Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Turkmen Women authors”

Self-proclaimed ‘Islamic State’ (ISIS) hit the news headlines across the globe in the post-Arab Uprisings period. Its main aim was to replace the ‘colonialist borders’ of the Middle East created with the Sykes–Picot agreement in 1916. One of the atrocities of this terror network was against a minority in Iraq, the Yazidis. Whereas other victims of ISIS, such as Alawites, Druze, Ismailis and Turkmen, have not been covered thoroughly in the British and US media, Yazidis – in particular Yazidi women – dominated the titles. Notwithstanding, the framing of the Yazidis has been influential in the engagement of the Obama administration against ISIS’ move in the Levant; the Kurdish minority is still under threat today because of their ethnic and religious identity. This article discusses how agenda-setting effects the news media’s power to shape individual attitudes and public opinion. The Guardian’s agenda-setting is discussed in this article as a credible, ‘most liberal’ and ‘most trusted’ news brand in the United Kingdom. A content analysis of news articles regarding the plight of Yazidi population in Iraq and its continuous coverage mostly focusing on Yazidi women was conducted, with the articles published at the time when the crisis broke out. The authors of this article apply the notions of an ‘East–West’ divide and ‘Othering’ to frame ISIS’ move in Mount Sinjar, Iraq. The study emphasizes that The Guardian not only set the agenda by prioritizing the circumstances of the Yazidi population, but also deployed frameworks of ‘orientalist’ depictions of Yazidi women as slaves of ISIS.

Abstract: "Not only children's literature, but every literary writer should be able to see the world through the eyes of others. The writer should know how to get rid of his/her own identity; he/she should understand and describe what is going on through the eyes of women, men, old people, children, animals, trees, the good and the bad. Then his/her writings will be authentic, sincere and will convince the reader."

This article explores egg freezing experiences of women in Turkey. Since 2014, it has been legal in Turkey to use egg freezing technology for ageing women, while it was previously allowed only for disease-related purposes. In cooperation with a private fertility clinic in Istanbul, the authors conducted 21 interviews with older, single women who held either professional or managerial positions and who were undergoing or had undergone the procedure. Drawing on a qualitative analysis of these interviews, the authors explore the social context in which women postpone motherhood and decide to freeze their eggs. The study also looks at the women’s emotional responses to ageing that were triggered by the experience of egg freezing and their narratives of empowerment as a result of the procedure.

The representations of minorities by the mainstream writers have frequently been viewed negatively. The depiction has been of a major concern to the literary writings. However, the representations of Kurdish women in Turkish literary works has rarely been tackled in scholarly papers and researches. Generally, the life of a Kurdish woman is molded by patriarchal practices, traditions, and customs that govern all social zones, rather than the legal rights. The patriarchal ideologies embedded in women’s mind make them believe that they could do nothing but what is expected from them; to be submissive and obedient.This research paper focuses on the representation of the Kurdish women in selected modern Turkish novels by three particular Turkish novelists: Honor (Penguin, 2012) by Elif Shafak written in English language ; Face to Face by Ayşe Kulin (Everest, 2006) written in Turkish ; The Legend of Ararat ( Collins and Harvill Press, 197) by Yashar Kemal written in Turkish . The research aims at selecting a variety of authors based on gender, ethnicity, Language and region. Yashar Kemal, is a Turkish writer of a Kurdish origin from Gökçedam, a village in the southern province of Osmaniya; Elif Shafak, is a Turkish-British writer who lives abroad and Ayşe Kulin, a woman writer from Istanbul. By means of textual analysis, the study investigates the representation of Kurdish women in these texts. Through a comparative approach, the paper endeavors to examine the ways in which the selected authors depict the Kurdish women and their social predicaments in their fictional works. Moreover, it investigates the images and conditions these authors depict to the mainstream Turkish readers as well as to the public readers in the rest of the world. This is portrayed through the construction of specific female characters that enhances a stereotype Kurdish women, who are powerless, submissive, ignorant and victims of the patriarch Kurdish society in southwest Turkey. It also explore the diversity in the authors' representation; the sympathetic to the Kurds, challenging the stereotypes viewpoints of the Kurdish women or the negative image and the harsh representation that includes depicting misconceptions and defects in the construction of the Kurdish identity and social structure. The women in the novels are presented as victims of the gender-based system simply for having been born female; they are marginalized and discriminated against in a variety of ways.

Do migrants adopt the contraceptive norms dominant in their destination context? To explore this question, the authors adopt a multisited analysis in which they standardize and integrate data on women’s contraceptive use from two different sources: the Trajectoires et Origines survey collected in France (the receiving country) and the Demographic and Health Survey collected in Turkey (the sending country). Descriptive analyses indicate that contraceptive use of migrant women from Turkey in France is more comparable with that of nonmigrant women in France compared with nonmigrant women in Turkey. To address migrant selectivity on observed characteristics in multivariate analyses, nonmigrant groups in France and Turkey are reweighted with entropy balancing to resemble migrants on observed characteristics. Multivariate results indicate that there are sizable differences in contraceptive use between Turkish migrants and nonmigrant Turkish women, which undermines the hypothesis of selection on observables. Yet there are no significant differences between migrants and nonmigrant French women in contraceptive methods, thus supporting an adaptation perspective. Supplementary analyses highlight several pathways that could help explain these findings.

Summary The problem of domestic violence against women (DVAW) is a global concern and pivotal point which is still waiting for necessary radical measures to prevent it. Honour related violence is a phenomenon and special form of domestic violence against women that affects every country. For decades, honour killings have been a topical legal issue in Turkey. This article highlights the positive changes of Turkey’s legislation after ratification of the Istanbul Convention, which provides legal protection and prevention measures to help women and their families and shows how important it was for Turkey to implement the Convention in order to prevent these crimes. The authors shed light to the point that Turkey has done much to implement the Istanbul Convention, but male-dominated mentality, still hampers the effective prevention of gender-based violence. Article analyses the importance of the Istanbul Convention in Turkey through the “Unjust Provocation” concept and Law No. 6284 which was adopted by Turkey after ratification of the Convention.

SYRIAN REFUGEES IN TURKEY. THE SPECIFICITY OF DEALING WITH THE SITUATION OF FORCED MIGRATIONThe article addresses the research question: “How do Syrian refugee women in Turkey cope with the problems related to the forced migration?”. The research findings are based on qualitative semi-structured interviews conducted in Hatay province, south-east Turkey. While presenting main categories of problems and coping strategies authors pay a special attention to the role of religion and culture in coping process. The theoretical framework of the study is based on such concepts as coping with stress (Lazarus and Folkman), religious coping (Pargament) and meaning-making (Park). Discussing the research findings authors also present the categories they found most representative to the Islamic cultural context.

The article is the result of research conducted by the authors in the project The International Cooperation for Rehabilitation and Social Integration of Refugee in Turkey and Europe supported by Erasmus+ Programme and aimed at creating an innovative model of rehabilitation and integration of refuge women (implemented by the University of Gaziantep, Turkey) based on the experiences of partner countries. The aim of the article is to analyse the specificity of mechanisms and integration models used in work with refugee women. Issues such as migration, legal status of refugee women, EU integration policy or European support programmes for refugee in the context of gender were examined using mixed research methods. The analysis was conducted from a transdisciplinary perspective: political, legal, social, anthropological and gender perspective.

Purpose This study aims to determine the level of knowledge about iodine nutrition during pregnancy among pregnant women living in the area of Turkey where goiter is endemic. Design/methodology/approach A total of 150 pregnant women aged between 19 and 45 years, registered at the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Clinic in Trabzon were recruited. The data was collected through a voluntary face-to-face survey with pregnant women. The questionnaire comprising questions determining the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, data concerning any previous pregnancy, iodized salt consumption habits and knowledge about iodine. Findings Although 68% of the women knew that iodine deficiency can cause serious consequences during pregnancy, the remainder did not. The three main dietary sources of iodine in Turkey are fish, cow’s milk and table salt; of the women, 68%, 20% and 77.3%, respectively, correctly identified these as good sources. The more educated of the pregnant women had significantly higher knowledge scores (p < 0.001). However, age, trimester, parity and previous receipt of information about iodine and iodine knowledge scores made no significant differences. Research limitations/implications This study may not be generalizable for all pregnant women. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first pilot study to evaluate the level of knowledge regarding iodine among pregnant women in Turkey.

The article is devoted to the problem of gender equality in Tunisia, Lebanon and Turkey. These countries belong to the Arab-Muslim world, where religious traditions and Sharia law are strong. The authors show what path these countries have taken in addressing gender equality is-sues and outline the role of women themselves in addressing the question of their rights. The article shows the results of women's struggle for their rights and the ways women's right to equality are implemented in each country. The authors emphasize the importance of women's participation in the social and political life of countries. They use the examples of Tunisia, Leb-anon and Turkey that, on the one hand, are part of the Muslim world, and, on the other hand, adhere to secular principles of government at the legislative level. The article shows that tradi-tions are still strong in these countries, and religion is a powerful social and political factor that affects the current state of gender equality and hinders women's participation in politics at dif-ferent levels of government. The study attempts to demonstrate the role governments and vari-ous Islamic movements play in shaping public policy towards women and their rights, and the role of women themselves in the society and in addressing gender equality issues.

Changing perceptions of childlessness have been documented in the United States, but little is known about perceptions in developing countries undergoing rapid social changes and globalization, including Turkey. This project uses a survey and hypothetical vignettes about childless couples and parents to assess university students’ perceptions of childlessness ( N = 850). The authors find that parents are rated higher on interpersonal warmth and marital relationship quality, but mothers are seen as more stressed. Childless men and women are perceived as more driven but also as more emotionally troubled. The results indicate the continued importance of parenthood among Turkish students but also an understanding of women’s stresses in combining work and motherhood. The authors find relatively few rural and urban differences, whereas gender and income differences may reflect greater awareness of work—family concerns and acceptance of childlessness among women and higher income students.

The purpose of the current study was to identify Turkish women’s social capital formation. This study consisted of 170 women with low SES residing closer to shantytowns. The authors performed the Logistic regression analysis to examine the social capital formation (civic engagement, trust, social participation, and social networks) of women in terms of six variables (age, educational level, employment and marital status, homeownership, community centers, and the length of stay in the same neighborhood) in four different community centers in Ankara, Turkey. Logistic regression results suggest that the length of stay in the same neighborhood was associated both with staying in touch with neighbors (social networks) and trust in municipal service provision (trust), and women’s educational level was associated with voting (civic engagement) and the utilization of municipal services (social participation). Further research should be conducted by comparing men’s and women’s social capital creation by adding other variables.

Purpose This paper aims to explore the complexity of the “leaky pipeline” of women in science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) in the intriguing contexts where there are a high number of STEM graduates but a low number of women working in these fields. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted in-depth interviews with eight STEM “leavers” and eight “persisters” in Turkey to understand the multi-level influences on their career paths. Findings The behavioural ecological model is applied to enrich the understanding of women’s attrition from STEM. The authors found a complex system of actors, relationships and influences that impact the negotiations of women’s felt misfit/love of their STEM career and changing self-actualisation. Practical implications The authors highlight that social marketers should consider the complex influences on even the most individualistic-looking decisions to produce systemic change. Originality/value This paper deepens the use of the behavioural ecological model in the ways that the layers of motivator and demotivator influences interact with women’s internal negotiations of career choice. The paper integrates classic theories (self-actualisation (Maslow, 1943) and two-factor model (Herzberg et al., 1959)) within systems social marketing.

