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Fan, Yu, Xinxin Wang, Renqiang Chen, Hongkai Dang i Hongquan Liu. "Differences in Water Consumption and Yield Characteristics among Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties under Different Irrigation Systems". Applied Sciences 13, nr 7 (30.03.2023): 4396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074396.
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To discuss the water consumption patterns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the difference in yield traits among varieties under different irrigation systems, three field water treatments were established (jointing water, W1, CK; jointing water + flowering water, W2; and rising water + booting water + filling water, W3). Two winter wheat varieties (Hengmai4399 and Hengguan35) were selected in 2020–2021, and three (Hengmai4399, Hengguan35, and Hengmai28) were selected in 2021–2022 to investigate the impact of the irrigation amount on water consumption and its interaction with the varieties on yield traits of winter wheat. The results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between soil water consumption and soil moisture reserve presowing; the correlation was the strongest in the 150–200 cm layer. The response of the yield of the three varieties to irrigation was Hengmai4399 > Hengmai28 > Hengguan35, and the drought resistance was Hengguan35 > Hengmai28 > Hengmai4399. When the soil water storage presowing was insufficient, Hengmai4399 combined with the W3 treatment achieved the highest yield and water use efficiency; when the soil water storage presowing was sufficient, Hengmai28 combined with the W2 treatment achieved a high-level yield and the highest WUE.
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Li, Chunxia, Guoyin Yuan, Lin Qi, Youjun Li, Sifan Cheng, Guanzheng Shang, Taiji Kou i Yuyi Li. "Mung Bean Is Better Than Soybean in the Legume–Wheat Rotation System for Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Sequestration in Calcareous Soils of a Semiarid Region". Agronomy 13, nr 9 (27.08.2023): 2254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092254.
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Small changes in soil aggregates-associated organic carbon and soil nitrogen (N) can induce huge fluctuations in greenhouse gas emissions and soil fertility. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the responses to long-term continuous rotation systems, especially in N-fixing and non-N-fixing crop wheat in terms of the distribution of soil aggregates and the storage of soil carbon (C) and N in aggregates in the semiarid calcareous soil of Central China. This information is critical for advancing knowledge on C and N sequestration of soil aggregates in rainfed crop rotation systems. Our aim was to determine which legume (soybean (Glycine max)– or mung bean (Vigna radiata)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) rotation practice is more conducive to the formation of good soil structure and C and N fixation. A 10-year field experiment, including a soybean (Glycine max)–winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) rotation (SWR) with yield increments of 2020 compared to 2010 achieving 18.28% (soybean) and 26.73% (wheat), respectively, and a mung bean (Vigna radiata)–winter wheat rotation (MWR) achieving 32.66% (mung bean) and 27.38% (wheat), as well as farmland fallow, was conducted in Henan Province, China. The soil organic carbon (SOC), N content in the soil, and the soil aggregates were investigated. Legume–wheat rotation cropping enhanced the proportion of the >2 mm soil fractions and reduced the <0.053 mm silt + clay in the 0–40 cm soil profile. In the 0–30 cm soil layer, the SWR had a greater increment of the >2 mm aggregate fractions than the MWR. Two legume–winter wheat rotations enhanced the C and N sequestration that varied with soil depths and size fractions of the aggregate. In contrast, the MWR had greater SOC stocks in all fractions of all sizes in the 0–40 cm soil layers. In addition, the greater storage of N in the macro-, micro-, and silt + clay fractions was observed in the 0–30 cm layers; the MWR enhanced the C/N ratios in most of the size aggregates compared with the SWR. The MWR cropping system is more beneficial to the formation of good soil structure and the increasement of C and N reserves in soil. Thus, these findings show that mung bean, in contrast with soybean in the legume–wheat rotation system of a semiarid temperate zone, may offer soil quality improvement.
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PALA, M., H. C. HARRIS, J. RYAN, R. MAKBOUL i S. DOZOM. "TILLAGE SYSTEMS AND STUBBLE MANAGEMENT IN A MEDITERRANEAN-TYPE ENVIRONMENT IN RELATION TO CROP YIELD AND SOIL MOISTURE". Experimental Agriculture 36, nr 2 (kwiecień 2000): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700002052.
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The effect of tillage and crop rotations can only be seen over many crop years. Crop yield and soil results are evaluated from two long-term trials, established in 1978–79 and 1985–86 to investigate various forms of tillage and the timing of such operations in various wheat (Triticum aestivum)-based rotations on a Calcixerollic Xerochrept in northern Syria. In a tillage systems trial involving two wheat–legume–watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rotations, deep tillage showed no advantage over a shallow sweep-tillage system, either for soil moisture storage or yield increase of any crop. The zero-till system suited legume crops but gave lower productivity in wheat due to a build up of grassy weeds, and was not suitable for watermelon. Minimum tillage, with its higher energy-use efficiency and yield levels equal to or even slightly above those of deep-tillage systems, appears promising for the lowland areas of West Asia and North Africa. In a tillage timing trial, wheat in a wheat–lentil (Lens culinaris) rotation yielded best after conventional deep disc-plough tillage, but lentil yields were higher in a zero-till system.
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Eash, Lisa, Abdel F. Berrada, Kathleen Russell i Steven J. Fonte. "Cover Crop Impacts on Water Dynamics and Yields in Dryland Wheat Systems on the Colorado Plateau". Agronomy 11, nr 6 (28.05.2021): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061102.
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On the semiarid Colorado Plateau, dryland farmers are challenged by degraded soils and unreliable precipitation. While cover crops have been shown to support soil fertility, control erosion, and enhance in soil water capture, they also use limited soil water and, thus, may impact cash crop productivity in dryland systems. Most literature on cover crops comes from relatively humid climates, where yield penalties due to cover crops may be less pronounced. Two field trials were conducted in Southwestern Colorado to assess the short-term viability of cover crops in dryland systems in this region. The effect of cover crops on subsequent winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield ranged from a decrease of 78% to an increase of 13%, depending on the amount of cover crop biomass produced in the previous year. Cover crop biomass was inversely correlated with soil nitrate levels and soil water storage at wheat planting, which decreased by 0.39 mg kg−1 and 10 mm, respectively, per 1000 kg ha−1 of cover crop biomass produced. Less available soil water and immobilized N therefore appeared to contribute to wheat yield reductions. These impacts are particularly important for semiarid environments, where decomposition of residue is water-limited and soil water recharge depends on unpredictable precipitation patterns.
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Wang, Lifang, Shijie Liu, Geng Ma, Chenyang Wang i Jutao Sun. "Soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage under a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)—maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system in northern China was modified by nitrogen application rates". PeerJ 10 (30.06.2022): e13568. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13568.
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Field cultivation practices have changing the carbon and nitrogen cycles in farmland ecosystem, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were the important parameters in maintaining soil quality and increasing agricultural productivity, however, N application’s effects on the SOC and TN storage capacity under intensive wheat-maize cropping system remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics and relationships of SOC and TN for wheat-maize cropping system under nitrogen treatments. In doing so, continuous applications of four nitrogen application rates were examined: 0, 180, 240 and 300 kg ha−1 (N0, N180, N240 and N300, respectively). Wheat yields under N180 and N240 were significantly higher than that under N300, while the maize yields under N180, N240 and N300 were significantly higher than that under N0 by 79.79, 85.23 and 86.85%, respectively; the TN content and storage were significantly higher under N240 than that under other N levels in 40–60 cm soil layer after wheat growing season; the SOC content and storage under N180 and N240 were significant higher than that under N300 in 20–40 cm after maize growing season. The correlations between SOC and TN contents (or storage) were stronger after wheat planting than maize planting. These findings provide a basis for further studies on the effect of long-term N application on SOC and TN storage, crop quality and nitrogen use efficiency under wheat-maize cropping systems.
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Wang, Bo, Guibin Wang, Sai Tay Zar Myo, Yong Li, Cheng Xu, Zeyang Lin, Zhuangzhuang Qian i Luozhong Tang. "Deforestation for Agriculture Temporarily Improved Soil Quality and Soil Organic Carbon Stocks". Forests 13, nr 2 (2.02.2022): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020228.
