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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Trotskyism”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 25 kwietnia 2022

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1

Schelchkov, Andrey. "«LEFT OPPOSITION» IN REVOLUTIONARY SPAIN". Latin-American Historical Almanac 32, nr 1 (12.04.2021): 118–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2021-32-1-118-148.

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The division in the international communist movement and the creation of Trotskyism movement coincided with turbulent revolutionary events in Spain, where the left-wing forces were building up their forces. As in many other countries, the split of the communists was reflected in do-mestic politics, one of the aspects of which was the confrontation and extreme hostility of the two currents in world communism. The Span-ish question and the situation in Spanish Trotskyism had a significant impact on the process of forming the doctrine of Trotskyism, primarily in the issue of electoral unions, attitudes towards the Popular Front, and the tasks of the communists in the democratic revolution. This work highlights the process of the formation of the Trotskyist move-ment in Spain, the influence and role in this process of the International Secretariat of Trotskyism, internal splits in the movement, the partici-pation of Spanish Trotskyism in the revolutionary movement.

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Stutje, Jan Willem. "Trotskyism Emerges from Obscurity: New Chapters in Its Historiography". International Review of Social History 49, nr 2 (sierpień 2004): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900400152x.

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BENSAÏD, DANIEL. Les trotskysmes. Deuxième éd. [Que sais-je?, 3629.] Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 2002. 128 pp. € 6.50.CHARPIER, FRÉDÉRIC. Histoire de l'extrême gauche trotskiste. De 1929 à nos jours. Editions 1, Paris 2002. 402 pp. € 22.00.MARIE, JEAN-JACQUES. Le trotskysme et les trotskystes. D'hier à aujourd'hui, l'ideologie et les objectifs des trotskystes à travers le monde. [Collection L'Histoire au present.] Armand Colin, Paris 2002. 224 pp. € 21.00.NICK, CHRISTOPHE. Les Trotskistes. Fayard, [Paris] 2003. 618 pp. € 23.00.The Trotskyist Fourth International went through many quarrels and splits after its foundation in 1938 – understandably, given the political and social isolation in which the movement generally functioned. Its enemies to its left and right crowded the Trotskyists into an uncomfortably narrow space. Trotskyists' intense internal discussions functioned as a sort of immune response, which could only be effective if theoretical and programmatic issues were clearly formulated. The more practical success eluded them, the more programmatic clarity served as compensation and monopolized their attention. In the name of various “isms” their passions sometimes took acute forms, while, under the surface, “ordinary” human shortcomings threw oil on the fire.

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Callesen, Gerd. "Wolfgang and Petra Lubitz, eds., Trotsky Bibliography: An International Classified List of Publications about Leon Trotsky and Trotskyism 1905–1998. Third completely revised and enlarged edition. Vols. 1–2. Munich: K. G. Saur, 1999. 840 pp. DM 368 cloth." International Labor and Working-Class History 60 (październik 2001): 232–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547901254532.

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This bibliography is quite an impressive effort. It is extensive, thorough, structurally sound, and contains excellent indexes. In short, it is a truly useful tool for anyone who, for scholarly or political reasons, takes an interest in Trotsky and Trotskyism. Of course, the definition of Trotskyism is somewhat blurred; too many people have used the concept subjectively, either with positive or negative connotations, for it to signify anything unambiguous. The Lubitzes have done their utmost to remedy this state of affairs by disregarding sectarian restraints and by choosing a broad approach to the subject; they have even gone to the extreme of including some anti-Trotskyist effusions of no real scholarly or current political value.

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4

Choonara, Joseph. "Bolivia’s Radical Tradition: Permanent Revolution in the Andes, S. Sándor John, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2009 ‘I Sweat the Flavor of Tin’: Labor Activism in Early Twentieth-Century Bolivia, Robert L. Smale, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010". Historical Materialism 20, nr 3 (2012): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341236.