Background and objectives Health system services are not reliable without quality assessment. It is important to explore gaps between standard services and existing situation to improve the quality of health system. His study aimed at studding the quality assessment of electronic referral system in one of the major provinces of Iran. Material and Methods This study was a cross-sectional study utilizing SERVQUAL model. The population comprised 3 groups totaling approximately 11,004 people. The sample size allocated to each city was determined in view of the ratio of patients. A sample of 384 patients who used electronic referral service at level 2 and revived outpatient services constructed the population of study. The data were collected through a two-part questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 experts including senior and mid-level managers and medical science university faculty members. The questionnaire assessed demographic data and the patients' perceptions and expectations. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical statistics such as nonparametric mean comparison tests, in view of the normality assumption,) including Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis. Spearman correlation test was used to determine the intensity of correlation between the study variables. The significance level of all tests was considered 0.05. Results There were identified gaps throughout all dimensions of health service among the studied clinics (P <0.001). The highest gap was observed in the empathy dimension (0.57) and the lowest gap was observed in the tangible dimension (-0.38). The gap between the services provided to patients was different in terms of guarantee, gender (P = 0.005), empathy , level of education (P = 0.028) and reliability based on the city vise (P = 0.028). Conclusion In the hospitals implementing the electronic referral system in Golestan province, there is a gap in all dimensions and it indicates that in none of the dimensions, the expectations of the recipients have not been fully met. Extended Abstract Background and Objectives Quality assessment is doubly important in the health sector, compared to other sectors, due to the sensitivity of services provided in this area. This study was conducted to investigate the gap in the quality of medical services provided in hospitals implementing electronic referral system in Golestan province, using SERVQUAL model. Material and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 384 patients were selected through stratified random sampling with allocation proportionate to each city’s population. These patients were referred to level 2 in the frame of electronic referral system and received outpatient services by a specialist physician in the clinics of hospitals implementing the electronic referral system in Golestan province in 2019. This study was conducted in the cities of Bandar-e-Turkmen, Aq-Qala and Aliabad-e-Katoul, where the electronic health referral system had been fully. The population comprised 3 groups totaling approximately 11,004 people. The sample size allocated to each city was determined in view of the ratio of patients referred to level 2 in each city. Accordingly, the sample size selected included 84 subjects from Bandar-e-Turkmen City, 203 from AqQala is 203, and 115 from Aliabad. Having referred to these centers, we collected, from the patient registration office, the record of the patients whose family physician had referred them to level 2 and who had received the desired services. Then, the subjects were systematically and randomly selected according to the referral code registered in the system and the patient list. The data were collected through a two-part questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire revolved around demographic variables, including age, sex, marital status, level of education, occupation and clinical and medical characteristics such as the number of visits to this clinic, type of disease and type of patients' insurance. The second part of the questionnaire assessed the patients' perceptions and expectations by 30 questions which were similar in content and number but different in wording. In this study, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 experts including senior and mid-level managers and faculty members of Golestan University of Medical Sciences. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to determine the overall reliability of the questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23. The data were analyzed descriptively through tables, number, frequency percentage for qualitative data, and Mean and Standard Deviation for quantitative data. In addition, we employed analytical statistics such as nonparametric mean comparison tests, in view of the normality assumption,) including Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis and also Spearman correlation test to determine the intensity of correlation between the study variables. In the present study, the significance level of all tests was considered 0.05. Results Out of a total of 402 patients studied, information on only 384 patients was fully recorded (response rate 95.5%). The majority of subjects were female (74.5%), married (81.5%), high school graduate (24.9%), housewife (64.9%). The mean age of the patients was 37.17 ± 14.54 years, so that 62.4% of the subjects fell in the age bracket of 30-60 years. 53.6% of the patients had referred to the center more than once. 56.2% had rural insurance and the highest number of referrals had been made to gynaecologist (21.4%). The relationship between expectations and perceptions of service quality in all dimensions was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The results of Wilcoxon test showed that the gap between the patients' expectations and perceptions with a 95% probability was significant (P<0.001) in all three cities and among all patients., found that. That is, there was a difference between the patients' expectations of service quality and their perceptions in the whole sample. The highest mean score in the expectations section was related to the guarantee and confidence dimension (4.49) and it was related to the tangible dimension in the perceptions section (4.10) is) while the lowest score is in the expectations and perceptions section related to the empathy dimension (4.34 and respectively. 77.3). After calculating the difference between the mean scores of perceptions and expectations, in all dimensions, the level of the patients' expectations of services was found higher than the level of perceptions with a negative gap. The largest gap in service quality was related to the empathy dimension (-0.57) and the lowest quality service gap was related to the tangible dimension (-0.38). There was no significant relationship between service quality gap and age groups, marital status, occupation groups, number of visits, type of insurance and type of illness (P> 0.05). But the gap in service quality was significantly associated with the patients' gender (P = 0.005) and education level (P = 0.028). So that the biggest gap was related to women and illiterate people. Also, the quality gap was different according to the city (P = 0.028), with the largest gap related to Aq-Qala city. Conclusion The results showed that the studied hospitals could not meet the expectations of the patients in any of the five components of service quality, with the perceived quality always lagging behind the expected quality. This highlights need to improve the quality of services through paying more attention to people in the community in order to deliver committed services reliably, accurately and correctly in a timely manner, as well as, enhancing the knowledge, etiquette and ability of employees to build trust and confidence in customers. Since at the time of the study, only three cities, Bandar-e-Turkmen, Aq-Qala and Aliabad-e-Katoul, were implementing an electronic referral system, it was not possible to study other cities in this field and the statistical population was outpatients from level 1 to level 2. A wider study should be conducted at the provincial level to include all referrals to family physicians at level one and all inpatient and outpatient referrals. In addition, the SERVQUAL questionnaire does not cover all the expectations, perceptions and beliefs of patients, so the use of qualitative study methods along with quantitative methods in future studies could provide a better understanding of the issue of quality. Practical implications of research According to the results of this study, it is suggested that officials and providers of health services should prioritize:- Continuous improvement and evaluation of service quality in planning;- Equipping medical centers with efficient and new equipment;- Providing services at the promised time and in the shortest time to clients;- Availability of staff and service providers when patients are referred;- Familiarity with the knowledge and skills of the day to meet the needs of clients and- Understanding the values and emotions of clients Ethical considerations study protocol, with the number IR.GOUMS.REC.1397.289, was ethically approved by the Research Ethics committee of Golestan University of Medical Sciences. At the time of data collection, respondents were assured that their information would remain confidential and the questionnaire was completed anonymously. Meanwhile, those who did not want to participate in the study were excluded from the study. Conflict of interest The authors state that there is no conflict of interest in the present study. Acknowledgement The Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology of Golestan University of Medical Sciences and the Research Center for Health Management and Social Development for approving the research plan with code 110602 and the assistance of officials and staff of selected hospitals in conducting this research plan are appreciated.

ABSTRACT: In the 1920s and early 1930s, Turkish women did not experience Kemalist politics in a monolithic fashion. Novels by Suat Derviş (1904/5–72) and Nezihe Muhiddin (1889–1958) served as critical commentary on women's experiences across different age cohorts. While the regime called for "new," "modern" women, those of a marriageable age found themselves in a paradoxical position: embrace the regime's reforms yet face familial and societal censure for this behavior. Derviş and Muhiddin were politically engaged, astute thinkers whose fiction documented transformations and continuities in the early republican era. In Behire'nin Talipleri (1923) and Fatma'nın Günahı (1924) by Derviş and Güzellik Kraliçesi (1935) by Muhiddin, the authors critically demonstrated that age produced distinct emotional and social outcomes for young Turkish women. I argue that both Muhiddin and Derviş highlighted and critiqued these persistent challenges and how often-contradictory demands for their subjecthood intensified in the early republican era.

Background: Although there are very few studies in the literature, out-of-hospital deliveries are increasing in Turkey. Our aim was to examine trends in out-of-hospital deliveries, the risk profile of these deliveries, differences in women’s access to these deliveries, and delivery outcomes. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 215 women and was conducted retrospectively in a rural setting in Turkey between 2020 and 2021. Data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the authors. The questionnaire included demographic information, obstetric background, and reasons for giving birth at home, as well as data on who encouraged the decision to give birth at home and who helped with home births. Results: In the study, the delivery time of mothers was found to be 5.99 hours, which is shorter than the average delivery time in the literature. It was observed that 87% of the mothers did not undergo episiotomy, and none of them experienced the need for induction at birth. It was determined that 49.8% of the mothers gave birth in the position they wanted and chose to give birth in bed. It was observed that 99.1% of the mothers did not experience complications at birth. Conclusion: Overall, midwife-managed births met the mothers’ expectations of privacy, a safe environment, social support, and uninterrupted birth. More importantly, there were no complications in midwife-led deliveries, and midwifery care was given in line with evidence-based practices.

Purpose This purpose of this paper is to explore how Western design, fashion and aesthetic styles influenced advertising practice in Turkey in the post-Second World War era. Specifically, the authors focus on the key targets of the consumerist ideology of the period, women and discuss the representations of females in Turkish advertisements. Design/methodology/approach Data were analysed using a combination of social semiotic and compositional analysis methods. Compositional analysis focused on the formal qualities and design elements of the ads; social semiotic analysis sought to uncover their meaning potentials in relation to social, cultural, political and economic dynamics of the period. The advertisements of a prominent Turkish pasta brand, Piyale, published in the local adaptation of the American Life magazine, between 1956 and 1966, constitute the data set. Findings The analysis reveals that Piyale followed the stylistic and thematic trends prevailing in American and European advertisements at the time and crafted ads that constructed and communicated a Westernized image of Turkish women and families. In line with the cultural currents of the 1950s and 1960s, the ads emphasize patriarchal gender roles and traditional family values and address the woman as a consumer whose priority is to please her husband and take good care of her children. Originality/value This study contributes to the advertising history in non-Western contexts and provides an understanding of the influence Western advertising conventions and fashion trends had on developing country markets. The findings indicate that Western-inspired representations and gender roles dominated advertisements of local brands during the post-war period.

This article critically examines social media activism of feminist organizations in Turkey to uncover the strategies and tactics that they deploy in order to mobilize, build networks within and beyond the women's movement, and repel online reactionary publics. It analyzes the use of the Twittersphere by the two leading women's platforms, We Will Stop Femicides (aka KCDP) and Equality for Women (aka EŞİK), in relation to the two important campaigns in recent decades: one about the prevention of femicides and the other on the implementation and, then, reinstatement of the Council of Europe Convention on Violence against Women. Based on in-depth interviews with activists and a quantitative content analysis of the Twitter timelines of the platforms, the authors ascertained five major strategies: insisting on a feminist lexicon; aligning with the ideologically like-minded organized social groups; soliciting support from politicians, celebrities, academics, and the media; forging local and international networks; and disregarding antigender, antifeminist reactive counterpublics and avoiding any direct confrontation with them.

Colossians shines a light onto how some early churches on the margins of society adjusted to everyday life in the midst of a non-Christian society. Engaging baptismal liturgy and hymnody, the Colossian authors instruct Christians in the Lycus Valley (western Turkey) to beware of philosophies and ascetic practices competing for their devotion. According to Colossians, the baptized are now living a new life in Christ, the head of the Church and cosmos. New fruit is visible evidence to the outside world of the cosmic reconciliation that occurred through the cross of Jesus Christ. As dramatic as the shift in cosmic order may seem in the first chapters of the letter, however, the latter half creates a challenge for the preacher. The authors seem to accommodate the radical new life in Christ to the wider Greco-Roman culture, resulting in a diminished role for women in the church and an acceptance of the slave–master dichotomy. Both accommodations in Colossians haunt our legacy as Christ’s Body in the world today.

