Artykuły w czasopismach: „Tritici”

1

Zhao, J., X. J. Wang, C. Q. Chen, L. L. Huang i Z. S. Kang. "A PCR-Based Assay for Detection of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Wheat". Plant Disease 91, nr 12 (grudzień 2007): 1669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-12-1669.

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Monitoring the pathogenic fungus of wheat stripe rust, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, plays a key role in effective control of the disease. In the present study, we developed a specific and sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for detecting the pathogen in wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves. A pair of primers (PSF and PSR) was designed based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequence of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. PCR products that were amplified with universal primers ITS1 and ITS4 were cloned into pGEM-T Easy vectors and sequenced. The ITS sequence was compared with those of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, P. triticina, P. graminis f. sp. tritici, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, Fusarium graminearum, Rhizoctonia cerealis, and Bipolaris sorokiniana, which are associated with early symptoms of foliar diseases on wheat. Specificity of the primers was tested in the PCR assays using DNA extracted from all tested P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates, other fungal species, and healthy and infected wheat leaves sampled around stripe rust foci in wheat fields, different days after inoculation with P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, as well as asymptomatic wheat leaves sampled around stripe rust foci in the fields. A PCR product of 169 bp was amplified from DNA of all P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates. The primers did not amplify DNA from the other tested fungal species. The pathogen was detected from asymptomatic wheat leaves inoculated with P. striiformis f. sp. tritici under greenhouse conditions, as well as leaves sampled around stripe rust foci in wheat fields. Under optimum conditions, the PCR assay was highly sensitive and required only 0.1 pg of the target DNA for a detectable and reliable amplification with the PSF and PSR primers.

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Nielsen, J. "Ustilago spp. pathogenic on Aegilops. II. Ustilago tritici". Canadian Journal of Botany 63, nr 4 (1.04.1985): 765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-097.

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Examination of 53 herbarium specimens of Ustilago spp. collected on Aegilops L. showed that U. passerinii, U. schumanniana, U. ehrenbergiana, and U. aegilopidis (sic) are synonyms of U. tritici. From published descriptions it was concluded that U. ugamica, too, is synonymous with U. tritici. Morphology and hybridization studies showed that eight field collections of Ustilago from Aegilops cylindrica, A. kotschyi, A. lorentii, A. tauschii, and A. triuncialis from Iran, Iraq, and the U.S.S.R. are U. tritici. The large proportion of U. tritici among herbarium specimens and field collections indicates that it is the most common Ustilago sp. on Aegilops. Thirty species of Aegilops and Triticum were inoculated with five collections from Aegilops and two races from Triticum. Aegilops bicornis was susceptible, and three Aegilops and six Triticum species were resistant to all inocula. On the remaining hosts the pathogen showed specialization at the species and genus level; specialization at the genus level depended in part on the karyotype of the host. This specialization and the low compatibility between certain collections or races as determined by crosses probably are due to evolution during long-term association with isolated host populations. The use of a trinomial system for U. tritici is rejected because of the multitude of possible formae speciales and the overlapping of pathogenicity by races on several host species.

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Gao, L., H. X. Yu, X. H. Kang, H. M. Shen, C. Li, T. G. Liu, B. Liu i W. Q. Chen. "Development of SCAR Markers and an SYBR Green Assay to Detect Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Infected Wheat Leaves". Plant Disease 100, nr 9 (wrzesień 2016): 1840–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-15-0693-re.

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Stripe rust, caused by the pathogenic fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is an important disease of wheat worldwide. A rapid and reliable detection of the pathogen in latent infected wheat leaves is useful for accurate and early forecast of outbreaks and timely application of fungicides for managing the disease. Using the previously reported primer pair Bt2a/Bt2b, a 362-bp amplicon was obtained from P. striiformis f. sp. tritici and a 486-bp amplicon was obtained from both P. triticina (the leaf rust pathogen) and P. graminis f. sp. tritici (the stem rust pathogen). Based on the sequence of the 362-bp fragment, two pairs of sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers were designed. PSTF117/PSTR363 produced a 274-bp amplicon and TF114/TR323 produced a 180-bp amplicon from P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, whereas they did not produce any amplicon from P. triticina, P. graminis f. sp. tritici, or any other wheat-infecting fungi. The detection limit of PSTF117/PSTR363 was 1 pg/µl and TF114/TR323 was 100 fg/µl. Both SCAR markers could be detected in wheat leaves 9 h post inoculation. An SYBR Green RT-PCR method was also developed to detect P. striiformis f. sp. tritici in infected leaves with the detection limit of 1.0 fg DNA from asymptomatic leaf samples of 6 h after inoculation. These methods should be useful for rapid diagnosis and accurate detection of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici in infected wheat leaves for timely control of the disease.

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Knott, D. R. "The transfer of stem rust resistance from the Ethiopian durum wheat St. 464 to common wheat". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, nr 2 (1.04.1996): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-054.

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Two genes for stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & Henn.) resistance were transferred from the Ethiopian durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L) accession St. 464 to Thatcher and Prelude/8* Marquis common wheat. One gene was shown by monosomic analysis to be on chromosome 4B and proved to be Sr7a. Monosomic analysis failed to locate the second gene. It is only partially dominant and conditions resistance to a range of races. Key words: Rust resistance, stem rust, wheat, Puccinia graminis tritici, Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum

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De Pace, Ciro, Marina Pasquini, Patrizia Vaccino, Marco Bizzarri, Francesca Nocente, Maria Corbellini, Maria Eugenia Caceres, Pier Giorgio Cionini, Doriano Vittori i Gyula Vida. "Deployment of either a whole or dissected wild nuclear genome into the wheat gene pool meets the breeding challenges posed by the sustainable farming systems". Plant Genetic Resources 9, nr 2 (15.03.2011): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262111000141.

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Deploying whole and dissected nuclear genome of wild Triticeae species in the homoeologous wheat genetic background through inter-specific hybridization and introgression is a lower cost and effective option to prepare wheat germplasm with unexploited genes for disease resistance and enhanced grain yield and quality traits. The whole nuclear genomes of Dasypyrum villosum (Dv) and T. turgidum var durum have been combined, and an homoploid derivative of the original amphiploid displayed typical ‘farro’ spike morphology, tough rachis and the adaptive traits of Dv such as high resistance to diseases (caused by Tilletia tritici, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, Puccinia triticina and P. graminis f. sp. tritici), heading earliness and fortified caryopses (high protein and micronutrient contents). The dissection of the Dv genome by either ‘Triticum aestivum cv Chinese Spring (CS) × hexaploid amphiploid’ or ‘(CS × Dv) × CS’ hybridization and backcrossing provided wheat introgression breeding lines (IBLs) expressing one or more of the Dv adaptive traits. Molecular analyses revealed that either cryptic or Genomic In-situ Hybridization (GISH) detectable Dv chromatin introgression occurred in those IBLs. The IBLs, after 2 years of low-input field tests and genetic analyses in Italy and Hungary, showed simple inheritance, dominance and stability of the adaptive and disease resistance traits.

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Hagerty, Christina H., Ann M. Klein, Catherine L. Reardon, Duncan R. Kroese, Caroline J. Melle, Kaci R. Graber i Christopher C. Mundt. "Baseline and Temporal Changes in Sensitivity of Zymoseptoria tritici Isolates to Benzovindiflupyr in Oregon, U.S.A., and Cross-Sensitivity to Other SDHI Fungicides". Plant Disease 105, nr 1 (styczeń 2021): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-19-2125-re.

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Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB), a disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) that results in significant yield loss worldwide. Z. tritici’s life cycle, reproductive system, effective population size, and gene flow put it at high likelihood of developing fungicide resistance. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides (FRAC code 7) were not widely used to control STB in the Willamette Valley until 2016. Field isolates of Z. tritici collected in the Willamette Valley at dates spanning the introduction of SDHI (2015 to 2017) were screened for sensitivity to four SDHI active ingredients: benzovindiflupyr, penthiopyrad, fluxapyroxad, and fluindapyr. Fungicide sensitivity changes were determined by the fungicide concentration at which fungal growth is decreased by 50% (EC50) values. The benzovindiflupyr EC50 values increased significantly, indicating a reduction in sensitivity, following the adoption of SDHI fungicides in Oregon (P < 0.0001). Additionally, significant reduction in cross-sensitivity among SDHI active ingredients was also observed with a moderate and significant relationship between penthiopyrad and benzovindiflupyr (P = 0.0002) and a weak relationship between penthiopyrad and fluxapyroxad (P = 0.0482). No change in cross-sensitivity was observed with fluindapyr, which has not yet been labeled in the region. The results document a decrease in SDHI sensitivity in Z. tritici isolates following the introduction of the active ingredients to the Willamette Valley. The reduction in cross-sensitivity observed between SDHI active ingredients highlights the notion that careful consideration is required to manage fungicide resistance and suggests that within-group rotation is insufficient for resistance management.