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Abstract Robert L. Smale’s work looks in detail at the origins of Bolivia’s labour movement in the tin mines of the early twentieth century. This provides a good starting point for an account of the rapid rise of Trotskyism in the period leading up to the national revolution of 1952, a phenomenon described in detail in S. Sándor John’s book. Sándor John’s work in particular is important in understanding both the strengths and limitations of the Trotskyist POR, which was not able to displace rival nationalist organisations to achieve political hegemony in the struggles of the second half of the twentieth century.

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Klein, Adam Louis. "Peace between Trotskyism and Maoism: Non-Maoism and Double Superposition". Labyrinth 19, nr 2 (14.03.2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25180/lj.v19i2.95.

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Non-Philosophy is a rigorous practice that can have useful applications for academic researchers and political activists alike. Utilizing its methods and frameworks, it is possible to bring Peace into the endless War of sectarian tendencies in which "the Left" is mired. In the following paper, we apply the technique of Non-Philosophy to Josh Moufawad-Paul's pamphlet "Maoism or Trotskyism," taking it as an instance of occasional material to be transformed. An important aspect of this analysis is a syntactical deployment of Non-Philosophy not always found in non-philosophical texts: here our dualysis proceeds by double (and not only single) superposition. We effectuate two non-philosophical clones, using the first in order to recursively effectuate a second. First, we transform Trotskyism by isolating its philosophical and auto-positional structure, then we use this radicalized Trotskyism in order to transform Moufawad-Paul's Maoist polemic. The result is a radicalized Maoism-Trotskyism opening the way towards a productive and integrative Peace between Trotskyism and Maoism.

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6

King, William. "Neoconservatives and "Trotskyism"". American Communist History 3, nr 2 (grudzień 2004): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1474389042000309817.

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Zmijewski, Norbert. "Book Reviews : Trotskyism". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 27, nr 3 (grudzień 1991): 410–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/144078339102700313.

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8

Birchall, Ian. "From Pacifism to Trotskyism". Historical Materialism 26, nr 4 (17.12.2018): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-00001372.

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AbstractThe French journal Clarté had its origins in a movement launched just after the end of World War I by Henri Barbusse. It was soon taken over by a group of more radical intellectuals, who were close to the French Communist Party but not under its direct control. The journal combined politics and culture. It attempted to analyse the changing world-conjuncture, and in particular the significance of the defeated revolutions in Germany and China. But it also developed a theory of culture under the influence of the Russian proletcult, Victor Serge, Georges Sorel and surrealism. In 1927, under the influence of Pierre Naville, Clarté broke with the Moscow-dominated Communist Party and became the organ of the French Left Opposition. Cuenot has given a well-researched and balanced account of its development.

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9

Bryantsev, Michail V. "L. D. Trotsky’s “The Lessons of October” and the Struggles at the Highest Level: Viewpoint of the Population in 1920s". Herald of an archivist, nr 2 (2019): 467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2019-2-467-479.

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The article analyses the aftermath of the publication of Trotsky's “The Lessons of October” in autumn of 1924, which produced much controversy in the camp of his opponents. Kamenev, Stalin, and his others smote Trotsky and posed the question “Leninism or Trotskyism?” to antithesize Lenin and Trotsky. The controversy was in the focus of attention of Soviet citizens, who showed “great interest” in this “literary discussion.” The issue remained center-stage in late 1924 - early 1925. The analysis of information materials demonstrates controversial attitudes of the population to the struggle. Many championed Trotsky. Having no way to find out more about Trotsky's views and mistrusting official publications, people often gave preference to rumors, which reflected not facts, but their wishes. Many saw in Trotsky their defender from the arbitrary rule, who acted in the interest of the people and suffered for his views. Many, party members also, demanded to allow Trotsky to express his opinions outside the framework of propaganda. At the same time, the “The Lessons of October” fed the negative image of Trotsky, already in formation. Quite noticeable role was played by the official propaganda trying to paint Trotsky as a traitor to the interests of the Soviet state. Not understanding the mechanism of the internal conflicts which after Lenin's death were tearing the RCP(B) apart, the population was swept by the Central Committee propaganda. Party propagandists cast Trotsky as a detractor of the party and Lenin himself. The campaign launched against Trotsky and his “The Lessons of October” bore its fruit. The authorities presented Trotsky as a Menshevik and unscrupulous enemy of the Soviet power. Information materials of early 1925 show not only a slump in Trotsky’s popularity, but also a growing bias against him.

