program has taken, Niyazov’s methods of propagation, and the ways in which the regime’s program resembles those of similar historical regimes. Turkmenistan, which appears to closely approximate the ideal type of a sultanistic regime (as defined by Juan Linz), is described in this thesis with reference to cases of sultanistic leadership from the post-colonial period in sub-Saharan Africa. This thesis examines in turn Niyazov’s use of official ritual and symbolism, media and education, historical revision, and architecture to secure normative compliance. Historical references help to contextualize a discussion of Turkmenistan, an often-overlooked country in post-Soviet Central Asia, but one that promises to grow in strategic importance due to its geopolitical location and bounty of natural resources.
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Coolidge, Jennifer Whitney. "Southern Turkmenistan in the Neolithic : a petrographic case study". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394977.

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Coolidge, J. W. "Southern Turkmenistan in the Neolithic a petrographic case study /". Oxford : Archaeopress, 2005. http://books.google.com/books?id=BjVmAAAAMAAJ.

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Axenov, Serge. "The Balochi language of Turkmenistan : a corpus-based grammatical description /". Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Universitetsbiblioteket [distributör], 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7427.

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Laube, Pavel. "Region Střední Asie a jeho význam v kontextu energetické bezpečnosti". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-136362.

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The study works with the paradigm of energy security of supply in the context of three Central Asian republics; Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It focus on the relations related to gas and oil. The subjects are analyzed from the point of their own energy strategy, institutions' efficiency as well as position in the energy market. The analysis deals with the main external actors; Russia, China and European Union. A great stress is laid on the evolution in gas and oil trading and the energy infrastructure in the region. Problems of relation between energy, security and politics are included. I try to cover the main trends in the gas and oil market and put them in the context of Central Asia. My conclusions limit the popular scheme of russian dominance and stress the growing cooperation with China, in contrast to EU. However, the growing interconnection of the euroasian gas market is also very important.
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Heinritz, Katrin. ""Defekte Demokratisierung" - ein Weg zur Diktatur? : Turkmenistan und die Republik Sacha (Jakutien) in der Russischen Föderation nach dem Ende der Sowjetunion /". Thesis, Frankfurt am Main : Lang, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016364536&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Hanova, Selbi. "Understanding Central Asian cooperation through state narratives : cases of Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11096.

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This thesis examines the influence of state identity narratives on regional cooperation frameworks in Central Asia. It applies the perspectives of ontological security theory to the self-articulation of state identities of Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan to decipher socialization mechanisms in each of the cases. Consequently, it traces the routinization of the state narratives of Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan toward the region and regional organizations. Ontological security theory argues that, in addition to physical security, states seek ideational security, security of identity and security of being. Using a grounded theory approach to study the formation of the state narratives of Kyrgyzstan and of Turkmenistan and utilizing official and media sources and interviews conducted during fieldwork, the thesis analyzes the process of routinization of state identity narratives, showcasing the narrators, the narratives and the processes of self-articulation. The key process that is traced is the routinization of the state narratives, i.e. the sequence of repeated actions (inter-textualized through speech acts and textual references) that transform the self-articulated stories of the states into the realm of the habitual. This process of routinization is then analyzed within the regional context, examining how these routinized narratives influence inter-state cooperation in Central Asia. As such, the thesis contributes to two main bodies of literature: the growing literature on the ideational aspects of regional cooperation in Central Asia; and existing research on the role of state identification practices in the foreign policies of Central Asian states.
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Książki na temat "Turkmenistan"

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Lerner Publications Company. Geography Dept., red. Turkmenistan. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co., 1993.

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Turkmenistan. [Washington, DC]: United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, 2006.

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Great Britain. Department of Trade and Industry., red. Turkmenistan. London: Department of Trade and Industry, 1998.

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1960-, Müller Helga W., red. Turkmenistan. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1994.

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Turkmenistan. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2006.

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C, Odling-Smee J., Valdivieso Luis i International Monetary Fund, red. Turkmenistan. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1992.

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Turkmenistan. Philadelphia: Mason Crest, 2005.

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Nurmemmet, Annagulı. Turkmenistan. Ashkhabad: RPHPA "Turkmenistan", 1992.

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A, Karlieva, i WID/GID Bureau in Turkmenistan, red. Turkmenistan--status of women in Turkmenistan 2000. Ashgabat: [s.n.], 2000.

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Otkroĭ Turkmenistan! [Ashgabat]: Turkmenbashi, 1997.

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Części książek na temat "Turkmenistan"

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Taylor, Ann C. M. "Turkmenistan". W International Handbook of Universities, 894. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12912-6_154.

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Turner, Barry. "Turkmenistan". W The Stateman’s Yearbook, 1238–41. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74024-6_287.

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Turner, Barry. "Turkmenistan". W The Statesman’s Yearbook, 1244–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74027-7_287.

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Karryev, A. N. "Turkmenistan". W World Directory of Crystallographers, 188. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3697-8_67.

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Karryev, A. N. "Turkmenistan". W World Directory of Crystallographers, 188. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3699-2_65.

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Selivanov*, Andrei. "Turkmenistan". W Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms, 867–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8639-7_150.

