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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Triticum aestivum- Storage systems"
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Fan, Yu, Xinxin Wang, Renqiang Chen, Hongkai Dang i Hongquan Liu. "Differences in Water Consumption and Yield Characteristics among Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties under Different Irrigation Systems". Applied Sciences 13, nr 7 (30.03.2023): 4396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074396.
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To discuss the water consumption patterns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the difference in yield traits among varieties under different irrigation systems, three field water treatments were established (jointing water, W1, CK; jointing water + flowering water, W2; and rising water + booting water + filling water, W3). Two winter wheat varieties (Hengmai4399 and Hengguan35) were selected in 2020–2021, and three (Hengmai4399, Hengguan35, and Hengmai28) were selected in 2021–2022 to investigate the impact of the irrigation amount on water consumption and its interaction with the varieties on yield traits of winter wheat. The results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between soil water consumption and soil moisture reserve presowing; the correlation was the strongest in the 150–200 cm layer. The response of the yield of the three varieties to irrigation was Hengmai4399 > Hengmai28 > Hengguan35, and the drought resistance was Hengguan35 > Hengmai28 > Hengmai4399. When the soil water storage presowing was insufficient, Hengmai4399 combined with the W3 treatment achieved the highest yield and water use efficiency; when the soil water storage presowing was sufficient, Hengmai28 combined with the W2 treatment achieved a high-level yield and the highest WUE.
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Li, Chunxia, Guoyin Yuan, Lin Qi, Youjun Li, Sifan Cheng, Guanzheng Shang, Taiji Kou i Yuyi Li. "Mung Bean Is Better Than Soybean in the Legume–Wheat Rotation System for Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Sequestration in Calcareous Soils of a Semiarid Region". Agronomy 13, nr 9 (27.08.2023): 2254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092254.
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Small changes in soil aggregates-associated organic carbon and soil nitrogen (N) can induce huge fluctuations in greenhouse gas emissions and soil fertility. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the responses to long-term continuous rotation systems, especially in N-fixing and non-N-fixing crop wheat in terms of the distribution of soil aggregates and the storage of soil carbon (C) and N in aggregates in the semiarid calcareous soil of Central China. This information is critical for advancing knowledge on C and N sequestration of soil aggregates in rainfed crop rotation systems. Our aim was to determine which legume (soybean (Glycine max)– or mung bean (Vigna radiata)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) rotation practice is more conducive to the formation of good soil structure and C and N fixation. A 10-year field experiment, including a soybean (Glycine max)–winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) rotation (SWR) with yield increments of 2020 compared to 2010 achieving 18.28% (soybean) and 26.73% (wheat), respectively, and a mung bean (Vigna radiata)–winter wheat rotation (MWR) achieving 32.66% (mung bean) and 27.38% (wheat), as well as farmland fallow, was conducted in Henan Province, China. The soil organic carbon (SOC), N content in the soil, and the soil aggregates were investigated. Legume–wheat rotation cropping enhanced the proportion of the >2 mm soil fractions and reduced the <0.053 mm silt + clay in the 0–40 cm soil profile. In the 0–30 cm soil layer, the SWR had a greater increment of the >2 mm aggregate fractions than the MWR. Two legume–winter wheat rotations enhanced the C and N sequestration that varied with soil depths and size fractions of the aggregate. In contrast, the MWR had greater SOC stocks in all fractions of all sizes in the 0–40 cm soil layers. In addition, the greater storage of N in the macro-, micro-, and silt + clay fractions was observed in the 0–30 cm layers; the MWR enhanced the C/N ratios in most of the size aggregates compared with the SWR. The MWR cropping system is more beneficial to the formation of good soil structure and the increasement of C and N reserves in soil. Thus, these findings show that mung bean, in contrast with soybean in the legume–wheat rotation system of a semiarid temperate zone, may offer soil quality improvement.
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PALA, M., H. C. HARRIS, J. RYAN, R. MAKBOUL i S. DOZOM. "TILLAGE SYSTEMS AND STUBBLE MANAGEMENT IN A MEDITERRANEAN-TYPE ENVIRONMENT IN RELATION TO CROP YIELD AND SOIL MOISTURE". Experimental Agriculture 36, nr 2 (kwiecień 2000): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700002052.
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The effect of tillage and crop rotations can only be seen over many crop years. Crop yield and soil results are evaluated from two long-term trials, established in 1978–79 and 1985–86 to investigate various forms of tillage and the timing of such operations in various wheat (Triticum aestivum)-based rotations on a Calcixerollic Xerochrept in northern Syria. In a tillage systems trial involving two wheat–legume–watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rotations, deep tillage showed no advantage over a shallow sweep-tillage system, either for soil moisture storage or yield increase of any crop. The zero-till system suited legume crops but gave lower productivity in wheat due to a build up of grassy weeds, and was not suitable for watermelon. Minimum tillage, with its higher energy-use efficiency and yield levels equal to or even slightly above those of deep-tillage systems, appears promising for the lowland areas of West Asia and North Africa. In a tillage timing trial, wheat in a wheat–lentil (Lens culinaris) rotation yielded best after conventional deep disc-plough tillage, but lentil yields were higher in a zero-till system.
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Eash, Lisa, Abdel F. Berrada, Kathleen Russell i Steven J. Fonte. "Cover Crop Impacts on Water Dynamics and Yields in Dryland Wheat Systems on the Colorado Plateau". Agronomy 11, nr 6 (28.05.2021): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061102.
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On the semiarid Colorado Plateau, dryland farmers are challenged by degraded soils and unreliable precipitation. While cover crops have been shown to support soil fertility, control erosion, and enhance in soil water capture, they also use limited soil water and, thus, may impact cash crop productivity in dryland systems. Most literature on cover crops comes from relatively humid climates, where yield penalties due to cover crops may be less pronounced. Two field trials were conducted in Southwestern Colorado to assess the short-term viability of cover crops in dryland systems in this region. The effect of cover crops on subsequent winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield ranged from a decrease of 78% to an increase of 13%, depending on the amount of cover crop biomass produced in the previous year. Cover crop biomass was inversely correlated with soil nitrate levels and soil water storage at wheat planting, which decreased by 0.39 mg kg−1 and 10 mm, respectively, per 1000 kg ha−1 of cover crop biomass produced. Less available soil water and immobilized N therefore appeared to contribute to wheat yield reductions. These impacts are particularly important for semiarid environments, where decomposition of residue is water-limited and soil water recharge depends on unpredictable precipitation patterns.
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Wang, Lifang, Shijie Liu, Geng Ma, Chenyang Wang i Jutao Sun. "Soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage under a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)—maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system in northern China was modified by nitrogen application rates". PeerJ 10 (30.06.2022): e13568. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13568.
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Field cultivation practices have changing the carbon and nitrogen cycles in farmland ecosystem, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were the important parameters in maintaining soil quality and increasing agricultural productivity, however, N application’s effects on the SOC and TN storage capacity under intensive wheat-maize cropping system remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics and relationships of SOC and TN for wheat-maize cropping system under nitrogen treatments. In doing so, continuous applications of four nitrogen application rates were examined: 0, 180, 240 and 300 kg ha−1 (N0, N180, N240 and N300, respectively). Wheat yields under N180 and N240 were significantly higher than that under N300, while the maize yields under N180, N240 and N300 were significantly higher than that under N0 by 79.79, 85.23 and 86.85%, respectively; the TN content and storage were significantly higher under N240 than that under other N levels in 40–60 cm soil layer after wheat growing season; the SOC content and storage under N180 and N240 were significant higher than that under N300 in 20–40 cm after maize growing season. The correlations between SOC and TN contents (or storage) were stronger after wheat planting than maize planting. These findings provide a basis for further studies on the effect of long-term N application on SOC and TN storage, crop quality and nitrogen use efficiency under wheat-maize cropping systems.