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10

Szelegieniec, Paweł. "The Rise and Fall of the Revolutionary Left in ‘People’s Poland’". Historical Materialism 29, nr 2 (10.06.2021): 143–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-00001559.

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Abstract This article explores the experiences of the revolutionary-left opposition in the People’s Republic of Poland, a bureaucratic post-capitalist state established after WWII. It draws heavily upon Andrzej Friszke’s research concentrated on the 1960s, when post-1956 oppositional activity emerged and had an impact on the public sphere. The aim of this article is to present Marxist and revolutionary trends within oppositional circles mainly via the political trajectory of two important figures associated with revolutionary Marxism during the ‘People’s Poland’ of the 1960s, Jacek Kuroń and Karol Modzelewski, and their later attitudes during the military dictatorship and the restoration of capitalism in Poland. It also focuses on Kuroń and Modzelewski’s relations with Ludwik Hass, a controversial Polish Trotskyist, and Trotskyism as a political doctrine; and the 1980s’ general tendency toward workers’ democracy in factories, before the advent of martial law implemented by General Wojciech Jaruzelski in December 1981.

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11

Judis, John B., i John Ehrman. "Trotskyism to Anachronism: The Neoconservative Revolution". Foreign Affairs 74, nr 4 (1995): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20047213.

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Wallace, Philip. "GCATT and the Archaeology of British Trotskyism". Critique 37, nr 2 (maj 2009): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03017600902760745.

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Day, Richard B. "Trotsky, trotskyism and the transition to socialism". History of European Ideas 10, nr 2 (styczeń 1989): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(89)90088-0.

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Savic, Verica, i Filip Matic. "Trotsky as a product of specific time: Strategy, leadership and culturalization". Serbian Journal of Engineering Management 6, nr 2 (2021): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sjem2102081s.

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The aim of the paper is to examine Leon Trotsky's reputation as a strategy leader forged during the turbulent years of the Russian Revolution. Having specific leadership, he was a product of specific era, exerted an influence on the key historic and cultural events, and as such, subject of research for more than half a century. Without his excellent strategic skills, the Bolsheviks might never have come to power. Eventually, Stalin defeated Trotsky, who, trapped by his own principles, had few political skills. By 1927 expelled from the Party, by 1929 from Russia itself, Trotsky faded from the Russian scene. Exiled, he found support finally in Mexico, worked there, influenced Cardenas and surrealistic artists, wrote many excellent articles, made enormous contribution to art, but couldn't avoid Stalin repression, ended up murdered. The paper is primarily based on Trotsky's own writings, his bibliographers like: Ernes, Dimitri, Trotskyism theory and surrealistic critiques. By mapping the most significant theories, we tried to present the ideology of that time and its impact on politics and art, same as perception of leadership. The hypothesis of the paper is that Trotsky was indeed a product of specific time and background, but was swept away by events he helped unleash, having a huge impact on various cultural fields, contributed to huge culturalization.

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15

Kuhfus, Peter. "Chen Duxiu and Leon Trotsky: New Light on their Relationship". China Quarterly 102 (czerwiec 1985): 253–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000029933.