While I was editing this interview with Orhan Pamuk in the Spring 2007, the media exploded with him: “Pamuk Wins the Nobel Prize!” It was not surprising, because for sometime now Orhan Pamuk has been known the world over as the “super hero” of Turkish literature. In Turkey, once again, the media turned its gaze away from Iraq, EU, unemployment, and questions of accountability in government, to contemplate why, how and what Pamuk had won, and the question of who is Orhan Pamuk? As the intensity of the debate increased, I began to wonder if Orhan Pamuk himself would be following it as if it was about somebody else. It certainly did not sound like the dissonance could be about one person, as the public contemplated him, unfolding multiple layers of his political convictions, his nationalism, his character, family, marriage, and private life. As the attention to his work disappeared, he was processed and reproduced by the media, with an effort that surpassed the media frenzy regarding his trial for his statements on genocide. Pamuk the author was replaced by Pamuk the image on the pages of tabloids. A year ago, when I asked if she had read Orhan Pamuk, a young woman in Istanbul had inquired, “Is he somebody?” Oh! Yes!, he is somebody, actually he has become more than that.

Headscarves are quite a controversial subject in Turkish society. The article reviews the issue in the context of the confrontation between traditional religious and secular values from the perspective of law enforcement. It notes the substantial impact exerted by the headscarf controversy on the political atmosphere and the higher education system in Turkey. The issue is often debated in the context of the threat to the principle of secularism. The previously widespread practice of excluding women who cover their heads from public sphere, especially universities, has become a serious domestic policy problem in Turkey that has been largely securitised by the judicial authorities. (A securitised issue is any aspect of public life that is portrayed by the state as an existential threat and is perceived as such by the population.) The situation changed significantly following the rise to power of the Justice and Development Party in 2022: against a backdrop of sweeping Islamisation of society, the headscarf issue was re-interpreted and re-semanticised. Chronologically, the article covers the period from the emergence of the Turkish Republic to the “Justice and Development Party era” and includes the latest initiatives launched by the ruling elite in late 2022. The article consistently analyses the concept of secularism in republican Turkey, examines the historical context of the headscarf issue and its transformation into a social problem, and provides a description of specific laws and court rulings on the subject. The article ends with a summary of the authors’ conclusions.

Used to express mass media that provides one-way communication such as television, newspaper, radio and magazine, digital media, which takes the place of traditional media and gives the opportunity to communicate interactively, has become one of the indispensables of humanity. In this context, the Internet news portal of Die Welt, which has a high impact in Germany, started its broadcasting life in 1995. Die Welt, which managed to reach the level of multimedia news centre in a short time, continues its activities by growing day by day and reaching more readers. In our study, based on selected news on the portal, Alevis, Alevism, Islam, religious practices (headscarf, alcohol, prayer, fasting, etc.), integration policies and articles published on Turkey, it was aimed to reach what information is given about Alevism and Alevis in Germany. While doing this, the articles written by A. Posener, F. Schindler, F. Peters, H. Hirsch, K. Eigendorf, Ö. Muzlu, T. Stoldt in Die Welt were used. It has been seen that the authors generally agree on the following points: Alawites accept the prophets and books in Judaism and Christianity as equal revelations, the idea of the principle of equal rights for all people, regardless of men and women, is an indispensable part of their beliefs, and life itself is the focal point of the Alevi belief; it is not important to perform purely religious rites such as going to the mosque, praying five times a day, prohibiting pork and alcohol, fasting or making a pilgrimage to Mecca. Many points have been reached such that Alevis not only preach the culture of tolerance and nonviolence at all times, they live it, therefore they are the natural ally of the West in Turkey, at least 500,000 Alevis live in Germany and they can be in harmony with the German society without any difficulties within the framework of the integration policy, Alawites have been mistreated at all times in Turkey, their existence has been ignored, and even they have been subjected to forced Islamization (Sunnization). In our research, the reality and validity of the issues stated by the authors were examined in the light of scientific data and tried to be understood and explained. Keywords: Alevis, Alevism, Sunni Islam, Alevism in Germany, Alevis and Turkey.

Background: Breast cancer is cancer that forms in breast tissue, breast cancer occurs when cells in the tissue in the breast grow uncontrollably and take over the healthy breast tissue and its surroundings. Breast cancer has the highest mortality rate due to delay in early detection. In addition, several breast cancer treatments such as lumpectomy surgery, mastectomy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy and chemotherapy have long-term side effects, one of which is sexual dys¬function. This study aimed to estimate the effect of mastectomy on sexual dysfunction in women with breast cancer, with a meta-analysis of primary studies conducted by the previous authors. Subjects and Method: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis with the following PICO, population: women with breast cancer. Intervention: mastectomy. Comparison: no mastectomy. Outcome: sexual dysfunction. The articles used in this study were obtained from databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. Keywords to search for articles “Breast Cancer” OR “Sexual Dysfunction” OR “Mastectomy” articles included are full-text English and Indonesian with a cross-sectional study design from 2012 to 2021 and report the Adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) that appropriate in the multivariate analysis. The selection of articles was carried out using the PRISMA flowchart. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application. Results: A total of 9 cross-sectional studies involving 6,045 breast cancer patients from Spain, China, Turkey, Denmark, America, UAS, Iran, Australia, and Iran were selected for systematic review and meta-analysis. The data collected showed that breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomy had a 1.69 times risk of sexual dysfunction compared to women who did not use the mastectomy treatment method (aOR = 1.69; 95% CI = 0.83 to 3.45: p < 0.001). Conclusion: Women with breast cancer and undergoing mastectomy increase the risk of sexual dysfunction. Keywords: breast cancer, mastectomy, sexual dysfunction. Correspondence: Sumiyati. Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Mlangi Nogotirto, Jl. Siliwangi Jl. Ringroad Barat No. 63, Area Sawah, Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55592. Email: mia.azizi.ma@gmail.com. Mobile: 082282246211.

If we look at the concept of inheritance in Turkey and Somalia, it is different from the determination which is set by the Al-Qur’an, it can even be said to deviate from the al-Qur’an. Turkey is the country with a Hanafi thought, and Somalia is the country with a Syafii thought but in the determination of its inheritance it stipulates the same division, in the meaning that women and men get the same share in terms of the distribution of inheritance, namely 1: 1. Whether the formula 1: 1 mean that it has deviated from the provisions of the Qur’an, whether the formula 2: 1 which the Qur’an has set is not worth justice, then what are the inheritance of women rights in Turkish and Somali family law? What is the purpose of the renewal and what methods are used by the two countries in renewing family law and its progress from traditional figh? These are the questiona which the authors try to answer by tracing various data sources with a focus on the discussion of Turkey and Somalia. This article is a descriptive-comparative study, and the approach used is a normative approach, namely looking at the object of study from the perspective, the opinions of interpreters both traditional and contemporary, so that it can be found what methods the two countries use to carry out family law reform and its progress from traditional concepts. Keywords: Renewal, Inheritance Law, Turkey - Somalia Bila dicermati konsep kewarisan di Turki dan Somalia berbeda dengan ketentuan sebagaimana ditetapkan al-Qur’ān, bahkan bisa dikatakan menyimpang dari al-Qur’ān. Turki, negara yang bermazhab Hanafi, dan Somalia, negara dengan mazhab Syafi'i, tapi dalam ketentuan warisnya menetapkan pembagian yang sama, dalam artian perempuan dan laki-laki mendapatkan bagian yang sama dalam hal pembagian warisan, yakni 1: 1. Apakah dengan formula 1: 1 tersebut berarti telah menyimpang dari ketentuan al-Qur’ān, apakah formula 2: 1 yang telah ditetapkan al-Qur’ān tidak bernilai keadilan, lalu bagaimanakah hak waris perempuan dalam hukum keluarga Turki dan Somalia? Apa tujuan pembaharuan dan metode apa yang digunakan oleh kedua negara tersebut dalam melakukan pembaharuan terhadap hukum keluarga dan keberanjakkannya dari fiqh tradisional? Pertanyaan-pertanyaan inilah yang penulis coba jawab dengan melakukan penelusuran terhadap berbagai sumber data dengan fokus bahasan Turki dan Somalia.. Artikel ini merupakan kajian deskriptif-komparatif, dan pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan normatif, yakni melihat objek kajian dari perspektif nas, pendapat para ahli tafsir baik tradisional maupun kontemporer, sehingga nantinya dapat ditemukan metode apa yang digunakan kedua negara tersebut dalam mengusung pembaharuan hukum keluarganya dan keberanjakkannya dari konsep tradisional. Kata Kunci: Pembaharuan, Hukum Kewarisans, Turki-Somalia

Mainstream institutional theories and corporate governance studies are entwined with patriarchal business relationships. However, within the theories the gender factor and benefits of the institutionalization process and corporate governance principles in terms of women’s employment in organizations have not been fully investigated. In addition, whether corporate governance principles are an effective tool to keep women in working life has not received sufficient attention in the literature. The paper aims to explore the contribution of institutionalization process and corporate governance interaction to employment and working environment quality with respect to female employees in the labour market where patriarchal labour relations are dominant. To achieve this purpose, the authors designed a questionnaire to compare gender groups in organizations that have adopted the principles of institutionalization and corporate governance. The total of 506 employees actively working in organizations in Turkey participated in the survey. Respondents’ answers were analysed using the structural equation models in the SPSS statistical program. The research findings revealed that the institutionalization process has a partial mediation effect on women’s attitude to quality of work environment. On the other hand, it was determined that corporate governance principles have no moderator effect on women’s attitude to work environment quality. The findings demonstrate that as the transparency and professionalization levels increase, women tend to prefer the organizations more. Compared to men, female managers and assistants embrace transparency and professionalization as a distinguishing quality of an efficient organization. Since corporate governance principles strengthen women’s employment in organizations in terms of equal wages and career opportunities, managers need to consider these principles as a substantial element of a company’s activities.

An English aristocrat, poet and writer, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762) was a privileged and distinguished woman traveller in her time. During her sojourn in Ottoman Istanbul, she noted down significant details as regards the Constantinople and seraglio through her vivid descriptions as a liberated woman in her Embassy Letters. Another significant oriental work, Letters from Turkey by Kelemen Mikes (1690-1761), who was a Transylvanian-born Hungarian writer and political figure, is centered upon Mikes’s life in exile between the years 1717 and 1758 within the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire. In Letters from Turkey, we can feel his strong sense of Hungarian identity and his steadiness in maintaining his cultural and religious customs and values in his elaboration of his own and the “other” culture, while his praising the benign and merciful ruling style of Ottoman Sultans offers a different view of orientalism in favour of the “other” culture (Ottoman Empire). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the Letters of Lady Mary Montagu and Kelemen Mikes from their political, ethnical, religious and personal perspectives and trace several relationships that has allusive discussion relativity in the discourse of Orientalism. After having explained the specific letters of both writers, I will attempt to use the scope of Edward Said’s Orientalism and Enlightenment Orientalism discussed in Sirinivas Aravamudan’s Enlightenment Orientalism: Resisting the Rise of the Novel, as a magnifying glass to different oriental images and conceptions contradictory with the reality in the eighteenth century. This study will mostly make use of Edward Said’s account of orientalism as well as Stephen Greenblatt’s theory of Self Fashioning in order to explicate the differences as to how the Orient is perceived by the authors from different cultures but from the same period. In order to highlight how the definition of Orient changes, this paper attempts to define the Orient in accordance with the works of Lady Montagu and Kelemen Mikes.

