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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Trilateral Flash Cycle”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 6 lutego 2022

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1

Wu, Weifeng, Qi Wang, Zhao Zhang, Zhijun Wu, Xiaotian Yang, and Liangcong Xu. "Influence of evaporating rate on two-phase expansion in the piston expander with cyclone separator." Thermal Science 24, no. 3 Part B (2020): 2077–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180903322w.

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The trilateral flash cycle shows a greater potentiality in moderate to low grade heat utilization systems due to its potentiality of obtaining high exergy efficiency, compared to the conventional thermodynamic cycles such as the organic Rankine cycles and the Kalina cycle. The main difference between the trilateral flash cycle and the conventional thermodynamic cycles is that the superheated vapor expansion process is replaced by the two-phase expansion process. The two-phase expansion process actually consists of a flashing of the inlet stream into a vapor and a liquid phase. Most simulations assume an equilibrium model with an instantaneous flashing. Yet, the experiments of pool flashing indicate that there is a flash evaporating rate. The mechanism of this process still remains unclear. In this paper, the flash evaporating rate is introduced into the model of the two-phase expansion process in the reciprocating expander with a cyclone separator. As such, the obtained results reveal the influence of evaporating rate on the efficiency of the two-phase expander.

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Iqbal, Md Arbab, Mahdi Ahmadi, Farah Melhem, Sohel Rana, Aliakbar Akbarzadeh, and Abhijit Date. "Power Generation from Low Grade Heat Using Trilateral Flash Cycle." Energy Procedia 110 (March 2017): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.174.

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Lai, Kai-Yuan, Yu-Tang Lee, Ta-Hua Lai, and Yao-Hsien Liu. "Using a Partially Evaporating Cycle to Improve the Volume Ratio Problem of the Trilateral Flash Cycle for Low-Grade Heat Recovery." Entropy 23, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23050515.

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This study examined the trilateral flash cycle characteristics (TFC) and partially evaporating cycle (PEC) using a low-grade heat source at 80 °C. The evaporation temperature and mass flow rate of the working fluids and the expander inlet’s quality were optimized through pinch point observation. This can help advance methods in determining the best design points and their operating conditions. The results indicated the partially evaporating cycle could solve the high-volume ratio problem without sacrificing the net power and thermal efficiency performance. When the system operation’s saturation temperature decreased by 10 °C, the net power, thermal efficiency, and volume ratio of the trilateral flash cycle system decreased by approximately 20%. Conversely, with the same operational conditions, the net power and thermal efficiency of the partially evaporating cycle system decreased by only approximately 3%; however, the volume ratio decreased by more than 50%. When the system operating temperature was under 63 °C, each fluid’s volume ratio could decrease to approximately 5. The problem of high excessive expansion would be solved from the features of the partially evaporating cycle, and it will keep the ideal power generation efficiency and improve expander manufacturing.

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4

Oreijah, Mowffaq, Abhijit Date, and Aliakbar Akbarzadaha. "Comparison between Rankine Cycle and Trilateral Cycle in Binary System for Power Generation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 464 (November 2013): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.464.151.

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An experimental validation on laboratory scale has been conducted to investigate and to compare two thermodynamic cycles, Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC) and Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The research covers the heat engine utilizing a hydrothermal resource to compare the performance of TFC and ORC. This research would help to analysis the thermal efficiency and power efficiency for both cycles. TFC shows a higher power production than in ORC for the same applied parameters. ORC, however, can be operated at lower rotational speed than for TFC. This project could help, also, to evaluate the current two phase screw expander for both cycles. It is concluded to propose a larger heat exchanger for TFC as the heat recovery can be more reliable in this cycle than in ORC. This research can be applied to generate electrical power from hydrothermal resources such as geothermal energy and solar thermal.

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5

Smith, I. K. "Development of the Trilateral Flash Cycle System: Part 1: Fundamental Considerations." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 207, no. 3 (August 1993): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_032_02.

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The world market for systems for power recovery from low-grade heat sources is of the order of £1 billion per annum. Many of these sources are hot liquids or gases from which conventional power systems convert less than 2.5 per cent of the available heat into useful power when the fluid is initially at a temperature of 100° C rising to 8–9 per cent at an initial temperature of 200°C. Consideration of the maximum work recoverable from such single-phase heat sources leads to the concept of an ideal trilateral cycle as the optimum means of power recovery. The trilateral flash cycle (TFC) system is one means of approaching this ideal which involves liquid heating only and two-phase expansion of vapour. Previous work related to this is reviewed and details of analytical studies are given which compare such a system with various types of simple Rankine cycle. It is shown that provided two-phase expanders can be made to attain adiabatic efficiencies of more than 75 per cent, the TFC system can produce outputs of up to 80 per cent more than simple Rankine cycle systems in the recovery of power from hot liquid streams in the 100–200°C temperature range. The estimated cost per unit net output is approximately equal to that of Rankine cycle systems. The preferred working fluids for TFC power plants are light hydrocarbons.