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7

DEPAUW, R. M., T. F. TOWNLEY-SMITH, T. N. McCAIG i J. M. CLARKE. "LAURA HARD RED SPRING WHEAT". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, nr 1 (1.01.1988): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-020.

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Laura hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) combines higher grain yield than currently registered cultivars with very good bread-making properties. Laura has resistance to prevalent races of leaf rust caused by Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Desm. f. sp. tritici and stem rust caused by P. graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. and E. Henn. It was registered on 23 December 1986. Breeder seed of Laura will be maintained by Agriculture Canada Experimental Farm, Indian Head, Saskatchewan.Key words: Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description

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Ben-David, Roi, Ryan Parks, Amos Dinoor, Evsey Kosman, Thomas Wicker, Beat Keller i Christina Cowger. "Differentiation Among Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Isolates Originating from Wild Versus Domesticated Triticum Species in Israel". Phytopathology® 106, nr 8 (sierpień 2016): 861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-15-0177-r.

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Israel and its vicinity constitute a center of diversity of domesticated wheat species (Triticum aestivum and T. durum) and their sympatrically growing wild relatives, including wild emmer wheat (T. dicoccoides). We investigated differentiation within the forma specialis of their obligate powdery mildew pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. A total of 61 B. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates were collected from the three host species in four geographic regions of Israel. Genetic relatedness of the isolates was characterized using both virulence patterns on 38 wheat lines (including 21 resistance gene differentials) and presumptively neutral molecular markers (simple-sequence repeats and single-nucleotide polymorphisms). All isolates were virulent on at least some genotypes of all three wheat species tested. All assays divided the B. graminis f. sp. tritici collection into two distinct groups, those from domesticated hosts and those from wild emmer wheat. One-way migration was detected from the domestic wheat B. graminis f. sp. tritici population to the wild emmer B. graminis f. sp. tritici population at a rate of five to six migrants per generation. This gene flow may help explain the overlap between the distinct domestic and wild B. graminis f. sp. tritici groups. Overall, B. graminis f. sp. tritici is significantly differentiated into wild-emmer and domesticated-wheat populations, although the results do not support the existence of a separate f. sp. dicocci.

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Wamalwa, Mercy N., Ruth Wanyera, Julian Rodriguez-Algaba, Lesley A. Boyd, James Owuoche, Joshua Ogendo, Sridhar Bhavani, Cristobal Uauy, Annemarie F. Justesen i Mogens Hovmøller. "Distribution of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Races and Virulence in Wheat Growing Regions of Kenya from 1970 to 2014". Plant Disease 106, nr 2 (1.02.2022): 701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-20-2341-re.

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Stripe rust, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a major threat to wheat (Triticum spp.) production worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the virulence of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races prevalent in the main wheat growing regions of Kenya, which includes Mt. Kenya, Eastern Kenya, and the Rift Valley (Central, Southern, and Northern Rift). Fifty P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates collected from 1970 to 1992 and from 2009 to 2014 were virulence phenotyped with stripe rust differential sets, and 45 isolates were genotyped with sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers to differentiate the isolates and identify aggressive strains PstS1 and PstS2. Virulence corresponding to stripe rust resistance genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr3, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr25, and Yr27 and the seedling resistance in genotype Avocet S were detected. Ten races were detected in the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici samples obtained from 1970 to 1992, and three additional races were detected from 2009 to 2014, with a single race being detected in both periods. The SCAR markers detected both Pst1 and Pst2 strains in the collection. Increasing P. striiformis f. sp. tritici virulence was found in the Kenyan P. striiformis f. sp. tritici population, and different P. striiformis f. sp. tritici race groups were found to dominate different wheat growing regions. Moreover, recent P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races in East Africa indicated possible migration of some race groups into Kenya from other regions. This study is important in elucidating P. striiformis f. sp. tritici evolution and virulence diversity and useful in breeding wheat cultivars with effective resistance to stripe rust.

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Knott, D. R. "The mode of inheritance of a type of dwarfism in common wheat". Genome 32, nr 5 (1.10.1989): 932–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-533.

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A type of dwarfism found in crosses involving the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Webster and a stem rust (Puccinia graminis tritici Erik. &Henn.) susceptible line, LMPG, proved to be due to a dominant gene from cv. Webster and a recessive gene from LMPG. The dominant gene is closely linked to the gene Sr30, which conditions stem rust resistance in cv. Webster and is on chromosome 5D. The dwarf plants have short, dark green, stiff leaves and rarely develop more than two leaves before dying.Key words: dwarfism, Triticum aestivum, Puccinia graminis tritici, stem rust.

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Tosa, Y., T. Akiyama i H. Ogura. "Cytological aspects of interactions between formae speciales of Erysiphe graminis and genera of gramineous plants, and their evolutionary implications". Canadian Journal of Botany 68, nr 6 (1.06.1990): 1249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-158.

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The progress of infection in leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum), rye (Secale cereale), wheatgrass (Agropyron tsukushiense), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and oat (Avena sativa) inoculated with Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici, secalis, agropyri, and hordei was observed using a fluorescence microscope. Relative compatibility of each host–parasite combination was estimated by the incidence of cell wall penetration. Formae speciales tritici, secalis, and agropyri were highly compatible with any accession of wheat, rye, and wheatgrass, but less compatible with barley. On the other hand, f.sp. hordei was highly compatible with any of these four hosts. The four formae speciales had very low compatibility with oat, although f.sp. hordei was relatively more compatible with this host. These results suggested that (i) f.sp. tritici, secalis, and agropyri are phylogenetically very close; (ii) f.sp. hordei is less close to f.sp. tritici, secalis, and agropyri, and closer than these to the ancestral form of E. graminis; (iii) f.sp. avenae is remote from f.sp. tritici, secalis, agropyri, and hordei, but relatively less remote from f.sp. hordei than from the other three formae speciales.

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Stock, W. S., A. L. Brûlé-Babel i G. A. Penner. "A gene for resistance to a necrosis-inducing isolate of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis located on 5BL of Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring". Genome 39, nr 3 (1.06.1996): 598–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-075.

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Several sources of high-level resistance to tan spot caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis have been identified in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study was conducted to determine the number and chromosome location of a gene(s) in the cultivar Chinese Spring (CS) that confers resistance to a tan necrosis inducing isolate (nec+chl−) of P. tritici-repentis, 86-124, and insensitivity to Ptr necrosis toxin. Reciprocal crosses were made between CS (resistant–insensitive) and 'Kenya Farmer' (KF) (susceptible–sensitive). Analysis of the CS/KF F1and F2 populations and F2-derived F3 families identified a single nuclear recessive gene governing resistance to isolate 86-124 and Ptr necrosis toxin. Evaluation of the CS(KF) substitution series, F2 monosomic analysis, and screening of a series of 19 CS compensating nullitetrasomic and two ditelosomic lines (2AS and 5BL) indicated that the resistance gene was located on chromosome arm 5BL. No linkage exists between Lr18 and the tan necrosis resistance gene on chromosome arm 5BL. It is proposed that the gene for resistance to the tan necrosis inducing isolate 86-124 (nec+chl−) of P. tritici-repentis and Ptr necrosis toxin be named tsn1. Key words : wheat, Triticum aestivum L., tan spot resistance, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs., chromosome location, Ptr necrosis toxin.

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Дубекова, Салтанат, Амангелді Сарбаев, Минура Есімбекова i Айдархан Есеркенов. "КҮЗДІК БИДАЙ СОРТҮЛГІЛЕРІНІҢ ТАТ АУРУЫ ҚОЗДЫРҒЫШТАРЫНА (P. STRIIFORMIS F. SP. TRITICI; P. TRITICINA F. SP. TRITICI) ТӨЗІМДІЛІГІН ИММУНОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ БАҒАЛАУ". Izdenister natigeler, nr 4 (100) (6.12.2023): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37884/4-2023/13.