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Deforestation for agricultural development or extension is a common land-use problem that may cause a series of changes in the ecological environment and soil carbon stock in planting systems. However, the response of soil physical, chemical properties and carbon stocks in agricultural systems in the initial period after deforestation have not been thoroughly examined, especially in the subsoil. We investigated the variations in the soil physicochemical properties and organic carbon stocks to a depth of 100 cm in a poplar (Populus deltoides cv. 35) plantation, a summer maize (Zea mays L.) followed by winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field after 1 year of deforestation of a poplar plantation, and a wheat–maize rotation field used for decades. The soil bulk density and pH decreased, and the soil total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus, and total potassium contents increased considerably. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content and stocks (to 100 cm) increased by 32.8% and 20.1%, respectively. The soil TN content was significantly (p < 0.001) positively correlated with the SOC content, and the C:N ratio increased for the field following deforestation. Furthermore, the nitrogen in the poplar plantation and the field following deforestation was limited. We recommend increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer following deforestation to improve fertility and this will be beneficial to SOC storage.
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Hulugalle, N. R., T. B. Weaver i L. A. Finlay. "Soil water storage, drainage, and leaching in four irrigated cotton-based cropping systems sown in a Vertosol with subsoil sodicity". Soil Research 50, nr 8 (2012): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12199.
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Comparative studies of drainage and leaching in irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) based cropping systems in Australian Vertosols are sparse. Our objective was to quantify soil water storage, drainage, and leaching in four cotton-based cropping systems sown on permanent beds in an irrigated Vertosol with subsoil sodicity. Drainage was inferred using the chloride mass-balance method, and soil water storage and leaching were measured with a neutron moisture meter and ceramic-cup water samplers, respectively, from September 2005 to May 2011 in an ongoing experiment. The experimental treatments were: CC, cotton monoculture, summer cotton with winter fallow; CV, cotton–vetch (Vicia benghalensis L.) rotation with vetch stubble retained as in-situ mulch; CW, cotton–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), with wheat stubble incorporated and a summer–winter fallow; and CWV, cotton–wheat–vetch, with wheat and vetch stubbles retained as in-situ mulch and summer and spring fallows. Soil water storage was generally highest under CW and CWV and least under CV. An untilled short fallow (~3 months) when combined with retention of crop residues as surface mulch, as in CWV, was as effective in harvesting rainfall as a tilled long fallow (~11 months) with stubble incorporation, as in CW. Drainage under cotton was generally in the order CW ≥ CWV > CC = CV, all of which were considerably greater than drainage during fallows. Except for very wet and dry winters, drainage under wheat rotation crops was greater than that under vetch. During wet winters, saturated soil in the 0–0.6 m depth of treatments under fallow resulted in more drainage than in the drier, cropped plots. No definitive conclusions could be made with respect to the effects of cropping systems on salt and nutrient leaching. Leachate contained less nitrate-nitrogen, magnesium, and potassium, but leachate electrical conductivity was ~6 times higher than infiltrated water. The greater salinity of the leachate may pose a risk to groundwater resources.
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Hulugalle, N. R., T. B. Weaver, L. A. Finlay i V. Heimoana. "Soil organic carbon concentrations and storage in irrigated cotton cropping systems sown on permanent beds in a Vertosol with restricted subsoil drainage". Crop and Pasture Science 64, nr 8 (2013): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12374.
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Long-term studies of soil organic carbon dynamics in two- and three-crop rotations in irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) based cropping systems under varying stubble management practices in Australian Vertosols are relatively few. Our objective was to quantify soil organic carbon dynamics during a 9-year period in four irrigated, cotton-based cropping systems sown on permanent beds in a Vertosol with restricted subsoil drainage near Narrabri in north-western New South Wales, Australia. The experimental treatments were: cotton–cotton (CC); cotton–vetch (Vicia villosa Roth. in 2002–06, Vicia benghalensis L. in 2007–11) (CV); cotton–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), where wheat stubble was incorporated (CW); and cotton–wheat–vetch, where wheat stubble was retained as in-situ mulch (CWV). Vetch was terminated during or just before flowering by a combination of mowing and contact herbicides, and the residues were retained as in situ mulch. Estimates of carbon sequestered by above- and below-ground biomass inputs were in the order CWV >> CW = CV > CC. Carbon concentrations in the 0–1.2 m depth and carbon storage in the 0–0.3 and 0–1.2 m depths were similar among all cropping systems. Net carbon sequestration rates did not differ among cropping systems and did not change significantly with time in the 0–0.3 m depth, but net losses occurred in the 0–1.2 m depth. The discrepancy between measured and estimated values of sequestered carbon suggests that either the value of 5% used to estimate carbon sequestration from biomass inputs was an overestimate for this site, or post-sequestration losses may have been high. The latter has not been investigated in Australian Vertosols. Future research efforts should identify the cause and quantify the magnitude of these losses of organic carbon from soil.
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Zhang, Jingjing, Junyi Mu, Yanan Hu, Aixia Ren, Bin Lei, Pengcheng Ding, Linghong Li, Min Sun i Zhiqiang Gao. "Effect of Planting Patterns and Seeding Rate on Dryland Wheat Yield Formation and Water Use Efficiency on the Loess Plateau, China". Agronomy 13, nr 3 (14.03.2023): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030851.
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Dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production plays an extremely important role in the southeast of the Loess Plateau. Planting patterns have great influence on improving soil water storage and yield, and should be matched with different seeding rates. In order to assess the effect of different sowing methods on the drought resistance and stable yield of dryland wheat, a field experiment was conducted in Wenxi County Dryland Wheat Experimental Base in Shanxi Province, China. In the current study, the effects of three planting techniques (drilling sowing, furrow sowing, and film-mulched sowing) and four seeding rates (150, 225, 300, and 375 kg ha−1) were examined on water storage, dry matter formation, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE). The results showed that furrow sowing (FS) and film-mulched sowing (FM) treatments increased soil water storage in the 0–300 cm soil layer at overwintering and jointing stages. In addition, FS and FM increased soil water consumption in the 0–300 cm soil layer from overwintering to maturity of wheat. Furthermore, FS and FM significantly increased the dry matter accumulation from the overwintering to the mature stage, promoted its accumulation in vegetative organs and translocation to grains after anthesis, viz., increased yield by 6.2% and 7.9%, and WUE by 4.6% and 5.3%, respectively, as compared with those of the drilling sowing (DS) treatments. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that grain yield had a significantly positive correlation with soil water storage at overwintering and jointing. Moreover, grain yield was significantly positively correlated with soil water consumption in the 0–300 cm soil layer from jointing to maturity. Additionally, the seeding rate of 150 kg ha−1 with FS could obtain higher WUE and grain yield. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the seeding rate of 150 kg ha−1 is used with FS to improve the grain yield and WUE of dryland agricultural systems in China.
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Bai, Fangfang, Xuebin Qi, Ping Li, Zhenjie Du i Wei Guo. "Groundwater Depth and Nitrogen Application Amount Jointly Regulate the Water and Residual Soil Nitrate Accumulation in Agricultural Soil Profile". Agronomy 13, nr 4 (19.04.2023): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13041163.
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Despite the known influence of groundwater conditions and nitrogen application on crop growth and the soil microenvironment, less information is available on the influence of groundwater depth and nitrogen application amount on the movement and accumulation of soil water and residual nitrate in deep soil in summer maize–winter wheat rotation systems. Therefore, a large lysimeter experiment was conducted to examine how groundwater depth and nitrogen application amount influence the transport and accumulation of soil water and nitrate in the summer maize (Zea mays L.)–winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation system. The results showed that nitrogen reduction increased soil water storage both in the summer maize and winter wheat fields. The residual soil nitrate accumulation in the entire soil profile of summer maize and winter wheat under deeper groundwater depth treatment was higher than that of shallow groundwater depth treatment. Hence, the deeper the groundwater depth, the longer the nitrate transport path, and the nitrate that would have entered the groundwater accumulates in deep soil. The residual soil nitrate accumulation in the whole soil profile of winter wheat was 76.05–130.11 kg ha−1 higher than that of summer maize. Structural equation models (SEMs) showed that the nitrogen application amount not only exhibited a directly positive effect on the residual soil nitrate accumulation but also indirectly influenced it by regulating total soil nitrogen; groundwater depth only exhibited a directly negative effect on residual soil nitrate accumulation; and soil depth had an indirect positive effect on residual soil nitrate accumulation through the regulation of soil water storage. Together, our findings prove that groundwater depth and nitrogen application amount jointly regulate the residual soil nitrate accumulation in agricultural soil rotated with winter wheat and summer maize. Therefore, in formulating a fertilization strategy for regional agricultural green development, it is necessary to consider the fertilizer application amount rate and the groundwater depth.