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Wang, Bo, Guibin Wang, Sai Tay Zar Myo, Yong Li, Cheng Xu, Zeyang Lin, Zhuangzhuang Qian i Luozhong Tang. "Deforestation for Agriculture Temporarily Improved Soil Quality and Soil Organic Carbon Stocks". Forests 13, nr 2 (2.02.2022): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020228.
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Deforestation for agricultural development or extension is a common land-use problem that may cause a series of changes in the ecological environment and soil carbon stock in planting systems. However, the response of soil physical, chemical properties and carbon stocks in agricultural systems in the initial period after deforestation have not been thoroughly examined, especially in the subsoil. We investigated the variations in the soil physicochemical properties and organic carbon stocks to a depth of 100 cm in a poplar (Populus deltoides cv. 35) plantation, a summer maize (Zea mays L.) followed by winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field after 1 year of deforestation of a poplar plantation, and a wheat–maize rotation field used for decades. The soil bulk density and pH decreased, and the soil total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus, and total potassium contents increased considerably. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content and stocks (to 100 cm) increased by 32.8% and 20.1%, respectively. The soil TN content was significantly (p < 0.001) positively correlated with the SOC content, and the C:N ratio increased for the field following deforestation. Furthermore, the nitrogen in the poplar plantation and the field following deforestation was limited. We recommend increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer following deforestation to improve fertility and this will be beneficial to SOC storage.
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Hulugalle, N. R., T. B. Weaver i L. A. Finlay. "Soil water storage, drainage, and leaching in four irrigated cotton-based cropping systems sown in a Vertosol with subsoil sodicity". Soil Research 50, nr 8 (2012): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12199.
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Comparative studies of drainage and leaching in irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) based cropping systems in Australian Vertosols are sparse. Our objective was to quantify soil water storage, drainage, and leaching in four cotton-based cropping systems sown on permanent beds in an irrigated Vertosol with subsoil sodicity. Drainage was inferred using the chloride mass-balance method, and soil water storage and leaching were measured with a neutron moisture meter and ceramic-cup water samplers, respectively, from September 2005 to May 2011 in an ongoing experiment. The experimental treatments were: CC, cotton monoculture, summer cotton with winter fallow; CV, cotton–vetch (Vicia benghalensis L.) rotation with vetch stubble retained as in-situ mulch; CW, cotton–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), with wheat stubble incorporated and a summer–winter fallow; and CWV, cotton–wheat–vetch, with wheat and vetch stubbles retained as in-situ mulch and summer and spring fallows. Soil water storage was generally highest under CW and CWV and least under CV. An untilled short fallow (~3 months) when combined with retention of crop residues as surface mulch, as in CWV, was as effective in harvesting rainfall as a tilled long fallow (~11 months) with stubble incorporation, as in CW. Drainage under cotton was generally in the order CW ≥ CWV > CC = CV, all of which were considerably greater than drainage during fallows. Except for very wet and dry winters, drainage under wheat rotation crops was greater than that under vetch. During wet winters, saturated soil in the 0–0.6 m depth of treatments under fallow resulted in more drainage than in the drier, cropped plots. No definitive conclusions could be made with respect to the effects of cropping systems on salt and nutrient leaching. Leachate contained less nitrate-nitrogen, magnesium, and potassium, but leachate electrical conductivity was ~6 times higher than infiltrated water. The greater salinity of the leachate may pose a risk to groundwater resources.
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Hulugalle, N. R., T. B. Weaver, L. A. Finlay i V. Heimoana. "Soil organic carbon concentrations and storage in irrigated cotton cropping systems sown on permanent beds in a Vertosol with restricted subsoil drainage". Crop and Pasture Science 64, nr 8 (2013): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12374.
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Long-term studies of soil organic carbon dynamics in two- and three-crop rotations in irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) based cropping systems under varying stubble management practices in Australian Vertosols are relatively few. Our objective was to quantify soil organic carbon dynamics during a 9-year period in four irrigated, cotton-based cropping systems sown on permanent beds in a Vertosol with restricted subsoil drainage near Narrabri in north-western New South Wales, Australia. The experimental treatments were: cotton–cotton (CC); cotton–vetch (Vicia villosa Roth. in 2002–06, Vicia benghalensis L. in 2007–11) (CV); cotton–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), where wheat stubble was incorporated (CW); and cotton–wheat–vetch, where wheat stubble was retained as in-situ mulch (CWV). Vetch was terminated during or just before flowering by a combination of mowing and contact herbicides, and the residues were retained as in situ mulch. Estimates of carbon sequestered by above- and below-ground biomass inputs were in the order CWV >> CW = CV > CC. Carbon concentrations in the 0–1.2 m depth and carbon storage in the 0–0.3 and 0–1.2 m depths were similar among all cropping systems. Net carbon sequestration rates did not differ among cropping systems and did not change significantly with time in the 0–0.3 m depth, but net losses occurred in the 0–1.2 m depth. The discrepancy between measured and estimated values of sequestered carbon suggests that either the value of 5% used to estimate carbon sequestration from biomass inputs was an overestimate for this site, or post-sequestration losses may have been high. The latter has not been investigated in Australian Vertosols. Future research efforts should identify the cause and quantify the magnitude of these losses of organic carbon from soil.
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Zhang, Jingjing, Junyi Mu, Yanan Hu, Aixia Ren, Bin Lei, Pengcheng Ding, Linghong Li, Min Sun i Zhiqiang Gao. "Effect of Planting Patterns and Seeding Rate on Dryland Wheat Yield Formation and Water Use Efficiency on the Loess Plateau, China". Agronomy 13, nr 3 (14.03.2023): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030851.
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Dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production plays an extremely important role in the southeast of the Loess Plateau. Planting patterns have great influence on improving soil water storage and yield, and should be matched with different seeding rates. In order to assess the effect of different sowing methods on the drought resistance and stable yield of dryland wheat, a field experiment was conducted in Wenxi County Dryland Wheat Experimental Base in Shanxi Province, China. In the current study, the effects of three planting techniques (drilling sowing, furrow sowing, and film-mulched sowing) and four seeding rates (150, 225, 300, and 375 kg ha−1) were examined on water storage, dry matter formation, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE). The results showed that furrow sowing (FS) and film-mulched sowing (FM) treatments increased soil water storage in the 0–300 cm soil layer at overwintering and jointing stages. In addition, FS and FM increased soil water consumption in the 0–300 cm soil layer from overwintering to maturity of wheat. Furthermore, FS and FM significantly increased the dry matter accumulation from the overwintering to the mature stage, promoted its accumulation in vegetative organs and translocation to grains after anthesis, viz., increased yield by 6.2% and 7.9%, and WUE by 4.6% and 5.3%, respectively, as compared with those of the drilling sowing (DS) treatments. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that grain yield had a significantly positive correlation with soil water storage at overwintering and jointing. Moreover, grain yield was significantly positively correlated with soil water consumption in the 0–300 cm soil layer from jointing to maturity. Additionally, the seeding rate of 150 kg ha−1 with FS could obtain higher WUE and grain yield. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the seeding rate of 150 kg ha−1 is used with FS to improve the grain yield and WUE of dryland agricultural systems in China.
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Bai, Fangfang, Xuebin Qi, Ping Li, Zhenjie Du i Wei Guo. "Groundwater Depth and Nitrogen Application Amount Jointly Regulate the Water and Residual Soil Nitrate Accumulation in Agricultural Soil Profile". Agronomy 13, nr 4 (19.04.2023): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13041163.