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6

Wang, Zhi Gang, Shan He, Jian Xin Li, and Guo Jun Song. "Modeling and Testing a Screw Expander Integrated into a Trilateral Flash Cycle." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 727–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.727.

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Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC) is particularly suitable for recovering energy from low-grade heat source. This paper presented a new mathematical model for calculating the performance of a twin screw expander integrated into a TFC working with organic components. The geometric parameters related to the rotation angle of male rotor e.g. groove volume, suction and discharge port area, leakage area etc were used in the model. The combination effects of internal leakage through five paths, oil injection, gas-oil heat transfer and refrigerant property were taken into account. The sensitivity of single parameter was also analyzed. To verify the model and the calculated p-φ indicator diagram, experimental recording of the diagram of twin screw expander was performed. The results of theoretical calculation were in good agreement with the experimental data, which indicated that the model in the present paper could be used as a powerful tool for performance prediction and product development.

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7

HAYAKAWA, Yasuaki, Masataka WATANABE, Noboru YAMADA, and Shin-ichiro WAKASHIMA. "0320 Feasibility study of trilateral flash cycle for low-grade heat recovery." Proceedings of Conference of Hokuriku-Shinetsu Branch 2012.49 (2012): 032001–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehs.2012.49.032001.

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8

Iqbal, Md Arbab, Sohel Rana, Mahdi Ahmadi, Abhijit Date, and Aliakbar Akbarzadeh. "Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC): a promising thermodynamic cycle for low grade heat to power generation." Energy Procedia 160 (February 2019): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.138.

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9

Daniarta, Sindu, and Attila R. Imre. "Cold Energy Utilization in LNG Regasification System Using Organic Rankine Cycle and Trilateral Flash Cycle." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 64, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.16668.

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"Cold energy" refers to a potential to generate power by utilizing the exergy of cryogenic systems, like Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), using it as the cold side of a thermodynamic cycle, while the hot side can be even on the ambient temperature. For this purpose, the cryogenic Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is one type of promising solution with comprehensive benefits to generate electricity. The performance of this cycle depends on the applied working fluid. This paper focuses on the applicability of some natural working fluids and analyzes their performance upon cold energy utilization in the LNG regasification system. An alternative method, the cryogenic Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC), is also presented here. The selection of working fluid is a multi-step process; the first step uses thermodynamic criteria, while the second one is addressing environmental and safety issues. It will be shown that in LNG regasification systems, single cryogenic ORC performs higher net output power and net efficiency compared to single cryogenic TFC. Propane as working fluid in the single cryogenic ORC generates the highest net output power and net efficiency. It is demonstrated, that concerning 26 novel LNG terminals, a net power output around 320 MW could be recovered from the cold energy by installing a simple cycle, namely a single-step cryogenic ORC unit using propane as working fluid.

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10

Md Arbab, Iqbal, Rana Sohel, Ahmadi Mahdi, Close Thomas, Date Abhijit, and Akbarzadeh Aliakbar. "Prospects of Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC) for Power Generation from Low Grade Heat Sources." E3S Web of Conferences 64 (2018): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186406004.

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Despite the current energy crisis, a large amount of low grade heat (below 100oC) is being wasted for the lack of cost effective energy conversion technology. In the case of the conventional Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) based geothermal power stations, only about 20% of available heat can be utilised due to a technological limitation as there is a phase change in the working fluid involved during the addition of heat which decreases utilisation effectiveness of the system. Therefore, in this paper, a trilateral flash cycle (TFC) based system has been studied to find out its prospect for utilizing more power from the same heat resources as the ORC. The TFC is a thermodynamic cycle that heats the working fluid as a saturated liquid from which it starts its expansion stage. The flash expansion is achieved by feeding the saturated high-pressured liquid working fluid through a convergent-divergent nozzle at which point it undergoes a flash expansion in the low-pressure environment of the generator housing. The momentum of the working fluid is extracted via a Pelton wheel and the cycle is completed with working fluid condensation and pressurisation. The analytical comparative study between the ORC and TFC based system shows that the TFC has about 50% more power generation capability and almost zero contribution on global warming.