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Дәнді дақылдардың аса қауіпті ауру қоздырғыштарының, климаттың жаһандық өзгеру жағдайында, дамып-таралу ареалының өзгеріп отыруы және оның салдарынан індет зияндылығының артуы өте қауіпті. Мұндай жағдайда, оңтүстік шығыс Қазақстан аумағында, күздік бидай егістігіндегі аурулардың басым түрлері – сары тат (P. striiformis f. sp. tritici) және қоңыр тат (P. triticina f. sp. tritici) фитопатогендерін бақылау маңызды. Фитопатогендердің дамуына қолайлы жылдарда масақ өнімділігі мен астық сапасының күрт төмендеуі байқалады. Ауру қоздырғыштарының жаңа агрессивті түрлері, жоғары әлеуетті, құнды дәнді дақыл сорттарының көпшілігін, патогенге төзімсіз етеді. Күздік бидай сортүлгілерінің селекциядағы иммунологиялық құндылығын анықтау үшін, 2021-2023 жылдары Қазақ егіншілік және өсімдік шаруашылығы ғылыми-зерттеу институтының тәжірибелік базасында, иммунологиялық зерттеулер жүргізілді. Тат қоздырғыштарының жасанды індеті аясында, күздік бидайдың жергілікті және шетелдік 200 сортүлгіден тұратын жинағы мақсатты түрде иммунологиялық бағалаудан өтті. Жасанды індет аясы сары тат (P. striiformis f. sp. tritici) және қоңыр тат (P. triticina f. sp. tritici) уредоспораларының популяциясын пайдалану арқылы жүргізілді. Қазақстанның оңтүстік-шығыс жағдайында, күздік бидайдың тат популяциясына төзімділігіне талдау жасалынды. Құнды сортүлгілердің тат қоздырғыштарына төзімділік реакциясы сипатталды. Бағалаудан іріктеліп алынған, ауруға төзімді сортүлгілер селекция үшін ең үлкен иммунологиялық құндылыққа ие. Ғылыми зерттеу жұмысының өзектілігі – аса қауіпті ауру қоздырғыштарының патогендік құрылымында вируленттіліктің өзгеруіне байланысты, төзімділіктің жаңа көздерін анықтау. Жоғары иммунологиялық әлеуеті бар, құнды генотиптерді іріктеп алып, селекцияда жаңа бастапқы материал ретінде қолдану, егістіктегі фитопатогендереден келетін эпифитотияның алдын алуға бағытталады.

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Eizenga, G. C. "Locating the Agropyron segment in wheat–Agropyron transfer no. 12". Genome 29, nr 2 (1.04.1987): 365–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-061.

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Twelve lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were originally identified as having a segment of Agropyron elongatum chromatin carrying a gene for resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita tritici) transferred to wheat chromosome 7D. By studying the chromosome pairing of one of these lines, transfer no. 12, with telosomes 7AL, 7AS, 7BL, 7BS, 7DL, 7DS, and 7AgS, it was determined that the Agropyron chromatin was carried on the long arm of wheat chromosome 7A rather than 7D. This determination was confirmed by acetocarmine–N-banding. Key words: Triticum aestivum, Agropyron elongatum, transfer lines, Puccinia recondita tritici, telosomic analysis.

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Pilch, Józef. "Wykorzystanie genów z gatunków diploidalnych, tetraploidalnych i heksaploidalnych pszenicy Triticum L. w odmianach pszenicy heksaploidalnej Triticum aestivum L." Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin, nr 262 (29.12.2011): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37317/biul-2011-0001.

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W pracy dokonano przeglądu literatury w zakresie wykorzystania gatunków diploidalnych, tetraploidalnych i heksaploidalnych rodzaju Triticum L. w ulepszaniu odmian pszenicy Triticum aestivum L. Przedstawiono źródła korzystnych cech i dokonane introgresje 87 genów w odmianach pszenicy zwyczajnej, oraz podano lokalizację chromosomową. W genomie A, B i D odmian T. aestivum L. wprowadzono odpowiednio 36, 35 i 11 obcych genów. Introgresje te doprowadziły do ulepszenia cech pszenicy T. aestivum L., głównie odporności na patogeny zbożowe. Najwiecej genów obcych (23) warunkuje odporność na mączniaka prawdziwego Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. tritici Em. (syn. Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f. sp. tritici Em.), 16 genów nadaje odporność na rdzę brunatną Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. f. sp. tritici, 13 genów — odporność na na rdzę źdźbłową (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici), 10 genów — odporność na rdzę żółtą Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici, 3 geny — odporność na uszkodzenia kłosów przez Fusarium graminearum Schwabe. (Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch). Wprowadzono także 12 genów odporności na pryszczarka heskiego (syn. muszka heska) Mayetiola destructor Say (syn. Phytophaga destructor Say) (Diptera :Cecidomyiidae), 7 genów wysokiej zawartości białka w ziarnie i 3 geny wysokiej zawartości Zn, Fe, Mn w ziarnie. Geny obce pochodziły z gatunków: T. monococcum L., T. boeoticum Boiss., T. urartu Tum, T. tauschii (Coss.) Schmal., T. speltoides Taush., T. carthlicum Nevski, T. dicoccoides Schweinf., T. turgidum L., T. macha Dek., T. ventricosa Taush., T. dicoccoides Schweinf., T. durum Desf., T. timopheevii Zhuk, T. comosa Sibth et Sm., T. spelta L. W pracy posługiwano się oryginalnym nazewnictwem gatunków, genów, jak i patogenów występujących w źródłowych pracach.

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Singh, P. K., M. Mergoum, S. Ali, T. B. Adhikari i G. R. Hughes. "Genetic Analysis of Resistance to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis Races 1 and 5 in Tetraploid and Hexaploid Wheat". Phytopathology® 98, nr 6 (czerwiec 2008): 702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-6-0702.

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Tan spot of wheat, caused by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, is a destructive disease worldwide that can lead to serious losses in quality and quantity of wheat grain production. Resistance to multiple races of P. tritici-repentis was identified in a wide range of genetically diverse genotypes, including three different species Triticum aestivum (AABBDD), T. spelta (AABBDD), and T. turgidum (AABB). The major objectives of this study were to determine the genetic control of resistance to P. tritici-repentis races 1 and 5 in 12 newly identified sources of resistance. The parents, F1, F2, and F2:3 or F2:5 families of each cross were analyzed for the allelism tests and/or inheritance studies. Plants were inoculated at the two-leaf stage under controlled environmental conditions and disease reaction was assessed based on lesion-type rating scale. A single recessive gene controlled resistance to necrosis caused by P. tritici-repentis race 1 in both tetraploid and hexaploid resistant genotypes. The lack of segregation in the inter- and intra-specific crosses between the resistant tetraploid and hexaploid genotypes indicated that they possess the same genes for resistance to tan necrosis and chlorosis induced by P. tritici-repentis race 1. A single dominant gene for chlorosis in hexaploid wheat and a single recessive gene for necrosis in tetraploid wheat, controlled resistance to P. tritici-repentis race 5.

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Duguid, S. D., i A. L. Brûlé-Babel. "Inheritance and interaction of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) resistance to Race 2 and Race 3 of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, nr 3 (1.07.2001): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-046.

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Tan spot is a residue-borne leaf spotting disease caused by the fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. An understanding of the inheritance of resistance is required to build a strategy for incorporating tan spot resistance into commercial cultivars of wheat. The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance of host resistance to isolates of races 2 (a necrosis-inducing race) and 3 (a chlorosis-inducing race) of P. tritici-repentis. Crosses were made between seven wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes (Katepwa, BH1146, ST15, ST6, Erik, 6B1043, 6B367). Parents, F1, F2and F2-derived F3 populations were inoculated with isolates 86-124 and D308 (races 2 and 3, respectively) of P. tritici-repentis and infiltrated with Ptr ToxA. Resistance to 86-124 and insensitivity to Ptr ToxA was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene in all of the resistant/susceptible crosses. In contrast, resistance to D308 was controlled by a single dominant nuclear gene in five crosses and two genes in two crosses. In the BH1146/ST15 cross two dominant genes controlled resistance to D308, while in the Katepwa/ST15 cross two recessive genes controlled resistance. Reactions to race 2 were independent of reactions to race 3 and controlled by independent genetic systems. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs., disease resistance, inheritance, Ptr necrosis toxin, tan spot

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Goriewa-Duba, Klaudia, Adrian Duba, Elżbieta Suchowilska i Marian Wiwart. "An Analysis of the Genetic Diversity of Bread Wheat x Spelt Breeding Lines in Terms of Their Resistance to Powdery Mildew and Leaf Rust". Agronomy 10, nr 5 (7.05.2020): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050658.

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The main aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of breeding lines derived from bread wheat and spelt (bread wheat cvs. Zebra, Torka and Kontesa; spelt breeding lines S10–S14) in terms of their resistance to infections caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia triticina Eriks. The genomes of all analyzed lines harbored the markers for Pm2a, Pm4b and Pm6a alleles, which confer resistance to the infection caused by B. graminis f. sp. tritici. The markers for Pm4c and Pm4a alleles were also identified in many objects. The high number of Pm markers was noted in the crosses Zebra × S11 and Zebra × S12 whose genomes harbored the markers for Pm2a, Pm3d, Pm4a-4c and Pm6. Most of the studied lines harbored the marker linked to the Lr10 gene, which encodes resistance to the infection caused by P. triticina in wheat. The analysis of the presence of markers linked to the resistance to infections caused by B. graminis f. sp. tritici and P. triticina demonstrated that Zebra × S12 was the most promising breeding line with the highest number of markers for genes/alleles encoding resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust. This breeding line was also highly resistant to both pathogens under field conditions.

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Fox, S. L., T. F. Townley-Smith, J. Kolmer, D. Harder, D. A. Gaudet, P. L. Thomas, J. Gilbert i J. S. Noll. "AC Splendor hard red spring wheat". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, nr 4 (1.10.2007): 883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps06042.