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Despite the known influence of groundwater conditions and nitrogen application on crop growth and the soil microenvironment, less information is available on the influence of groundwater depth and nitrogen application amount on the movement and accumulation of soil water and residual nitrate in deep soil in summer maize–winter wheat rotation systems. Therefore, a large lysimeter experiment was conducted to examine how groundwater depth and nitrogen application amount influence the transport and accumulation of soil water and nitrate in the summer maize (Zea mays L.)–winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation system. The results showed that nitrogen reduction increased soil water storage both in the summer maize and winter wheat fields. The residual soil nitrate accumulation in the entire soil profile of summer maize and winter wheat under deeper groundwater depth treatment was higher than that of shallow groundwater depth treatment. Hence, the deeper the groundwater depth, the longer the nitrate transport path, and the nitrate that would have entered the groundwater accumulates in deep soil. The residual soil nitrate accumulation in the whole soil profile of winter wheat was 76.05–130.11 kg ha−1 higher than that of summer maize. Structural equation models (SEMs) showed that the nitrogen application amount not only exhibited a directly positive effect on the residual soil nitrate accumulation but also indirectly influenced it by regulating total soil nitrogen; groundwater depth only exhibited a directly negative effect on residual soil nitrate accumulation; and soil depth had an indirect positive effect on residual soil nitrate accumulation through the regulation of soil water storage. Together, our findings prove that groundwater depth and nitrogen application amount jointly regulate the residual soil nitrate accumulation in agricultural soil rotated with winter wheat and summer maize. Therefore, in formulating a fertilization strategy for regional agricultural green development, it is necessary to consider the fertilizer application amount rate and the groundwater depth.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Triticum aestivum- Storage systems"
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Rees, R. T. "Metabolic activity of isolated Glycine max and Triticum aestivum cells". Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370504.
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Aperavičiūtė, Vaida. "Skirtingų veislių žieminių kviečių (Triticum aestivum L.) laikomų grūdų kokybės rodiklių palyginimas". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140613_102223-82018.
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Tyrimo objektas žieminių kviečių veislių 'Julius', 'Leifer', 'Operetka' ir 'Skagen' technologinių savybių kitimas laikymo metu.
Tyrimo tikslas ištirti skirtingų veislių žieminių kviečių technologinių savybių kitimo dėsningumus priklausomai nuo laikymo trukmės.
Uždaviniai
1. Ištirti skirtingų veislių žieminių kviečių grūdų kokybę tik nuėmus derlių.
2. Įvertinti laikomų grūdų kokybę.
3. Apibendrinti grūdų technologinių savybių kitimo dėsningumus.
Tyrimo metodai 2012–2013 m. Pakruojo rajone buvo auginti kviečiai. Žieminių kviečių derlius nuimtas 2013 m. rugpjūčio 20 d. Atlikti kviečių kokybės rodiklių tyrimai. Standartiniais metodais ištirta: grūdų drėgnis, baltymų, šlapiojo glitimo, krakmolo kiekis, sedimentacijos rodiklis, kritimo skaičius, piltinis tankis, pesticidų likučiai. Vėliau kviečių mėginiai laikomi Diliauskų elevatoriuje, sandėlyje dėžutėse po 4 kg, trimis pakartojimais. Kas mėnesį atliekami kviečių rodiklių kokybės tyrimai.
Tyrimo rezultatai. Žieminių kviečių auginimo agrotechnikoje naudojant pesticidus pagal rekomendacijas ir prisilaikant leidžiamų normų, pesticidų likučiai grūduose nesikaupia. Laikant sausus grūdus sandėlyje jų drėgmė padidėja, baltymų kiekis ir saiko svoris nesikeičia. Glitimo kiekis laikomuose žieminiuose kviečiuose padidėjo nežymiai. Krakmolo kiekis laikomuose žieminiuose kviečiuose didėjo vidutiniškai 1,3 %. Laikymo laikotarpiu sedimentacijos vertės žieminiuose kviečiuose mažėjo, vidutiniškai 6,45 ml. Kritimo skaičius turėjo tendensiją... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Research object winter wheat varieties 'Julius', 'Leifer', 'Operetka' and 'Skagen' technological characteristics change during storage. Research aim explore the different varieties of winter wheat technological properties change dependent on the storage time. Objectives 1. First investigate the different varieties of winter wheat grain quality after the harvest. 2. Evaluate the quality of stored grain. 3. Summarize the technological properties of grain variation patterns. Research methods 2012-2013 year Pakruojo area were grown winter wheat. Winter wheat harvested in 2013 August 20 d. Perform quality in wheat research. Analyzed by standard methods of grain moisture content, protein, wet gluten, starch content, sedimentation value, falling number, bulk density, pesticide residues. Winter wheat samples kept in Diliauskų elevators, stock boxes of 4 kg, with three replications. Monthly indicators made of wheat quality tests. Research results. Winter wheat agricultural equipment, the use of pesticides in accordance with guidelines and in compliance with the allowable limits of pesticide residues in grain accumulation. Keeping dry grain stock of humidity increases the protein content moderation and weight does not change. Gluten content stored in winter wheat increased slightly . The starch content is stored in winter wheat increased an average of 1, 3 % . The storage period of sedimentation values in winter wheat decreased an average of 6, 45 ml . Falling number was... [to full text]
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Cosser, Nicola. "Genotype and systems interactions on grain yield and quality for organic wheat (Triticum aestivum) production". Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320192.
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Wessels, Pieter Gerhardus Wilhelmus. "Soil nitrogen dynamics and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) production in different cropping systems in the Swartland". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52455.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Protein and oilseed production in the winter rainfall region of South Africa (primarily the Southern and Western Cape) is well below the potential for the area. One possible method of increasing production is to convince producers that the inclusion of protein and oilseed rotational crops will enhance the sustainability of wheat production systems. A project to investigate, quantify and elucidate the effect of canola (Brassica napus), lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) and medics (Medicago spp.) on subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum) production as well as their influence on soil fertility in respect to nitrogen was initiated in 1999. The long- term rotational crop system experiment on Langgewens experimental farm near Malmesbury, provided the infrastructure for the project. During the 1999 and 2000 wheat-growing seasons, 50m2 plots were demarcated in wheat fields where wheat, lupins, canola or medics were produced in 1998 and 1999 respectively. Each plot was cleared of all vegetation and received no fertilizer N. In these fallow plots, soil samples were collected at three to four week intervals and the available nitrate-N and ammonium-N content of the topsoil (0-15cm depth) and the subsoil (15-30cm depth) were determined. Additional soil samples were also taken from the topsoil on 09/03/2000 after a summer fallow period. These samples were taken on plots that were subjected to a wheat crop in 1999, but were preceded by either wheat, canola, lupins or medics in 1998. The soil samples