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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "TRILATERAL CHANNEL"
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Fathun, Laode Muhamad. "ASEAN Contemporary Security: Maritime Diplomacy in Handling of Maritime Security Threats in Malaka Strait". Insignia: Journal of International Relations 6, nr 1 (27.03.2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2019.6.1.1414.
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Abstract
This paper will explain the consequences of Indonesia's geopolitical location, namely in the Malacca Strait as an international trade route. The Malacca Strait is a crossing route for foreign ships to distribute goods to various regions. However, the strategic channel not only attracts sympathy from international entrepreneurs but also attracts these criminals and hijackers to obtain economic results from this activity. The Malacca Strait strategically makes pirates and pirates criminalize passing ships. On the other hand, the consequences of state legal matters are maintaining security and safety, and the comfort of crossings in the Malacca Strait. With a number of problems, both defense, governance and management infrastructure that cannot be seen in a fixed manner. In addition, its position borders on three countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. With a qualitative descriptive analysis method, this paper explains the need for bilateral, trilateral and regional multi-level diplomacy approaches to solve problems. And the purpose of this article is that piracy occurred in the Straits of Malacca because of its strategic geopolitical structure and weak Indonesian defense. So, collaboration is needed, coordination through diplomacy and military projections as an effort to safeguard the sea area, sea control and military defense articulation. Thus, the authors hope that this article can add knowledge to the study of international relations, especially in marine studies.
Keywords: Geopolitics, Maritime State, Malacca Strait, Piracy, Multilevel Diplomacy
Abstrak
Paper ini akan menjelaskan konsekuensi dari lokasi geopolitik Indonesia, yaitu di Selat Malaka sebagai rute perdagangan internasional. Selat Malaka adalah rute penyeberangan bagi kapal-kapal asing untuk mendistribusikan barang ke berbagai daerah. Namun, saluran strategis tidak hanya menarik simpati dari pengusaha internasional tetapi juga menarik para pelaku kejahatan dan pembajak ini untuk mendapatkan hasil ekonomi dari kegiatan ini. Selat Malaka yang strategis membuat perompak dan pembajak mengkriminalkan kapal yang lewat. Sisi lain, konsekuensi dari urusan hukum negara adalah menjaga keamanan dan keselamatan, dan kenyamanan penyeberangan di Selat Malaka. Dengan sejumlah masalah baik pertahanan, tata kelola, infrastruktur manajemen yang tidak bisa dilihat secara secara terpisa. Selain itu posisinya berbatasan dengan tiga negara yaitu Indonesia, Malaysia dan Singapura. Dengan metode analisis deskriptif kualitatif, makalah ini menjelaskan perlunya pendekatan diplomasi multi-level bilateral, trilateral dan regional untuk menyelesaikan masalah. Dan tujuan dari artikel ini bahwa pembajakan terjadi di Selat Malaka karena struktur geopolitik yang strategis dan pertahanan Indonesia yang lemah. Jadi, diperlukan kolaborasi, koordinasi melalui diplomasi dan proyeksi militer sebagai upaya untuk menjaga wilayah laut, kontrol laut dan artikulasi pertahanan militer. Dengan demikian, penulis berharap bahwa artikel ini dapat menambah pengetahuan untuk studi hubungan internasional khususnya dalam studi kelautan.
Kata kunci: Diplomasi Multilevel, Geopolitik, Negara Maritim, Pembajakan, Selat Malaka
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Langampol, Kriengkri, Kanabadee Srisomboon, Vorapoj Patanavijit i Wilaiporn Lee. "Smart Switching Bilateral Filter with Estimated Noise Characterization for Mixed Noise Removal". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (28.05.2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5632145.