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After the 1927/28 upheaval in the communist movement, a complex relationship evolved between Chen Duxiu (1879–1942) and Leon Trotsky (1879–1940). To date little has been written about this relationship in the west. The relationship between Chen and Trotsky, however, deserves treatment in its own right for various reasons. First, an elucidation of the contacts between them should close a significant gap in the respective biographies of the two Opposition leaders. The intention is not only to define Trotsky's role as seen from Chen's perspective, but also to emphasize the Far Eastern component hitherto underestimated in biographies of Trotsky. Secondly, the reconstruction of the relationship between Chen and Trotsky constitutes an important, correcting supplement to our knowledge of the developments ( = Wirkungsgeschichte) of “Trotskyism” in China, as it has been described as a concrete phenomenon as well as an ideological-political undercurrent. Thirdly, a study of the relationship between Chen and Trotsky should provide a better understanding of relations between the Communists of China and of the Soviet Union.

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Luparello, Velia, i Daniel Gaido. "The French Trotskyism and the debate on partisan resistance: 'Ohé Partisans!', a Trotskyist experience in the maquis (1943-1945)". Rubrica Contemporanea 9, nr 18 (24.12.2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/rubrica.202.

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Williams, Harry. "Trotskyism in China: Struggling towards the road of light". Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 30, nr 4 (grudzień 1998): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14672715.1998.10411063.

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Joseph T. Miller. "From Unity to Division: Chinese Trotskyism and World War II". MARXISM 21 13, nr 4 (listopad 2016): 181–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.26587/marx.13.4.201611.007.

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Sloin, Andrew. "The Politics of Crisis: Economy, Ethnicity, and Trotskyism in Belorussia". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 15, nr 1 (2014): 51–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2014.0010.

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Présumey, Vincent. "From Syndicalism to Trotskyism – Writings of Alfred and Marguerite Rosmer." Historical Materialism 14, nr 4 (2006): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920606778982617.

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Madapata, C. "Trotskyism in Revolutionary Movements: Sri Lanka in an Asian Context". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 7, nr 1 and 2 (1.09.1987): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07323867-7-1_and_2-23.

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Beilharz, Peter. "Trotskyism in Australia: Notes from a Talk with Ted Tripp (1976)". Labour History, nr 62 (1992): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27509111.

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Smith, Murray E. G. "Revisiting Trotsky: Reflections on the Stalinist Debacle and Trotskyism as Alternative". Rethinking Marxism 9, nr 3 (wrzesień 1996): 40–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08935699608685496.

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Brass, Tom. "Trotskyism, Hugo Blanco and the ideology of a Peruvian peasant movement". Journal of Peasant Studies 16, nr 2 (styczeń 1989): 173–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066158908438389.

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Denzin, Norman K., i A. Belden Fields. "Trotskyism and Maoism: Theory and Practice in France and the United States." Contemporary Sociology 20, nr 2 (marzec 1991): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2073024.

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Wald, Alan, i A. Belden Fields. "Trotskyism and Maoism: Theory and Practice in France and the United States." American Historical Review 96, nr 2 (kwiecień 1991): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163221.

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Newsinger, John. "The American connection: George Orwell, ‘literary Trotskyism’ and the New York intellectuals". Labour History Review 64, nr 1 (kwiecień 1999): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/lhr.64.1.23.

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Strand, David, i Gregor Benton. "China's Urban Revolutionaries: Explorations in the History of Chinese Trotskyism, 1921-1952." American Historical Review 102, nr 5 (grudzień 1997): 1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2171200.

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Dirlik, Arif, i Gregor Benton. "China's Urban Revolutionaries: Explorations in the History of Chinese Trotskyism, 1921-1952." Pacific Affairs 70, nr 2 (1997): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2760785.

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Swain, G. R. "Tito: The Formation of a Disloyal Bolshevik". International Review of Social History 34, nr 2 (sierpień 1989): 248–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000009251.