were then subjected to a 60-day incubation period at 15°C while being maintained at 75% of their water holding capacity. Mineral N was determined after 0, 3, 7, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of incubation. Large variation in the nitrogen contents observed made it difficult to always obtain significant differences. The results of the soil investigations however indicate that the inclusion of lupins and medics in wheat cropping systems in the Swartland could help to limit the decline of mineral N in the soil profile, experienced within a growing season. This will therefore enable farmers to reduce fertilizer inputs without facing soil mineral N depletion. Plant samples were also collected from wheat plots during the 1999 growing season on three occasions (23/06/99 (growth stage 5), 5/08/99 (growth stage 15), 14/09/99 (growth stage 23)). Plots were selected to represent the same treatments as in the soil sampling procedure during the growing season of 1999 as described above. Plant and tiller numbers of a 0.25m2 sub sample from each plot were counted and leaf area was determined, whereafter the dry material was weighed. The percentage nitrogen content in the leaves and stems were subsequently determined using Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy. In terms of vegetative growth, little difference was observed. A significant increase in nitrogen content of wheat plants growing in plots where wheat and canala were grown in 1998 was observed in the second plant sampling (growth stage 15) and this was attributed to higher nitrogen topdressing. However, on the third sampling date on 14/9/1999 (growth stage 23), the difference was no longer evident. The most important conclusion to make from this study, is that farmers can probably save on fertilizer inputs when including lupins and medics in their wheat production systems, without risking poorer wheat growth. At growth stage 28, a 0.25m2 sub sample of wheat plants was removed at a randomly chosen point in each of the plots described above. Ears and grains were subsequently counted. The wheat remaining on the plots were then harvested at the end of October 1999 using a plot combine. Subsequently the yield, hectolitre mass, thousand grain mass and % crude protein was determined from samples of harvested grain from each plot. The % flour and % bran extraction were then determined whereafter the % flour protein was determined. Micro bread loafs were baked to estimate the loaf volume. Flour and dough properties were also tested using the Falling Number System, mixograph and alveograph. Wheat in cropping systems consisting of legume phases such as lupins and medics, required less nitrogen fertilizer application to achieve statistically the same yield, flour and dough properties. These crop rotations can therefore be considered as more ecologically sustainable and economically viable for the Swartland. This study was aimed at determining the effect of different crop rotations on soil fertility, and because clear soil fertility trends take time to form, this study was probably too short to obtain fully significant differences.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Proteïen- en oliesaad produksie in die winter reënval streek van Suid Afrika (hoofsaaklik die Suid- en Weskaap) is ver benede die potensiaal vir die streek. Een moontlike manier om die produksie hiervan te verhoog is om produsente in hierdie streek te oortuig dat die insluiting van proteten en oliesaad gewasse die volhoubaarheid van koring verbouingstelsels sal verhoog. Na aanleiding hiervan, is In projek in 1999 van stapel gestuur om die effek van canola (Brassica napus), lupiene (Lupinus angustifolius) en medies (Medicago spp.) op daaropvolgende koring (Triticum aestivum) produksie, asook die invloed daarvan op grondvrugbaarheid in terme van stikstofinhoud, te ondersoek. Die langtermyn wisselbouproef op Langgewens proefplaas naby Malmesbury, het as infrastruktuur vir die ondersoek gedien. Gedurende die 1999 en 2000 koring groeiseisoene is 50m2 plotte in koringkampe gekies waarop koring, canola, lupiene en medies geproduseer is in onderskeidelik 1998 en 1999. Hierdie plotte is skoon gehou van plantegroei en het ook geen stikstof in kunsmisvorm gekry nie. Met drie tot vier week intervalle is grondmonsters op hierdie plotte versamel in die bogrond (0-15cm diep) en ondergrond (15-30cm diep), waarna die beskikbare nitraat-N en ammonium-N konsentrasie bepaal is. Adissionele grondmonsters van die bogrond is ook geneem op 9/03/2000 na In somer braak periode. Hierdie monsters was geneem op persele wat blootgestel was aan In koringproduksie in 1999, maar voorafgegaan is deur koring, canola, lupiene en medies in 1998. Hierdie monsters is dan vir 60 dae geïnkubeer teen 15°C en 75% van die grond se water houvermoeë. Minerale N inhoud bepalings is gedoen na 0, 3, 7, 15, 30, 45 en 60 dae van inkubasie. Groot variasie in die minerale stikstof inhoud, het die verkryging van herkenbare tendense en konstante statistiese verskille belemmer. Die resultate wat verkry is dui egter dat die insluiting van lupiene en medies in koring produksie stelsels in die Swartland, hoër minerale N vlakke in die grond handhaaf en dit kan boere gevolglik in staat stelom kunsmis insette te besnoei sonder dat grondvrugbaarheid verswak. Op 23/06/99 (groeistadium 5), 5/08/99 (groeistadium 15) en 14/09/99 (groeistadium 23) is plantmonsters versamel van koringpersele. Hierdie persele is gekies om die behandelings van die grondmonsterontledings soos hierbo beskryf, te verteenwoordig. Plante en halms van 'n 0.25m2 area uit die persele is getel en die blaaroppervlaktes is bepaal, waarna die droëmateriaal massa van die area bepaal is. Die persentasie stikstofinhoud van die blare en stingels was daarna bepaal. In terme van vegetatiewe groei was daar nie groot verskille te bespeur nie. Betekenisvolle hoër stikstof inhoud van koringblare in plotte waar daar in die vorige jaar canola en koring verbou was, is in die tweede planttrekking (groeistadium 15) gevind en dit is toegeskryf aan die hoër stikstof kopbemesting wat daardie behandelings ontvang het. Teen die derde monsterneming op 14/09l99 (groeistadium 23), was hierdie verskille nie meer in die ontledingsdata te sien nie. Die afleiding wat van hierdie studie gemaak is, is dat boere moontlik stikstofbemesting kan verminder as hulle lupiene en medies in hulle koring produksiestelsels inbring, sonder om die risiko van swakker groei te verhoog. Op 20/10/99 (groeistadium 28) is 0.25m2 plante van elke koringperseel verwyder waarna die are en die korrels getel is. Die koring wat nog op die persele was is teen die einde van Oktober 1999 met 'n perseelstropertjie geoes. Opbrengs, hektoliter massa, duidendkorrel massa en % ru-proteïene is daarna bepaal. Volgende is die % meel en % semel ekstraksie bepaal waarna die % meelproteïene bepaal is. Mikro broodjies is ook gebak om die broodvolume te bepaal. Meel en deeg eienskappe is ook getoets met die Falling Number System, mixogram en alveogram. Koring in produksiestelsels met peulplant fases (lupien en medies in hierdie geval), het minder N toediening nodig gehad om statisties dieselfde opbrengs, meel- en deeg eienskappe te verkry. Lupien en medic gebaseerde wisselbou praktyke in die Swartland kan gevolglik as meer ekologies volhoubaar en ekonomies haalbaar bestempelword. Hierdie studie het gepoog om die invloed van wisselbou op grondvrugbaarheid te ondersoek. Sodanige veranderings neem egter tyd en daarom is dit waarskynlik nog te gou om werklike grondvrugbaarheids verskille waar te neem.
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Vincent, Jonathan. "Inférence des réseaux de régulation de la synthèse des protéines de réserve du grain de blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.) en réponse à l'approvisionnement en azote et en soufre". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22485/document.