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Traditionally, several existing filters are proposed for removing a specific type of noise. However, in practice, the image communicated through the communication channel may be contaminated with more than one type of noise. Switching bilateral filter (SBF) is proposed for removing mixed noise by detecting a contaminated noise at the concerned pixel and recalculates the filter parameters. Although the filter parameters of SBF are sensitive to type and strength of noise, the traditional SBF filter has not taken the strength into account. Therefore, the traditional SBF filter cannot remove the mixed noise efficiently. In this paper, we propose a smart switching bilateral filter (SSBF) to outperform a demerit of traditional SBF filter. In the first stage of SSBF, we propose a new scheme of noise estimation using domain weight (DW) pattern which characterizes the distribution of the different intensity between a considered pixel and its neighbors. By using this estimation, the types of mixed noises and their strength are estimated accurately. The filter parameters of SBF are selected from the table where the spatial weight and radiometric weight are already learned. As a result, SSBF can improve the performance of traditional SBF and can remove mixed noises efficiently without knowing the exact type of contaminated mixed noise. Moreover, the performance of SSBF is compared to the optimal SBF filter (OSBF) where OSBF sets the optimal value of filter parameters on the contaminated mixed noise and three new filters — block-matching and 3D filtering (BM3D), nonlocal sparse representation (NCSR), and trilateral filter (TF). The simulation results showed that the performance of SSBF outperforms BM3D, NCSR, TF, and SBF and is near to optimal SBF filter, even if the SSBF does not know the type of mixed noise.
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Niitsoo, Arne, Thorsten Edelhäußer, Ernst Eberlein, Niels Hadaschik i Christopher Mutschler. "A Deep Learning Approach to Position Estimation from Channel Impulse Responses". Sensors 19, nr 5 (2.03.2019): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051064.
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Radio-based locating systems allow for a robust and continuous tracking in industrial environments and are a key enabler for the digitalization of processes in many areas such as production, manufacturing, and warehouse management. Time difference of arrival (TDoA) systems estimate the time-of-flight (ToF) of radio burst signals with a set of synchronized antennas from which they trilaterate accurate position estimates of mobile tags. However, in industrial environments where multipath propagation is predominant it is difficult to extract the correct ToF of the signal. This article shows how deep learning (DL) can be used to estimate the position of mobile objects directly from the raw channel impulse responses (CIR) extracted at the receivers. Our experiments show that our DL-based position estimation not only works well under harsh multipath propagation but also outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in line-of-sight situations.
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Low, Choo Chin. "Extraterritorial migration control in Malaysia". Regions and Cohesion 9, nr 3 (1.12.2019): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2019.090302.
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English abstract: This article examines how migration control in Malaysia has been transformed in response to non-traditional security threats. Since the 2010s, the state has expanded the territorial reach of its immigration enforcement through trilateral border patrol initiatives and multilateral defense establishments. Malaysia’s extraterritorial policy is mostly implemented through the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) frameworks. Common geopolitical security concerns, particularly the transnational crime and terrorism confronted by Malaysia and its bordering countries, have led to extraterritorial control measures to secure its external borders. Key elements include the growing involvement of the army, the institutionalization of border externalization, and the strengthening of the ASEAN’s regional immigration cooperation. By analyzing the ASEAN’s intergovernmental collaboration, this article demonstrates that Malaysia’s extraterritorial migration practices are militarized, externalized, and regionalized.Spanish abstract: Este artículo examina la transformación del control migratorio en Malasia en respuesta a las amenazas de seguridad no tradicionales. Desde 2010, el estado aumentó el alcance territorial de su control migratorio a través de patrullas fronterizas trilaterales y establecimiento de defensa multilateral. La política extraterritorial de Malasia tiene como marco principal la Asociación de Naciones del Sureste Asiático (ASEAN en inglés). Las preocupaciones de seguridad geopolítica comunes, particularmente los delitos y el terrorismo transnacional, provocaron medidas de control extraterritorial para asegurar sus fronteras externas. Los elementos clave son la creciente implicación del ejército, la institucionalización de la externalización de fronteras y el fortalecimiento de la cooperación regional en inmigración de ASEAN. Este artículo demuestra que las prácticas migratorias extraterritoriales de Malasia están militarizadas, externalizadas y regionalizadas.French abstract: L’article analyse les changements apportés aux services de con trôle de la migration en Malaisie. Depuis 2010, l’État a étendu son champ d’action et mis en place des initiatives de patrouilles frontalières trilatérales, de défense multilatérale et une police extraterritoriale déployée sous l’impulsion de l’Association des nations de l’Asie du Sud-Est (ANASE). Les problèmes de sécurité géopolitique, comme la criminalité transnationale et le terrorisme qui sévissent en Malaisie et dans les pays voisins, ont donné lieu à des mesures extraterritoriales pour sécuriser les frontières extérieures. Parmi elles, figurent l’implication de l’armée, l’externalisation institutionnalisée du contrôle aux frontières et le renforcement de la coopération de l’ANASE en matière d’immigration. Par l’analyse de cette coopération intergouvernementale, cet article démontre que la politique migratoire malaisienne est régie par la militarisation, l’externalisation et la régionalisation.