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Shock, Clinton C., Erik B. G. Feibert, Alicia Riveira i Lamont D. Saunders. "Response of Onion Yield, Grade, and Financial Return to Plant Population and Irrigation System". HortScience 50, nr 9 (wrzesień 2015): 1312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.9.1312.
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Onion (Allium cepa) plant population is an important factor in total yield and bulb size, both of which can influence economic return to growers. Different onion bulb marketing opportunities influence the plant populations that growers should target. With the transition from furrow irrigation to a drip irrigation system, growers have doubts as to the onion population that should be planted to assure favorable economic outcomes. Onions were grown on silt loam at the Oregon State University Malheur Experiment Station, Ontario, OR in 2011 and 2012 following bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) each year. Long-day onion cultivars Vaquero, Esteem, Barbaro, and Sedona were planted heavily and thinned to nominal plant populations between 222,000 and 593,000 plants/ha under furrow irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation, and “intense bed” subsurface drip irrigation. The intense bed configuration had 50% more rows of onions with three drip tapes per 1.94-m bed instead of two tapes. The experiment had a randomized complete block split-split-plot design with six replicates. Irrigation systems were the main plots, cultivars the split plots, and plant populations the split-split plots. Onion yield and grade responses to plant population for each cultivar and each planting system were determined by regression of yield and grade on the actual onion plant stands. In general, there were few differences among irrigation systems or interactions among irrigations systems, cultivars, and plant populations. Averaging over cultivars, total and marketable bulb yield out of storage increased with plant population, whereas the bulb diameters decreased with plant population. Average marketable yield was 119 Mg⋅ha−1 over the 2 years. Average yield of colossal bulbs >102 mm in diameter decreased with increasing plant population. In 2011, estimated gross economic return increased linearly with plant population, offset in part by increasing seed cost. In 2012, estimated economic return responded quadratically to plant population with maximum return of $45,357/ha at 419,000 plants/ha.
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Hulugalle, N. R., G. Nachimuthu, K. Kirkby, P. Lonergan, V. Heimoana, M. D. Watkins i L. A. Finlay. "Sowing maize as a rotation crop in irrigated cotton cropping systems in a Vertosol: effects on soil properties, greenhouse gas emissions, black root rot incidence, cotton lint yield and fibre quality". Soil Research 58, nr 2 (2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr19242.
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Although sowing winter cereal crops in rotation with irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is practised by many Australian cotton growers, summer cereals such as maize (Zea mays L.) are sown more frequently than previously. Our objective was to quantify the impact of sowing maize rotation crops on soil properties, greenhouse gas emissions, incidence of black root rot (BRR) disease and crop yields in an ongoing long-term experiment located in a Vertosol in north-western New South Wales. The historical treatments were cotton monoculture (sown after either conventional or minimum tillage) and a minimum-tilled cotton–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation. The experiment was redesigned in 2011 by splitting all plots and sowing either maize during summer following the previous year’s cotton or retaining the historical cropping system as a control. pH and exchangeable cation concentrations were highest, and electrical conductivity (EC1:5) lowest during 2012, the season following a flood event, but were unaffected by sowing maize. In subsequent seasons, with the onset of dry conditions, pH and cation concentrations decreased, and EC1:5 increased. The upper horizons (0–0.3 m) of plots where maize was sown had higher concentrations of exchangeable Ca and Mg during 2012, and 0.45–1.20 m had higher concentrations of exchangeable Na and exchangeable sodium percentage, but these differences disappeared in subsequent years. Soil organic carbon (SOC) in the surface 0.15 m was higher with maize, with differences becoming evident three years after maize was first sown but without any increases in SOC storage. Soil under maize was less resilient to structural degradation. BRR incidence was lower in maize-sown plots only during 2012. Stepwise linear regression suggested that high concentrations of exchangeable Ca and Mg in the surface 0.15 m played a role in reducing BRR incidence during 2012. Maize rotation introduced into cotton monocultures improved lint yields and reduced greenhouse gas emissions but had little impact in a minimum-tilled cotton–wheat rotation. Maize is a suitable rotation crop for irrigated cotton in a two-crop sequence but is of little advantage in a cotton–wheat–maize sequence.
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Campbell, C. A., R. P. Zentner, F. Selles i O. O. Akinremi. "Nitrate leaching as influenced by fertilization in the Brown soil zone". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 73, nr 4 (1.11.1993): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss93-041.
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The possibility of nitrates being leached into groundwater supplies from improper use of fertilizers is a concern to society. Two experiments were conducted on a loam soil in the Brown soil zone at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. In the first experiment, continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), grown under various fertilizer-N management systems and with and without cereal trap strips (tall stubble, 0.4–0.6 m) to capture snow and enhance soil-moisture storage, was compared with short stubble cut at the standard height (0.15–0.2 m). Prior to seeding in spring 1991, tall stubble had stored 14.7 ha-cm of soil moisture at 0–1.2-m depth compared with 10.9 ha-cm under short-stubble treatment. Because growing-season precipitation in 1991 was much higher than normal (302 mm from 1 May to 31 My), considerable NO3-N was leached below the rooting zone of wheat (1.2 m), particularly in the tall-stubble treatment. Leaching patterns were as expected in short stubble, with major leaching occurring only at the highest N rate (125 kg ha−1), where yield and N-uptake response had levelled off. However, in tall stubble, the amount of NO3-N leached beyond the root zone under the 0 and 25 kg N ha−1 rates was similar to that under the 125 kg N ha−1 rate. This result was attributed to poor tillering obtained at low N rates, which contributed to lower evapotranspiration, thereby permitting more moisture to be leached and enhancing N mineralization. When we used a leaching model (NLEAP) to simulate our results, it gave lower estimates of NO3 leached and did not reveal the interaction of NO3-N leaching with N rates that was observed under tall stubble. The second experiment measured soil NO3-N distribution to 2.4 m under two fallow–wheat–wheat systems after a 24-yr period. One system received only N, the other, N + P fertilizer. The results corroborated those obtained under tall stubble in the first experiment: the poorly fertilized system had the most NO3-N below the root zone. The results of this study suggest that the key to reducing nitrate leaching is the adoption of proper fertilization practices, since too little fertilization may potentially be as detrimental to groundwater pollution as too much. Key words: Fertilizer N, N uptake, snow management, crop rotations, NO3 leaching
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Armstrong, R. D., R. Perris, M. Munn, K. Dunsford, F. Robertson, G. J. Hollaway i G. J. O. Leary. "Effects of long-term rotation and tillage practice on grain yield and protein of wheat and soil fertility on a Vertosol in a medium-rainfall temperate environment". Crop and Pasture Science 70, nr 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17437.