Purpose Social entrepreneurs innovatively exploit opportunities and create, in this way, social change and value by bringing together different resources to meet social needs and solve social problems. To achieve this, given their limited size and financial resources, the personal ties and social networks that social entrepreneurs build in this process play a crucial role in developing relationships and enabling their ventures to succeed. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of network processes in innovative activities carried out by social entrepreneurs and to stress the importance of network processes rather than network structure/design for social innovation. Design/methodology/approach “Çöp(m)adam” (Garbage Ladies), a social development project and business in Ayvalik, Turkey (which aims to provide opportunities for women who have never had the chance to work and earn regular salaries in the course of their lifetimes), was explored qualitatively as a case study within the framework of the network orchestration theory. In-depth, semi-structured interviews and observations were conducted. Relevant documents about Çöp(m)adam were also collected at the time of the interview to provide the triangulation of reference material for thematic analysis and post-research inquiry. Findings It has been found that Çöp(m)adam dynamically manages the network process in the course of realizing social innovation and builds a win-win environment that creates value both for the future of the social enterprise and for all the actors in the network by integrating the relationships among the actors it is in a relationship with. Originality/value In contrast to traditional studies dealing with the network theory, this research focuses on network processes rather than network structure. Also, since the literature provides evidence for profit-based organizations, the study differentiates into two main reasons. First, the authors adopt a case study approach in social entrepreneurship for social value creation, and second, based on the case study, the authors provide a conceptual enrichment through proposing the sub-categories of knowledge mobility, innovation appropriability and network stability in orchestration processes. This paper seeks to broaden the existing understanding of how social entrepreneurial processes and innovative outcomes are shaped by social networks and orchestration processes in a network-centric innovation from the viewpoint of a hub/focal firm by undertaking research on a less examined type of enterprise and context – namely, a social entrepreneurial venture in Turkey.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of parents toward protecting their children against skin cancer and the sun. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed in Turkey from March through October 2022. The authors used a questionnaire investigating the parents’ and children’s characteristics, attitudes, and practices toward sun protection and the Skin Cancer and Sun Knowledge (SCSK) scale to collect data. Results Of 465 parents, 60.2% were women, 83.2% were light-skinned, 20.2% perceived their children as risk-free, 43.8% perceived their children as low risk in terms of skin cancer, 14.6% examined their children from head to foot, 62.3% applied sunscreen to their children, 9.7% made them wear long-sleeved clothing, 60.0% made them wear headgear, 61.1% made them remain in the shade or under a sunshade, and 32.3% made them wear sunglasses. The mean parental SCSK scale score was 14.3 ± 4.1. Scale scores were higher among those who perceived their children as being at high risk for skin cancer (P = .000), whose children had not experienced red or painful sunburn in the previous year (P = .000), and who informed their children about sun protection (P = .000). Conclusions Although knowledge of skin cancer and solar protection was high, parental perception of the risk of skin cancer was very low, and attitudes toward skin examination were also very relaxed.

The fourteen case studies that compose this volume address the variousinstitutional, economic, social, cultural, and political dimensions of thedebate on gender and citizenship in the Middle East. Using a crossculturalcomparative approach, the theoretical introduction as well as theindividual case studies seek to challenge dominant (especially western)feminist models of analysis of the question of gender and citizenship in theMiddle East. The validity of dominant feminist paradigms is questioned byintroducing new social and cultural variables, and putting at stake anumber of traditionally unquestioned or unrecognized modes of identityformation, such as kinship, family, tribe, and sects, which critically affect awoman's citizenship status. The volume purports to contest essentializingmyths about the Middle East that artificially give it a character of regionalcoherence, and homogenize the image of Middle Eastern women as acategory. The volume thus theorizes the gendering of citizenship from thelargely unexplored perspectives that open up from introducing the abovevariables, toward a better understanding of the complex nature of the laws(religious, political, patriarchal and patrilineal) governing the constructionof a gendered citizenship in the Middle East.The theoretical introduction to the volume outlines the dynamics of anumber of points of departure that presumably underlie the writing of the"legal subject in the Middle East," namely nations, states, religion, family.The contributors seem to all concede that "most Middle Eastern states havecemented the linkage between religious identity, political identity,patrilineality, and patriarchy-that is, between religion, nation, state, andkinship." The Middle Eastern countries studied in the volume are dividedregionally into four areas: North Africa (including Egypt, Algeria, Tunisiaand Morocco); Eastern Arab States (including Lebanon, Palestine, Jordanand Iraq); the Arab Gulf (including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Yemen); theNon-Arab Middle East (including Turkey, Iran, and Jewish and PalestinianArab women in Israel). The authors of the various case studies conductedan exhaustive investigation of the related topics, albeit with a notabledifference of outlook varying between liberal individualistic and communitarianconservative positions.The methodological approach adopted by various contributors draws ...

There are several questions raised in this article, what is Syahrur's basic view of Islamic theology on women? How did the emergence and discussion of women's issues in the book Nahwa Ushul al-Jadidah What is fiqh al-Mar'ah? and how is the connection between the birth of the book in contemporary Islamic discourse and the Islamic State? The main data sources for the inner articles are two books by Syahrur, al-Islam wa al-Īmān: Manzhūmah al-Qiyam and Nahwa Ushul al-Jadidah Li Fiqh al-Mar'ah. The position of the research article in taking the space of discursive study, the discourse of the emergence of works with the domination of power in the Islamic State after the fall of Turkey. By analyzing the contents of the book (content analysis) and reading the discourse or historical data and the context of the birth of the book and the author's agent in the book, this article finds several main conclusions in the state's political discourse, Syahrur's feminist theological ideas and ideas in his work were born as an effort to fight against the hegemony of Islamic rule in Syria. Syahrur's thoughts can be placed as a tool or as a method in formulating Islam as a social theology, Islam that is not far from the reality of the existence of its people

This book is a collection of essays written by a variety of experts on Turkey and social movements and provides a critical analysis of the role of the Gülen Movement (GM)—or Hizmet (“service”), as it is referred to by its adherents—in the coup attempt which was undertaken by one or more factions of the Turkish armed forces in July 2016. Edited and contributed to by M. Hakan Yavuz and Bayram Balci, this work began at a conference in October of 2016, where these experts gathered to discuss the coup itself as well as its implications and ramifications. The chapters in the book all build off of each other to some degree, with earlier chapters covering the history of the GM and the ways in which it has acquired influence both in Turkey and abroad; the coup and structural factors both within Turkish society; and the GM alliance with the Justice and Development Party (AKP) led by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the current president of Turkey. Later chapters expand in scope, covering the foreign policy implications of the coup both for Turkey and the United States, where Fethullah Gülen, the eponymous leader of the movement, resides today. Several chapters engage the state of the scholarship on the GM itself, effectively unpacking the ways in which the organization has actively co-opted academia by offering paid trips to Turkey, publishing non-peer-reviewed material, and funding conferences which avoid critical analysis of the GM. In the introduction Balci and Yavuz discuss the history of the Turkish state, giving particular focus to the place of religion under Kemal Atatürk; the pair discusses how the Turkish concept of secularism hews much more closely to the Jacobin tradition than the Anglo-American understanding. This is quite important as the alliance between the AKP and the GM (following Turkish elections in 2002 wherein the AKP swept to power) rested on a shared desire to overthrow the Kemalist conception of secularism, which seeks to dominate religion and prevent its expression in the public sphere. The book’s first chapter, written by Yavuz, charts the GM’s development over time, enumerating three key stages in its history. The first was that of a loosely bound religious network, encouraged by their leader to do good works; the second marked the expansion of the GM both within and outside of Turkey as an education-providing and media powerhouse; the third saw the GM create a parallel state structure in Turkey, which was mobilized to further increase the movement’s power throughout the 2000s and this current decade, most famously during the coup itself, though a variety of other incidents are discussed here and throughout the book. The next chapter details the coup itself, giving background which is necessary to understand the rest of the work and underlining four key junctures which put Turkey on the path to the July 15th event. The chapter’s author, Mujeeb R. Khan, notes that the structure of Turkish institutions (particularly its version of secularism), the continued domination of the Turkish deep state following the introduction of multi-party elections several decades ago, the neo-liberal opening Turkey experienced in the 1980s, and the rise of the AKP in the early 2000s all played integral roles in the rise of the GM and, eventually, the coup. Yavuz collaborated with Rasim Koç to write the third chapter, which examines the relationship between the GM and Erdoğan’s AKP (beginning with the unspoken alliance between the two which started after AKP’s 2002 electoral victory and whose disintegration led to the coup) as well as foreign policy consequences it had for Turkey. Chapters 4 and 5, written by Michael A. Reynolds and Kiliç Kanat, examine the coup, including the factors and events which led to both its occurrence and its failure. Kanat’s examination of why the coup failed is particularly interesting; he compares and contrasts the failure with previous successful coups which occurred in Turkey during the mid- to late-twentieth century. The next chapter, written by Caroline Tee, returns specifically to the topic of the AKP-GM relationship, digging deeply into the events which caused what on the surface seemed like a natural alliance to fracture and, during 2016, turn upon itself. Sabine Dreher’s chapter follows Tee’s, and is one of the most theoretical in the book, as it places the GM in the contexts of neoliberal and globalist theory, and notes internal contradictions within the movement itself. She considers how the global goals of the organization—the eradication of ignorance through educational work, the alleviation of poverty through private enterprise run by movement members, and the hosting of intercultural and interfaith dialogue— stand at odds with the nationalist project of the GM in Turkey, where movement members attempted to seize control of the state they had been infiltrating for some time as opposed to working outside of it. Balci wrote the eighth chapter, which deals with the GM movement’s presence in former Soviet satellites, namely Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Following the coup attempt in 2016, the Turkish government pressured all of these states to shut down any GM movement activities within their countries, which was difficult as the GM provided excellent education to the children of elites in these nations. He then charts the differing reactions of the states mentioned above. The ninth chapter, by David Tittensor, turns to the structure of the GM and how secrecy and hierarchy play crucial roles in it, a reality which is often denied by the majority of scholarship—though he and other contributors to the work might dispute the use of the term “scholarship”, or at least qualify it. He does end his chapter with a criticism of the theory that GM members were key leaders of the coup, a conclusion which is at odds with that of most other contributors to the volume. The tenth chapter, by Yavuz Çobanoĝlu, provides insight into the role of women in the GM, criticizing some of Gülen’s writings and detailing the experiences of female students living in GM dormitories in Turkey, an experience that many of the women surveyed found to be repressive. Kristina Dohrn’s contribution outlines the activities and role of the GM movement in Tanzania, which, similar to Balci’s chapter, deals with repercussions of the coup and examines potential paths forward for the GM outside of Turkey. The work’s final chapter, written by Joshua Hendrick, is about how the GM presented itself as a “good” Islam in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, during a period in which the West writ large was searching for a “modern” version of the religion which it could champion in opposition to extremism. He effectively critiques the idea that religion itself can be good or bad, and rightly puts the onus on the actors themselves. The book ends with a postscript which examines the four major theories about how the coup may have come to pass, and comes to the conclusion that GM members were central and sole actors in the coup, which was in all likelihood approved by Gülen himself. This work does an excellent job of unpacking the GM and its various religious and political facets, even for the relatively uninitiated reader, and pushes back strongly against what it identifies as the prevailing anti-Erdoĝan Western narratives about the coup, which try to shift blame away from the GM and onto the shoulders of other actors, including the AKP leader. Particularly interesting is the book’s criticism of GM-sponsored scholarship, which is cited as one of the primary ways in which the GM has ingratiated itself worldwide, as it frames the group as “good” Islam. The work refrains from being speculative but does examine possible futures for the GM, mostly outside of Turkey, as the country’s government has gone to extreme lengths to uproot the movement in its homeland—lengths that the authors do rightly criticize as going too far, if somewhat tepidly at times. The US-Turkey relationship as it relates to the GM issue, specifically hisresidence in the US, is also examined in some depth and leads a student of either Islam in the US or the country’s politics to wonder if the GM has successfully insinuated itself into any institutions here, as it has done in Turkey. The author of this review once believed that Erdoĝan may have permitted or even been behind the coup attempt as a vehicle to consolidate power, but the evidence and arguments presented by the authors of this work have swayed his point of view; the GM was almost certainly responsible for the coup attempt, and it seems likely that Gülen himself gave his blessing to the members of his movement who carried it out. Grant MarthinsenMA, Center for Contemporary Arab StudiesGeorgetown University

Abstract BACKGROUND: Placing of sewing needles in the brain through the anterior fontanelle was first described in Germany in 1914. Forty cases have been reported in the scientific literature; most of them were identified in Turkey and Iran, with only a few cases in the Far East, North and Eastern Europe, and the United States. The only case observed in Italy was recorded in 1987. In nonmedical literature, this practice was frequently described in Persian novels, and it has been thought that this ritual could have been diffused with the Persian Empire domination over the centuries. OBJECTIVE: We report on a new Italian case of an 82-year-old woman admitted for progressive right hemiparesis and gait disturbance. METHODS: Brain computed tomography scan showed a left frontoparietal chronic subdural haematoma and, surprisingly, three 4-cm-long sewing needles inserted through the region of the anterior fontanelle. The patient and her friends and family did not remember any event justifying their presence. RESULTS: Subdural collection was evacuated by craniotomic approach, and the sewing needles were left in place and followed up. CONCLUSION: The rare cases of intracranial needling reported in the literature may represent only the tip of the iceberg. The phenomenon is usually reported as an incidental finding in asymptomatic adults, whereas many babies could not have been diagnosed because they died. The therapy remains controversial, although many authors suggest only follow-up for asymptomatic patients. In this article, all the pertinent literature is reviewed and the most important clinical aspects are discussed, along with a historical assessment of the problem.