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11

Imre, Attila R., and Axel Groniewsky. "Various Ways of Adiabatic Expansion in Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and in Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC)." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 233, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 577–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2018-1292.

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Abstract For energy production and conversion, the use of thermodynamic cycles is still the most common way. To find the optimal solution is a multiparametric optimization problem, where some parameters are related to thermodynamic and physical chemistry, while others are associated with costs, safety, or even environmental issues. Concerning the thermodynamic aspects of the design, the selection of the working fluid is one of the crucial points. Here, we are going to show different types of adiabatic expansion processes in various pure working fluids, pointing out the ones preferred in Organic Rankine Cycles or in Trilateral Flash Cycles. The effect of these expansions on the layout of the cycles will also be presented. Finally, we are giving a few thumb-rules, derived from thermodynamic studies, useful for energy engineers to select the proper working fluid for a given thermal system.

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12

Marchionni, Matteo, Giuseppe Bianchi, Savvas A. Tassou, Obadah Zaher, and Jeremy Miller. "Numerical investigations of a Trilateral Flash Cycle under system off-design operating conditions." Energy Procedia 161 (March 2019): 464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.070.

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13

Li, Zhi, Yiji Lu, Yuqi Huang, Gao Qian, Fenfang Chen, Xiaoli Yu, and Anthony Roskilly. "Comparison study of Trilateral Rankine Cycle, Organic Flash Cycle and basic Organic Rankine Cycle for low grade heat recovery." Energy Procedia 142 (December 2017): 1441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.532.

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14

Lai, Kai-Yuan, Yu-Tang Lee, Miao-Ru Chen, and Yao-Hsien Liu. "Comparison of the Trilateral Flash Cycle and Rankine Cycle with Organic Fluid Using the Pinch Point Temperature." Entropy 21, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21121197.

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Low-temperature heat utilization can be applied to waste heat from industrial processes or renewable energy sources such as geothermal and ocean energy. The most common low-temperature waste-heat recovery technology is the organic Rankine cycle (ORC). However, the phase change of ORC working fluid for the heat extraction process causes a pinch-point problem, and the heat recovery cannot be efficiently used. To improve heat extraction and power generation, this study explored the cycle characteristics of the trilateral flash cycle (TFC) in a low-temperature heat source. A pinch-point-based methodology was developed for studying the optimal design point and operating conditions and for optimizing working fluid evaporation temperature and mass flow rate. According to the simulation results, the TFC system can recover more waste heat than ORC under the same operating conditions. The net power output of the TFC was approximately 30% higher than ORC but at a cost of higher pump power consumption. Additionally, the TFC was superior to ORC with an extremely low-temperature heat source (<80 °C), and the ideal efficiency was approximately 3% at the highest work output condition. The TFC system is economically beneficial for waste-heat recovery for low-temperature heat sources.

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15

Bianchi, Giuseppe, Stuart Kennedy, Obadah Zaher, Savvas A. Tassou, Jeremy Miller, and Hussam Jouhara. "Numerical modeling of a two-phase twin-screw expander for Trilateral Flash Cycle applications." International Journal of Refrigeration 88 (April 2018): 248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.02.001.

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16

Ahmadi, Mahdi, Sara Vahaji, Md Arbab Iqbal, Abhijit Date, and Aliakbar Akbarzadeh. "Experimental study of converging-diverging nozzle to generate power by Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC)." Applied Thermal Engineering 147 (January 2019): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.10.116.

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Bianchi, Giuseppe, Stuart Kennedy, Obadah Zaher, Savvas A. Tassou, Jeremy Miller, and Hussam Jouhara. "Two-phase chamber modeling of a twin-screw expander for Trilateral Flash Cycle applications." Energy Procedia 129 (September 2017): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.208.

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18

Ahmadi, Mahdi, Ahmadreza Faghih Khorasani, Md Arbab Iqbal, Abhijit Date, and Aliakbar Akbarzadeh. "Experimental investigation of nozzle geometry effect on two-phase nozzle performance through trilateral flash cycle." Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 20 (December 2020): 100676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2020.100676.

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Smith, I. K., and R. Pitanga Marques da Silva. "Development of the Trilateral Flash Cycle System Part 2: Increasing Power Output with Working Fluid Mixtures." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 208, no. 2 (May 1994): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1994_208_022_02.