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Fundamental changes in farming systems occurred throughout the medium-rainfall zone of southern Australia during the late 1990s. Pulse and canola crops replaced pastures and long-fallowing, and minimal-tillage practices were increasingly adopted. An experiment was established in 1998 to examine long-term effects of these changes on crop productivity and soil fertility. Nine rotation–tillage treatments based on 3- and 6-year cycles were compared by using wheat (Triticum aestivum) as a bioassay crop over 2001–17. Seasonal conditions during the study ranged from the Millennium Drought to the top rainfall decile. Averaged across the 17 seasons, wheat yields were significantly lower in rotations based on continuous wheat (1.73t/ha) or 3 years of perennial lucerne (Medicago sativa) (1.93t/ha) and highest after traditional long-fallow (2.92t/ha) or vetch (Vicia sativa) green manure (2.57t/ha). Wheat yields following a pulse (2.23t/ha) or canola (Brassica napus) (2.21t/ha) were intermediate. Whereas rotation effects varied with seasonal rainfall, there was a long-term trend for relative yields in continuous wheat rotations to decline and those following a green manure or fallow to differ increasingly from other treatments. Compared across the same rotation (canola–wheat–pulse), average wheat yields under no-tillage (2.09t/ha) were significant lower (P<0.05) than under reduced (2.22t/ha) and conventional (2.29t/ha) tillage. By contrast, grain protein concentration increased with increasing proportion and type of legumes (green manure and pasture>pulse) in the rotation via their effect on soil mineral nitrogen (N). Lowest protein was recorded in continuous wheat and highest where at least one-third of the rotation contained a non-pulse legume, i.e. vetch green manure, lucerne or annual medic (Medicago truncatula). Soil-borne cereal fungal pathogens and nematodes generally had little effect on grain yields. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N stocks declined in all treatments over time, except in the lucerne and green manure treatments, where total N was maintained. Greatest declines in SOC and total N occurred in the fallow treatment. Results from the first 20 years of experimentation suggest that differences in grain yield (and protein) of wheat were most likely the result of treatment (rotation and tillage practice) effects on soil nitrate and water (growing-season rainfall and fallow storage) rather than disease. We found no evidence that current farming systems based on use of pulses, canola and reduced tillage are less able to maintain intervening cereal yields than traditional systems. On the contrary, practices such as long-fallowing are expected to have increasing negative influence on productivity in the longer term via decreased soil C and N fertility.
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Curtin, D., H. Wang, F. Selles, C. A. Campbell i R. P. Zentner. "Soil fertility effects on carbon fluxes under two spring wheat rotations in a semiarid agroecosystem". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 82, nr 2 (1.05.2002): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-038.
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Changes in soil C storage due to management practices are important in relation to soil quality and to the broader issue of atmospheric C sequestration. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of soil fertility management on C fluxes under two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotations in semiarid southwestern Saskatchewan, i.e., continuous wheat (Cont W) and a rotation that included summerfallow every third year (F-W-W). Continuous wheat was grown under two fertility regimes since initiation of the experiment in 1967, i.e., fertilization with N+P (no nutrient limitation) or with P only. In F-W-W there were three fertility treatments: N+ P, N only, and P only. We measured soil CO2 emissions under all fertility treatments and rotation phases during the 1995 and 1996 cropping seasons (emissions were measured at about weekly intervals between spring and freeze-up in autumn). Inputs of C in straw were measured and a root:straw ratio of 0.59 was used to estimate root C inputs. Alleviation of nutrient limitations generally had a positive effect on wheat growth (and thus on C inputs), particularly in 1995, the wetter of the 2 yr (precipitation 14% greater than average). For example, C inputs in 1995 under Cont W were estimated at 2700 kg ha-1 in the N+P treatment compared with 1500 kg ha-1 in the P only treatment. Fertility treatments had little effect on CO2 emissions; e.g., for Cont W the mean flux for the 1995 monitoring period was 2.7 mmol CO2 m-2s-1 where N + P was applied and 2.6 mmol CO2 m-2s-1 where P only was applied. Greater C inputs, but similar outputs of CO2-C for the N + P treatment vs. the systems receiving N or P only, suggest that proper fertilization resulted in a gain in soil C. However, quantifying the fertility-induced C gain is problematic because of uncertainty regarding effects of fertility on several components of the C budget, particularly root-C inputs and the contribution of rhizosphere respiration to the measured CO2 flux. Key words: Carbon sequestration, N and P fertilization, CO2 emissions, C inputs in crop residues, spring wheat, summerfallow
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Pikul, Joseph L., Thomas E. Schumacher i Merle Vigil. "Nitrogen Use and Carbon Sequestered by Corn Rotations in the Northern Corn Belt, U.S." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.90.
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Diversified crop rotation may improve production efficiency, reduce fertilizer nitrogen (N) requirements for corn (Zea mays L.), and increase soil carbon (C) storage. Objectives were to determine effect of rotation and fertilizer N on soil C sequestration and N use. An experiment was started in 1990 on a Barnes clay loam (U.S. soil taxonomy: fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Hapludoll) near Brookings, SD. Tillage systems for corn–soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) rotations were conventional tillage (CS) and ridge tillage (CSr). Rotations under conventional tillage were continuous corn (CC), and a 4-year rotation of corn–soybean–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) companion-seeded with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)–alfalfa hay (CSWA). Additional treatments included plots of perennial warm season, cool season, and mixtures of warm and cool season grasses. N treatments for corn were corn fertilized for a grain yield of 8.5 Mg ha–1(highN), of 5.3 Mg ha–1(midN), and with no N fertilizer (noN). Total (1990–2000) corn grain yield was not different among rotations at 80.8 Mg ha–1under highN. Corn yield differences among rotations increased with decreased fertilizer N. Total (1990–2000) corn yields with noN fertilizer were 69 Mg ha–1under CSWA, 53 Mg ha–1under CS, and 35 Mg ha–1under CC. Total N attributed to rotations (noN treatments) was 0.68 Mg ha–1under CSWA, 0.61 Mg ha–1under CS, and 0.28 Mg ha–1under CC. Plant carbon return depended on rotation and N. In the past 10 years, total C returned from above- ground biomass was 29.8 Mg ha–1under CC with highN, and 12.8 Mg ha–1under CSWA with noN. Soil C in the top 15 cm significantly increased (0.7 g kg–1) with perennial grass cover, remained unchanged under CSr, and decreased (1.7 g kg–1) under CC, CS, and CSWA. C to N ratio significantly narrowed (–0.75) with CSWA and widened (0.72) under grass. Diversified rotations have potential to increase N use efficiency and reduce fertilizer N input for corn. However, within a corn production system using conventional tillage and producing (averaged across rotation and N treatment) about 6.2-Mg ha–1corn grain per year, we found no gain in soil C after 10 years regardless of rotation.
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Metakovsky, E. V., i Z. A. Iakobashvili. "Homology of chromosomes of Triticum macha Dek. et Men. and Triticum aestivum L. as shown with the help of genetic markers". Genome 33, nr 5 (1.10.1990): 755–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g90-114.
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Inheritance of the storage protein (gliadin and glutenin) genes of Triticum macha Dek. et Men. and their allelism to Triticum aestivum L. genes have been studied. A close homology of at least chromosomes 1A and 1B of the two species has been found. Results confirm a very close relationship between T. macha and T. aestivum.Key words: seed storage proteins, genetic analysis, chromosome homology, relationship of Triticum macha Dek. et Men. and Triticum aestivum L.
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Brandolini, Andrea, Alyssa Hidalgo i Luca Plizzari. "Storage-induced changes in einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) and breadwheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum) flours". Journal of Cereal Science 51, nr 2 (marzec 2010): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2009.11.013.
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Campbell, C. A., F. Selles, G. P. Lafond, V. O. Biederbeck i R. P. Zentner. "Tillage - fertilizer changes: Effect on some soil quality attributes under long-term crop rotations in a thin Black Chernozem". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 81, nr 2 (1.05.2001): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s00-085.