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La teneur et la composition en protéines de réserve du grain de blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.) sont les principaux déterminants de sa valeur d’usage et de sa qualité nutritionnelle. La composition en protéines de réserve du grain est déterminée par la teneur en assimilâts azotés et soufrés par grain via des lois d’échelle qui pourraient être les propriétés émergentes de réseaux de régulation. Plusieurs facteurs de transcription intervenant dans cette régulation ont été mis en évidence, mais les voies et mécanismes impliqués sont encore très peu connus. Le constat est identique en ce qui concerne l’impact de la nutrition azotée et soufrée sur ce réseau de régulation. Le développement des outils de génomique fonctionnelle et de bioinformatique permet aujourd’hui d’aborder ces régulations de manière globale via une approche systémique mettant en relation plusieurs niveaux de régulation. L’objectif du travail présenté est d’explorer les réseaux de régulation –omiques impliqués dans le contrôle de l’accumulation des protéines de réserve dans le grain de blé tendre et leur réponse à l’approvisionnement en azote et en soufre. Une approche d’inférence de réseaux basée sur la découverte de règles a été étendue, implémentée sous la forme d’une plateforme web. L’utilisation de cette plateforme a permis de définir des sémantiques multiples afin d’inférer dans un cadre global, des règles possédant différentes significations biologiques. Des facteurs de transcription spécifiques de certains organes et certaines phases de développement ont été mis en évidence et un intérêt particulier a été apporté à leur position dans les réseaux de règles inférés, notamment en relation avec les protéines de réserve. Les travaux initiés dans cette thèse ouvrent un champ d’investigation innovant pour l’identification de nouvelles cibles de sélection variétale pour l’amélioration de la valeur technologique et de la qualité nutritionnelle du blé. Ils devraient ainsi permettre de mieux maîtriser la composition en protéines de réserve et ainsi produire des blés adaptés à des utilisations ciblées ou carencé en certaines fractions protéiques impliquées dans des phénomènes d’allergénicité et d’intolérance du gluten, ce dans un contexte d’agriculture durable et plus économe en intrantsGrain storage protein content and composition are the main determinants of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) end-use value. Scaling laws governing grain protein composition according to grain nitrogen and sulfur content could be the outcome of a finely tuned regulation network. Although it was demonstrated that the main regulation of grain storage proteins accumulation occurs at the transcriptomic level in cereals, knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms is elusive. Moreover, the effects of nitrogen and sulfur on these mechanisms are unknown. The issue of skyrocketing data generation in research projects is addressed by developing high-throughput bioinformatics approaches. Extracting knowledge on from such massive amounts of data is therefore an important challenge. The work presented herein aims at elucidating regulatory networks involved in grain storage protein synthesis and their response to nitrogen and sulfur supply using a rule discovery approach. This approach was extended, implemented in the form of a web-oriented platform dedicated to the inference and analysis of regulatory networks from qualitative and quantitative –omics data. This platform allowed us to define different semantics in a comprehensive framework; each semantic having its own biological meaning, thus providing us with global informative networks. Spatiotemporal specificity of transcription factors expression was observed and particular attention was paid to their relationship with grain storage proteins in the inferred networks. The work initiated here opens up a field of innovative investigation to identify new targets for plant breeding and for an improved end-use value and nutritional quality of wheat in the context of inputs limitation. Further analyses should enhance the understanding of the control of grain protein composition and allow providing wheat adapted to specific uses or deficient in protein fractions responsible for gluten allergenicity and intolerance
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Maia, Aline Rodrigues. "Envelhecimento acelerado e avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de trigo acondicionadas em diferentes embalagens e armazenadas em ambiente natural em Ibitirama-ES". Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2007. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6591.
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Previous issue date: 2007-06-11O trigo é uma gramínea, cujas sementes apresentam alta germinação. Estes trabalhos tiveram como objetivo estudar a germinação, o vigor e o armazenamento de sementes de trigo. No estudo do envelhecimento acelerado e experimento foi conduzido no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Foram avaliadas as temperaturas (41, 43, 45ºC) e o período de exposição adequado (zero, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas) para a avaliação de sementes de trigo da cultivar Aliança. Conclui-se que: o envelhecimento acelerado de sementes de trigo na temperatura de 41 °C e tempos de exposição de 24 e 48 horas são os mais indicados; sob temperatura de 43 °C recomenda -se utilizar 24 horas de exposição das sementes; a temperatura de 45 °C é letal. No capítulo dois com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das seis cultivares de trigo o experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 50 sementes, em esquema fatorial 6x3x7, sendo seis cultivares de trigo (Timbaúva, CPAC 98308, CPAC 96306, CPAC 9617, Aliança e PF 950407) x três tipos de embalagens (pano, plástico e papel) x sete períodos de armazenamento (zero, dois, quatro, seis, oito, dez e doze meses). No armazenamento, foram avaliados os tipos de embalagens, a emissão da raiz primária com 2 mm de comprimento e o desenvolvimento da radícula para eixos embrionários, em seguida analizou-se a massa seca das plântulas. Conclui-se que: As sementes de trigo da cultivar CPAC 98308 apresenta boa armazenabilidade nas condições do município de Ibitirama; a perda da capacidade germinativa das sementes das seis cultivares se dá após seis meses nas embalagens de pano e papel e aos oito meses na embalagem plástica; a redução da qualidade fisiológica das seis cultivares de trigo tem início a partir do quarto mês de armazenamento nas embalagens de pano e papel e a partir do sexto mês na embalagem plástica; a deterioração foi verificada nas sementes da embalagem de pano aos oito meses, na de papel aos seis meses e na embalagem plástica aos doze meses.
The wheat is a grassy one, whose seeds present high germination. These works had had as objective to study the germination, the vigor and the storage of wheat seeds. In the study of the accelerated aging and experiment casualizado was lead in the completely randomized design, with four replications of 25 seeds. The temperatures (41, 43, 45ºC) and the adequate period of exposition (zero, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours) for the evaluation of seeds of wheat of cultivating had been evaluated Alliance. One concludes that: with the accelerated aging of seeds of wheat in the Temperature of 41°C for periods of 24 and 48 hours of treatment were the more indicated for the wheat aging; under temperature of the 43°C was recommended 24 hour s of exposition. Treatment of the seeds with accelerated aging using temperature of 45ºC determined the death of the seeds, culminating with deterioration. In chapter two with the objective to evaluate the physiological quality of the six to cultivate of wheat the experiment was lead in experimental completely randomized design, with four repetitions of 50 seeds, in factorial project 6x3x7, being six to cultivate of wheat (Timbaúva, CPAC 98308, CPAC 96306, CPAC 9617, Alliance and PF 950407) x three types of packings (cloth, plastic and paper) x seven periods of storage (zero, two, four, six, eight, ten and twelve months). In the storage, the types of packings, the emission of the primary root with 2 mm of length and the development of radicule for axles had been evaluated embryonic, after that it was analysis dry mass of seedlings. One concludes that: the seeds wheat of cultivating CPAC 98308 present good storage in the conditions of the city of Ibitirama; the loss of the germinative capacity of the seeds of the six after to cultivate if it gives to six months in the packings of cloth and paper and to the eight months in the plastic packing; the reduction of the physiological quality of the seeds of the six to cultivate of wheat has beginning from the sixth month and in the plastic packing; deterioration was verified in the seeds of the cloth packing to the eight months, in the one of paper to the six months and in the plastic packing to the twelve months.
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Abreu, Daniel Carneiro de. "Whole-farm modeling approach to evaluate different crop rotations in organic dairy systems". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/6596.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
O mercado de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) orgânico para produção de pão cresceu em grande magnitude na região da Nova Inglaterra, nos Estados Unidos. Este nicho de mercado representa uma alternativa de renda para os produtores de leite orgânico abastecerem este mercado através do cultivo e colheita de grãos em rotação de cultura na própria fazenda. Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar a sustentabilidade de oito sequências de rotação de cultura (três anos de rotação) durante o período de 25 anos em uma propriedade produtora de leite orgânica bem manejada. Uma fazenda média foi simulada utilizando o modelo computacional Integrated Farm System Model (versão 3.6) para avaliar o efeito da rotação de cultura no desempenho da cultura, impacto ambiental e rentabilidade. As estratégias de rotação incluíram pasto contínuo (azevém e trigo), milho (Zea mays L.) colhido cedo seguido de trigo de inverno (milho-trigo de inverno- pasto), milho seguido de trigo de primavera (milho-trigo de primavera-pasto), pasto em rotação com trigo de inverno (azevém/trigo - trigo de inverno - azevém/trigo), pasto em rotação com trigo de primavera (azevém/trigo - trigo de primavera - azevém/trigo), soja [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] em rotação por trigo de inverno (soja - trigo de inverno - azevém/trigo) e primavera (soja - trigo de primavera - azevém/trigo), milho em cultivo consecutivo (milho - milho - azevém/trigo) e soja seguida de milho (soja - milho - azevém/trigo). O trigo foi colhido em grão e comercializado a preço premium em todos os anos simulados. Em todas as simulações foram cultivados azevém e trigo (Lolium perenne / Trifolium pratense) consorciados no terceiro ano. Em geral, não houve benefício econômico e ambiental na rotação de cultura em comparação o pasto contínuo (monocultivo). Entretanto, entre as rotações de cultura, o cultivo de trigo de inverno deve ser incentivado, particularmente em rotação com a soja, para reduzir o impacto ambiental e aumentar rentabilidade da fazenda.