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SUMMARYTito rose to lead the Yugoslav Communist Party by stressing his loyalty to Lenin. As a “Left” critic of “Right Liquidationism” his views coincided with the Left turn in the Comintern which climaxed with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. During the “imperialist” war, Tito, like Lenin, wrote only of the armed uprising and the proletarian revolution; for him this began with the German invasion of April 1941. However, Tito's experiences in Moscow during the height of the purges enabled him to get the measure of Stalin. Twice he emerged unscathed from accusations of Trotskyism, and in his writings began to explore the differences between Leninism and Stalinism.

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Hindess, Barry. "Reviews : Peter Beilharz, Trotsky, Trotskyism and the Transition to Socialism (Croom Helm, 1987)". Thesis Eleven 20, nr 1 (luty 1988): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/072551368802000113.

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Rees, Tim. "Deviation and discipline: anti-Trotskyism, Bolshevization and the Spanish Communist party, 1924-34*". Historical Research 82, nr 215 (luty 2009): 131–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2281.2007.00439.x.

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Van Onzen, Fabian. "Book Review: Contemporary Trotskyism: Parties, Sects and Social Movements in Britain by John Kelly". Capital & Class 43, nr 2 (czerwiec 2019): 371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816819851036.

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Narramore, Terry. "China's Urban Revolutionaries: Explorations in the History of Chinese Trotskyism, 1921-1952.Gregor Benton". China Journal 37 (styczeń 1997): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2950267.

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Palmer, Bryan D. "The Personal, the Political, and Permanent Revolution: Ernest Mandel and the Conflicted Legacies of Trotskyism". International Review of Social History 55, nr 1 (kwiecień 2010): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859009990642.

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Denning, Margaret B. "China's Urban Revolutionaries: Explorations in the History of Chinese Trotskyism, 1921-1952 (review)". China Review International 4, nr 2 (1997): 345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.1997.0048.

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Hernan, Camarero. "The prolegomena of Trotskyism in Argentina: the emergence of left oppositionism with-in the communist camp". Latin-American Historical Almanac 29 (26.03.2021): 79–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2021-29-1-79-108.

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In Argentina, towards the end of the 1920s and in the first years of the following, outbreaks of a left oppositionism emerged in the communist camp, not only in the ranks of the "official" Communist Party, but also within its different dissent. These sectors, which identified with the International Left Opposition, led by the Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky, formed a particular stage of transition, before recognizing themselves in the assumed identity of Trotskyism, after 1933. What were the propaganda axes? of this Argentine oppositionism? What trajectories and profiles did your paintings express? How were the links with the outside and what comparison can be drawn with other countries? Why did fragmentation and the difficulty to consolidate itself as a movement continue after its precocious appearance and how did the characteristics of the communist camp affect itself? These and other questions are explored in this article

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Poy, Lucas, i Daniel Gaido. "A la conquista de la clase obrera: Los comunistas y el mundo del trabajo en la Argentina, 1920-1935 Historia del trotskismo en Argentina y América Latina Marx en la Argentina: Sus primeros lectores obreros, intelectuales y científicos". Historical Materialism 19, nr 1 (2011): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920611x564752.

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AbstractArgentine historiography in general, and the history of the Argentine Left in particular, does not receive the attention it deserves in the Anglo-Saxon academic world, due to linguistic and cultural barriers. In this article, we attempt to review for the English-reading public three recent contributions to the history of Marxism in Argentina (Horacio Tarcus’s Marx en la Argentina: Sus primeros lectores obreros, intelectuales y científicos, Hernán Camarero’s A la conquista de la clase obrera: Los comunistas y el mundo del trabajo en la Argentina, 1920-1935 and Osvaldo Coggiola’s Historia del trotskismo en Argentina y América Latina) covering the entire historical spectrum from the early history of Argentine socialism to the history of the PCA and, finally, to the history of local Trotskyism. We attempt to place these works in the context of Argentine historiography and of the political context in which those books were written.