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A crop rotation experiment initiated in 1958 on a thin Black Chernozemic clay at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, was managed using conventional tillage until 1989 and changed to zero-tillage in 1990. We soil sampled in 1987 and 1997 to determine management effects on selected soil biochemical characteristics, and the change in some of the more labile soil quality attributes relative to the change in soil organic C and total N. Rotations examined were: fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (F-W), fallow-wheat-wheat (F-W-W), continuous wheat (Cont W), legume green manure (GM)-W-W, and F-W-W-hay (legume-grass)-hay-hay (F-W-W-H-H-H). The monoculture cereal rotations were either fertilized with N and P based on soil tests or unfertilized, while the legume-containing systems were unfertilized. There was also a F-W-W (N + P) treatment, in which about 20% of the straw was harvested each crop year. With the change to zero-tillage management in 1990 and in anticipation of greater soil water storage, higher rates of N were added thereafter. This resulted in an upward trend in stubble-crop yields and a positive yield response of wheat grown on fallow, where before the change wheat grown on fallow did not respond to fertilizer. The corresponding increase in crop residue production and residue C inputs resulted in all fertilized systems gaining organic C and total N in the 0- to 15-cm depth between 1987 and 1997, while the unfertilized systems remained unchanged. Soil organic C and total N, microbial biomass C (MBC), light fraction organic C and N (LFC and LFN), mineralizable N (Nmin) and wet aggregate stability (WAS), generally had positive responses to fertilization, to increased cropping frequency, and to the inclusion of legume green manure or legume hay crops in cereal-based rotations. Straw harvesting did not influence grain yields, nor did it influence the soil biochemical characteristics, though it tended to render the soil more prone to erosion. Response to cropping frequency was apparent only in the fertilized systems, where the more labile soil quality attributes, (i.e., MBC, LFC, LFN, and Nmin) were more sensitive than organic C or total N. However, gains in LFC and MBC in response to fertilizer did not account for a significant fraction of the gain in total organic C. During the period 1987 to 1997, MBC in the 0- to 15-cm depth increased by 40% in absolute value and by 33% relative to organic C (3.6% of organic C in 1997 vs. 2.7% in 1987). The same was true for LFN in the fertilized treatments and in the green manured system (1.46% of total N in 1997 vs. 1.15% in 1987). However, LFC hardly changed over this period. Relative to total N, Nmin decreased in 1997 compared with 1987, likely due to higher immobilization. Wet aggregate stability was generally greater in 1997 compared with 1991, reflecting greater crop residue inputs and less soil disturbance under zero-tillage management. Key words: Microbial biomass, Light fraction C and N, aggregate stability, Mineralizable N, yields
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Jones, S. S., J. Dvořák, D. R. Knott i C. O. Qualset. "Use of double-ditelosomic and normal chromosome 1D recombinant substitution lines to map Sr33 on chromosome arm 1DS in wheat". Genome 34, nr 4 (1.08.1991): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-077.
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Chromosome 1D homozygous recombinant substitution lines derived from Triticum aestivum 'Chinese Spring' (cross 1) or 'Chinese Spring' double-ditelosomic 1D (cross 2) hybridized with a disomic substitution line of Triticum tauschii chromosome 1D in 'Chinese Spring' were used to investigate the linkage relationships among Glu-D1, encoding subunits of high molecular weight glutenin storage proteins; Gli-D1, encoding gliadin storage proteins; Sr33, conferring stem rust resistance; and the centromere. Based on analysis of 88 and 91 recombinant substitution lines of crosses 1 and 2, respectively, Sr33 is tightly linked to Gli-D1 on chromosome arm 1DS (5.6 and 7.6% recombination) and less tightly to the centromere (29.6%, cross 2) and to Glu-D1 (40.9 and 39.5%). The order of the loci is Glu-D1 – centromere – Sr33 – Gli-D1.Key words: stem rust resistance, seed storage protein, glutenin, gliadin, Triticum aestivum, Triticum tauschii.
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Jones, S. S., J. Dvořák i C. O. Qualset. "Linkage relations of Gli-D1, Rg2, and Lr21 on the short arm of chromosome 1D in wheat". Genome 33, nr 6 (1.12.1990): 937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g90-140.
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Homozygous recombinant substitution lines, derived from a cross of Triticum aestivum 'Chinese Spring' with a disomic substitution line of Triticum tauschii chromosome 1D in 'Chinese Spring', were used to investigate the linkage relationships among the loci Glu-D1, encoding high molecular weight glutenin storage proteins, Gli-D1, encoding gliadin storage proteins, Rg2, controlling glume color, and Lr21, conferring leaf-rust resistance. Gli-D1, on chromosome arm 1DS, is tightly linked to Rg2 and Lr21 (1.4 and 5.6% recombination, respectively). The order of the loci is Gli-D1–Rg2–Lr21. Glu-D1, on chromosome arm 1DL, segregates independently (P = 0.43) of Gli-D1, Rg2, and Lr21. The position of Glu-D1, Gli-D1, Rg2, and Lr21 in the genetic linkage map of chromosome 1D agrees with the position of storage protein, glume color, and rust-resistance loci on chromosomes 1A and 1B.Key words: leaf-rust resistance, seed storage protein, glutenin, gliadin, glume color, Triticum aestivum, Triticum tauschii.
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Kóczán-Manninger, Katalin, i Katalin Badak-Kerti. "Investigations into Flour Mixes of Triticum Monococcum and Triticum Spelta". Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry 46, nr 2 (1.12.2018): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hjic-2018-0020.
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Abstract Bread samples were made using flour mixes of Triticum monococcum (Tr. monococcum) and Triticum spelta (Tr. spelta). They were tested for their rheological behaviour over the first 3 days of storage at room temperature, and for their characteristics based on a Hungarian Standard. Parameters were set such as the volume of the baked product, baking loss, crumb characteristics and elasticity of crumbs. The behaviour of flour from einkorn wheat is different to that of Tr. spelta. The properties of the tested flour mixes measured by a farinograph show that Tr. spelta produces an acceptable dough, on the other hand, the dough of Tr. monococcum develops quickly but is very unstable so weakens within minutes of being kneaded. This also suggests that doughs composed of einkorn wheat flour require a different type of kneading than those of Tr. spelta (or Tr. aestivum, also referred to as common wheat) flours. Breads composed of Tr. spelta were comparable with those made with Tr. aestivum, the crumb elasticity was above 90 % on the day of baking, which indicates high quality. The Tr. monococcum breads, however, were of low grade: the volume of the breads decreased by increasing the ratio of Tr. monococcum to Tr. spelta and the elasticity reduced to unacceptable levels (less than 60 %). It should be mentioned that the grading was based on breads made purely from Tr. aestivum flours.
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Uhlen, Anne Kjersti, i Kåre Ringlund. "Gene dosage effects on storage proteins in wheat (Triticum aestivum)". Journal of Cereal Science 6, nr 3 (listopad 1987): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-5210(87)80059-0.
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Reed, Kelly, Petra Radaković, Sara Essert i Dinko Tresić Pavičić. "Late Bronze Age Food Storage in Lower Cerovačka Cave, Croatia". Documenta Praehistorica 49 (23.12.2022): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.49.22.
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This paper presents new archaeobotanical data from the Lower Cerovačka Cave located in Dalmatia, Croatia. At the site a high density of carbonized plant remains was recovered, indicating the remnants of a burnt crop store dating to the Late Bronze Age. Overall, the assemblage is dominated by lentil (Lens culinaris) and free-threshing wheat (Triticum aestivum/durum), and to a lesser extent, emmer (Triticum dicoccum), einkorn (Triticum monococcum), spelt (Triticum spelta) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum). In general, the large botanical collection from Lower Cerovačka Cave fits with what is already known about Bronze Age agriculture in Croatia, yet the unique nature of this site brings to the fore questions around storage practices and the use of caves in prehistory.
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Guillaumie, Sabine, Gilles Charmet, Laurent Linossier, Valérie Torney, Nathalie Robert i Catherine Ravel. "Colocation between a gene encoding the bZip factor SPA and an eQTL for a high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit in wheat (Triticum aestivum)". Genome 47, nr 4 (1.08.2004): 705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-031.
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The quality of wheat grain is largely determined by the quantity and composition of storage proteins (prolamins) and depends on mechanisms underlying the regulation of expression of prolamin genes. The endosperm-specific wheat basic region leucine zipper (bZIP) factor storage protein activator (SPA) is a positive regulator that binds to the promoter of a prolamin gene. The aim of this study was to map SPA (the gene encoding bZIP factor SPA) and genomic regions associated with quantitative variations of storage protein fractions using F7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Triticum aestivum 'Renan' and T. aestivum 'Récital'. SPA was mapped through RFLP using a cDNA probe and a specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker. Storage protein fractions in the parents and RILs were quantified using capillary electrophoresis. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for protein were detected and mapped on six chromosome regions. One QTL, located on the long arm of chromosome 1B, explained 70% of the variation in quantity of the x subunit of Glu-B1. Genetic mapping suggested that SPA is located on chromosome arm 1L and is also present in the confidence interval of the corresponding QTL for Glu-B1x on 1BL, suggesting that SPA might be a candidate gene for this QTL.Key words: Triticum aestivum, quantitative trait locus (QTL), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), storage protein activator (SPA), high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS).
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Šramková, Zuzana, Edita Gregová, Svetlana Šliková i Ernest Šturdík. "Diversity of seed storage proteins in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)". Plant Genetic Resources 9, nr 2 (25.05.2011): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262111000554.