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Turner, Barry. "Turkmenistan". W The Statesman’s Yearbook, 1234–37. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-67278-3_342.

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Heath-Brown, Nick. "Turkmenistan". W The Stateman’s Yearbook, 1211–14. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-57823-8_344.

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Turner, Barry. "Turkmenistan". W The Statesman’s Yearbook 2010, 1243–46. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-58632-5_287.

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Turner, Barry. "Turkmenistan". W The Statesman’s Yearbook, 1249–52. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-58635-6_286.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Turkmenistan"

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Clement, Victoria. "TURKMENISTAN’S NEW CHALLENGES: CAN STABILITY CO-EXIST WITH REFORM? A STUDY OF GULEN SCHOOLS IN CENTRAL ASIA, 1997-2007". W Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/ufen2635.

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In the 1990s, Turkmenistan’s government dismantled Soviet educational provision, replacing it with lower quality schooling. The Başkent Foundation schools represent the concerted ef- forts of teachers and sponsors to offer socially conscious education grounded in science and math with an international focus. This case study of the Başkent Foundation schools in Turkmenistan establishes the vitality of Gülen schools outside of the Turkish Republic and their key role in offering Central Asian families an important choice in secular, general education. The paper discusses the appeal of the schools’ curriculum to parents and students, and records a decade-long success both in educating students and in laying the foundations of civil society: in Turkmenistan the Gülen movement offers the only general education outside of state provision and control. This is particularly significant as most scholars deny that there is any semblance of civil society in Turkmenistan. Notes: The author has been conducting interviews and recording the influence of Başkent schools in Turkmenistan since working as Instructor at the International Turkmen-Turk University in 1997. In May 2007 she visited the schools in the capital Ashgabat, and the northern province of Daşoguz, to explore further the contribution Gülen schools are making. The recent death of Turkmenistan’s president will most likely result in major reforms in education. Documentation of how a shift at the centre of state power affects provincial Gülen schools will enrich this conference’s broader discussion of the movement’s social impact. The history of Gülen-inspired schools in Central Asia reveals as much about the Gülen movement as it does about transition in the Muslim world. While acknowledging that transition in the 21st century includes new political and global considerations, it must be viewed in a historical context that illustrates how change, renewal and questioning are longstanding in- herent to Islamic tradition. In the former Soviet Union, the Gülen movement contributed to the Muslim people’s transi- tion out of the communist experience. Since USSR fell in 1991, participants in Fethullah Gülen’s spiritual movement have contributed to its mission by successfully building schools, offering English language courses for adults, and consciously supporting nascent civil so- ciety throughout Eurasia. Not only in Turkic speaking regions, but also as far as Mongolia and Southeast Asia, the so-called “Turkish schools” have succeeded in creating sustainable systems of private schools that offer quality education to ethnically and religiously diverse populations. The model is applicable on the whole; Gülen’s movement has played a vital role in offering Eurasia’s youth an alternative to state-sponsored schooling. Recognition of the broad accomplishments of Gülen schools in Eurasia raises questions about how these schools function on a daily basis and how they have remained successful. What kind of world are they preparing students for? How do the schools differ from traditional Muslim schools (maktabs or madrasas)? Do they offer an alternative to Arab methods of learning? Success in Turkmenistan is especially notable due to the dramatic politicization of education under nationalistic socio-cultural programmes in that Central Asian country. Since the establishment of the first boarding school, named after Turkish Prime Minister Turgut Ozal, in 1991 the Gülen schools have prospered despite Turkmenistan’s extreme political conditions and severely weakened social systems. How did this network of foreign schools, connected to a faith-based movement, manage to flourish under Turkmenistan’s capricious dictator- ship? In essence, Gülen-inspired schools have been consistently successful in Turkmenistan because a secular curriculum partnered with a strong moral framework appeals to parents and students without threatening the state. This hypothesis encourages further consideration of the cemaat’s ethos and Gülen’s philosophies such as the imperative of activism (aksiyon), the compatibility of Islam and modernity, and the high value Islamic traditions assign to education. Focusing on this particular set of “Turkish schools” in Turkmenistan provides details and data from which we can consider broader complexities of the movement as a whole. In particular, the study illustrates that current transitions in the Muslim world have long, complex histories that extend beyond today’s immediate questions about Islam, modernity, or extremism.
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Grushin, Sergey, Nadezhda Dubova i Violetta Saibert. "New seals from gonur Depe (South Turkmenistan)". W Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-34-2-48-51.

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Galavazi, M., J. Wegerif, Z. Razak i I. Hamilton. "Beating Caspian Geohazards, Block 1 Development, Turkmenistan". W Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/17360-ms.

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Wagner, Marcin. "Yaz culture in the Serakhs Oasis in Turkmenistan". W Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-34-2-75-77.

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Meshcheryakov, Konstantin Yevgenievich, Ruslan Gabdrashytovich Shamgunov i Tatiana Vladimirovna Khruleva. "“New Industrialization” in Turkmenistan: Background, Substance and Priorities". W Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific conference on New Industrialization: Global, national, regional dimension (SICNI 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/sicni-18.2019.161.