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Rønning, Ole Martin. "The struggle against Trotskyism in Norway, 1935-1937: a meeting of Soviet and local political culture". Twentieth Century Communism 10, nr 10 (1.05.2016): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/175864316818855202.

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Gaido, Daniel, i Velia Luparello. "Strategy and Tactics in a Revolutionary Period: U. S. Trotskyism and the European Revolution, 1943–1946". Science & Society 78, nr 4 (październik 2014): 484–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/siso.2014.78.4.484.

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Devinatz, Victor G. "The First International, the US Left and British Trotskyism: Their Relevance to Trade Unions and Workers". American Communist History 19, nr 1-2 (23.01.2020): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14743892.2019.1708661.

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Considine, Mark. "Book Reviews : TROTSKY, TROTSKYISM AND THE TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM. Peter Beilharz. Croom Helm, London, 1987. 188pp. $82.95 (cloth)". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 24, nr 2 (sierpień 1988): 332–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/144078338802400222.

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Traverso, Enzo. "Daniel Bensaïd between Marx and Benjamin". Historical Materialism 24, nr 4 (2.12.2016): 170–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341499.

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Daniel Bensaïd (1946–2010) was a leading figure of May ’68, a Marxist thinker and an influential French public intellectual. His theoretical and political trajectory is divided into two distinct periods separated by the historical turn of 1989: the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the ussr. This also coincided with an existential turn due to his contracting aids, which brought him close to death. After this turn, he played the role of a ‘border-crosser’ between generations, intellectual currents and geopolitical areas within the radical left. In the 1990s, he began a critical rereading of Marx and tried to transcend Trotskyism, confronting its legacy with other currents of critical thought, notably the Frankfurt School. Since this pivotal moment, his writings reveal a permanent and intense dialogue with the work of Walter Benjamin, which he reinterpreted in a contemporary, political perspective, rethinking the political dilemmas of the twenty-first century through a Messianic vision of history. This article emphasises the affinities between two historical constellations – 1939 and 1989 – which, in spite of their obvious differences, were equally shaped by a feeling of defeat, and allowed a fruitful ‘encounter’ between French and German philosophers.

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Wilford, Hugh. "An Oasis: The New York Intellectuals in the Late 1940s". Journal of American Studies 28, nr 2 (sierpień 1994): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875800025469.

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The early political activities of the New York Intellectuals, during the 1930s and World War II, form part of the canon of twentieth century American intellectual history. Their involvement in the American Communist movement, their crucial decision to renounce Stalinism, their brief adherence to Trotskyism, and their eventual disillusionment with Communism, are all well documented. Similarly, a great deal is known about them in the 1950s, especially about the role they played in the “Cultural Cold War” as America's leading anti-Communist intellectuals, helping to launch and run such organizations as the CIA-backed Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), and CCF's American affiliate, the American Committee for Cultural Freedom (ACCF). Comparatively little, however, has been written about them in the period immediately after World War II, the second half of the 1940s. Accounts of their political evolution usually break off some time about 1945 and resume in 1949, only months before the founding of the CCF. The aim of the present study is to fill this gap in our knowledge, first by examining in some detail the history of Europe-America Groups (EAG), a political organization created by a group of New York Intellectuals during the late 1940s, second by analyzing Mary McCarthy's 1949 novel The Oasis, which contains a fictional portrayal of EAG and constitutes a revealing fictional record of the Intellectuals’ political position at this date, and third by tracing the organizational origins of the ACCF and CCF.

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Bryvko, Mykola. "Political Persecution and Repression of Teachers of the Ukrainian SSR in the 1920 – 1930s". Education and Pedagogical Sciences, nr 2 (177) (2021): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2747-2021-2(177)-56-74.

