Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Turkish Shiite poetry”

This postscript discusses the poetry of Mikayil Refili through his collection “The Window” penned in the new Latin alphabet after the Latinization reforms, which severed supranational ties to the Turkic and Persianate world and cemented the creation of an Azerbaijani national canon. This section thus concludes the book by tracing the transformation of poetry in the 1920s, both institutionally through the consolidation of power in Moscow and the creation of the national republics, as well as aesthetically through the ways in which lexical shifts and script reforms shaped the weight of a new materialist conception of the poetic word.

Abstract This chapter discusses Nâzım Hikmet’s family and life between 1902 and 1920 within the larger context of events unfolding during the final years of the Ottoman Empire’s existence. Nâzım grew out of a long history of border-crossers, whose colorful lives and cosmopolitan backgrounds had for years contributed to Nâzım’s elite but downwardly-mobile bloodline. “Macro” sections of this chapter investigate broader political developments relating to the Young Turks, pan-Turkism, and socialism during the first two decades of Nâzım’s life. Discussion then shifts toward Nâzım Hikmet’s changing poetic voice during the course of the Balkan Wars, World War I, and the postwar British occupation of Istanbul.

This chapter shows how the Ottoman policy of rotating officials, coupled with Arab efforts to seek support in Istanbul, had created a truly empire-wide network of patronage. Still, just as these relationships were solidifying, other aspects of the relationship between Arabs and Rumis shifted. As the economy slowed and competition for positions skyrocketed, Arabs, like other provincial scholars, found their access to the imperial elite to be increasingly restricted. Younger scholars no longer enjoyed the same independence and admiration that Badr al-Din al-Ghazzi did. Whereas Ghazzi taught Çivizade Mehmed, an Ottoman official from an esteemed Istanbul family, Ghazzi's student Hamawi joined the official's household as a scribe. Broader cultural shifts also led Arabs to lose some of their influence. Ottoman Turkish had gained in importance over the century, as had poetic and literary traditions in that language. Learned Arabs with only a basic knowledge of Turkish increasingly found themselves excluded from the salons in which those traditions were performed. Coupled with the increasing mastery of Arabic letters by Rumi elites, the visibility that Arabs in Ghazzi's generation had enjoyed began to fade.

Abstract This chapter looks at Nâzım’s first years in Moscow, between the spring of 1922 and the summer of 1924. Beginning with the arrival of Nâzım and his friends in the Soviet capital and the time they spent at a summer camp outside Moscow, attention then shifts to a discussion of Communist University of the Toilers of the East and the other educational institutions established by the Comintern in the early 1920s. Subsequent sections trace the backgrounds of the other Turkish students whom Nâzım and his friends encountered at the university, and the individuals with whom Nâzım and Vâlâ socialized during their initial months in Moscow. The final section of this chapter discusses Nâzım’s poetry from these years, and in particular his adoption of the Russian Futurist style.