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The objective of our study was to determine the composition of high-molecular weight-glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) in 120 cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Fourteen alleles and 34 allelic compositions were detected using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The most frequent HMW-GS alleles at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 loci were null (57.1%), 7+9 (43.3%) and 5+10 (61.9%), respectively. However, low-frequency HMW-GS alleles were also observed, such as 13+16, 20, 21, 7 and 18, encoded by the Glu-B1 locus, and 4+12, encoded by the Glu-D1 locus. The wheat–rye 1BL.1RS translocation was identified in 25 cultivars, using acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Glu-score varied greatly, and some lines reached the maximum value of 10.
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Kozub, N. A., I. A. Sozinov, H. Ya Bidnyk, N. A. Demianova, A. I. Sozinova, A. V. Karelov, L. A. Pylypenko, Ya B. Blume i A. A. Sozinov. "Development and studying of Triticum aestivum L. material with introgressions from Aegilops biuncialis Vis." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 23 (9.09.2018): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v23.1031.
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Aim. The aim of the study was to develop and study T. aestivum material with introgressions from Ae. biuncialis. Methods. Quantitative traits of F4 lines from crossing wheat with Crimean accessions of Ae. biuncialis were studied. SDS and APAG electrophoreses of storage proteins were used to identify alleles at the Glu-1 and Gli-1 loci, including introgressed ones. Results. F4 lines from crosses of wheat with Ae. biuncialis showed a wide range of yield traits. Some lines had a clavate spike and a hairy leaf blade. Using storage proteins as genetic markers the presence of chromosome 1U was identified among the progeny of plants analyzed; some of them had translocation of arm 1UL. Lines with introgressions of chromosome 1M were not revealed. Conclusions. T. aestivum lines with introgressions from Ae. biuncialis were developed without amphidiploid production. Lines with chromosome 1U were selected, including lines with translocations of arm 1UL.
Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., Aegilops biuncialis Vis., introgression.
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Hidalgo, Alyssa, Andrea Brandolini i Carlo Pompei. "Kinetics of tocols degradation during the storage of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) and breadwheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum) flours". Food Chemistry 116, nr 4 (październik 2009): 821–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.075.
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Ryan, Matthew R., Sandra Wayman, Christopher J. Pelzer, Caitlin A. Peterson, Uriel D. Menalled i Terry J. Rose. "Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Tolerance to Mulch". Plants 10, nr 10 (29.09.2021): 2047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102047.
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Mulch from cover crops can effectively suppress weeds in organic corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) as part of cover crop-based rotational no-till systems, but little is known about the feasibility of using mulch to suppress weeds in organic winter small grain crops. A field experiment was conducted in central NY, USA, to quantify winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedling emergence, weed and crop biomass production, and wheat grain yield across a gradient of mulch biomass. Winter wheat seedling density showed an asymptotic relationship with mulch biomass, with no effect at low rates and a gradual decrease from moderate to high rates of mulch. Selective suppression of weed biomass but not wheat biomass was observed, and wheat grain yield was not reduced at the highest level of mulch (9000 kg ha−1). Results indicate that organic winter wheat can be no-till planted in systems that use mulch for weed suppression. Future research should explore wheat tolerance to mulch under different conditions, and the potential of no-till planting wheat directly into rolled-crimped cover crops.
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Sreeramulu, G., D. Vishnuvardhan i Nagendra K. Singh. "Seed Storage Protein Profiles of Seven Indian Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties". Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 3, nr 1 (styczeń 1994): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03321948.
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Жемела, Г. П., i С. О. Юрченко. "Display of storage proteins polymorphism in spring common wheat (Triticum aestivum Ь.)". Plant varieties studying and protection, nr 6 (20.12.2007): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.6.2007.66011.
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Natã Balssan Moura, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho, José Antônio Gonzalez da Silva, Gerusa Massuquini Conceição, Leonir Terezinha Uhde, Jordana Schiavo, Bruno Bernardo i in. "Crop succession and its reflections on soybean performance". Bioscience Journal 38 (9.09.2022): e38073. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v38n0a2022-56872.
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The fluctuations in yield and consequently in production occurred due to climatic adversities in the main producing states of Brazil. Farming has changed over time, and past scenarios have shown high exploitation of natural resources focusing on soil tillage and conventional seeding methods. This study aimed to determine the yield performance of soybean grown under 10 consolidated crop succession systems. The experiment was conducted during the 2018/2019 crop season, before the research project entitled “Sustainable production systems with better use of biological and natural resources, with treatments arranged in a randomized block design and four replications”. The treatments consisted of the following predecessor crops: Avena sativa, Avena strigosa, Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale, Brassica napus, Raphanus sativus, Avena strigosa + Raphanus sativus + Vicia sativa, Fallow, Avena strigosa + Lolium multiflorum, and Triticum aestivum – Fodder. Soybean was subsequently sown across winter crops. The succession that showed superior yield was Avena strigosa + Lolium multiflorum. This attribute was established by associating taller plants with the maximization of the number of grains per pod, hundred-grain mass, grain mass, and plant dry mass; in contrast, there was a lower emphasis on plant residue. The determining attributes for soybean yield were plant stand, plant height, the number of pods per plant, and total grain mass, with contrasts among groups composed of the succession of Avena sativa, Avena strigosa, Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale, and Brassica napus, distanced from Raphanus sativus, Avena strigosa + Raphanus sativus + Vicia sativa, Fallow, Avena strigosa + Lolium multiflorum, and Triticum aestivum - Fodder.
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Dvořák, J., D. D. Kasarda, M. D. Dietler, E. J. L. Lew, O. D. Anderson, J. C. Litts i P. R. Shewry. "Chromosomal location of seed storage protein genes in the genome of Elytrigia elongata". Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, nr 5 (1.10.1986): 818–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-114.
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Additions of complete and telocentric chromosomes of Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski in Triticum aestivum L. 'Chinese Spring' were employed to assign the genes coding for seed storage proteins to chromosome arms in the E. elongata genome. Genes coding for prolamins equivalent to wheat gliadins were found on chromosome arms 1ES and 6Ep. Genes on chromosome arm 1ES, which is presumably the p arm, coded for several components with electrophoretic mobilities (lactate–PAGE) corresponding to those of β-, γ-, and ω- gliadins and those on chromosome arm 6Ep coded for two components with mobilities corresponding to those of β-gliadins. Amino acid sequencing of mixtures of prolamins from E. elongata and from E. pontica (Podp.) Holub, a species closely related to E. elongata, indicated that prolamins of these species correspond to α-type (which includes β-gliadins), γ-type, and ω-type gliadins. Restriction fragments of genomic DNAs from substitution lines of chromosome 6E of E. elongata in 'Chinese Spring' were separated electrophoretically in agarose gels and probed with a cloned α-type gliadin gene from 'Yamhill'. This Southern blot showed that chromosome 6E yields DNA fragments identical in size to those characteristic of the α-gliadin gene cluster that is on chromosome 6A of 'Chinese Spring', 'Cheyenne', and 'Yamhill'. These results indicate that structural genes for prolamins of Elytrigia are similar to those of wheat gliadins and are located on the same chromosome arms as those in Triticum species. A high molecular weight (HMW) protein likely to be a HMW glutenin subunit was located on the long arm of chromosome 1E, which presumably is the q arm; this also is in accordance with the location of HMW glutenin subunit genes in Triticum. It is concluded that the appearance of α-type gliadin genes on chromosomes of homoeologous group 6 in T. aestivum occurred prior to divergence of Triticum and Elytrigia but after the divergence of Secale, Hordeum, and the Triticum–Elytrigia lineages, since neither Secale or Hordeum appear to have α-type genes. It is, however, possible that α-type gliadin genes were deleted from the ancestors of Secale and Hordeum after divergence from the Triticum–Elytrigia lineage.Key words: Elytrigia elongata, gene location, prolamins, gliadins, wheat.
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Honchar, А. М., i М. V. Patyka. "INFLUENCE OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS ON THE CONDITION AND ACTIVITY OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC SYSTEM OF WINTER WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) PLANTS". Agriciltural microbiology 36 (22.12.2022): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.36.28-35.