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Beryozkin, Yurii. "Ancient Southern Turkmenistan in the light of modern evolutionism". W ntiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-34-2-12-14.

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Kurbanov, Aydogdy, i Nikolaus Boroffka. "Multi-layer prehistoric site in south Turkmenistan — Dashly Depe". W Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-34-2-26-28.

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Kaplan, Shai, Lea Orlovsky, Dan G. Blumberg i Elmar Mamedov. "Assessment of pasture degradation in Turkmenistan using remote sensing". W Remote Sensing, redaktorzy Manfred Ehlers i Ulrich Michel. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.689580.

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Gao, Yang. "Analysis on the investment environment of Turkmenistan transportation industry". W 2016 5th International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection (ICEEP 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceep-16.2016.107.

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Skakun, Natalia, i Vera Terekhina. "TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF STONE COLUMNS FROM GONUR-DEPE (SOUTHERN TURKMENISTAN)". W ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL CULTURES OF CENTRAL ASIA (THE FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT AND INTERACTION OF URBANIZED AND CATTLE-BREEDING SOCIETIES). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907298-09-5-106-109.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Turkmenistan"

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Karymshakov, Kamalbek, i Burulcha Sulaimanova. Trade Facilitation, Infrastructure, and International Trade in Central Asian Countries. Asian Development Bank, marzec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps230053-2.

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This working paper analyzes the impact of infrastructure and trade facilitation on imports and exports in five Central Asian countries and outlines how improving hard and soft infrastructure would help boost regional trade and integration. Focusing on Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, it analyzes how faster border crossing and cargo transport times affect trade flows with neighboring Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) program countries. It recommends Central Asian countries cooperate to diversify transport to include rail, bolster digital infrastructure, and eliminate nontariff obstacles in order to ramp up trade, and better develop infrastructure in the region.
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Rokita, Dagmar, Rainer Sawatzki i Raushan Szyzdykova. Energy Transition in Central Asia: a Short Review. Kazakh German University, lipiec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29258/dkucrswp/2022/20-52.eng.

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The five countries of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, have each adopted climate targets to achieve the climate goals agreed in Paris by 2050. In this paper, the starting positions of all five countries are presented and the respective obstacles on the path to climate neutrality are identified. The starting positions in the countries with large oil, gas or coal reserves (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan) differ from the countries where the basis of energy supply are large hydroelectric plants (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan). One problem in all countries is the poorly developed power grid, which is partly outdated and not designed for high throughput rates. Existing power plants are mainly located in metropolitan regions and rural areas are partly undersupplied. If wind and solar power plants are built on a large scale in uninhabited areas, the lack of transmission lines is a major problem. Another problem is that energy prices are sometimes heavily subsidised, which can make it difficult for the population to accept necessary investments in the renewable energy sector. Especially in economically weak sections of the population, resistance to market-based energy prices is likely to be particularly strong. In the long term, information and increased education of large parts of the population can significantly improve the acceptance of the energy transition from carbon-based energy to solar, wind and small hydropower. The use of renewable energy is still in its infancy in all countries and must develop quickly if the ambitious climate goals are to be achieved. To this end, the training of local experts is particularly important. To this end, centres should be established at selected locations where local experts can be trained and further educated in various fields, from conception and planning to construction, maintenance and operation.
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Shadurdyyev, G. Analysis of sets of factors affecting the variable flow of the Amu Darya River to create a seasonal prognostic model. Kazakh-German University, grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29258/dkucrswp/2022/53-72.eng.

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The Amu Darya River is a transboundary river whose flow of the river in high-water years reaches up to 108 km3 and in low-water years up to 47 km3 and these are huge fluctuations in the water flow of the river for Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan, that share water among themselves. The point to consider is that the downstream countries Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan (and possibly Afghanistan in the future) use a lot of water for irrigation, and therefore these countries are the ones most in need of an accurate forecast of the volume of water for the upcoming season. An accurate forecast of the volume of water on the seasonal scale is necessary for better planning of the structure of crops, and subsequently water use in the irrigation of crops. An acceptable solution to this challenge is the construction of an empirical time series model that will be used to predict the seasonal flows of the Amu Darya River to improve the planning and management of water resources in downstream countries. This article considers three important discharge time series in the larger Amu Darya Basin. These include the Kerki Gauge on the Amu Darya, Darband Gauge on Vaksh River and Khorog Gauge on Gunt River. Long-term time series from these stations are available for the study of the development and implementation of time-series based models for the prediction of discharge in the basin. At this stage, we attempt to demonstrate a proof-of-concept which can in a second step convince stakeholders to share such type of discharge data operationally for more effective water allocation between sectors and countries. All our work was carried out with the quantitative tools R/RStudio and QGIS. It can serve as a stepping stone for more complex forecasting models in the future.
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Gafurov, Z., i S. Eltazarov. Quantum geographic information system training and development of digital diagnostic atlas: intervention for analysis and planning of Murgab River Basin, Turkmenistan. [Final Project Report of the Transboundary Water Management in Central Asia]. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2017.223.

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Petroleum geology and resources of the Amu-Darya basin, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Iran. US Geological Survey, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/b2201h.

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