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AC Splendor is a hard red spring wheat that meets the end-use quality and kernel visual distinguishability specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring class. AC Splendor was evaluated in the Central Bread Wheat Cooperative Registration Test in 1993, 1994 and 1995 and was found to be adapted to the wheat-growing regions of the Canadian prairies. In comparison to the check cultivars Neepawa, Katepwa, Columbus, Roblin and AC Majestic, AC Splendor grain yield was similar to Katepwa, Columbus and Roblin; however, AC Splendor exhibited earlier maturity by 2.8, 7.5 and 1.6 d, respectively. AC Splendor is resistant to Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. E. Henn. that causes the disease stem rust and P. triticina Eriks. that causes leaf rust and has intermediate resistance to Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) R. Wolff and T. laevis Kuhn in Rabenh. that causes common bunt. Resistance to Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch] that causes fusarium head blight is poor. End-use quality tests identified that AC Splendor had high protein concentration and was in the range of the checks for the other quality traits. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, red spring wheat, early maturity

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Skolotneva, E. S., V. N. Kelbin, V. P. Shamanin, N. I. Boyko, V. A. Aparina i E. A. Salina. "The gene Sr38 for bread wheat breeding in Western Siberia". Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 25, nr 7 (3.12.2021): 740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj21.084.

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Present-day wheat breeding for immunity exploits extensively closely related species from the family Triticeae as gene donors. The 2NS/2AS translocation has been introduced into the genome of the cultivated cereal Triticum aestivum from the wild relative T. ventricosum. It contains the Lr37, Yr17, and Sr38 genes, which support seedling resistance to the pathogens Puccinia triticina Eriks., P. striiformis West. f. sp. tritici, and P. graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn, which cause brown, yellow, and stem rust of wheat, respectively. This translocation is present in the varieties Trident, Madsen, and Rendezvous grown worldwide and in the Russian varieties Morozko, Svarog, Graf, Marquis, and Homer bred in southern regions. However, the Sr38 gene has not yet been introduced into commercial varieties in West Siberia; thus, it remains of practical importance for breeding in areas where populations of P. graminis f. sp. tritici are represented by avirulent clones. The main goal of this work was to analyze the frequency of clones (a)virulent to the Sr38 gene in an extended West Siberian collection of stem rust agent isolates. In 2019–2020, 139 single pustule isolates of P. graminis f. sp. tritici were obtained on seedlings of the standard susceptible cultivar Khakasskaya in an environmentally controlled laboratory (Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS) from samples of urediniospores collected on commercial and experimental bread wheat fields in the Novosibirsk, Omsk, Altai, and Krasnoyarsk regions. By inoculating test wheat genotypes carrying Sr38 (VPM1 and Trident), variations in the purity of (a)virulent clones were detected in geographical samples of P. graminis f. sp. tritici. In general, clones avirulent to Sr38 constitute 60 % of the West Siberian fungus population, whereas not a single virulent isolate was detected in the Krasnoyarsk collection. The Russian breeding material was screened for sources of the stem rust resistance gene by using molecular markers specific to the 2NS/2AS translocation. A collection of hybrid lines and varieties of bread spring wheat adapted to West Siberia (Omsk SAU) was analyzed to identify accessions promising for the region. The presence of the gene was postulated by genotyping with specific primers (VENTRIUP-LN2) and phytopathological tests with avirulent clones of the fungus. Dominant Sr38 alleles were identified in Lutescens 12-18, Lutescens 81-17, Lutescens 66-16, Erythrospermum 79/07, 9-31, and 8-26. On the grounds of the composition of the West Siberian P. graminis f. sp. tritici population, the Sr38 gene can be considered a candidate for pyramiding genotypes promising for the Novosibirsk, Altai, and Krasnoyarsk regions.

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Molodchenkova, O. O., M. A. Lytvynenko, L. T. Mishchenko, O. V. Ryshchakova, L. Ya Bezkrovna, Ya S. Fanin i P. S. Tikhonov. "Oxidizing and antioxidant processes in wheat plants infected by Septoria tritici Rob". Plant varieties studying and protection 18, nr 2 (1.08.2022): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.18.2.2022.265176.

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Purpose. Based on the study of oxidative and antioxidant processes in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) in the earing phase at the infection by Septoria tritici Rob., identify the varietal features of changes in the level of hydrogen peroxide, the intensity of lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant enzymes for development of biochemical methods for selection of disease-resistant plants. Methods. Field, spectrophotometric methods of biochemical characteristic determination, comparison, generalization. Statistical analysis of research results was carried out using the program Libre Office Calc (GNU Lesser General Public Licensev3). Results. Changes in the content of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase in wheat plants infected by S. tritici at the earing phase were determined. The presence of varietal features of changes in the oxidative and antioxidant processes of wheat plant cells upon S. tritici infection were detected. It was shown that plant response to S. tritici damage in more disease-resistant wheat varieties were characterized by increased or unchanged relative to the control the content of malondialdehyde and peroxidase activity. Conclusions. The obtained results will expand the knowledge about the mechanisms of maintaining ROS homeostasis in wheat plants infected by S. tritici and allow to identify biochemical reactions of wheat plants in response to infection, which can be used in the future for the development of biochemical methods for identification of disease-resistant varieties.

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Knott, D. R. "The inheritance of resistance to stem rust in 'K253', a hexaploid wheat with resistance from the tetraploid 'C.I. 7778'". Genome 30, nr 6 (1.12.1988): 854–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-137.

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The inheritance of stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Eriks. and Henn.) resistance was studied in 'K253', a hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with resistance derived from a tetraploid wheat (T. turgidum L.). The studies indicated that 'K253' carries one dominant gene for good resistance to races 29 and 56 (probably Sr9e) and one recessive gene for moderate resistance to race 15B-1. In addition, some plants apparently carry a recessive gene for moderate resistance to race 56. Four different types of hexaploid near-isogenic lines were produced. One carried Sr9e and another the gene for moderate resistance to race 15B-1. Two carried genes that had not been identified in the genetic studies, including one that was apparently not derived from K253.Key words: stem rust resistance, Puccinia graminis tritici, wheat, Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum.

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DYCK, P. L. "THE INHERITANCE OF LEAF RUST RESISTANCE IN WHEAT CULTIVARS KENYON AND BUCK MANANTIAL". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, nr 4 (1.10.1989): 1113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-134.

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The genetics of resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) was studied in the two common wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars Kenyon and Buck Manantial. Kenyon was shown to have genes Lr13 and Lr16, the same gene combination that is present in the cultivar Columbus. Buck Manantial, the leaf-rust resistant donor parent of Kenyon, has seedling genes Lr13 (or an allele), Lr16 and Lr17, and two for adult-plant resistance, Lr13 and an unidentified gene.Key words: Leaf rust resistance, Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici, wheat (hard red spring)

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Tamburic-Ilincic, Lily, Arend Smid i Carl Griffey. "OAC Amber winter durum wheat". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, nr 5 (wrzesień 2012): 973–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-164.

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Tamburic-Ilincic, L., Smid, A. and Griffey, C. 2012. OAC Amber winter durum wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 973–975. OAC Amber is the first winter durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum L.) cultivar registered for Ontario, Canada. It is an awned wheat with amber colored kernels, high test weight, kernel weight, and protein level with good winter hardiness. OAC Amber has good resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) but is moderately susceptible to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) and leaf blotch (Septoria tritici), and susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB). OAC Amber is well adapted for the winter wheat growing areas of Ontario.

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Zhuk, I. V., A. P. Dmitriev, Ju V. Shylina, G. M. Lysova i L. O. Kucherova. "The estimation of organic acids effectiveness as biotic elicitors via changes of endogenous peroxid content". Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 26 (1.09.2020): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v26.1266.

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Aim. The usage of biotic elicitors for elicitation of defense responses may induce plant disease resistance and prevent increased environmental pollution by pesticides. Hydrogen peroxide is a well-known signal molecule for photosynthetic status and for stomatal movements, and systemic acquired resistance to pathogens in plants proposed to be dependent on H2O2. The aim of research was to analyze in field trials the effect of oxalic, ferulic and kojic acid on H2O2 content and winter wheat resistance against Septoria tritici. Methods. Content of endogenous H2O2 was measured in elicitor treated and inoculated by S. tritici wheat plants (cv. Oberig) during different ontogenesis phases. The extent of disease development, morphometric parameters and yield structure were analyzed. Results. It is shown that the lowest level of hydrogen peroxide in leaves at the necrotrophic stage of pathogen infection was after oxalic acid treatment, and the highest – after koijc acid influence. Conclusions. The data obtained suggest that elicitors induced defense responses in winter wheat against S. tritici and hydrogen peroxide content is an important and valuable parameter. Keywords: biotic elicitors, hydrogen peroxide, induced resistance, Triticum aestivum L., Septoria tritici Rob et Desm.