The market for high-quality organic bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is increasing in New England. This economic niche represents one alternative income for organic dairy producers (if they include wheat in their crop rotation) to supply this market by raising wheat as a cash crop. Our objective was to determine the sustainability to eight crop rotation sequences of 3-yr rotations in a long-term (25-yr) well-managed organic dairy farm. A medium-sized organic dairy farm was simulated with the Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM, version 3.6) to evaluate crop rotation (management) effects on crop performance, environmental impacts and profitability. The cropping strategies included continuous ryegrass/red clover (continuous grass), corn (Zea mays L.) harvested early followed by winter wheat (corn-wwheat-grass), corn followed by spring wheat (corn-swheat-grass), ryegrass/red clover rotated with winter wheat (grass-wwheat-grass), ryegrass/red clover in rotation with spring wheat (grass-swheat-grass), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotated by both winter wheat (soybean-wwheat-grass) and spring wheat (soybean- swheat-grass), corn double cropped (corn-corn-grass) and soybean followed by corn (soybean- corn-grass). Wheat was harvested as a cash crop in all simulated years and sold at a premium price. All rotations were in long rotation with perennial ryegrass/red clover (Lolium perenne / Trifolium pratense) over the 3-yr. In general, there was no economic and environmental benefit to shifting land from continues grass-based production to specified cropping rotations. However, under crop rotation, use of winter wheat should be encouraged, particularly soybean replaced with cash crop wheat, to reduce environmental impact and improve farm profitability.
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Daraja, Yusuf B. "The effects of intercropping, nitrogen and sulphur nutrition on the performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Faba Bean (Vicia faba) in different production systems". Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515808.
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Freo, Janete Deliberali. "Aplicação de terra de diatomácea e a infestação com Rhyzopertha dominica nas propriedades físico-químicas e tecnológicas de grãos de trigo armazenados no sistema convencional". Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2010. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1324.
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Previous issue date: 2010-11-12Among the many factors that affect the quality of flour, you can highlight the insect infestation, which also reduces the quality of cereal protein gluten weaken, reduce the technological characteristics and health conditions. Although there are studies on the application of diatomaceous earth in wheat grains, the literature does not provide information about the amount of residue that remains after the flour milling wheat. The aim of the study was to evaluate the infestation of Rhyzopertha dominica and the effect of diatomaceous earth on physicochemical and technological properties of grain stored in the conventional system and quantify the residual silicon in wheat flour. The study was conducted with a sample of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar Abalone and diatomaceous earth KeepDry ® brand. In the experiment with Rhyzopertha dominica, the wheat was infested with densities of zero, 4, 24 and 48 insects in each 8 kg of grain and stored for 240 days, under controlled temperature and relative humidity (25 °C and 70 ± 5%, respectively). In the experiment and every 60 days of storage was collected 2 kg of wheat grains of each population and performed laboratory tests. In the experiment with diatomaceous earth, samples of 10 kg of wheat were treated with zero, 2.0 and 4.0 g.kg-1, homogenized and stored in bags of cotton in the temperature of 25 ºC and relative humidity 70 ± 5% every 60 days and made the physicochemical and technological. The experiments were conducted in a randomized design in a factorial 4 x 5 (four x five levels of infestation periods of storage) and 3 x 4 (three doses of diatomaceous earth x storage period) respectively, with three replicates for each treatment. The analysis carried out in wheat grains were moisture, test weight, ash, proteins, lipids and fatty acidity and flour falling number, gluten content, color, alveography, farinograph, bakery and experimental quantification of silicon. The results were analyzed by use of ANOVA and significant models the averages were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. Was also performed regression analysis between the responses by the use of statistical program Sisvar® Version 5.3. The analysis and graphs of the regression equations were developed with the help of the program Origin® 5.0. The application of diatomaceous earth and the infestation with Rhyzopertha dominica reduce the physicochemical and technological properties of flour from wheat grain stored in the conventional system. The colorimetric method used for the quantitation of silicon and may be suitable for determination of residue of diatomaceous earth in the flour that remains after the milling of wheat grains. Keywords: Triticum aestivum. Storage. Insects. Alveography. Bakery. Silicon.
Dentre os diversos fatores que afetam a qualidade da farinha, pode-se destacar a infestação por insetos, que, além de reduzir a qualidade das proteínas dos cereais debilitam o glúten, reduzem as propriedades tecnológicas e as condições sanitárias. Embora existam trabalhos sobre a aplicação de terra de diatomácea em grãos de trigo, a literatura não apresenta informações sobre a quantidade de resíduo que permanece na farinha após a moagem do trigo. Objetivou-se, com o trabalho, avaliar a infestação com Rhyzopertha dominica e o efeito da aplicação de terra de diatomácea nas propriedades físico-químicas e tecnológicas de grãos armazenados no sistema convencional e quantificar o resíduo de silício na farinha de trigo. O trabalho foi realizado com amostra de grãos de trigo (Triticum aestivum L) do cultivar Abalone e terra de diatomácea marca KeepDry®. No experimento com Rhyzopertha dominica, o trigo foi infestado com densidades populacionais de zero, 4, 24 e 48 insetos em cada 8 kg de grãos e armazenado por 240 dias, em condições controladas de temperatura e umidade relativa (25 oC e 70 ± 5%, respectivamente). Na instalação do experimento e a cada 60 dias de armazenamento foi coletado 2 kg de grãos de trigo de cada densidade populacional e realizado as análises laboratoriais. No experimento com terra de diatomácea, amostras de 10 kg de trigo foram tratadas com zero, 2,0 e 4,0 g.kg-1, homogeneizadas e armazenadas em sacos de algodão, em ambiente com temperatura de 25 ºC e umidade relativa de 70 ± 5% e a cada 60 dias realizadas as análises físico-químicas e tecnológicas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 4 x 5 (quatro níveis de infestação x cinco períodos de armazenamento) e 3 x 4 (três doses de terra de diatomácea x quatro períodos de armazenamento) respectivamente, sendo realizadas três repetições para cada tratamento. As análises realizadas nos grãos de trigo foram umidade, peso do hectolitro, cinzas, proteínas, lipídios e acidez graxa e na farinha número de queda, teor de glúten, cor, alveografia, farinografia, panificação experimental e quantificação de silício. Os resultados foram analisados através do emprego da ANOVA e nos modelos significativos as médias foram comparadas entre si pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Também foi realizada análise de regressão entre as variáveis respostas pelo emprego do programa estatístico Sisvar® Versão 5.3. As análises e os gráficos das equações de regressão foram elaborados com o auxílio do programa Origin® 5.0. A aplicação de terra de diatomácea e a infestação com Rhyzopertha dominica reduzem as propriedades físico-químicas e tecnológicas da farinha extraída de grãos de trigo armazenados no sistema convencional. O método colorimétrico empregado para a quantificação de silício é adequado e pode ser indicado para a determinação de resíduo de terra de diatomácea que permanece na farinha após a moagem dos grãos de trigo.
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Nteyi, Sinovuyo Mava. "Effects of crop rotation and tillage system on the control of ryegrass (lolium multiflorum X perenne) in wheat (triticum aestivum) in the Swartland production area of South Africa's Western Cape Province". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020990.