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The trilateral flash cycle system is a proposed means of power recovery from single-phase low-grade heat sources. Its feasibility depends on the efficient adiabatic expansion of light hydrocarbons from the saturated liquid phase into the two-phase region. Such a process is performed most effectively with a Lysholm twin-screw expander when the exhausted vapour is wet. At higher temperatures, when multi-stage expansion is required, working fluids may be found which complete the process as dry saturated vapour. It is shown that at condensing temperatures of 0–50°C, this is possible with a mixture of n-pentane and 2,2–dimethylpropane (neopentane) for fluid inlet temperatures in the 150–180 °C range. A radial inflow turbine may then be used in place of a screw for the last stage. With such an arrangement, expander adiabatic efficiencies of up to 85 per cent have been predicted for power outputs in excess of 5 MW. The method of fluid property estimation is described and its accuracy confirmed by experiment.

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20

Ahmed, Aram Mohammed, László Kondor, and Attila R. Imre. "Thermodynamic Efficiency Maximum of Simple Organic Rankine Cycles." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020307.

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The increase of the maximal cycle temperature is considered as one of the best tools to increase cycle efficiency for all thermodynamic cycles, including Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC). Technically, this can be done in various ways, but probably the best solution is the use of hybrid systems, i.e., using an added high-temperature heat source to the existing low-temperature heat source. Obviously, this kind of improvement has technical difficulties and added costs; therefore, the increase of efficiency by increasing the maximal temperature sometimes has technical and/or financial limits. In this paper, we would like to show that for an ideal, simple-layout ORC system, a thermodynamic efficiency-maximum can also exist. It means that for several working fluids, the thermodynamic efficiency vs. maximal cycle temperature function has a maximum, located in the sub-critical temperature range. A proof will be given by comparing ORC efficiencies with TFC (Trilateral Flash Cycle) efficiencies; for wet working fluids, further theoretical evidence can be given. The group of working fluids with this kind of maximum will be defined. Generalization for normal (steam) Rankine cycles and CO2 subcritical Rankine cycles will also be shown. Based on these results, one can conclude that the increase of the maximal cycle temperature is not always a useful tool for efficiency-increase; this result can be especially important for hybrid systems.

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Ahmed, Aram Mohammed, László Kondor, and Attila R. Imre. "Thermodynamic Efficiency Maximum of Simple Organic Rankine Cycles." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020307.

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The increase of the maximal cycle temperature is considered as one of the best tools to increase cycle efficiency for all thermodynamic cycles, including Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC). Technically, this can be done in various ways, but probably the best solution is the use of hybrid systems, i.e., using an added high-temperature heat source to the existing low-temperature heat source. Obviously, this kind of improvement has technical difficulties and added costs; therefore, the increase of efficiency by increasing the maximal temperature sometimes has technical and/or financial limits. In this paper, we would like to show that for an ideal, simple-layout ORC system, a thermodynamic efficiency-maximum can also exist. It means that for several working fluids, the thermodynamic efficiency vs. maximal cycle temperature function has a maximum, located in the sub-critical temperature range. A proof will be given by comparing ORC efficiencies with TFC (Trilateral Flash Cycle) efficiencies; for wet working fluids, further theoretical evidence can be given. The group of working fluids with this kind of maximum will be defined. Generalization for normal (steam) Rankine cycles and CO2 subcritical Rankine cycles will also be shown. Based on these results, one can conclude that the increase of the maximal cycle temperature is not always a useful tool for efficiency-increase; this result can be especially important for hybrid systems.

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Iqbal, Md Arbab, Sohel Rana, Mahdi Ahmadi, Abhijit Date, and Aliakbar Akbarzadeh. "Experimental study on the prospect of low-temperature heat to power generation using Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC)." Applied Thermal Engineering 172 (May 2020): 115139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115139.

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Ahmadi, Mahdi, Abhijit Date, Aliakbar Akbarzadeh, Shahin Heidari, Md Arbab Iqbal, and Farah Melhem. "Prospects of Power Generation from Low Grade Heat Resources through Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC) Using Impulse Turbine." Energy Procedia 110 (March 2017): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.152.

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Smith, I. K., N. Stošič, and C. A. Aldis. "Development of the Trilateral Flash Cycle System: Part 3: The Design of High-Efficiency Two-Phase Screw Expanders." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 210, no. 1 (February 1996): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_010_02.