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Objective. To assess the performance of individual strains of Bacillus subtilis and the efficiency of their action on the condition and activity of the photosynthetic system of juvenile winter wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). Methods. Microbiological, instrumental (microscopic), biophysical (determination of photochemical activity of winter wheat sprouts in model conditions of the induction of chlorophyll fluorescence). Results. The technological stability of B. subtilis H38, H40 and H45 strains was shown both during fermentation (formation of viable spore titre in the range of 1.9‒2.4 billion/mL) and during storage of bacterial suspensions (BS) for 60 days (1.8‒2.3 billion spores/mL). Analysis of the influence of B. subtilis H38, H40, H45 on the activity of the photosynthetic system of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants revealed a high informative value of induced changes in chlorophyll fluorescence (ICF), which was recorded in the structural organization of chloroplasts of wheat sprouts at the initial, maximum, and stationary levels of fluorescence and viability index (Rfd after 1:50 dilution of BS of B. subtilis strains is 1.56–1.69; Rfd after 1:100 dilution corresponds to the normal quantum efficiency of photosynthesis in the range of 1.20‒1.40). Conclusion. The studied strains of B. subtilis are characterized by high performance (a significant number of spores are formed during the cultivation of bacteria; their number remains relatively stable during a 60-day research period), which implies the possibility of their successful use in production and the possibility of long-term storage of preparations based on them. The prospective use of the evaluated strains for the intensification of the photochemical activity of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in the process of ontogenesis has been proven. This means scientific and practical importance for ecological monitoring, assessment of plant resistance, and the introduction of biological agents in the technology of growing agricultural crops.
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Bittel, Douglas C., Gregorio Hueros, Nicolas Jouve i J. Perry Gustafson. "Changes in expression of seed storage protein genes effected by chromosome 1D of wheat". Genome 34, nr 6 (1.12.1991): 845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-130.
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The effect of chromosome 1D of wheat on expression of seed storage protein genes was analyzed using a 1R(1D) substitution line and derivatives of this line that had lost 1R (1D nullisomic). The results of one- and two-dimensional (two pH) electrophoresis suggested that nucleotide sequences located on 1D were involved in induction and suppression of these protein genes and in posttranscriptional modification of polypeptides produced by the seed storage protein genes. The action attributed to 1D appeared to affect only genes located on chromosome 6A.Key words: electrophoresis, gene expression, suppression, Triticum aestivum.
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Nizamani, Murk, Feroz Gul Nizamani, Abdul Latif Nizamani, Mahmmooda Buriro, Aamir Ali Khokhar, Raza Ali Rind i Mir Muhammad Nizamani. "Effect of drying methods and storage periods on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) quality parameters". Indian Journal of Science and Technology 12, nr 12 (1.03.2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2019/v12i12/141812.
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Medlin, Case, Thomas F. Peeper, James H. Stiegler i John B. Solie. "Systems for Returning Conservation Reserve Program Land to Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Production". Weed Technology 12, nr 2 (czerwiec 1998): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00043839.
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Experiments were conducted near Duke and Forgan, OK, on land enrolled in the Conservation Reserve program (CRP) that had been seeded to Old World bluestem (OWB) to evaluate tillage systems for returning CRP grassland to winter wheat production. Glyphosate controlled OWB 72% or less in no-till (NT) wheat. Disk tillage (DT) and moldboard plow tillage (MPT) for wheat seedbed preparation controlled OWB 87 and 99%, respectively, at Forgan and 96 and 100%, respectively, at Duke. At Forgan, OWB control in NT was higher when glyphosate was applied in July than when applied in May. Soil water content to a depth of 120 cm at planting was as high in DT and MPT without herbicide as in NT with 1,680 g ae/ha glyphosate. Within NT and MPT, glyphosate did not consistently increase soil water content compared to the respective nontreated checks. In DT, soil water content to a depth of 120 cm was greater following glyphosate at 1,680 g/ ha than without glyphosate. Wheat density was greater in DT and MPT than in NT. Compared to the NT no herbicide treatment, tillage tripled wheat yields. Wheat yields were often greater where glyphosate was applied before tillage. No-till wheat production immediately after CPR in Oklahoma without prior destruction of accumulated OWB residue does not appear feasible.
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Daugovish, Oleg, Drew J. Lyon i David D. Baltensperger. "Cropping Systems to Control Winter Annual Grasses in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)". Weed Technology 13, nr 1 (marzec 1999): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00045012.
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Field studies were conducted from 1990 through 1997 to evaluate the long-term effect of 2- and 3-yr rotations on the control of downy brome, jointed goatgrass, and feral rye in winter wheat. At the completion of the study, jointed goatgrass and feral rye densities averaged 8 plants/m2and < 0.1 plant/m2for the 2- and 3-yr rotations, respectively. Downy brome densities averaged < 0.5 plant/m2for both the 2- and 3-yr rotations, with no treatment differences observed. Winter annual grasses were not eradicated after two cycles of the 3-yr rotations, but weed densities were reduced 10-fold compared to densities after one cycle and more than 100-fold compared with the 2-yr rotations. Wheat grain contamination with dockage and foreign material followed a similar trend. The 3-yr rotations were economically competitive with 2-yr rotations and provided superior control of the winter annual grass weeds.
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YOUSEFI, Marziyeh, Behnam KAMKAR, Javid GHEREKHLOO i Rohollah FAEZ. "Sulfosulfuron Persistence in Soil Under Different Cultivation Systems of Wheat (Triticum aestivum)". Pedosphere 26, nr 5 (październik 2016): 666–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0160(15)60075-3.
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Singh, Y. P., Sandeep S. Tomar, Ravi Yadav i Neeraj Hada. "Impact of precise land levelling on wheat (Triticum aestivum) based cropping systems". Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 71, nr 1 (2023): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0228.2023.00011.7.
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Ganeva, G., i B. Bochev. "Effect of nullisomy for D-genome chromosomes and chromosome 5B on the cytological characteristics of pentaploid Triticum aestivum × T. dicoccoides hybrids". Genome 29, nr 2 (1.04.1987): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-039.
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The effect of nullisomy for D-genome chromosomes and chromosome 5B on the meiotic behaviour of pollen mother cell chromosomes of pentaploid F1 hybrids of Triticum aestivum (cv. Bezostaya 1) × T. dicoccoides (Körn) was studied. The functional ability of female gametes with diverse chromosome constitution and the frequency of their inheritance in BC1 was assessed. Absence of individual T. aestivum D-genome chromosomes had a specific effect on meiotic chromosome pairing. The genetic systems involving chromosome 5B of the two species did not have the same effect on homologous and homoeologous chromosome pairing. Chromosome 5B of T. dicoccoides reduced bivalent pairing and increased multivalent associations. In BC1 the frequency of female gametes with n = 16–18 chromosomes was highest. Key words: nullisomy, chromosome pairing, Triticum, pentaploid hybrids.
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Young, Frank L., Alex G. Ogg, Donn C. Thill, Douglas L. Young i Robert I. Papendick. "Weed Management for Crop Production in the Northwest Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Region". Weed Science 44, nr 2 (czerwiec 1996): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500094133.
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A 9-yr large-scale integrated pest management (IPM) study was initiated in 1985 to develop and refine profitable conservation cropping systems in the Palouse wheat-growing region of the Pacific Northwest. Weed scientists from the USDA-ARS and the land-grant universities of ID and WA led a team of researchers and extension personnel from eight disciplines to investigate the interactions of crop systems, tillage systems, and weed management levels (WML) on crop production. Ineffective weed control has been a major deterrent to the adoption of conservation tillage by wheat growers. With this in mind, the primary focus of the scientists on the IPM project was integrated weed management (IWM) in conservation crop production systems for highly erodible land. For the first time in the Pacific Northwest, systems research developed a conservation production system using a 3-yr crop rotation that controlled weeds effectively, reduced erosion, was less risky than traditional farming systems, and was profitable. Broadleaf weeds were more prevalent in the 3-yr rotation of winter wheat-spring barley-spring pea compared to continuous wheat in both conservation and conventional tillage systems. In conservation tillage, troublesome grass weeds included wild oat and downy brome. Wild oat was controlled effectively at the moderate and maximum weed management levels under conservation tillage in the 3-yr rotation. Two years out of winter wheat (such as in the 3-yr rotation) reduced downy brome populations. In contrast, growing a spring crop 1 yr, followed by 2 yr of winter wheat was not effective for controlling downy brome. Effective weed control was instrumental in developing successful conservation IPM cropping systems, and education and technology transfer were important in helping action agencies assist growers in adopting these systems.