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See, Pao Theen, Caroline S. Moffat, Joseph Morina i Richard P. Oliver. "Evaluation of a Multilocus Indel DNA Region for the Detection of the Wheat Tan Spot Pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis". Plant Disease 100, nr 11 (listopad 2016): 2215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-16-0262-re.

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Tan spot or yellow (leaf) spot disease of wheat (Triticum spp.) is caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that is widespread throughout the main wheat-growing regions in the world. This disease is currently the single most economically important crop disease in Australia. In this study, a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was developed as a diagnostic tool to detect the pathogen on wheat foliar tissue. A multicopy locus (PtrMulti) present in the P. tritici-repentis genome was assessed for its suitability as a qPCR probe. The primer pair PtrMulti_F/R that targets the region was evaluated with respect to species specificity and sensitivity. A PtrMulti SYBR qPCR assay was developed and proved to be suitable for the identification and relative quantification of P. tritici-repentis with a detection limit of DNA levels at <0.1 pg. Variation of the PtrMulti copy number between the geographical representatives of P. tritici-repentis strains examined was minimal, with the range of 63 to 85 copies per genome. For naturally infected wheat field samples, the incidence of P. tritici-repentis DNA on leaves quantified by qPCR varied up to 1,000-fold difference in the concentration, with a higher incidence of DNA occurring on the lower canopy for most of the growth stages examined. At the early growth stages, qPCR assay was able to detect P. tritici-repentis DNA on the younger leaves in the absence of visible tan spot lesions. These results demonstrate the potential of PtrMulti probe to be used for early detection and rapid screening of tan spot disease on wheat plants.

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Ali, Shaukat, Suraj Gurung i Tika B. Adhikari. "Identification and Characterization of Novel Isolates of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis from Arkansas". Plant Disease 94, nr 2 (luty 2010): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-2-0229.

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Tan spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, is an important foliar disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. In a preliminary study, P. tritici-repentis isolates from Arkansas were shown to vary in virulence relative to isolates from other regions of the United States. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to characterize both pathogenic and molecular variations in P. tritici-repentis isolates from Arkansas. The virulence of 93 isolates of P. tritici-repentis was evaluated by inoculating five differential wheat cultivars/lines. Based on virulence phenotypes, 63 isolates were classified as race 1, and 30 isolates were assigned to race 3. A subset of 42 isolates was selected for molecular characterization with the presence or absence of the ToxA and ToxB genes. The results showed that 36 isolates out of 42 tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern analysis lacked the ToxA and ToxB genes. Six isolates harboring the ToxA and ToxB genes induced necrosis and chlorosis on Glenlea and 6B365, respectively. Thirteen ToxA gene-deficient isolates also caused necrosis and chlorosis on Glenlea and 6B365, respectively; however, they did not fit current race classification. In contrast, the remaining 23 ToxA gene-deficient isolates did not cause necrosis, but induced chlorosis on 6B365, showing a disease profile for race 3. When the virulence of AR LonB2 (an isolate with unclassified race) was compared with known races 1, 3, and 5 of P. tritici-repentis on 20 winter wheat cultivars from Arkansas, the virulence phenotypes differed substantially. Taken together, the ToxA and ToxB gene-deficient isolates of P. tritici-repentis that induce necrosis and/or chlorosis may produce a novel toxin(s) on wheat.

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Chu, C. G., S. S. Xu, J. D. Faris, E. Nevo i T. L. Friesen. "Seedling Resistance to Tan Spot and Stagonospora nodorum Leaf Blotch in Wild Emmer Wheat (Triticum dicoccoides)". Plant Disease 92, nr 8 (sierpień 2008): 1229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-8-1229.

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Tan spot and Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB), caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Stagonospora nodorum, respectively, are two destructive foliar diseases of wheat, causing significant yield reduction worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate 172 accessions of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) for seedling resistance to tan spot and SNB. All accessions were inoculated with P. tritici-repentis race 1 and a mixture of three diverse isolates of S. nodorum, respectively. The accessions were also evaluated for sensitivity to host-selective toxins (HSTs), including ToxA produced by both S. nodorum and P. tritici-repentis and culture filtrate produced by S. nodorum. A total of 34 accessions were resistant to tan spot, and 136 accessions were resistant to SNB. Among these accessions, 31 were resistant to both diseases. Significant correlations between HST insensitivity and disease resistance were observed. Our results showed that T. dicoccoides is a good genetic source of resistance to tan spot and SNB in wheat.

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Ma, Z. Q., M. E. Sorrells i S. D. Tanksley. "RFLP markers linked to powdery mildew resistance genes Pm1, Pm2, Pm3, and Pm4 in wheat". Genome 37, nr 5 (1.10.1994): 871–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g94-123.

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Near-isogenic lines (NILs) and their recurrent parent Chancellor (Cc) were used to identify restriction fragment length polymorphic markers linked to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f.sp. tritici) resistance genes Pm1, Pm2, Pm3, and Pm4 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell). By mapping these polymorphic markers in F2 progenies from crosses of the NILs with Cc, it was found that Pm1 cosegregated with a polymorphic locus detected by DNA probe CDO347; Pm2 was linked to a locus detected by probe BCD1871 with a distance of 3.5 cM; Pm3b was linked to a locus detected by probe BCD1434 with a distance of 1.3 cM; Pm4a cosegregated with Xbcd1231-2A(2) and Xcdo678-2A, and was closely flanked by Xbcd1231-2A(1) and Xbcd292-2A both with a distance of 1.5 cM. Aneuploid mapping of these markers indicated that locus Xcdo347-7A is on 7AL, Xbcd1871-5D on 5DS, Xbcd1434-1A on 1AS, and loci Xbcd292-2A and Xcdo678-2A are on 2AL. The same polymorphic fragments detected in the Pm3b NIL by Xbcd1434-1A were found in Pm3a NIL using several enzyme digestions.Key words: RFLP markers, Pm1, Pm2, Pm3, Pm4, Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f.sp. tritici (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici), wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell), gene tagging.

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Aoun, Meriem, James A. Kolmer, Matthew N. Rouse, Shiaoman Chao, Worku Denbel Bulbula, Elias M. Elias i Maricelis Acevedo. "Inheritance and Bulked Segregant Analysis of Leaf Rust and Stem Rust Resistance in Durum Wheat Genotypes". Phytopathology® 107, nr 12 (grudzień 2017): 1496–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-16-0444-r.

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Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, and stem rust, caused by P. graminis f. sp. tritici, are important diseases of durum wheat. This study determined the inheritance and genomic locations of leaf rust resistance (Lr) genes to P. triticina race BBBQJ and stem rust resistance (Sr) genes to P. graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK in durum accessions. Eight leaf-rust-resistant genotypes were used to develop biparental populations. Accessions PI 192051 and PI 534304 were also resistant to P. graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK. The resulting progenies were phenotyped for leaf rust and stem rust response at seedling stage. The Lr and Sr genes were mapped in five populations using single-nucleotide polymorphisms and bulked segregant analysis. Five leaf-rust-resistant genotypes carried single dominant Lr genes whereas, in the remaining accessions, there was deviation from the expected segregation ratio of a single dominant Lr gene. Seven genotypes carried Lr genes different from those previously characterized in durum. The single dominant Lr genes in PI 209274, PI 244061, PI387263, and PI 313096 were mapped to chromosome arms 6BS, 2BS, 6BL, and 6BS, respectively. The Sr gene in PI 534304 mapped to 6AL and is most likely Sr13, while the Sr gene in PI 192051 could be uncharacterized in durum.

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Kuzdraliński, Adam, Hubert Szczerba, Anna Kot, Agnieszka Ostrowska, Michał Nowak i Marta Muszyńska. "Development and Application of a New PCR Method for Detection of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici". Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 28, nr 3 (2018): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000494432.

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We developed new PCR assays that target beta-tubulin (TUB2) and 14 alpha-demethylase (CYP51) genes and used them for the species-specific detection of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt). Based on fungi DNA sequences available in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) GenBank database we developed simplex and duplex PCR assays. The specificities of the primer sets were evaluated using environmental samples of wheat leaves collected during the 2015/2016 growing season across Poland. Primer sets LidBg17/18 and LidBg21/22 strongly amplified fragments of the expected length for all 67 tested samples. Primer specificity was confirmed using field samples of Zymoseptoria tritici, Puccinia triticina (syn. P. recondita f. sp. tritici), P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis.

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Ma, Lijie, Xinyu Kong, Jiaxing Qiao, Fei An, Xiaoping Hu i Xiangming Xu. "Overwintering of Puccinia striiformis f. tritici on Winter Wheat at Varying Altitudes in Gansu and Qinghai Provinces". Plant Disease 100, nr 6 (czerwiec 2016): 1138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-15-1112-re.