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An extensive research and development programme carried out at City University, London, has led to an improved level of understanding of how Lysholm twin screw machines may be used to recover power from two-phase flash expansion processes. The mode of operation of such machines is described together with the various types of rotor shapes used. Details are given of a computer simulation of the expansion process which was used to analyse 636 test results. These were obtained from earlier investigations as well as those of the authors and include three different working fluids, varying rotor profiles and sizes and power outputs of 5–850 kW. Good agreement was obtained between predicted and measured performance parameters and statistical analyses of the results indicate that this is unlikely to be improved without the development of more refined methods of two-phase flow analysis than are currently in use. Included in the tests are a set of measurements of pressure-volume changes within the expander carried out by the authors which confirmed a hitherto unappreciated feature of the expansion process. This is the relatively large pressure drop associated with the initial filling of the volume trapped between the rotors and the casing. The analytical technique thus developed was used both to explain the poor results of earlier studies with water expanders and to estimate optimum design performance. It is shown that, when expanding wet organic fluids, adiabatic efficiencies of over 70 per cent may be obtained at outputs of only 25 kW while multi-megawatt outputs are possible from machines no bigger than large compressors with efficiencies of more than 80 per cent. Two-phase screw expanders may be used not only for large-scale power generation in trilateral flash cycle (TFC) systems, but also in place of throttle valves in vapour compression systems to drive screw compressors in sealed ‘expressor’ units. The coefficient of performance of large refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems may thereby be raised by up to approximately 8 per cent.

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Bianchi, Giuseppe, Rebecca McGinty, David Oliver, Derek Brightman, Obadah Zaher, Savvas A. Tassou, Jeremy Miller, and Hussam Jouhara. "Development and analysis of a packaged Trilateral Flash Cycle system for low grade heat to power conversion applications." Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 4 (December 2017): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2017.09.009.

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Date, Abhijit, Firoz Alam, Anna Khaghani, and Aliakbar Akbarzadeh. "Investigate the Potential of Using Trilateral Flash Cycle for Combined Desalination and Power Generation Integrated with Salinity Gradient Solar Ponds." Procedia Engineering 49 (2012): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.10.110.

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Baggley, C. R., and M. G. Read. "Investigation of a thermo-fluidic exchange pump in trilateral flash and organic Rankine cycles / trans. from Engl. M. A. Fedorova." Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Aviation-Rocket and Power Engineering 4, no. 4 (2020): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2588-0373-2020-4-4-66-74.

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It is well known that large amounts of energy loss occurs at low temperature states in a wide range of industrial processes., The recovery and reuse of this energy is at the forefront of increasing the overall efficiencies of industrial systems. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of using a Thermo-Fluidic Exchange (TFE) pump at low temperature conditions in both a SaturatedVapour Organic Rankine Cycle (SORC) and a Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC). For some low temperature applications, TFCs have been shown to achieve higher net power output than conventional SORCs, due to their ability to extract more heat from the source fluid. This is the subject of current research as a result of advancements made in the design of positive displacement machines for operation as twophase expanders. Conventional turbines cannot be used for TFCs as they must operate in the vapour phase. One drawback of the TFC is the higher working fluid mass flow rate required. Depending on the scale of the system, this can potentially cause difficulties with pump selection. A TFE pump uses heat input to the system to increase the pressure and temperature of the working fluid, rather than the work input in a standard mechanical pump. This paper compares the net power output achievable using both mechanical and TFE pumps with SORC and TFC systems. The results suggest that the TFE pump could be a viable option for TFC systems

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McGinty, Rebecca, Giuseppe Bianchi, Obadah Zaher, Steven Woolass, David Oliver, Christopher Williams, and Jeremy Miller. "Techno-economic survey and design of a pilot test rig for a trilateral flash cycle system in a steel production plant." Energy Procedia 123 (September 2017): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.242.

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Bianchi, Giuseppe, Matteo Marchionni, Stuart Kennedy, Jeremy Miller, and Savvas Tassou. "One-Dimensional Modelling of a Trilateral Flash Cycle System with Two-Phase Twin-Screw Expanders for Industrial Low-Grade Heat to Power Conversion." Designs 3, no. 3 (July 29, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs3030041.