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Akman, Hayati. "Effect of Natural Seed Aging on Root and Shoot Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, nr 4 (25.04.2021): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i4.759-763.4158.
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This study targeted to elucidate the effect of seed aging on germination and emergence rates with and shoot characteristics in wheat cultivars. For this purpose, different bread wheat cultivars stored for 7 years and non-stored were compared for coleoptile length, root mass, shoot mass, root length as well as germination and seedling emergence rates. Here, the evidence suggested that seed storage over a prolonged period affected root and Shoot growth, coleoptile length, seed germination, and seedling emergence rates adversely. By linking germination and emergence rates, the data presented here indicated that a reduction in emergence rate in long-term storage was higher than that in the germination rate. It was also found that there were significant variations among the wheat cultivars about investigated traits during long-term storage. However, the emergence rates of Kate A1 and Flamura 85 were not affected substantially by long-term storage. The study suggested future studies to focus on clarification of the process controlling natural seed aging as such knowledge allows clue the eventual consequences of long-term storage.
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Ng, Justin P., Emily B. Hollister, Ma del Carmen A. González-Chávez, Frank M. Hons, David A. Zuberer, Jacqueline A. Aitkenhead-Peterson, Richard Loeppert i Terry J. Gentry. "Impacts of Cropping Systems and Long-Term Tillage on Soil Microbial Population Levels and Community Composition in Dryland Agricultural Setting". ISRN Ecology 2012 (7.02.2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/487370.
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Few studies have used molecular methods to correlate the abundance of specific microbial taxonomic groups with changes in soil properties impacted by long-term agriculture. Community qPCR with 16S rRNA gene sequencing to examine the effects of long-term crop-management practices (no-till vs. conventional tillage, and continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) vs. sorghum-wheat-soybean rotation (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench-Triticum aestivum L.-Glycine max L. Merr) on bacterial and fungal relative abundances and identify the dominant members of the soil microbial community. The qPCR assays revealed that crop rotation decreased bacterial copy numbers, but no-till practices did not significantly alter bacteria or fungi relative to conventional tillage. Cyanobacteria were more abundant while Actinobacteria were less numerous under continuous wheat. Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes were positively correlated with soil microbial biomass C and N. This study highlights ways cropping systems affect microbial communities and aids the development of sustainable agriculture.
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Rossi, F. A., S. J. Barneto, F. Chimenti, C. Defilipis, A. Salinas, L. Borioni, A. Jimenez i R. De Luca. "Wheat Fertilization Opportunity (Triticum aestivum L.) with Localized Irrigation". Agrociencia 19, nr 3 (grudzień 2015): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31285/agro.19.247.
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In Argentina, the moment of application of agrochemicals on extensive crop dryland farming is reduced by the development of the vegetative phases. Although it is hardly implemented by producers, sprinkler irrigation extends the time period for the application of fertilizers. Localized irrigation, which has been incorporated into these production systems, increases the fertilization opportunity thus reducing the doses if compared to other irrigation methods. The aim of this paper was to assess the fertilization opportunity of the wheat yield (Triticum aestivum L.) by using localized irrigation in the city of Luján, Buenos Aires. The yield with traditional fertilizers was compared to other methods where fertilizers were fractioned. Klein Tauro wheat was planted on August 6th 2014. The field received the following treatments: dryland farming fertilization to the crop, fertilizer irrigation to the crop, irrigation through fractionation of fertilizers to the crop including the poaceae stage, irrigation though fractionation of fertilizers to the crop and pod filling, and irrigation through fractionation of fertilizers, poaceae stage and pod filling. Upon harvest, the yield and its components were assessed as well as the efficiency of water used as regards to the dry weight of the grain. Statistically, there were no significant differences (Tukey test, p-value < 0. 05) except for the dry weight of 1000 grains, taking into account the dryland farming fertilization and the irrigation through fractionation of fertilizers and pod filling 42, 70 g and 37, 36 g respectively. Mid-levels were: dry weight of 1000 grains, 39, 74 g, crop yield, dry weight yield 3665, 75 kg ha-1. Mid efficiency in the production of matter considering the water used during the crop cycle was 7. 99 g mm-1 ha-1.
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Loeppky, H. A., i D. A. Derksen. "Quackgrass suppression through crop rotation in conservation tillage systems". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, nr 1 (1.01.1994): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-039.
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Quackgrass [Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski] is a widespread perennial weed traditionally controlled by tillage, a practice which can contribute to soil erosion and degradation. This study was initiated to determine the impact of integrated weed management strategies utilizing crop rotation, conservation tillage, and postemergence herbicides on quackgrass. Rotations of tall and semi-dwarf winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Norstar' and 'Norwin') or spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Katepwa' and 'HY320') with mustard (Brassica juncea 'Common Brown') and flax (Linum usitatissimum L. 'Norlin') were conducted at Indian Head, Saskatchewan for 4 yr to determine their effect on quackgrass shoot density, rhizome dry weight and rhizome node density. The presence or absence of winter wheat within the crop rotation had the greatest impact on quackgrass growth. During years when drought hampered winter wheat establishment, quackgrass growth was greater in winter wheat than in spring wheat, but under conditions favoring winter wheat establishment, the opposite occurred. Quackgrass growth in standard height wheat was similar to semi-dwarf wheat. Annual differences in quackgrass growth occurred between mustard and flax, but overall, no trend developed. Shoot density, rhizome biomass, and rhizome node density were not consistently correlated to crop yield. Crop rotation is a useful component of an integrated quackgrass management system. Key words: Integrated weed management (IWM), quackgrass, Elytrigia repens, crop rotation, conservation tillage
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Ovesná, J., L. Kučera, R. Bocková i V. Holubec. "Characterization of Powdery Mildew Resistance Donors within Triticum boeoticum Accessions using RAPDs". Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 38, No. 3-4 (1.08.2012): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6245-cjgpb.
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Wide hybridization has become a technique suitable for introgression of alien genes into modern wheat cultivars. Ten Triticum boeoticum Boiss. accessions resistant to powdery mildew were studied in more detail. Variability between the accessions was studied using resistance tests, RAPD and storage protein analysis. Potential gene recipients (T. aestivum and T. durum cultivars) were also included. Unlike protein analysis we were able to clearly distinguish among the individual accessions of T. boeotium using RAPD. Computed dendrograms reflect phylogenetic relationships among the characterized species. All tests proved, that T. boeoticum is a valuable gene-pool. Three T. boeoticum × T. durum amphidiploid progenies were also analysed. They differ in the degree of resistance to powdery mildew. Both RAPD and storage protein analyses indicated that genome rearrangements occurred. We showed, that RAPD could be used to trace such events.
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Hattarki, Sanjeevini, i Chetna Bogar. "Triticum Aestivum(Wheat Grass); A Power House Plant - A Review". Dental Journal of Advance Studies 05, nr 01 (kwiecień 2017): 025–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1672077.
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AbstractWheat Grass refers to the young grass of the common wheat plant, Triticum aestivum that is freshly juiced or dried into powder for animal and human consumption. Both provide chlorophyll, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and enzymes. Wheat grass is a humble weed known as the powerhouse of nutrients and vitamins for the human body. In the form of fresh juice, it has high concentrations of chlorophyll, active enzymes, vitamins and other nutrients. The present review article focuses onto the use of wheatgrass in various disease conditions. It has shown potential anti inflammatory, anti oxidant and anti ageing property Since very few clinical studies have been done on this very promising herbal drug, efforts are needed to conduct extensive studies on the wheat grass both in experimental models and human subjects to develop wheat grass therapy with no side effects in prevention, cure and management of chronic diseases for which our modern systems have lost their hopes.
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Hamed, M. A. "Impact of Storage Conditions on Seed Vigor and Viability of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) seeds". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 761, nr 1 (1.05.2021): 012069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/761/1/012069.
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Zabdi, Kipngetich Chumba, Otieno Owuoche James, Wafula Wasike Victor i Machio Kange Alex. "Response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to ridge -furrow tillage systems". African Journal of Agricultural Research 19, nr 2 (28.02.2023): 196–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2022.16272.
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