Purpose The Turkish Bahcesehir Breast Cancer Screening Project is a 10-year organized population-based screening program carried out in one of the largest counties of Istanbul, Turkey. The aim of the current study was to examine the biologic features of screen-detected and interval breast cancers for the first 9-year study period. Methods Between January 2009 and January 2018, 26,040 mammographies were performed with 2-year intervals for 8,408 women age 40 to 69 years. Clinicopathologic and biologic tumor characteristics—estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-neu, and protein encoded by the MKI67 gene (Ki-67) —were analyzed for those patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer. Interval cancer was defined as symptomatic cancer diagnosed within 24 months of a negative screening. Ki-67 level > 20% was considered a high score. Results Median age was 52.5 years, and 37% were younger than age 50 years. Of 8,408 women, 113 breast cancers (1.3%) were detected. There were 14 ductal carcinoma in situ (12.4%) and 99 invasive cancers (87.6%). The majority of patients with invasive cancer had stage 1 (49.1%) or stage 2 (31.8%) disease. The majority of patients underwent breast-conserving therapy (83%) with sentinel lymph node biopsy alone (74.1%). Interval cancers (n = 11) were more likely to have multifocality or multicentricity ( P = .002) and high Ki-67 score ( P = .05). Furthermore, diagnosis with interval cancer was associated with more advanced disease, including stage II to IV disease and axillary positivity, and patients were more likely to have nonluminal cancers or tumors with lymphovascular invasion. However, these associations did not reach statistical significance. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified multifocality or multicentricity as the only significant factor to be associated with interval cancers (odds ratio, 5.94; 95% CI, 1.4 to 25.4; P = .016). Conclusion Our findings suggest that the majority of screen-detected breast cancers exhibit either luminal A or B subtype with low Ki-67 scores and unifocal tumors. However, interval cancers were more likely to have aggressive biology and multicentricity that was less likely to be detected by mammographic screening programs and that required more aggressive surgical and systemic therapies. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The following represents disclosure information provided by authors of this manuscript. All relationships are considered compensated. Relationships are self-held unless noted. I = Immediate Family Member, Inst = My Institution. Relationships may not relate to the subject matter of this manuscript. For more information about ASCO's conflict of interest policy, please refer to www.asco.org/rwc or ascopubs.org/jco/site/ifc . Neslihan Cabioğlu Research Funding: Roche (Inst) Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Genomic Health Sibel Ozkan-Gurdal Research Funding: Roche (Inst) Arda Kayhan Research Funding: Roche (Inst) Ayse Nilufer Ozaydin Research Funding: Roche (Inst) Cennet Şahin Research Funding: Roche (Inst) Beyza Ozcinar Research Funding: Roche (Inst) Erkin Aribal Employment: Nutricia – Danone and TRPharm (I) Leadership: Nutricia – Danone and TRPharm (I) Stock or Other Ownership: Roche (I) Honoraria: GE Healthcare, Fuji, Roche Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Bayer Vahit Ozmen Honoraria: Pfizer, Roche Research Funding: Roche (Inst), Genekor, Roche Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Pfizer

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of ownership structure, board attributes and eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) on annual financial reporting timeliness of non-financial companies listed on Borsa Istanbul (BIST).Design/methodology/approachTo conduct the analyses, the authors used two samples. The main sample consists of 187 companies, while the subsample includes 54 companies in the BIST 100 index. The data set covers the 2010–2018 period. To investigate the influence of ownership structure, board attributes and XBRL on timeliness, panel regression and univariate analyses were used. To explore the factors associated with the likelihood of late filing, panel logistic regression analyses were employed.FindingsThe findings provide evidence that companies that have a high level of institutional ownership and women board membership file earlier. In line with prior studies, profitable companies file their accounts faster. Highly leveraged companies are late reporters. Further, XBRL has a positive influence on the filing of financial reports for the BIST 100 companies due to technological agility. Finally, companies that have less institutional ownership and that get qualified audit opinions are more subject to late filing.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors acknowledge that this study has certain limitations. First, the results may not be generalized to the entire BIST population due to the exclusion of financial companies from the samples. Future research may explore the financial reporting timeliness of these companies. Second, the study did not investigate the relationship between timeliness and the information content in financial statements and the market reactions they arouse. Third, this study is trying to find out early evidence on the mandatory adoption of XBRL filings, which cover only three-year period due to the recent implementation of this regulatory practice. Thus, it needs further elaboration after the accumulation of data in the forthcoming years by the expansion of the sample beyond the 2016–2018 period. As companies would have more time to become familiar with XBRL, a more reliable conclusion may be drawn. Further, the study particularly focuses on the effect of XBRL adoption on the timeliness among filers. XBRL could also influence investors, auditors and other stakeholders. Future research could investigate the influence of XBRL on different stakeholders to produce more insightful implications.Practical implicationsThis study offers several implications for managers, regulators and policy makers. First, companies that do not make timely financial reporting may find it more difficult to attract long-term capital by means of institutional investors. Since these investors view timely reporting as an ideal ingredient in corporate governance, it may have a positive impact on company reputation and corporate sustainability. The results also provide insights for regulatory authorities, policy makers and auditors on the causes of the reporting lag, thereby increasing their awareness and helping them in their decision-making process since improvements in timely availability and accessibility of financial information reduce information asymmetry for users and increase market efficiency. Additionally, companies that reduce their filing timeframe will be able to compare their results with other companies. However, the XBRL mandate could be much more burdensome to smaller firms. This may stem from the fact that larger firms may tend to use the in-house approach for XBRL and can afford more advanced financial reporting systems with automated coding algorithms attached to streamline their XBRL filings, whereas smaller firms are more likely to use the outsourcing approach due to the difference in the level of resources available for XBRL preparation. This finding also lends support to recent concerns that new technology creates an unleveled benefit in reporting efficiency for large companies, but not for small ones (e.g. Blankespoor et al., 2014). This benefit may change the dynamics of the financial market and information environment, leading to further segmentation of the capital markets. The positive effects of XBRL adoption may accrue over time due to the potential benefits of learning curve experience since the XBRL mandate will help companies automate their reporting process and information processing, thereby strengthening internal control over financial reporting (Deloitte, 2013; Du et al., 2013; Li, 2017). Companies may also efficiently incorporate auditor-proposed adjustments by cross-referencing impacted accounts and prepare revised versions of the financial reports, which are automatically rendered in various formats for auditors to assess (Wu and Vasarhelyi, 2004). Finally, investors and other users of financial information benefit from having quicker access to data, since this allows them to make more timely and reliable decisions, leading to greater benefits.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the literature on the impact of adopting XBRL on the timeliness of financial reporting in emerging markets. Second, this study extends the literature and provides evidence on determinants of timeliness, covering both ownership structure and board attributes besides firm-specific characteristics. Hence, it provides valuable insights for companies, investors, auditing firms and policy makers.

The presented study characterizes light industry, emphasizes the importance of examining the state of this industry, and identifies the major problems in its development.Aim. The study aims to identify the most important problems in the Russian light industry and trends of its development.Tasks. The authors analyze the contribution of light industry to the country’s GDP; conduct a comparative analysis of the structure of light industry; identify the major problems and trends of development in light industry; determine the prospects for its efficient functioning.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition, tabular and graphical methods to examine the problems and prospects of light industry development.Results. Nowadays, light industry is understood to include a variety of industries specializing in the production of consumer goods. Additional products resulting from the development of this industry are adapted for use in other spheres. Light industry includes three sub-industries: textile, clothing, and leather. The volume of sales of light industry products depends on such factors as consumer demand and the existence of foreign manufacturers importing goods of higher quality to the domestic market. The primary problem of development of this industry is the lack of investment combined with the obscure prospects and limited attractiveness of light industry and its enterprises for investors.Conclusions. The share of domestic manufacturers in the market of light industry products is less than 50%, the rest being manufacturers from China, Turkey, etc. Domestic light industry products are generally inferior in quality to their foreign counterparts. Light industry is closely associated with agriculture and the chemical industry, and the key to its development lies not only in the production of clothing, shoes, bags, bedding, etc., but most importantly in the manufacturing of products that would meet the requirements of other industries. It should also be noted that light industry provides a large number of jobs, with most employees being women. The government should pay attention to the problems and prospects of the efficient functioning of light industry under modern conditions, encourage domestic manufacturers, and consider providing government support for small and medium enterprises engaged in the production and sale of light industry products.

The cover title of the new issue, An Oriental Journey, has attracted a great deal of interest from authors of various disciplines. Scholars of both remote and recent history have passionately explored this theme. The issue section contains three articles related to the medieval Levant. Wojciech Mruk, a medievalist from the Jagiellonian University, analyses the account given by Lionardo Frescobaldi, Simone Sigoli and Giorgio Gucci, who made a peregrination to the Holy Land together between 1384 and 1385. Another article, by Christopher Schabel (Cyprus University in Nicosia), discusses the best-known medieval Cypriot village of Psimolofu and its links with the patriarchs of Jerusalem. Nicholas Coureas of the Cyprus Research Center provides a broad perspective on the presence of the Greek Church on Cyprus during the Lusignan and Venetian rule (1191–1571). The next contribution takes us back to the 20th century and even further to the East. Magdalena Filipczuk (Jesuit University Ignatianum in Cracow) reconstructs selected themes in the reflections by Lin Yutang, a Chinese thinker, translator and editor, based on his work towards explaining and popularizing Chinese culture and philosophy in the West. One more article that takes us to the Far East, but back in time, is by Małgorzata Sobczyk (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń) undertakes to characterize the image of a Japanese woman in the light of sixteenth-century European accounts. The next three studies invite us to learn more about Poles and their presence in the East. Ewa Siemieniec-Gołaś (Jagiellonian University) makes an attempt to discuss the figure of Władysław Jabłonowski, not only a physician in the Ottoman service, but also an expert and researcher of the East. Beata Gontarz (University of Silesia in Katowice) discusses the cultural experience of Jan Józef Szczepański based on his book Do raju i z powrotem [To Paradise and Back]. The last article in the issue section is a work of turkologist Sylwia Filipowska (Jagiellonian University), who discusses the circumstances of Tadeusz Kowalski’s journey to Turkey in 1927.