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Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. tritici, is an important wheat disease in China. P. striiformis f. sp. tritici overwintering and nonoverwintering regions based on the temperature were described elsewhere ( Shi et al. 2005 ). The temperature limit for P. striiformis f. sp. tritici overwintering is derived from field observations. However, P. striiformis f. sp. tritici has recently been observed to overwinter at sites where overwintering is predicted to be unlikely. We studied P. striiformis f. sp. tritici overwintering across several sites in regions close to or further away from the current P. striiformis f. sp. tritici “overwintering boundary” in China. Plants with P. striiformis f. sp. tritici symptoms and uredinia were tagged in late autumn and moved to the laboratory in early spring the following year for quantification of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici biomass via a quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction method and for assessment of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici symptoms and sporulation after incubation in a greenhouse. The molecular method detected P. striiformis f. sp. tritici in leaves and sheath in most samples, much greater than the observed incidence of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici symptoms and sporulation after incubation. Thus, further refinement may been necessary to calibrate this molecular method in order to avoid overestimating P. striiformis f. sp. tritici overwintering potential. Active sporulation (hence, successful overwintering) was observed for all sites except one. Increasing altitude led to decreasing incidence of visible P. striiformis f. sp. tritici symptoms and sporulation; in addition to lower temperatures in high altitudes, wind chill may also explain this negative relationship between P. striiformis f. sp. tritici overwinter potential and altitude. P. striiformis f. sp. tritici sporulation on plants subjected to different treatments (control, two oldest leaves, or all leaves removed) indicated that P. striiformis f. sp. tritici overwinters in young green leaves as latent infection established in late autumn. The present study suggests that using only temperature to predict overwintering potential of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici at a given site is insufficient for mountainous regions.

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Huang, Shuyi, Brian J. Steffenson, Hanan Sela i Kathryn Stinebaugh. "Resistance of Aegilops longissima to the Rusts of Wheat". Plant Disease 102, nr 6 (czerwiec 2018): 1124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-17-0880-re.

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Stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici), leaf rust (P. triticina), and stripe rust (P. striiformis f. sp. tritici) rank among the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. The development of resistant cultivars is the preferred method of controlling rust diseases because it is environmentally benign and also cost effective. However, new virulence types often arise in pathogen populations, rendering such cultivars vulnerable to losses. The identification of new sources of resistance is key to providing long-lasting disease control against the rapidly evolving rust pathogens. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the wild wheat relative Aegilops longissima for resistance to stem rust, leaf rust, and stripe rust at the seedling stage in the greenhouse. A diverse collection of 394 accessions of the species, mostly from Israel, was assembled for the study, but the total number included in any one rust evaluation ranged from 308 to 379. With respect to stem rust resistance, 18.2 and 80.8% of accessions were resistant to the widely virulent U.S. and Kenyan P. graminis f. sp. tritici races of TTTTF and TTKSK, respectively. The percentage of accessions exhibiting resistance to the U.S. P. triticina races of THBJ and BBBD was 65.9 and 52.2%, respectively. Over half (50.1%) of the Ae. longissima accessions were resistant to the U.S. P. striiformis f. sp. tritici race PSTv-37. Ten accessions (AEG-683-23, AEG-725-15, AEG-803-49, AEG-1274-20, AEG-1276-22, AEG-1471-15, AEG-1475-19, AEG-2974-0, AEG-4005-20, and AEG-8705-10) were resistant to all races of the three rust pathogens used in this study. Distinct differences in the geographic distribution of resistance and susceptibility were found in Ae. longissima accessions from Israel in response to some rust races. To P. graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK, populations with a very high frequency of resistance were concentrated in the central and northern part of Israel, whereas populations with a comparatively higher frequency of susceptibility were concentrated in the southern part of the country. The reverse trend was observed with respect to P. striiformis f. sp. tritici race PSTv-37. The results from this study demonstrate that Ae. longissima is a rich source of rust resistance genes for wheat improvement.

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Thomas, J. B., R. M. DePauw, R. E. Knox, E. Czarnecki, A. B. Campbell, J. Nielsen, R. I. H. McKenzie, K. J. Degenhardt i R. J. Morrison. "AC Foremost red spring wheat". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, nr 4 (1.10.1997): 657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-194.

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AC Foremost, red-seeded spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), combines high grain yield with resistance to prevalent races of common bunt (caused by Tilletia laevis Kuhn in Rabenh. and T. caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul.), and loose smut except T9 (caused by Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr. in a semidwarf, photoperiod insensitive background. AC Foremost has improved pre-harvest sprouting tolerance compared with Biggar, AC Taber, and Genesis; improved resistance to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia recondita Roberg ex Desmaz.) and leaf spots (caused by Septoria spp. and Pyrenophora tritici repentis (Died.) Drechs.) compared with Neepawa and Biggar, and earlier maturity compared with Biggar, AC Taber, and Genesis. AC Foremost is eligible for grades of the Canada Prairie Spring (Red) wheat class. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, loose smut resistance, common bunt resistance, high yield, red spring wheat

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Singh, R. P., i R. A. McIntosh. "Genetics and cytogenetics of resistance to Puccinia graminis tritici in three South African wheats". Genome 29, nr 4 (1.08.1987): 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-111.

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Resistance to Puccinia graminis tritici pathotype 34-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 in a South African wheat, W3757, was attributed to a dominant gene located in an alien (possibly Agropyron elongatum) chromosome that had substituted with wheat chromosome 6D. This gene, designated SrB, and present in two additional South African wheats, W3758 and W3759, conferred a high level of adult plant resistance to pathotypes used for field assessments. Because SrB is apparently different from other genes transferred from A. elongatum to wheat, its possible exploitation following translocation to a wheat chromosome seems warranted. Key words: Puccinia graminis tritici, Triticum aestivum, wheat cytogenetics, rust resistance, alien substitution line.

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Rouse, M. N., i Y. Jin. "Stem Rust Resistance in A-Genome Diploid Relatives of Wheat". Plant Disease 95, nr 8 (sierpień 2011): 941–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-10-0260.

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Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, has been effectively controlled through the use of genetic resistance. P. graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK (Ug99) possesses virulence to many resistance genes that have been used in wheat breeding worldwide. One strategy to aid breeders in developing resistant cultivars is to utilize resistance genes transferred from wild relatives to wheat. Stem rust resistance genes have previously been introgressed from Triticum monococcum to wheat. In order to identify additional resistance genes, we screened 1,061 accessions of T. monococcum and 205 accessions of T. urartu against race TTKSK and four additional P. graminis f. sp. tritici races: TTTTF, TRTTF, QFCSC, and MCCFC. A high frequency of the accessions (78.7% of T. monococcum and 93.0% of T. urartu) were resistant to P. graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK, with infection types ranging from 0 to 2+. Among these resistant accessions, 55 T. monococcum accessions (6.4% of the total) were also resistant to the other four races. Associations of resistance in T. monococcum germplasm to different races indicated the presence of genes conferring resistance to multiple races. Comparing the observed infection type patterns to the expected patterns of known genes indicated that previously uncharacterized genes for resistance to race TTKSK exist in both T. monococcum and T. urartu.

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Singh, P. K., M. Mergoum, S. Ali, T. B. Adhikari, E. M. Elias, J. A. Anderson, K. D. Glover i W. A. Berzonsky. "Evaluation of Elite Wheat Germ Plasm for Resistance to Tan Spot". Plant Disease 90, nr 10 (październik 2006): 1320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-1320.

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Tan spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, is a serious foliar disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in North America. Control of tan spot through management practices and fungicide application is possible; however, the use of resistant varieties is the most effective and economical means of controlling tan spot. This study was conducted to determine the disease reaction of 126 elite hard red spring, white, and durum wheat varieties and advanced breeding lines collected from the northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada to individual races/toxins of P. tritici-repentis. Seedling evaluation of the 126 genotypes was done under controlled environmental conditions with virulent races 2, 3, and 5 of P. tritici-repentis and toxins Ptr ToxA and Ptr ToxB. Based on disease reactions, two resistant varieties and two advanced breeding lines adapted to the northern Great Plains were found to be resistant to all the races and insensitive to the toxins tested. Additionally, six genetically diverse lines/varieties were identified to be resistant to tan spot; however, these sources may not be well adapted to the northern Great Plains. These results suggest that the wheat germ plasm contains a broad genetic base for resistance to the most prevalent races of P. tritici-repentis in North America, and the resistant sources identified in this study may be utilized in wheat breeding programs to develop tan spot resistant varieties.

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Rouse, M. N., R. Wanyera, P. Njau i Y. Jin. "Sources of Resistance to Stem Rust Race Ug99 in Spring Wheat Germplasm". Plant Disease 95, nr 6 (czerwiec 2011): 762–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-10-0940.