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This paper provides an overview of a one-dimensional modelling methodology for equipment and systems for heat to power conversion based on a staggered grid space discretization and implemented in the commercial software GT-SUITE®. Particular attention is given to a newly developed modelling procedure for twin-screw machines that is based on a chamber modelling approach and considers leakage paths between cells and with the casing. This methodology is then applied to a low-grade heat to power conversion system based on a Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC) equipped with two parallel two-phase twin-screw expanders and a control valve upstream of the machines to adapt the fluid quality for an optimal expander operation. The standalone expander model is used to generate performance maps of the machine, which serve as inputs for the TFC system model. Parametric analyses are eventually carried out to assess the impact of several operating parameters of the TFC unit on the recovered power and cycle thermal efficiency. The study shows that the most influencing factors on the TFC system’s performance are the inlet temperature of the heat source and the expander speed. While the first depends on the topping industrial process, the expander speed can be used to optimize and control the TFC system operation also in transient or off-design operating conditions.

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Bianchi, Giuseppe, Matteo Marchionni, Jeremy Miller, and Savvas A. Tassou. "Modelling and off-design performance optimisation of a trilateral flash cycle system using two-phase twin-screw expanders with variable built-in volume ratio." Applied Thermal Engineering 179 (October 2020): 115671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115671.

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Read, MG, IK Smith, and N. Stosic. "Optimisation of power generation cycles using saturated liquid expansion to maximise heat recovery." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 231, no. 1 (December 11, 2016): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408916679202.

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The use of two-phase screw expanders in power generation cycles can achieve an increase in the utilisation of available energy from a low-temperature heat source when compared with more conventional single-phase turbines. The efficiency of screw expander machines is sensitive to expansion volume ratio, which, for given inlet and discharge pressures, increases as the expander inlet vapour dryness fraction decreases. For single-stage screw machines with low inlet dryness, this can lead to underexpansion of the working fluid and low isentropic efficiency. The cycle efficiency can potentially be improved by using a two-stage expander, consisting of a machine for low-pressure expansion and a smaller high-pressure machine connected in series. By expanding the working fluid over two stages, the built-in volume ratios of the two machines can be selected to provide a better match with the overall expansion process, thereby increasing the efficiency. The mass flow rate though both stages must be matched, and the compromise between increasing efficiency and maximising power output must also be considered. This study is based on the use of a rigorous thermodynamic screw machine model to compare the performance of single- and two-stage expanders. The model allows optimisation of the required intermediate pressure in the two-stage expander, along with the built-in volume ratio of both screw machine stages. The results allow specification of a two-stage machine, using either two screw machines or a combination of high-pressure screw and low-pressure turbine, in order to achieve maximum efficiency for a particular power output. For the low-temperature heat recovery application considered in this paper, the trilateral flash cycle using a two-stage expander and the Smith cycle using a high-pressure screw and low-pressure turbine are both predicted to achieve a similar overall conversion efficiency to that of a conventional saturated vapour organic Rankine cycle.

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M. Oreijah, Mowffaq, and Mohammed Yunus. "A parametric analysis to evaluate the performance metrics of power generation system involving Trilateral Flash Cycle using three different working fluids for low grade waste heat." AIMS Energy 7, no. 4 (2019): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2019.4.483.

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Baggley, C. R., and M. G. Read. "Investigation of a Thermo-Fluidic Exchange Pump in Trilateral Flash and Organic Rankine Cycles." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 604 (September 3, 2019): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/604/1/012087.

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Cipollone, Roberto, Giuseppe Bianchi, Marco Di Bartolomeo, Davide Di Battista, and Fabio Fatigati. "Low grade thermal recovery based on trilateral flash cycles using recent pure fluids and mixtures." Energy Procedia 123 (September 2017): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.246.

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Zeynali, Arezu, Ali Akbari, and Morteza Khalilian. "Investigation of the performance of modified organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) and modified trilateral flash cycles (TFCs) assisted by a solar pond." Solar Energy 182 (April 2019): 361–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.03.001.

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Mohammed Ahmed, Aram, and Attila R. Imre. "Effect of high temperatures on the efficiency of sub-critical CO2 cycle." Pollack Periodica, April 23, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/606.2021.00310.

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AbstractThermodynamic efficiency is a crucial factor of a power cycle. Most of the studies indicated that efficiency increases with increasing heat source temperature, regardless of heat source type. Although this assumption generally is right, when the heat source temperature is close to the critical temperature, increasing the heat source temperature can decrease efficiency. Therefore, in some cases, the increase in the source temperature, like using improved or more collectors for a solar heat source can have a double negative effect by decreasing efficiency while increasing the installation costs. In this paper, a comparison of the CO2 subcritical cycle and the Trilateral Flash Cycle will be presented to show the potential negative effect of heat source temperature increase.

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