Abstract STUDY QUESTION What is the agreement between antral follicle count (AFC) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels when used to patient classification according to the Patient-Oriented Strategies Encompassing IndividualizeD Oocyte Number (POSEIDON) criteria? SUMMARY ANSWER Our study indicates a strong agreement between the AFC and the AMH levels in classifying POSEIDON patients; thus, either can be used for this purpose, although one in four women will have discordant values when both biomarkers are used WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY According to the POSEIDON criteria, both AFC and AMH may be used to classify low-prognosis patients. Proposed AFC and AMH thresholds of 5 and 1.2 ng/ml, respectively, have their basis in published literature; however, no study has yet determined the reproducibility of patient classification in comparing one biomarker with the other, nor have their thresholds ever been validated within this patient population. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A population-based cohort study involving 9484 consecutive patients treated in three fertility clinics in Brazil, Turkey and Vietnam between 2015 and 2017. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Participants were infertile women between 22 and 46 years old in their first in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle of standard ovarian stimulation with exogenous gonadotropins whose baseline ovarian reserves had been assessed by both AFC and AMH. Details of pre- and post-treatment findings were input into a coded research file. Two indicators of interest were created to classify patients according to the POSEIDON criteria based upon AFC and AMH values. Patients who did not fit any of the four POSEIDON groups were classified as non-POSEIDON. AFC was determined in the early follicular phase using two-dimensional (2D) transvaginal ultrasonography, whereas AMH values were based on the modified Beckman Coulter generation II enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Agreement rates were computed between AFC and AMH to classify patients using Cohen’s kappa statistics. Logistic regression analyzes were carried out to examine the association between ovarian markers and low (&lt;4) and suboptimal (4–9) oocyte yield. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The degree of agreement in classifying patients according to POSEIDON groups was strong overall (kappa = 0.802; 95% CI: 0.792–0.811). A total of 73.8% of individuals were classified under the same group using both biomarkers. The disagreement rates were ∼26% and did not diverge when AFC or AMH was used as the primary biomarker criterion. Significant regression equations were found between ovarian markers and oocyte yield (P &lt; 0.0001). For low oocyte yield, the optimal AFC and AMH cutoff values were 5 and 1.27 ng/ml with sensitivities of 0.61 and 0.66, specificities of 0.81 and 0.72, and AUC receiver operating characteristics of 0.791 and 0.751, respectively. For suboptimal oocyte yield respective AFC and AMH cutoffs were 12 and 2.97 ng/ml with sensitivities of 0.74 and 0.69, specificities of 0.76 and 0.66 and AUCs of 0.81 and 0.80. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our study relied on 2D transvaginal sonography to quantify the AFC and manual Gen II assay for AMH determination and classification of patients. AMH data must be interpreted in an assay-specific manner. Treatment protocols varied across centers potentially affecting patient classification. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Three of four patients will be classified the same using either AFC or AMH values. Both biomarkers provide acceptable and equivalent accuracy in predicting oocyte yield further supporting their use and proposed thresholds in daily clinical practice for patient classification according to the POSEIDON criteria. However, the sensitivity of POSEIDON thresholds in predicting low oocyte yield is low. Clinicians should adopt the biomarker that may best reflect their clinical setting. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Unrestricted investigator-sponsored study grant (MS200059_0013) from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. The funder had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish or manuscript preparation. S.C.E. declares receipt of unrestricted research grants from Merck and lecture fees from Merck and Med.E.A. H.Y. declares receipt of payment for lectures from Merck and Ferring. L.N.V. receives speaker fees and conferences from Merck, Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD) and Ferring and research grants from MSD and Ferring. T.M.H. received speaker fees and conferences from Merck, MSD and Ferring. The remaining authors have nothing to disclose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER not applicable.

SECULARITY AND SCIENCE: What Scientists around the World Really Think about Religion by Elaine Howard Ecklund et al. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. 352 pages. Hardcover; $31.95. ISBN: 9780191926755. *I was raised in the 1980s and 1990s under conservative evangelicalism, which means my father's bookshelf was full of creation/evolution texts, and we never missed Ken Ham when he came to town. The conflict narrative between science and religion was in full force then, and it remains with us today (if slightly diminished). Religious conservatives weren't the only ones talking secularization, though. Scholars such as Peter Berger had observed decades earlier that science often acts as a carrier of secularization. Berger lived long enough, however, to see that secularization did not unfold as expected, and he modified his view near the close of the millennium to indicate that secularization is not a uniform process. Rather, we observe "multiple modernities " marked by various trajectories of secularization and religious growth. *Such is the essential backdrop for Secularity and Science: What Scientists around the World Really Think about Religion. Here, Rice University sociologist Elaine Howard Ecklund and her team ask a simple and compelling question: If science is linked to secularization--as the story so often goes--what do scientists actually think about religion? The answer comes via survey research on 20,000 physicists and biologists in France, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Taiwan, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as 600 in-depth interviews. The result is an impressive and wide-ranging report not only on the status of religion and science in a global perspective, but also on several theoretical and practical considerations surrounding the secularization debate. As sociologists they take care to address hierarchical and institutional matters (i.e., academic rank, university status and prestige, levels of science infrastructure, etc.), and as scholars of religion they investigate how religious factors vary across national contexts (i.e., definitions of religion and spirituality, religious characteristics of populations, state-church relations, antagonism between scientists and the general public, the place of religion in the scientific workplace, etc.). Each country or region receives a focused chapter, briefly summarized below. *The United States (chap. 3, "The 'Problem' of the Public") is characterized by a soft secularism in which 65% of scientists believe in God. US scientists aren't particularly antagonistic to religion, but significant conflict between scientists and the public exists due to the large, politically active, conservative Christian population. This public issue plays a role in undermining the US scientific enterprise. *In the United Kingdom (chap. 4, "'New Atheists' and 'Dangerous Muslims'"), 57% of scientists believe in God. The UK is characterized by a unique dynamic in which new atheist scientists speak at the popular level while at the same time half of the country's scientists originate outside the UK, often bringing religious values with them. UK biologists expressed concern about a growing Muslim population and implications for some realms of scientific thought (e.g., evolution). *In France (chap. 5, "Assertive Secularism in Science"), 49% of scientists report belief in God. French secularism is based on laïcité (freedom from religion) and the state actively excludes religion from public life. The result is that dialogue between religion and science is difficult to sustain, with laïcité disproportionately affecting Muslim women in science. *Eighty percent of scientists in Italy (chap. 6, "A Distinctively Catholic Religion and Science") believe in God. Conflict between science and religion is a non-issue, largely due to the monolithic nature of cultural Catholicism ("Everyone's Catholic. And nobody cares," p. 7). Even non-Catholic scientists, many of whom identify as "spiritual but not religious," tend to see religion and science as separate realms in what could be called "a version of religious modernity." Scientists belonging to certain Catholic networks appear to have better access to jobs, funding, and other opportunities. *In Turkey (chap. 7, "The Politics of Secular Muslims"), 94% of scientists say they believe in God. Turkish scientists broadly believe in God but do not see themselves necessarily as personally religious. They observe little conflict between science and religion when Islam is considered broadly, but express concern about the ascendancy of a political form of Islam which threatens academic freedom. Many Turkish academics are leaving the country, and scientific infrastructure has suffered in recent years. *In India (chap. 8, "Science and Religion as Intimately Intertwined"), 90% of scientists report belief in God, and religious affiliation among scientists is higher than in the general public. India is a growing scientific superpower, and religion is so "in the air" that Indian scientists often make connections between religion and science without even noticing. A number of Indian scientists observe that the "conflict" between religion and science is a Western construction. *In Hong Kong and Taiwan (chap. 9, "A Science-Friendly Christianity and Folk Religion"), 90% (Taiwan) and 74% (Hong Kong) of scientists believe in God or gods. Like India, affiliation among scientists is higher than in the general population. Both of these regions' education systems have been influenced by Christianity, and scientists in Hong Kong speak of meeting faculty and administrators in the sciences at Christian churches. Despite the influence of Christianity, the Western science and religion conflict narrative is not strong. *These summary points hardly do justice to the scope of the authors' project, but they do highlight something that they themselves hold up as a central finding: namely, that conflict between religion and science is an invention of the West. The data indicate that a conflict perspective animates just one-third of scientists in the US, the UK, and France, with the remaining countries evincing much lower numbers. Rather, science and religion are most commonly viewed as different aspects of reality--independent of one another--a view embraced by both nonreligious and religious scientists. Regarding religious scientists, the authors report that from a global perspective there are many more than commonly assumed. Even scientists themselves consistently underestimate the proportion of their colleagues who are religious. *Overall, the book provides tremendous insight, thanks to rich quantitative and qualitative data, into how national and social contexts shape and interact with scientists' views of religion. No other study of this magnitude exists, and that fact alone makes it a remarkable achievement worthy of examination. Its greatest strength lies in the treatment of each country and region, with effective data and storytelling illuminating the relation between science and religion in that location. *The primary weaknesses are the minimal synthesis of cross-national data and the limited discussion of how results fit within the larger secularization debate (which the authors use to frame the book). Secularization themes are treated on a country-by-country basis, but only seven pages of the concluding chapter attempt a synthesis, and the discussion is largely practical. Given the expertise of the authors involved, it feels like a missed opportunity for a more theoretically rich discussion. I would like to have seen, for example, discussion on whether the independence model (as opposed to the conflict model) is itself linked to secularization. The majority of the world's scientists may be at least nominally religious, but without explicit philosophical and theological work to engage science, isn't it probable that the independence model might just as easily contribute to secularization as oppose it? In other words, whose secularity are we talking about? Strong atheists may view independence as accommodating religion; the highly devout may interpret it as another facet of secularity. *That said, the book is an empirical rather than a theoretical work, and an excellent one at that. The data are rich enough for readers well versed in the secularization debate to incorporate them into their own hypotheses. The primary message, supported by a wealth of rigorous data, indicates that global scientists are more religious than we often realize, and that narratives around science and religion in the US are not the only ones requiring our attention. *Reviewed by Blake Victor Kent, Westmont College Department of Sociology, Santa Barbara, CA 93108.