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A major challenge facing agriculture today is to sustain the productivity of agricultural systems with the reduction of weed invasion. The Swartland region in the Western Cape (South Africa) is intensively cropped, producing wheat (Triticum aestivum) as the major crop. As a result of the weedy ryegrass invasion the wheat yield is reduced. In addition, ryegrass has developed resistance to grass herbicides (graminicides). This situation has increased the need to use alternative practices for controlling the invasion of ryegrass in wheat fields. In this regard, crop rotation and tillage systems were proposed as techniques to suppress the ryegrass invasion. This could thus maintain a sustainable long-term wheat production system with less application of herbicides, decreased input costs and increased total grain yield. Against this background, the effects of crop rotation and tillage were determined on ryegrass seedling emergence in a field and shade netting experiment, while seed dormancy was determined in the laboratory. The objectives were to compare the wheat production of two crop rotations with mono-cropped wheat and assess the impact on the ryegrass population in no-till and minimum tillage systems. Analyses of variance on data sets of ryegrass seeds from 2009, 2010 and 2011 were used to determine germination and dormancy percentages in laboratory experiments. The performance of laboratory treatments was evaluated on the basis of germination percentage of seeds. In the field and shade netting experiments, analyses of variance for data from 2007, 2011 and 2012 were used to determine crop rotation x tillage system response. Field and shade netting performance were evaluated on the basis of ryegrass population inhibition and stimulation respectively. Ryegrass seeds from 2009 and 2010 showed higher germination percentages (80 per cent and 73 per cent) than 2011 (42 per cent). Primary dormancy prevented high germination of newly harvested seeds as dormancy release increase with age of the seed. Results of field and shade netting experiments showed stimulation of the ryegrass weed population in wheat monoculture under minimum tillage. However, when wheat was rotated with leguminous crops under both tillage systems (minimum-till and no-till) ryegrass was significantly inhibited. It was concluded that the critical period for weed competition is the first six weeks after planting. Results from this study provide a basis for producers of cereals to make good decisions with regards to timing weed control measures. It is essential to use competitive crop sequences which will inhibit weeds. The challenge is getting this practice adopted and implemented by producers as it will promote conservation agriculture within the region. This study promotes long-term sustainable wheat production systems with an efficient weed management programme that is environmentally friendly using less herbicides within the Swartland region.
Części książek na temat "Triticum aestivum- Storage systems"
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Awad, Yasser Mahmoud, Ahmed Ameen Abdullah, Tarek Youssef Bayoumi, Kamel Abd-Elsalam i Aboul Ella Hassanien. "Early Detection of Powdery Mildew Disease in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Using Thermal Imaging Technique". W Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 755–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11310-4_66.
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Arseniuk, E., P. M. Fried, A. L. Scharen i J. H. Czembor. "Pathogenicity and Resistance Patterns in X Triticosecale — Septoria SPP. and Triticum Aestivum L. — Septoria SPP. Systems". W Durability of Disease Resistance, 305. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2004-3_33.
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Muzangwa, Lindah, Isaac Gura, Sixolise Mcinga, Pearson Nyari Mnkeni i Cornelius Chiduza. "Impact of conservation agriculture on soil health: lessons from the university of fort hare trial." W Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 293–304. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0018.
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Abstract Conservation Agriculture (CA) promotes soil health, but issues to do with soil health are poorly researched in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. This study reports on findings from a field trial done on the effects of tillage, crop rotations composed of maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) and residue management on a number of soil health parameters such as carbon (C)-sequestration, CO2 fluxes, enzyme activities, earthworm biomass and the Soil Management Assessment Framework soil quality index (SMAF-SQI). The field trial was done in a semi-arid region of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, over five cropping seasons (2012-2015). It was laid out as a split-split plot with tillage [conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT)] as main plot treatment. Sub-treatments were crop rotations: maize-fallow-maize (MFM), maize-fallow-soybean (MFS); maize-wheat-maize (MWM) and maize-wheat-soybean (MWS). Residue management: removal (R-) and retention (R+) were in the sub-sub-plots. Particulate organic matter (POM), soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and enzyme activities were significantly (p < 0.05) improved by residue retention and legume rotation compared to residue removal and cereal-only rotations. Also, carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes under CT were higher compared to NT. The calculated soil quality index (SQI) was greatly improved by NT and residue retention. MWM and MWS rotations, in conjunction with residue retention under NT, offered the greatest potential for building soil health. Residue retention and inclusion of soybean in crop rotations are recommended for improving soil health under CA systems in the semi-arid regions of South Africa.
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"The Peculiarities of Seedlings Formation of Triticum Aestivum L. Under Salinization Conditions". W Biological Systems, Biodiversity, and Stability of Plant Communities, 389–412. Apple Academic Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18464-39.
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Ingram, Keith T. "Drought-Related Characteristics of Important Cereal Crops". W Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0008.
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Humans cultivate more than 200 species of plants, but this chapter reviews responses of 5 important cereal crops to drought. These crops are maize (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br), which provide the majority of food in the world. In general, farmers cultivate millet in the most drought-prone environments and sorghum where a short growing season is the greatest constraint to production. Some sorghum cultivars set grain in as short as 50–60 days (Roncoli et al., 2001). Rice is grown under a wide range of environments, from tropical to temperate zones, from deep water-flooded zones to nonflooded uplands. Rice productivity is limited mostly by water (IRRI, 2002). Drought limits, to a varying extent, the productivity of all of these crops. Although water is likely the most important manageable limit to food production worldwide, we should recognize that water management cannot be isolated from nutrient, crop, and pest management. Life on earth depends on green plants, which capture solar energy and store chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis. Although plants use a small amount of water in the reactions of photosynthesis and retain small amounts of water in plant tissues, as much as 99% of the water that plants take up is lost through transpiration (i.e., gaseous water transport through the stomata of leaves). Stomata, which are small pores on leaf surfaces, must open to allow carbon dioxide to enter leaf tissues for photosynthesis and plant growth, but open stomata also allow water to escape. In addition to transpiration, there are several other avenues of water loss from a crop system. Water may exit the crop system by evaporation from the soil, transpiration of weeds, deep drainage beyond the root zone, lateral flow beneath the soil surface, or runoff. We can sum the daily additions and losses of water to form a water balance equation: . . . S = G + P + I − E − T − Tw − D − L − R [2.1] . . .
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"Adaptive Reaction of Triticum Aestivum L. on Soil and Climatic Environmental Factors Under Impact of Physiologically Active Compounds". W Biological Systems, Biodiversity, and Stability of Plant Communities, 413–26. Apple Academic Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18464-40.
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Manuel Sánchez-Yañez, Juan. "Xanthobacter autotrophicus an Endophytic Beneficial Bacterium for Wheat and Other Plants: A Short Review". W Current Trends in Wheat Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102066.
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The endophytic genus plant growth promoting bacteria (EPGPB) known as Xanthobacter autrotrophicus is one of the most interesting option to apply on the production of wheat (Triticum aestivum), and other domestic crops lettuce (Lactuca sativa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) rice (Oriza sativa) maize (Zea mays): under all types of agriculture systems: open field, protecting one or either organic sustainable type. The aims of this review is to analyze the qualities of X. autotrophicus as useful EPGPB for sustainable production of wheat and other crops regarding its capacity as able to fix molecular nitrogen (N2) as well as by transforming plant metabolic compounds in phytohormons, including phosphatase enzyme for solubilizing phosphate to solve different soil problems related with its fertility also some phytopathological like to stop of growing weed as Arabidopsis thaliana which are competing with health growth of domestic plants. Beside the potencial of X. autotrophicus for bioremediation of environmental polluted by chemicals.
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Kefale, Habtamu, i Sewnet Getahun. "Gene Editing Improves the Agronomic Important Traits of Wheat. CRISPR-Cas9 and Cas12/Cpf1". W Wheat [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103867.