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The research exposes the essence of political repressions of teachers as an important socio-professional group of society. It is based on the study of archival and criminal cases and other documentary sources of the Soviet totalitarian regime of the 1920 – 1930s. The analysed sources allowed proving the absurdity and criminality of the Soviet government in relation to the repressed educators, and they also helped to reveal the substantive features of the accusations, which varied at different times. In the 1920s, it was mainly connected with military service and the so-called «tsarist» or «bourgeois» education. Over time, the emphasis was shifted to non-proletarian social origins or nationalism. However, in the 1930s there was an expansion of accusations, in particular of Trotskyism, which from the mid-1930s was sometimes fused with Ukrainian or Polish nationalism. The article describes the main methods of political repressions. In particular, it is a method of creating non-existent «counter-revolutionary organizations» and a method of demonstrative trials, which were clearly displaying to society the «inevitability» of the struggle against «enemies of the people». In addition, more lenient methods of repression, such as the method of «cleansing» depending on social origin, political persecution and pressure through the media, and pedagogical certification of teachers, have been identified. The consequences of political repression of educators for Ukrainian education during the formation of the Soviet totalitarian regime in the 1920s and 1930s, and the prospects for further research have been outlined in the study.

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Shabalin, Vladislav Valer'evich. "Professional activity of former members of the united opposition in the 1930s (on the example of biographies of the Bolsheviks who signed the “Declaration of 83”". Genesis: исторические исследования, nr 1 (styczeń 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.1.34797.

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The object of this research is the collective fate of former members of the united opposition (Bolshevik-Leninist faction) in the 1930s. This topic is rarely covered by the researchers and remains poorly studied. The subject of this article is the peculiarities of professional career of the oppositionists reestablished in the ranks of the Communist Party. The group under review is the members of the All Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), who in May 1927 signed the “Declaration of 83”. Comparative analysis of the available biographical records on the signers of the “Declaration of 83” allow determining the spheres of professional activity of the former Bolshevik-Leninists. The author enlists the spheres of their activity, indicating the number of employed capitulated factionists therein, as well as positions held by them, enterprises and institutions they worked at during this period. The conducted research demonstrates that the highest concentration of capitulated oppositionists was in the industrial sector, while professional spheres, such as science, trade, etc., are noticeably behind. At the same time, former Bolshevik-Leninists often mastered new types of activities. Most of them were appointed as chief executives, which the author explains with shortage of personnel committed to the Communist ideas who possessed organizational experience. The novelty of this research consists in the statement that the returned to the All Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) supporters of Trotskyism and Zinovievism), despite their demotion, were actively engaged in Stalin's modernization. They were appointed with executive positions and included into the ruling elite (although holding a special “niche” therein).

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Glaberman, Martin. "Book Review: Trotskyism in the United States: Historical Essays and Reconsiderations, by George Breitman, Paul Le Blanc, and Alan Wald. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1996". Critical Sociology 23, nr 2 (lipiec 1997): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089692059702300207.

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van de Ven, Hans. "China's Urban Revolutionaries: Explorations in the History of Chinese Trotskyism, 1921–1952. By Gregor Benton [New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1996. 269 pp. ISBN 0-391-03947-4.]". China Quarterly 160 (grudzień 1999): 1084–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000001612.

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Post, Charles. "The Formative Period of American Capitalism: A Materialist Interpretation, Daniel Gaido, London: Routledge, 2006". Historical Materialism 21, nr 2 (2013): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341292.

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Abstract Daniel Gaido’s The Formative Period of American Capitalism provides a thorough accounting of classical Marxist writing on the history of US capitalism. He combines insights from the classical Marxist and US Trotskyist traditions with an engagement with a selection of recent historical research to produce a provocative interpretation of the origins and rise of capitalism in the US. However, his failure to critically interrogate the classical Marxist and US Trotskyist traditions on the US or engage with the growing historical research on the origins and trajectory of US capitalism weakens his contribution.

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Guseinov, Abdusalam A. "Trotsky's Ethics". Russian Studies in Philosophy 52, nr 3 (styczeń 2014): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rsp1061-1967520305.

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