Dear Readers, As we begin a new year full of potential and opportunity, we wish each of you much joy and success. As we embark on this journey, we al-so celebrate a significant milestone – the fifteenth anniversary of the European Journal of Geography. Over the past decade and a half, our journal has become a beacon of excellence in the field of geography and the social sciences. This journey has been characterised by unwavering commitment and tireless dedication, a collective endeavour led by the dedicated members of our editorial team and the European Association of Geographers (EUROGEO). Their diligence and passion have been instrumental in making our journal the respected publication it is today. Looking back on our shared history, we are proud to have published over 310 articles dealing with key topics in geography, planning and development. These scholarly contributions have not only explored and analysed important topics, but have also introduced new ideas (Kout-sopoulos, 2022; Manetos et al., 2022), methods (Cramer-Greenbaum, 2023; Krevs et al., 2023; Morawski & Wolff-Seidel, 2023) and data (Hojati & Mokarram, 2016) that will inspire future generations of geographers to transcend conventional disciplinary boundaries. The richness of our content encompasses numerous facets and includes the fields of geography education (Fraile-Jurado & Periáñez-Cuevas, 2023; Humble, 2023; Martínez-Hernández et al., 2023; Mašterová, 2023; Puertas-Aguilar et al., 2023), physical geography (Sánchez-Martínez & Cabrera, 2015), sustainability (Leininger-Frézal et al., 2023; Mally, 2021), tourism (Bandt et al., 2022; Jovanovic et al., 2022), geoin-formatics (Batsaris et al., 2023; Vestena et al., 2023), spatial analysis (Agourogiannis et al., 2021; Bartzokas-Tsiompras & Photis, 2020b; Wieland, 2022), remote sensing (Younes et al., 2023), maps (Nedkov et al., 2018; Papaioannou et al., 2020), geoinformation (Bartha & Kocsis, 2011; Bart-zokas-Tsiompras, 2022), economic (Doukissas et al., 2020; Mikhaylova, 2018), social (Mei & Liempt, 2022; Roșu et al., 2015), political (Kevicky, 2023; Tsitsaraki & Petracou, 2023) and cultural (Gusman & Otero-Varela, 2023) geography, geopolitics (Morgado, 2023) as well as environmental (Burić et al., 2023; Prodanova & Varadzhakova, 2022), urban (Chondrogianni & Stephanedes, 2021; Lagarias et al., 2022) and transport (Garrido, 2013; Kellerman, 2023; Koktavá & Horák, 2023) geography/planning (González, 2017). Each article, a testament to the diversity and depth of knowledge within our community, has played a crucial role in energising discourse in our academic environment. Several EJG articles addressed current global crises and challenges such as climate change, COVID-19, wars and economic recession. They show how important geography is when it comes to finding solutions and new insights to the many problems that threaten our world. This interconnected approach underlines the journal's commitment to engaging with both the specialised academic discourse and the broader global challenges of our time. Authors, editors, board members, reviewers and readers are the lifeblood of this academic platform, and we recognise and appreciate your invaluable role in the success of the European Journal of Geography. Your commitment has fuelled our growth and you are an essential part of our legacy. We take our fifteenth anniversary as an opportunity to invite and encourage you to contribute to the continued success of the journal by submitting new and original geographical research articles. Here's to another year of scholarly work, meaningful collaborations and the continued advancement of geographical knowledge. We would also like to take a moment to recognise the incredible efforts of 95 professors and researchers who served as reviewers for the European Journal of Geography in 2023. Their expertise and dedication have been invaluable in maintaining the quality of our publications. In addition, the journal features 18 distinguished editorial board members from 12 countries, including renowned experts (60% men, 40% women) from various geographical research fields (This year we welcome 10 esteemed new members to our Editorial Board). In particular, we would like to express our sincere thanks to the following editorial board members for their help and support: 1. Alvanides Seraphim, Northumbria University, UK 2. ‪Bednarz W. Sarah, Texas A&M University, USA‬‬ 3. Capello Roberta, Politecnico di Milano, Italy 4. Cretan Remus, West University of Timisoara, Romania 5. De Miguel Gonzalez Rafael, University of Zaragoza, Spain 6. Eeva-Kaisa Prokkola, University of Oulu, Finland 7. Jerry T. Mitchell, University of South Carolina, USA 8. Kavroudakis Dimitris, University of the Aegean, Greece 9. Kiss Éva, CSFK Geographical Institute, Hungary 10. Knecht Petr, Masaryk University, Czech Republic 11. Kounadi Ourania, University of Vienna, Austria 12. Kolvoord Bob, James Madison University, USA 13. Leininger-Frezal Caroline, Université de Paris, France 14. Margaritis Efstathios, University of Southampton, UK 15. Specht Doug, University of Westminster, UK 16. Strobl Josef, University of Salzburg, Austria 17. Theobald Rebecca, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, USA 18. Yilmaz Ari, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Turkey In 2023, we received a total of 116 submissions. Of these, 24 outstanding papers were published online (acceptance rate 21% - 2023), while 92, although commendable, did not make it to publication. Remarkably, these submissions included the contributions of 63 authors from 20 countries. The average review speed of the articles is about 7-9 weeks for the first round and about 4-6 weeks for the second round. The reviewers came from 31 countries, which shows a global co-operation: UK, USA, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Ireland, Spain, Netherlands, Japan, Hungary, Iceland, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Romania and others. Thank you for your continued support and your contributions to this journal. Look forward to an exciting journey of discovery and innova-tion in the pages of the European Journal of Geography. Join us as we continue to shape the ever-evolving canvas of geographical exploration and knowledge. List of Reviewers 2023: 1. Alessandro Del Ponte, University of Alabama, USA 2. Ali Enes Dingil, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Repuplic 3. Alvanides Seraphim, Northumbria University, UK 4. András J. Molnár, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Germany 5. Anja du Plessis, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa 6. Anqi Huang, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, China 7. Apostolia Galani, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece 8. Ari Yilmaz, Bandirma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi, Turkey 9. Audur Palsdottir , University of Iceland, Iceland 10. Barbara Szejgiec-Kolenda, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland 11. Beth Schlemper, The University of Toledo, USA 12. Blaž Repe, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 13. Bob Kolvoord, James Madison University, USA 14. Carina Peter, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany 15. Carlos Lopez Escolano, University of Zaragoza, Spain 16. Caroline Leininger, Université de Paris, France 17. Charalampos Tsavdaroglou, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands 18. Christian Weismayer, Modul University Vienna GmbH, Austria 19. Darra Athanasia, National Technical University of Athens, Greece 20. Denise Blanchard, Texas State University, USA 21. Dimitris Kavroudakis, University of the Aegea, Greece 22. Don MacKeen, City of Glasgow College, UK 23. Doug Specht, University of Westminster, UK 24. Dragan Burić, University of Montenegro, Montenegro 25. Eeva-Kaisa Prokkola , University of Oulu, Finland 26. Efstathios Margaritis, University of Southampton, UK 27. Emmanuel Eze, University of Nigeria, Nigeria 28. Eva Psatha, University of Thessaly, Greece 29. Evangelos Rasvanis, University of Thessaly, Greece 30. Femke van Esch, Utrecht University, The Netherlands 31. František Petrovič, Constantine the Philosopher University, Slovakia 32. George Revill, The Open University, UK 33. Géza Tóth, University of Miskolc, Hungary 34. Grayson R. Morgan, University of South Carolina, USA 35. Hristina Prodanova, National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria 36. Huda Jamal Jumaah, Northern Technical University, Iraq 37. İlkay Südas, Ege University, Turkey 38. Ilse van liempt, Utrecht University, The Netherlands 39. Isabel María Gómez-Trigueros, University of Alicante, Spain 40. Italo Sousa de Sena, University College Dublin, Ireland 41. Iva Miranda Pires, NOVA University Lisbon, Portugal 42. Iwona Anna Jażdżewska, University of Lodz, Poland 43. Jaime Diaz Pacheco, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain 44. Jan Christoph Schubert, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany 45. Jens Dangschat , TU Wien, Austria 46. Jernej Zupančič, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 47. Jerry T. Mitchell, University of South Carolina, USA 48. Joan Rossello, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain 49. Joseph J. Kerski, ESRI, USA 50. Karina Standal, CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway 51. Karl Donert, EUROGEO, Belgium 52. Koshiro Suzuki , University of Toyama, Japan 53. Kristine Juul, University of Roskilde , Denmark 54. Lauren Hammond, University College London, UK 55. Mahmood Shoorcheh, University of Isfahan, Iran 56. Maria Angeles Rodriguez-Domenech, Universidad Castilla La Mancha, Spain 57. María Lois , Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain 58. María-Luisa de Lázaro-Torres , Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain 59. Marko Krevs, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 60. Marta Gallardo, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain 61. Md Galal Uddin, University of Galway, Ireland 62. Md. Kausar Alam, Brac University, Bangladesh 63. Michaela Spurná, Masaryk University, Czech Repuplic 64. Miha Pavšek, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Slovenia 65. Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai , Kandahar University, Afghanistan 66. Neli Heidari, University of Hamburg, Germany 67. Nicholas Wise, Arizona State University, USA 68. Nikola Šimunić, Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Croatia 69. Nikolaos Karachalis , University of the Aegean, Greece 70. Nuno Morgado, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary 71. Pablo Fraile-Jurado, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain 72. Panagiotis G. Tzouras, National Technical University of Athens, Greece 73. Peter T. Dunn, University of Washington, USA 74. Petr Knecht, Masaryk University, Czech Repuplic 75. Polyxeni Kechagia, University of Thessaly, Greece 76. Qi Zhou, China University of Geosciences, China 77. Rafael de Miguel González, University of Zaragoza, Spain 78. Rebecca Theobald, University of Colorado, USA 79. Remus Cretan, West University of Timisoara, Romania 80. Roberto Falanga, University of Lisbon, Institute of Social Sciences, Portugal 81. Saheed Adekunle Raji, University of Lagos, Nigeria 82. Sandra Sprenger, University of Hamburg, Germany 83. Sarah Bednarz, Texas A&M University, USA 84. Sebastien Bourdin, EM Normandie Bussiness School, France 85. Serafin Pazos-Vidal , European Association for Innovation in Local Development, Belgium 86. Susannah Cramer-Greenbaum, University of Warwick, UK, UK 87. Teemu Makkonen, University of Eastern Finland, Finland 88. Teresa Sadoń-Osowiecka, University of Gdansk, Poland 89. Theano S. Terkenli , University of the Aegean, Greece 90. Theodore Metaxas , University of Thessaly, Greece 91. Uwe Krause, Fontys School of the Arts, The Netherlands 92. Valériane Mistiaen , Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium 93. Vesna Skrbinjek, International School for Social and Business Studies, Slovenia 94. Vincent Nzabarinda, Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 95. Zsolt Tibor Kosztyán, University of Pannonia, Hungary

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to improve understanding of the role of the family as NEET determinants in a country with free education in a Mediterranean or Southern European welfare state, so that the authors can contribute to policy recommendations and offer suggestions for future studies.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used TurkStat (2021) household workforce statistics microdata (TurkStat permit number 10484) for multinomial logistic regression. These microdata are the most detailed data representation of all households in Turkey in 2021, representing all household members (n = 635.159) and young people aged 15–24 years (n = 88.974) in Turkey. Of the data on youth, those not in education or employment constituted the NEET sample (n = 21,729). The authors also used the 2014–2020 household workforce statistics microdata (TurkStat permit number 3188) to explain the proportional changes between the status of NEETs in past years and today.FindingsThe age factor (20–24) and long-term unemployment in men and marital status (for married and divorced) in women are of critical importance for the risk of being NEET. Compulsory education is the most influential factor in reducing the risk of NEET for both genders. The estimations of logistic regression models showed significantly that the increase in the education level of parents decreased the probability of NEET in the household. In particular, the gains of mothers after compulsory education (university, postgraduate education) increased the probability of young people in the household being NEET compared to the education levels of fathers.Originality/valueThe authors make two contributions with this study. First, the authors discuss current microdata and NEET determinants in Turkey, which is the subject of limited research and has one of the highest rates of NEET in the 15–29-years age category (28.7%) in the OECD (2021). Second, the authors are the first to examine parental education or employment for NEETs in Turkey. Findings from the study allow comparison of Turkey and southern European welfare regime countries and fill the gap in the literature on NEET and parent relationship in Turkey with a strong and up-to-date dataset.

AbstractRecent gender policies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have improved legal equality for women with noticeable effects in some countries. The implications of these policies on science, however, are not well-understood. This study applies a bibliometric lens to describe the landscape of gender disparities in scientific research in MENA. Specifically, we examine 1.7 million papers indexed in the Web of Science published by 1.1 million authors from MENA between 2008 and 2020. We used bibliometric indicators to analyze potential disparities between men and women in the share of authors, research productivity, and seniority in authorship. The results show that gender parity is far from being achieved in MENA. Overall, men authors obtain higher representation, research productivity, and seniority. But some countries stand out: Tunisia, Lebanon, Turkey, Algeria and Egypt have higher shares of women researchers compared to the rest of MENA countries. The UAE, Qatar, and Jordan have shown progress in terms of women participation in science, but Saudi Arabia lags behind. We find that women are more likely to stop publishing than men and that men publish on average between 11 and 51% more than women, with this gap increasing over time. Finally, men, on average, achieved senior positions in authorship faster than women. Our longitudinal study contributes to a better understanding of gender disparities in science in MENA which is catching up in terms of policy engagement and women representation. However, the results suggest that the effects of the policy changes have yet to materialize into distinct improvements in women’s participation and performance in science.

Abortion is a sensitive and contentious issue with religious, moral, cultural, and political dimensions. It is also a public health concern in many parts of the world, as it raises questions about basic beliefs regarding life and death, the sanctity of life, the beginning of life, and a woman’s individual legal right. Abortion is illegal in some countries such as Jordan, Oman, Qatar, Senegal and the Philippines, and legal in other countries such as Great Britain, Greece, Poland, Israel, and Turkey. Ethically, opponents considered abortion as equivalent to murder and that such killing of a fetus is deprived of future value, and no matter how much women may suffer, women can’t be allowed to kill their fetuses. Whereas, proponents considered abortion as morally justified and that the pregnant woman has the fundamental right to terminate her pregnancy. The current authors are against abortion to preserve dignity and respect for a fetus and regard the killing or termination of human life as morally wrong. The purpose of this paper is to present arguments on abortion from the legal and ethical views of opponents and proponents. Keywords: abortion, legal, ethical, opponents, proponents, argumentations.