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A hexaploid Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the 3rd most important staple food crop with 15% caloric intake next to maize and rice in the world. The global attention for wheat improvement are still encouraging. However, the population growth and demand for food at this time and in the next years could not be balanced. Due to this, huge investments have been established and performed to improve the most important agronomic traits of wheat. Among the new molecular tools and techniques that have given a big emphasis as it will have many concerns is gene editing. Many gene editing tools have been reported and being implemented including Zinc finger nuclease, transcription activator-like effector nuclease, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated Cas9/12 system for targeted gene editing. Among these, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated Cas9/12 systems are very accurate and widely used for targeted gene editing. By using CRISPR-Cas mediated gene editing technique, important traits of wheat include disease and pest resistance, better grain and flour quality, gluten-free trait, better nutritional value, nitrogen use efficiency, threshability, and other yield components and has been edited and improved. Therefore, the use of gene editing technologies for wheat as well as other important crops improvement was irreversible.
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Hossain, Akbar, Mst Tanjina Islam i M. Tofazzal Islam. "Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Rice-Wheat Systems of South Asia Is Influenced by Terminal Heat Stress at Late Sown Condition: A Case in Bangladesh". W Plant Stress Physiology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91828.
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"Molecular genetic analysis of alloplasmic recombinant lines (Triticum dicoccum) – Triticum aestivum". W Bioinformatics of Genome Regulation and Structure/ Systems Biology. institute of cytology and genetics siberian branch of the russian academy of science, Novosibirsk State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/bgrs/sb-2020-218.
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"Photosynthesis of the isogenic lines Triticum aestivum L." W SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS (SBB-2020). Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/sbb-2020-34.
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Gupta, Saurabh, Utkarsh Raj, Himansu Kumar, Pritish Kumar Varadwaj i Adhyana Gupta. "Embryo and endosperm specific comparative transcriptome analysis of triticum aestivum in response to ABA and H2O2 stress". W 2016 International Conference on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology (BSB). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bsb.2016.7552157.
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Zimbovskaya, M. M., N. A. Kulikova, O. I. Filippova i D. A. Pankratov. "Autoradiographic study of the distribution of 55-iron(III)-EDTA chelate at the presence of humic substances in Triticum aestivum L." W Fifth International Conference of CIS IHSS on Humic Innovative Technologies «Humic substances and living systems». CLUB PRINT ltd., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36291/hit.2019.zimbovskaya.066.
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Egovtseva, A. Yu, i T. N. Melnichuk. "Orientation of microbiological processes in the Triticum aestivum L. rhizosphere under conditions of seed bacterization by a complex of microbial preparations". W CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea", 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-108.
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The aim of our research was to study the effect of presowing bacterization by a complex of microbial preparations (CMP) in various farming systems on the biological activity of the Triticum aestivum L. rhizosphere of southern Chernozem in the Crimean steppe. The three-year study proved the possibility of intensification and normalization of the microbiological status of the winter wheat rhizosphere using resource-saving technologies. The most pronounced effect of the complex of microbial preparations on the microbiological processes of the winter wheat rhizosphere was revealed in adverse weather conditions.
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Egovtseva, A. Yu, i T. N. Melnichuk. "The influence of microbial preparations and farming systems on the structure of the microbocenosis of the rhizosphere of Triticum aestivum L." W РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В АГРОЦЕНОЗАХ. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-15.05.2020.09.
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Microorganisms are the most important bioindicators of the environment and ecological risk assessment. The impact of the no-till farming system in combination with microbial preparations needs to be studied and is an urgent task aimed at preserving fertility. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of pre-sowing inoculation with complex microbial preparations (CMP) and farming systems (no-till and conventional farming system) on the microbocenosis of the rhizosphere of Triticum aestivum L. in the Crimean Steppe. Microbiological analysis of the rhizosphere showed a significant increase in the number of actinobacteria (twice). The number of micromycetes, among which there are many pathogens of various plant diseases, decreased under direct sowing by 23 % as a result of inoculation and amounted to 21.5 thousand CFU/g of soil. The number of cellulose-destroying microorganisms that form soil fertility increased under the influence of microbial preparations by 23 % under conventional farming system (10.0 thousand CFU/g of soil); by 20 % under no-till (15.4 thousand CFU/g of soil). Thus, it was found that the use of microbial preparations under both farming techniques contributed to an increase in the number of microorganisms of most ecological-trophic groups that participate in the transformation of nitrogen in the rhizosphere, enhanced enzymatic processes, reduced the development of pathogenic microbiota and, consequently, contributed to improving the state of soil biocenosis.
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Egovtseva, A. Yu, T. N. Melnichuk i S. F. Abdurashitov. "The influence of farming systems and microbial preparations on the structure of the microbocenosis of the rhizosphere of Triticum aestivum L." W 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.063.
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The use of microbial preparations contributed to a change in the taxonomic structure of winter wheat rhizosphere microbiome was established. A more significant effect of microbial preparations was noted under no-till technology on the structure of the microbiome than with the traditional farming system.
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MOROZ, Irina, i Ingrida CHEMERYS. "INFLUENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ON PLANT GROWTH". W Conference for Junior Researchers „Science – Future of Lithuania“. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aainz.2017.012.
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The increasing level of electromagnetic radiation is a dangerous factor that poses risks of damage to living organisms. Currently, research focuses on the influence of industrial sources of electromagnetic radiation; however, the sources of such radiation in the living environment are given insufficient attention. The combined effects of these sources of radiation on living organisms can be investigated using phytoindication. The purpose of the current study was to analyze the impact of electromagnetic radiation on the growth of cereals. Assessment of the trends of change in the length of shoots of test objects at the average absolute growth, the average rate of change and the average growth rate showed inhibition of plant growth indicators, but the most depressing effect was caused by radiation from a computer systems unit and a TV (shorter shoots compared to the control samples ranged between 13.3% in Hordeum vulgare L. to 46.2% in Sorghum vulgare Pers.). The study defined the sensitivity of test objects to electromagnetic radiation of appliances (in descending order): Sorghum vulgare Pers. – Triticum aestivum L. – Hordeum vulgare L. (maximum inhibition of growth performance compared to control samples stood at 46.2%, 27.9%, 15.3% respectively).
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Hospodarenko, Hryhorii, i Vitalii Liubych. "Influence of long-term fertilization on yield and quality of spring triticale grain". W Research for Rural Development 2021 : annual 27th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.27.2021.004.
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Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is a promising cereal crop that has a number of economically valuable properties that are absent in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The research was conducted at Uman National University of Horticulture (Ukraine) in a long-term stationary experiment, founded in 1964. The aim of the work was to study the influence of long-term application of different fertilizer systems (mineral, organic and organo-mineral) on the yield and grain quality of spring triticale. It has been established that in the conditions of high air temperature and soil moisture deficit, mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems have an advantage. In sufficient wet conditions, all studied fertilizer systems are highly efficient. Spring triticale (Kharkiv Hlibodar variety) has a high reaction to fertilizers, as grain yield increases from 6.3–6.6 to 9.0–9.5 t ha-1 (р≤0.05). Mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems have the greatest effect on protein content. In conditions of sufficient moisture, all levels of mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems significantly increase the protein content in spring triticale grain. In arid conditions, saturation of crop rotation area with N90P90K90 (M2), N135P135K135 (M3) and Manure 9 t +N46P68K36 (OM2), Manure 13.5 t + N69P102K54 (OM3) is preferred. It should be noted that spring triticale is quite reactive with fertilizers, as the protein content increases from 13.2–14.0 to 15.2–16.0% (р≤0.05) depending on the fertilizer system. The high influence of fertilizer system and year factors on yield and protein content in triticale grain has been established. It should be noted that spring triticale grain yield varies most from the weather conditions of the growing season.