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Wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) race TTKSK (Ug99), with virulence to the majority of the world's wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars, has spread from Uganda throughout eastern Africa, Yemen, and Iran. The identification and spread of variants of race TTKSK with virulence to additional stem rust resistance genes has reminded breeders and pathologists of the danger of deploying major resistance genes alone. In order to protect wheat from this rapidly spreading and adapting pathogen, multiple resistance genes are needed, preferably from improved germplasm. Preliminary screening of over 700 spring wheat breeding lines and cultivars developed at least 20 years ago identified 88 accessions with field resistance to Ug99. We included these resistant accessions in the stem rust screening nursery in Njoro, Kenya for two additional seasons. The accessions were also screened with a bulk of North American isolates of P. graminis f. sp. tritici in the field in St. Paul, MN. In order to further characterize the resistance in these accessions, we obtained seedling phenotypes for 10 races of P. graminis f. sp. tritici, including two races from the race TTKSK complex. This phenotyping led to the identification of accessions with either adult-plant or all-stage resistance to race TTKSK, and often North American races of P. graminis f. sp. tritici as well. These Ug99 resistant accessions can be obtained by breeders and introgressed into current breeding germplasm.

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Švarta, Agrita, Gunita Bimšteine, Biruta Bankina, Jānis Kaņeps i Zinta Gaile. "Impact of Fungicide Treatment Schemes on the Severity of Leaf Blotches in Winter Wheat". Rural Sustainability Research 49, nr 344 (1.08.2023): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plua-2023-0004.

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Abstract The common control method of leaf blotches is the application of fungicides; however, the results of trials are inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the fungicide treatment intensity on the severity of leaf blotches and to assess the correlation between the development of diseases and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield in 2018–2021. The development of diseases was evaluated regularly. In this study, the severity of leaf blotches at the medium milk ripening (GS 75–77) was used. Tan spot dominated in 2018, 2019, and 2021, but Septoria tritici blotch dominated in 2020. Fungicides significantly decreased the severity of tan spot and Septoria tritici blotch, but the efficacy of used fungicide treatment schemes differed during trial years – it was more pronounced under higher pressures of leaf blotches. In the year with a high severity of Septoria tritici blotch, the best efficacy was obtained when fungicide was used two times (at GS 32–33 and GS 55–59), but for tan spot – when the dose of fungicide was done in two or three applications. Usage of fungicides increased wheat yield only under high pressure of diseases. A strong significant correlation between the severity of Septoria tritici blotch at GS 75–77 and grain yields was established only in 2020, when the severity of the disease was higher.

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40

Malchikov, P. N., i M. G. Myasnikova. "Development, results and prospects of the spring durum wheat breeding in Russia (post-Soviet states)". Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 27, nr 6 (1.11.2023): 591–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-23-71.

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The article outlines a brief historical background on the introduction to cultivation, distribution and breeding of spring durum wheat in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of Eurasia (the countries of the former USSR: Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan). The approaches and methodology for improving durum wheat during certain scientific selection periods are given. The features of the selection program implementation and the breeding scale expansion during the creation of breeding stations at the beginning of the XX century, after the end of the Great Patriotic War, in the second half of the XX century, and at present are considered. A characteristic according to the main features and properties of varieties created in different periods is given. The achievements of the classical breeding method by comparing old and new varieties are analyzed. The efficiency and rate of wheat selection by periods in different regions of Russia is estimated. The results and methods of breeding for yield, resistance to drought, leaf diseases (Stagonospora nodorum Berk., Septoria tritici (Roeb. et Desm.), Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker, Pyrenophora tritici repentis (Died.) Drechs., Fusarium sp., Puccinia titicina Eriks., Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks., Blumeria graminis (DC.) f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal), grain pathogens Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr.) and pathogens causing darkening of the corcule and endosperm (Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker, Alternaria tenuis (Nees et Fr.), Аlternaria triticina (Prasada & Prabhu)), pests (Cephus pygmeus Lens, Osinosoma frit L., Mayetiola destructor (Say)), grain quality (protein content, amount of yellow pigments, dough rheology, sprouting resistance) and end products are presented. The prospects for the molecular marker application for a number of traits in breeding in the near future are given.

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41

Gruner, Katrin, Tobias Esser, Johanna Acevedo-Garcia, Matthias Freh, Michael Habig, Roxana Strugala, Eva Stukenbrock, Ulrich Schaffrath i Ralph Panstruga. "Evidence for Allele-Specific Levels of Enhanced Susceptibility of Wheat mlo Mutants to the Hemibiotrophic Fungal Pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae pv. Triticum". Genes 11, nr 5 (7.05.2020): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11050517.

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Barley mlo mutants are well known for their profound resistance against powdery mildew disease. Recently, mlo mutant plants were generated in hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) with the help of transgenic (transcription-activator-like nuclease, TALEN) and non-transgenic (targeted induced local lesions in genomes, TILLING) biotechnological approaches. While full-gene knockouts in the three wheat Mlo (TaMlo) homoeologs, created via TALEN, confer full resistance to the wheat powdery mildew pathogen (Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici), the currently available TILLING-derived Tamlo missense mutants provide only partial protection against powdery mildew attack. Here, we studied the infection phenotypes of TALEN- and TILLING-derived Tamlo plants to the two hemibiotrophic pathogens Zymoseptoria tritici, causing Septoria leaf blotch in wheat, and Magnaporthe oryzae pv. Triticum (MoT), the causal agent of wheat blast disease. While Tamlo plants showed unaltered outcomes upon challenge with Z. tritici, we found evidence for allele-specific levels of enhanced susceptibility to MoT, with stronger powdery mildew resistance correlated with more invasive growth by the blast pathogen. Surprisingly, unlike barley mlo mutants, young wheat mlo mutant plants do not show undesired pleiotropic phenotypes such as spontaneous callose deposits in leaf mesophyll cells or signs of early leaf senescence. In conclusion, our study provides evidence for allele-specific levels of enhanced susceptibility of Tamlo plants to the hemibiotrophic wheat pathogen MoT.

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42

Shi, A. N., S. Leath i J. P. Murphy. "A Major Gene for Powdery Mildew Resistance Transferred to Common Wheat from Wild Einkorn Wheat". Phytopathology® 88, nr 2 (luty 1998): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.2.144.

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A major gene for resistance to wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici = Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici) has been successfully transferred into hexaploid common wheat (Triticum aestivum, 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) from wild einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum subsp. aegilopoides, 2n = 2x = 14, AA). NC96BGTA5 is a germ plasm line with the pedigree Saluda × 3/PI427662. The response patterns for powdery mildew resistance in NC96BGTA5 were tested with 30 differential isolates of B. graminis f. sp. tritici, and the line was resistant to all tested isolates. The analyses of P1, P2, F1, F2, and BC1F1 populations derived from NC96BGTA5 revealed two genes for wheat powdery mildew resistance in the NC96BGTA5 line. One gene, Pm3a, was from its recurrent parent Saluda, and the second was a new gene introgressed from wild einkorn wheat. The gene was determined to be different from Pm1 to Pm21 by gene-for-gene and pedigree analyses. The new gene was identified as linked to the Pm3a gene based on the F2 and BC1F1 populations derived from a cross between NC96BGTA5 and a susceptible cultivar NK-Coker 68-15, and the data indicated that the gene was located on chromosome 1A. It is proposed that this new gene be designated Pm25 for wheat powdery mildew resistance in NC96BGTA5. Three random amplified polymorphic DNA markers, OPX061050, OPAG04950, and OPAI14600, were found to be linked to this new gene.

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Li, H. J., R. L. Conner, B. D. McCallum, X. M. Chen, H. Su, Z. Y. Wen, Q. Chen i X. Jia. "Resistance of Tangmai 4 wheat to powdery mildew, stem rust, leaf rust, and stripe rust and its chromosome composition". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, nr 4 (1.10.2004): 1015–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-195.

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The hard red winter wheat Tangmai 4 did not develop symptoms of infection following inoculation with powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. tritici E. Marchal) isolates from regions of western Canada and northern China. Tangmai 4 exhibited resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & Henn.) and leaf rust (P. triticina Eriks.) races from western Canada. This wheat line was resistant to individual stripe rust (P. striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks.) races from the U.S. and Canada. Sequential C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), and electrophoretic analyses of high molecular weight glutenins and gliadins demonstrated that Tangmai 4 carried a pair of T1BL·1RS wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) translocated chromosomes. Since the genes located on T1BL·1RS are no longer effective in controlling powdery mildew and the rust diseases, Tangmai 4 must carry additional genes for resistance to these diseases, which makes it a valuable resource for the improvement of resistance in wheat against these diseases. Key words: T1BL·1RS translocation, disease resistance, sequential C-banding and GISH, glutenin, gliadin

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44

ISHIKAWA, S., M. C. HARE i P. S. KETTLEWELL. "Effects of strobilurin fungicide programmes and fertilizer nitrogen rates on winter wheat: severity ofSeptoria tritici, leaf senescence and yield". Journal of Agricultural Science 150, nr 4 (5.08.2011): 411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859611000670.