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Vitorino Clarindo dos Santos, Jorgete. "EU Considerations on New Protection of Whistleblowers". Journal of the University of Latvia. Law 15 (16.11.2022): 243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/jull.15.17.
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Without some of the important information brought into light by whistleblowers, many current scandals would not have occurred. If whistleblowing is brought into the public domain, it can introduce a previously unforeseen and incorrigible milestone in the biography of whistleblowers, leading to financial loss, loss of work, impact on private life, and even health. Even in situations where the whistleblower acts in good faith, he or she runs the risk of being publicly judged and having the personal reputation tarnished by lack of protection. The persons who have reported wrongdoing may even be driven to complete isolation or pay with their lives or those of their families. In view of this, the European Union has foreseen a better protection for whistleblowers in a new directive, which is to be implemented through a trilateral whistleblower system.
The main new feature of the European Whistleblower Protection Directive is the obligation to establish internal whistleblower channels for legal entities in the public and private sectors with at least 50 or more employees. In the public sector, Member States may exempt cities with fewer than 10 000 inhabitants or fewer than 50 employees working in the public body from the obligation to establish whistleblowing channels. If the report to the company or public body is not successful, the whistleblower may report to the press.
European legislators had until December 2021 to transpose the provisions of this directive into national whistleblower protection regulations. To date, not all States have accomplished this task.
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Bassoni, Nicola. "Dal Lebensraum allo spazio vitale – la ricezione politica del pensiero di Ratzel in Italia, 1900–1943". Geographica Helvetica 77, nr 4 (22.12.2022): 547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-77-547-2022.
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Abstract. The debate on the political role of Ratzel's thinking during the first half of the 20th century usually focuses on Nazi Germany and the concept of Lebensraum, but provides little information about its reception in other linguistic contexts. In order to fill this gap, the paper explores the re-elaboration of Ratzel's political geography in Italy from the beginning of the 20th century to the end of the fascist period, when the term of “spazio vitale” (living space) became a key element of the Italian projects for the postwar “new order”. The paper argues that the Italian understanding of Ratzel oscillated between irredentist and imperialist interpretations, deeply influenced by the domestic and international situation. Moreover, it traces how the second interpretation emerged at the very beginning of the century – long before Rudolf Kjellén and Karl Haushofer – and gained momentum in the 1930s, as Italian intellectuals used the concept of living space to promote expansionism and the trilateral rapprochement with Germany and Japan.
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Abbasy, Imran. "Technology Focus: Acidizing (June 2023)". Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, nr 06 (1.06.2023): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0623-0055-jpt.