ABSTRACT: Socio-demographic and economic indicators are very important clues to scientists and institutions to direct development programs for the empowerment of rural women. The goal of this study is to determine the status of rural women living in the Taurus mountainous villages of Turkey according to socio-demographic and economic indicators as related to gender structure. In this research area, there is not enough official data related to socio-demographic and economic indicators about mountainous rural women, like in most developing countries. For this study, the authors collected data from 146 women and 133 men using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. In this research area, we found that women occupy positions of low power compared to men when taking socio-demographic and economic indicators into account. Women tend to define themselves as housewives instead of farmers, and their tendency to migrate to cities were higher than men’s.

Purpose Obesity is a chronic disease that is conjoined with increased mortality. Parallel to rising obesity rates, herbal dietary interventions to lose weight are also increasing. The purpose of this study is to assess and evaluate the use of herbal dietary interventions for weight loss among regularly exercising women. Design/methodology/approach A total of 545 regularly exercising women (aged 19–64 years) were recruited from several local sports centers. A questionnaire form to evaluate demographic characteristics, nutritional habits and herbal dietary intervention habits was administered by a trained dietitian. Anthropometric measurements including weight, height, fat mass, total body water and fat free mass were measured using a bioelectrical impedance analysis device. Findings A total of 244 participants (44.8%) used herbal dietary interventions for weight loss within the last year. The most commonly used herbal dietary interventions were green tea (59.4%), lemon juice (27%), herbal tea mix (20.9%) and cinnamon powder (17.6%), respectively. Of the 244 women who used herbal dietary interventions for weight loss, 42.2% claimed that by using these products they experienced weight loss. Herbal dietary interventions were significantly higher among women with obesity (61.9%) than women with a healthy weight (37.5%). The use of herbal supplements increased among women who consider themselves as being overweight (p < 0.001). Furthermore, herbal dietary interventions decreased with more frequent attempts for a weight-loss diet (p < 0.001). Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study represents a first attempt at assessing the use of herbal dietary supplements for weight loss among regularly exercising Turkish women. With the increase of body mass index and body perception being as overweight, herbal dietary interventions were also increased. In particular, women with obesity (61.9%) used more herbal dietary interventions than women with healthy weight (37.5%). Moreover, women with an overweight body perception used more herbal supplements than those who thought they had a healthy body weight.

Purpose The authors wanted to compare the experience of LGBT people in two very different working environments, the UK and Turkey. The countries have different state structures and legislative frameworks. Design/methodology/approach The authors opted to answer the research question: How LGBT NGOs understand and perceive the inclusion and exclusion of LGBT individuals at work? They interviewed 40 individuals (20 in each country) working at LGBT organizations Findings Analysis showed that in Turkish workplaces, LGB individuals tend not to express their sexuality openly because they fear dismissal. Few individuals feel able to “come out” at work. Transgender people, especially transgender women, face a lot of discrimination in Turkey. Meanwhile, in the UK, there is a far more inclusionary workplace culture. Nevertheless, LGB individuals may still face some discrimination in the UK. Working within LGBT organizations in both countries was much easier. Originality/value Studying two such different cultures revealed major differences, but also some commonalities. The study revealed the importance of unions in the UK in driving policies for LGBT individuals.

Purpose This study aims to examine the functions of hijab fashion among hijab-wearing women and explore the role of social media and influencers in hijab fashion. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted in-depth interviews with 29 hijab-wearing women in Turkey. The authors collected data in June–November 2020. Findings Findings show that hijab fashion functions as encouragement, attraction, modesty and social image among Turkish Muslim women. This study also shows that social media and influencers change the meaning of the hijab while promoting hijab fashion. Findings reveal that Instagram boutiques act as digital fashion magazines, which enable women to integrate faster into popular culture today. While influencers have increased the number of hijab-wearing women, they have also turned the hijab into a commodity in the market by degenerating its true meaning. Research limitations/implications This study has several limitations regarding the sample and geographic context of consumers. This study may not represent Turkish Muslim women’s behavior as our sample consists of 29 women. Therefore, larger samples are needed to generalize our findings. Undertaking cross-cultural studies will also enable marketers to make cultural comparisons. Practical implications This study offers some insights for Islamic marketing practitioners in terms of influencer using in hijab fashion. Originality/value This study adds to the previous research on hijab fashion and hijab consumption on Instagram. This study also extends the previous literature by examining the role of social media and influencers in hijab fashion. Findings revealed that the hijab is gradually losing its spiritual value by becoming a commodity packaged and marketed through Instagram and influencers.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The development process of midwifery in Turkey, Germany and Greece, which are home to different history and culture, has also gone through different paths. But the expectation of pregnant women is universal, and traditional midwives have acted on these universal expectations. The aim of this study is to go down the history path and trace the evolutionary process which took midwifery from the traditional phase of being community members supporting the birthing women to modern midwifery education. The study refers to the three countries Turkey, Germany and Greece. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted on the traditional midwifery, midwifery history and development of midwifery education system of all three countries by the team of authors as part of an Erasmus + Project [2018-1-TR01-KA202-059488]. The information contained in books, scientific articles, internet library, historical archives and gray literature was included in the research. German, English, Greek and Turkish references are included in the scope of the review. The collected data were converted into a standard shape format and converted into text. The findings obtained from this study are also presented in the project result report (https://projectfirsttouch.blogspot.com) has been published. Findings: Traditional midwifery has been a transfer of knowledge and skills from mother to daughter. Along with rituals influenced by religion, mostly herbal incense, tea and oils have been used in all three countries as auxiliary methods of pregnancy and childbirth. The maternity chair is an auxiliary tool with traditional use in all three countries. There are very few studies in the literature on the scientific effects of traditional methods. Conclusion: As with traditional methods of treatment, there should be evidence-based methods to help childbirth, and there should be methods that will not endanger the health of the mother and baby. More work is needed on this issue.

This study explores the feminist campaigns and demonstrations organized between the 1980s and the 2010s in Turkey against male violence. Adopting an intersectional perspective, this analysis draws on statistical data from the Ministry of Family and Social Work and feminist organizations, articles published in national press, reports published by feminist groups and associations, testimonies of feminists, analysis of feminist blogs, as well as publications on social networks. The experiences of the authors of this article, as feminist scholars, are also taken into consideration during the analysis. In order to show how feminist efforts contribute to the resistance against male violence and how the feminist strategies have evolved throughout 4 decades, the article, firstly, sets the context by discussing the structural roots of violence against women; secondly it examines the feminist campaigns and demonstrations throughout the four decades; and finally it explores the roles of the feminist efforts in the resistance against violence by pointing the complexity of the violence and evokes the need for a multidimensional model, which can intervene at individual, interpersonal, and structural levels in order to effectively combat male violence against women.

Purpose This study aims to explore the impact of board size, board gender diversity and federation age on the likelihood of having a female chair in National Sports Federations (NSF). Design/methodology/approach A quantitative methodology compares 300 sports boards in five countries (Italy, Portugal, Spain, Turkey and the UK), using data collected from NSF’s websites. Findings The board size and federation age have no significant impact on having a female board chair when the countries and the percentage of female directors are included in the model. When the number of women is measured in absolute value rather than in relative terms, the only variable that predicts a woman chair is the country. When the model does not include country differences, the percentage of female directors is key in predicting a chairwoman, and when the number of women is used as a variable instead of the percentage, a board’s smaller size increases the odds of having a chairwoman. Research limitations/implications There are some limitations to this study which we believe provide useful directions for future research. Firstly, the authors have not considered the role of gender typing in sports activities which explains the extent that women participate in specific sports (Sobal and Milgrim, 2019) and the related perception of such sports in society. The social representation of sports activities classified as masculine, feminine or gender-neutral can hypothetically influence women’s access to that specific federations’s leadership. The authors included the country factor only partially, as a control variable, as the social representation of sports usually goes beyond national boundaries. Practical implications This study has implications for sport policymakers and stakeholders, and for institutions such as the IOC or the European Union that implement equality policies. If the aim is to increase female presence in the highest position of a sports board and to achieve gender equality more generally, other policies need to be implemented alongside gender quotas for the sports boards, namely, those specifically related to the recruitment and selection of the sports board chairs (Mikkonen et al., 2021). For example, given the implications of critical mass and its ability to increase more female’s engagement then the role of existing chairs acting as mentors and taking initiative in this objective may be warranted. Furthermore, attention should be paid to the existing gender portfolio of each board and its subsequent influence on recruiting a female chair, regardless of the organization’s age. Knoppers et al. (2021) concluded that resistance to gender balance by board members is often related to discriminatory discourses against women. The normalization of the discourses of meritocracy, neoliberalism, silence/passivity about the responsibility of structures and an artificial defence of diversity emphasise that equality should not only be determined by women (Knoppers et al., 2021). Social implications When countries are included in the model, the results suggest that the social representation of a female board member is different from that of a female board chair. Originality/value The originality of the study is that it shows the factors that constrain women taking up a chair position on NSFs. Theoretically, it contributes to existing literature by demonstrating how a critical mass of females on boards may also extend to the higher and most powerful position of chair.

Background and aims: Toxoplasmosis is caused as a result of intracellular protozoan organism, Toxoplasma gondii, and is a widespread disease. Toxoplasmosis can progress to a serious systemic disease (congenital form); once a mother becomes infected for the first time for the period of pregnancy, a transient haematopoietic parasite can appear with focal lesions produced within the placenta, thus infecting the fetus. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the immune status of the pregnant woman towards toxoplasmosis, determining the prevalence of T. gondii in Amran city -Yemen, and identifying the potential risk factors that affect the pregnant woman towards toxoplasmosis. Material and methods: This study included 280 pregnant women who were admitted to maternity clinics at Amran General Hospital and Family Health Center in Amran City -Yemen during the period from December 2016 to June 2017. The questionnaire was used to obtain relevant demographic data and potential risk factors. Then, blood samples were collected from pregnant women and tested for identification of IgM and IgG antibodies against T. gondii using the ELISA technique. Results: The total positive rate for IgM antibodies was 3.6%, while for IgG was 27.9%. A high IgM rate equal to 5.3% was observed in the 31-35 age group, and a higher IgG rate (36.8%) was observed in the same age group. There were 69.3% of pregnant women susceptible to infection with toxoplasmosis, 2.9% recently infected, 27.1% protected, and 0.7% had secondary infection. The high rate of IgM positivity was observed in the second trimester of pregnancy (4.7%), while the lowest rate was in the third trimester of pregnancy (2%). A slight increase in the rate of IgG positivity was observed in the third trimester of pregnancy (32%). There was a significant association between contact with animals such as cats and infection with toxoplasmosis, where OR =5.4, CI =1.01-30.13, χ2 =4.59, p =0.04. While there was no significant association with the other studied factors. Conclusion: Yemen has less seropositivity than other Arab and African countries as a result of variation in risk factors. Data on T. gondii infection during pregnancy is scarce in numerous countries, in particular where there is a lack of political constancy such as Yemen. The risk factors identified included proximity to the cats and domistic animals, and increased maternal age. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy in Yemen may be a really underestimated health problem. More research is needed. Peer Review History: Received 19 March 2021; Revised 12 April; Accepted 28 April, Available online 15 May 2021 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, rola@aauj.edu Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, gorkemdulger@yandex.com Similar Articles: PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS DURING PREGNANCY IN SANA'A, YEMEN VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS PREVALENCE AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN DIFFERENT HOSPITALS IN IBB, YEMEN