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SUMMARYFour field experiments were conducted over 3 years to study whether adding a strobilurin fungicide to a triazole fungicide programme for disease control in winter wheat had any influence, in combination with different rates of fertilizer nitrogen (N), on the severity of foliar diseases, the degree of leaf senescence and consequently on yield.Septoria triticiwas the dominant foliar disease observed in all experiments. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) tended to be greater for untreated plots than those treated with fungicides; however, the performance of the programme containing a strobilurin fungicide did not always exceed that of the triazole-only programme. Fitting a quadratic equation to relationships between leaf N concentration and the proportion of leaf area covered withS. triticion a relative scale across the four experiments indicated a possibility that there could be an optimum N concentration in host plants forS. triticito develop, rather than a simple increase or decrease with a rise in plant N concentration. Plant height tended to be reduced following an application of a mixture of epoxiconazole and trifloxystrobin; however, it was not clear whether there was any association between plant height and the severity ofS. tritici. S. triticicaused a reduction in mean grain weight (MGW) in most of the experiments. It was concluded that an optimum leaf N concentration may exist forS. triticiin winter wheat.

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45

Bhatta, Madhav, Alexey Morgounov, Vikas Belamkar, Stephen N. Wegulo, Abdelfattah A. Dababat, Gül Erginbas-Orakci, Mustapha El Bouhssini i in. "Genome-Wide Association Study for Multiple Biotic Stress Resistance in Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, nr 15 (26.07.2019): 3667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153667.

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Genetic resistance against biotic stress is a major goal in many wheat breeding programs. However, modern wheat cultivars have a limited genetic variation for disease and pest resistance and there is always a possibility of the evolution of new diseases and pests to overcome previously identified resistance genes. A total of 125 synthetic hexaploid wheats (SHWs; 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD, Triticum aestivum L.) were characterized for resistance to fungal pathogens that cause wheat rusts (leaf; Puccinia triticina, stem; P. graminis f.sp. tritici, and stripe; P. striiformis f.sp. tritici) and crown rot (Fusarium spp.); cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera spp.); and Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor). A wide range of genetic variation was observed among SHWs for multiple (two to five) biotic stresses and 17 SHWs that were resistant to more than two stresses. The genomic regions and potential candidate genes conferring resistance to these biotic stresses were identified from a genome-wide association study (GWAS). This GWAS study identified 124 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) for multiple biotic stresses and 33 of these were found within genes. Furthermore, 16 of the 33 MTAs present within genes had annotations suggesting their potential role in disease resistance. These results will be valuable for pyramiding novel genes/genomic regions conferring resistance to multiple biotic stresses from SHWs into elite bread wheat cultivars and providing further insights on a wide range of stress resistance in wheat.

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46

Knott, D. R. "The chromosome location of four recombinants between Agropyron chromosome 7el2 and a wheat chromosome". Genome 30, nr 1 (1.02.1988): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-016.

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Four stem rust (Puccinia graminis tritici Eriks. &Henn.) resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – Agropyron recombinants were analyzed to determine the wheat chromosomes involved. The Agropyron chromosome, 7el2, was known to be homoeologous to the group 7 chromosomes of wheat. Monosomic analysis showed that all four recombinants involved wheat chromosome 7D.Key words: rust resistance, Puccinia, Agropyron, wheat, Triticum, homoeologous recombination.

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47

TEICH, A. H. "ANNETTE WHEAT". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, nr 1 (1.01.1990): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-032.

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Annette is a soft, white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar highly to very resistant to 11 tester isolates of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici with seven virulence genes. In its area of adaptation, southwestern Ontario with more than 2700 CHU, it has yield similar to that of the highest yielding recommended cultivars.Key words: Cultivar description, powdery mildew, wheat (winter), Triticum aestivum L.

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48

Shi, Z. X., X. M. Chen, R. F. Line, H. Leung i C. R. Wellings. "Development of resistance gene analog polymorphism markers for the Yr9 gene resistance to wheat stripe rust". Genome 44, nr 4 (1.08.2001): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-028.

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The Yr9 gene, which confers resistance to stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (P. s. tritici) and originated from rye, is present in many wheat cultivars. To develop molecular markers for Yr9, a Yr9 near-isogenic line, near-isogenic lines with nine other Yr genes, and the recurrent wheat parent 'Avocet Susceptible' were evaluated for resistance in the seedling stage to North American P. s. tritici races under controlled temperature in the greenhouse. The resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) technique was used to identify molecular markers for Yr9. The BC7:F2 and BC7:F3 progeny, which were developed by backcrossing the Yr9 donor wheat cultivar Clement with 'Avocet Susceptible', were evaluated for resistance to stripe rust races. Genomic DNA was extracted from 203 BC7:F2 plants and used for cosegregation analysis. Of 16 RGAP markers confirmed by cosegregation analysis, 4 were coincident with Yr9 and 12 were closely linked to Yr9 with a genetic distance ranging from 1 to 18 cM. Analyses of nulli-tetrasomic 'Chinese Spring' lines with the codominant RGAP marker Xwgp13 confirmed that the markers and Yr9 were located on chromosome 1B. Six wheat cultivars reported to have 1B/1R wheat-rye translocations and, presumably, Yr9, and two rye cultivars were inoculated with four races of P. s. tritici and tested with 9 of the 16 RGAP markers. Results of these tests indicate that 'Clement', 'Aurora', 'Lovrin 10', 'Lovrin 13', and 'Riebesel 47/51' have Yr9 and that 'Weique' does not have Yr9. The genetic information and molecular markers obtained from this study should be useful in cloning Yr9, in identifying germplasm that may have Yr9, and in using marker-assisted selection for combining Yr9 with other stripe rust resistance genes.Key words: molecular markers, Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici, resistance gene analog polymorphism, Triticum aestivum.

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49

Tyryshkin, Lev G., Natalia S. Lysenko i Maria A. Kolesova. "Effective Resistance to Four Fungal Foliar Diseases in Samples of Wild Triticum L. Species from the VIR (N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources) Collection: View from Vavilov’s Concepts of Plant Immunity". Plants 11, nr 24 (10.12.2022): 3467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11243467.

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To identify new sources of effective resistance to four foliar diseases of wheat, 173 accessions of four wheat species, Triticum boeoticum, T. urartu, T. araraticum, and T. dicoccoides, from the VIR collection were tested at the juvenile and adult growth stages for resistance to leaf rust (Pt = Puccinia triticina), powdery mildew (Bgt = Blumeria graminis tritici), Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), and dark-brown leaf spot blotch (HLB = Helminthospjrium leaf blotch). The accessions included new additions to the collection, some old samples that had never been tested before, as well as earlier tested samples noted for high levels of juvenile resistance to some fungal diseases. Natural populations of Puccinia triticina and Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, mixture of Parastagonospora nodorum and Bipolaris sorokiniana isolates were used to inoculate and to evaluate resistance to Pt, Bgt, SNB, and HLB, respectively. Two samples of T. boeoticum, three of T. urartu, and one of T. araraticum were resistant to leaf rust at both tested stages. Further tests (phytopathological and molecular analyses) excluded Lr9, Lr19, Lr24, Lr41, or Lr47 as single genes controlling resistance; hence, these accessions likely carry new effective leaf rust resistance genes. High level of Bgt resistance was identified in three entries of T. boeoticum, one of T. araraticum, and eleven of T. dicoccoides. All tested accessions were susceptible to HLB and SNB at both tested stages. Accessions identified as resistant are valuable plant material for introgressive hybridization in bread and durum wheat breeding. The results are discussed in the context of N.I. Vavilov’s concept of crop origin and diversity, and the laws of plant natural immunity to infectious diseases.

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Riaz, Adnan, Petra KockAppelgren, James Gerard Hehir, Jie Kang, Fergus Meade, James Cockram, Dan Milbourne, John Spink, Ewen Mullins i Stephen Byrne. "Genetic Analysis Using a Multi-Parent Wheat Population Identifies Novel Sources of Septoria Tritici Blotch Resistance". Genes 11, nr 8 (4.08.2020): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11080887.

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Zymoseptoria tritici is the causative fungal pathogen of septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that continuously threatens wheat crops in Ireland and throughout Europe. Under favorable conditions, STB can cause up to 50% yield losses if left untreated. STB is commonly controlled with fungicides; however, a combination of Z. tritici populations developing fungicide resistance and increased restrictions on fungicide use in the EU has led to farmers relying on fewer active substances. Consequently, this serves to drive the emergence of Z. tritici resistance against the remaining chemistries. In response, the use of resistant wheat varieties provides a more sustainable disease management strategy. However, the number of varieties offering an adequate level of resistance against STB is limited. Therefore, new sources of resistance or improved stacking of existing resistance loci are needed to develop varieties with superior agronomic performance. Here, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for STB resistance in the eight-founder “NIAB Elite MAGIC” winter wheat population. The population was screened for STB response in the field under natural infection for three seasons from 2016 to 2018. Twenty-five QTL associated with STB resistance were identified in total. QTL either co-located with previously reported QTL or represent new loci underpinning STB resistance. The genomic regions identified and the linked genetic markers serve as useful resources for STB resistance breeding, supporting rapid selection of favorable alleles for the breeding of new wheat cultivars with improved STB resistance.

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