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The first acid job dates to 1895. Challenges remain, however, when it comes to lithology, coverage, penetration, and management of reaction products. These themes remain a focus for stimulation engineers. In paper SPE 204879, for example, a novel in-situ foam-generation system is introduced that provides effective diversion and leaves no residue. Field applications suggest significantly better performance compared with other diversion systems. In paper SPE 203985, the authors present a 3D acid-fracturing model to calculate fracture geometry induced through multistage alternating injection of pad and acid fluids. Alternating acid with high-viscosity polymer pad promotes nonuniform acid etching and viscous fingering, which leads to longer and narrower channels. Concurrently, investigators are studying methods to achieve effective near-wellbore and far-field bridging using a combination of solids and fiber-laden acid. For those wishing to delve deeper into this subject, paper SPE 206255 makes interesting reading. Completions can play a role in improving acid treatments. Limited entry, as presented in paper SPE 211394, and the so-called “segmented and selective” completions are at the forefront. Paper IPTC 23003 introduces the concept of sweet spots, which are then completed selectively with packers and sliding sleeves. Paper SPE 213406 describes a relatively complex architecture for a trilateral TAML Level 2 well with openhole packers and ball-activated sleeves. Thus, it can be said that most enabling technology is out there. Lastly, engineers have begun to leverage benefits that big data and artificial intelligence potentially offer. Predicting an outcome of an acid job remains hit-and-miss at best—a gap engineers must bridge. In paper SPE 208172, the authors present a predictive model to estimate the efficiency of acid-fracturing treatments in naturally fractured reservoirs using an artificial neural network. They report a predictability error of less than 10%. This may be what we are looking for. I hope you find the selections enlightening. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 207514 Subsea Multiwell High-Flow-Rate Riserless Acid Stimulation Campaign With Two-Vessel Approach: A Comparative Case Study by Irma Kusumawati, ConocoPhillips, et al. SPE 205599 A New Method of Carbonate Matrix Stimulation Modeling and Optimization Using Field Experimental Data for Acid Efficiency Calibration and Case Studies in Kazakhstan by Ruslan Kalabayev, SLB, et al. SPE 209673 Reducing Carbon Footprint of Matrix Acidizing in Carbonate Formations: How Much Acid Do We Really Need To Pump? by Mahmoud T. Ali, Baker Hughes
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Sondak, V., O. Volkoshovetz, N. Kolesnik i M. Simon. "Current state of ichthiocenosis, species composition and fish populations in small river basins from Pripyatske Polissiya of Ukraine — ways of rehabilitation and restoration". Ribogospodarsʹka nauka Ukraïni., nr 4(54) (28.12.2020): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fsu2020.04.005.
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Purpose. To study ichthyocenosis, species composition and current state of fish populations in small river basins from Pripyatske Polissiya of Ukraine, to propose the ways of their rehabilitation and restoration. Methodology. The study analysed data for last 60 years on the results of monitoring catches of fish wintering grounds of the first-order tributaries of the Pripyat River — right-bank rivers (rivers Slovechna, Sluch, Tina), as well as more than 300 flood plain lakes of the Desna River. Fish were caught by expeditionary methods using boats, seines and gill nets before ice formation in November-December. Methods generally accepted in ichthyology and ecology as well as surveys of anglers were used. Findings. The study showed the crisis state of the Upper Dnipro region, which was confirmed by the data on a significant decrease in fish productivity. The reasons for this are: non-observance of the basin approach in nature management, ineffective nature conservation measures, lack of measures for the rehabilitation of "natural localities" for the reproduction of native ichthyofauna. It should be noted that the creation of National Reserves and NaturalParks (Shatskyi, Pripyat-Stokhid, Rovenskyi, Polesskyi, Menskyi, etc.) did not significantly affect the general state of the problem, and rather has a declarative meaning. Since, although they still have some places with good reproduction conditions for native flora, fauna and valuable natural landscapes, however, this does not affect the general ecological situation in the river network. This is due to the fact that the surface runoff from territories without destructive human impact, which form the hydrochemical regime, is a fraction of a percent of the total amount. Accordingly, the following is observed: shallowing of river channels, smoothing of the bottom, siltation of wintering grounds, decrease in breeding stock number, degradation of spawning grounds and a lack of artificial stocking measures. This leads to a 10-fold decrease in fish catches in small rivers from Pripyatske Polissiya of Ukraine over the past 20 years. Originality. The study examines the problem of the relationship between the accessary river network and the fish productivity of rivers, including the Kуiv (receiving the flow of the DniprоRiver) and the upper reaches of the Kaniv (receiving the flow of the DesnaRiver) reservoirs. It outlines their role in the functioning of the trilateral natural complex located on the territory of Ukraine, Belarus and Poland. The possibility of creating the ichthyo-ecological reserve "Verhniy Dnipro on the territory of Ukraine on the base of existing protected areas within the Pripyat and Desnyansky hydroecological corridors is analysed. Practical Value. It has been proved that the creation of the "Verhniy Dnipro" will allow not only creating a stable base for the natural reproduction of native ichthyofauna in the upper reaches of the Dnipro reservoir cascade but providing high-quality water to the population of Kyiv and the Kyiv region. The concept of rehabilitation of reproduction and conservation of biodiversity of native ichthyofauna in the river network is proposed to maintain the stability of the biosphere, the implementation of which requires little funds. Keywords: ichthyofauna, ichthyocenosis, ichthyoecosystem, restoration of spawning grounds, PripyatRiver, DniproRiver, DesnaRiver.
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Lee, Chang-Jae. "(Trilateral Economic Cooperation: Proposal for Enhancing Economic Cooperation Dialogue Channels among China, Japan, and Korea)". SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2319805.
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Lee, Chang-Jae, Ho-Kyung Bang, Seung Kwon Na i Boram Lee. "Trilateral Economic Cooperation: Proposal for Enhancing Economic Cooperation Dialogue Channels Among China, Japan, and Korea". SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2320948.
Pełny tekst źródłaRozprawy doktorskie na temat "TRILATERAL CHANNEL"
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KAVITA. "IMAGE DENOISING USING MOVING FRAME APPROACH BASED ON TRILATERAL FILTER". Thesis, 2018. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/16523.
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Noise corrupts the images and in this manner their quality corrupts. This corruption incorporates concealment of edges, auxiliary points of interest, obscuring limits and so on. There are a few strategies to suppress the noise. The fundamental objective of denoising the image is to protect the critical element, for example, edges, limits and so on. Image compression separating is the way toward expelling noise which annoys image examination techniques. In a few applications like segmentation, denoising is intended to smooth homogeneous areas while safeguarding the shapes. Real-time denoising is required in a great deal of uses like picture guided careful intercessions, video examination and visual serving. Image denoising is finished by separating which can be comprehensively isolated into classes: straight sifting and nonlinear sifting. Mean sifting and Gaussian separating are the case of spatial denoising strategies. They are direct techniques which cause obscuring the images and all the while smother the subtle elements. Denoising is any signal processing strategy which reproduces a signal from a noisy one. Its will probably evacuate noise and safeguard valuable data.
Denoising means to diminish noise in homogeneous zones, while safeguarding picture shapes. Denoising is vital for pretreatment techniques, for example, question acknowledgment, division, arrangement and example investigation. Because of the extraordinary surface of ultrasound pictures, their denoising is especially troublesome. Noise lessening is the way toward expelling noise from the flag. Saving the points of interest of a picture and evacuating the irregular noise beyond what many would consider possible is the objective of picture denoising approaches. Numerous fruitful strategies for picture denoising have been produced till date.
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Bilateral filtering is a case of nonlinear separating. It is a non-iterative technique. It joins space and range channels all the while. It preserves edge data while denoising. The possibility of reciprocal separating is the calculation of each pixel weight using a spatial piece and its increase utilizing an element of impact in the power space. This last can diminish the pixel weight with substantial power contrasts. By and by, under this shape the channel can't control spot noise. This channel may tend to over smooth edges. Then again, its range channel piece utilized pixel availability, and hence it couldn't be utilized straightforwardly for applications that in truth would overlook spatial connections. These channels go for smoothing the picture to evacuate some type of noise. Anyway it doesn't give agreeable outcomes, genuine dim levels are contaminated truly and the range channel can't work legitimately. The trilateral channel was acquainted as methods with decrease drive noise in pictures. The trilateral channel was reached out to be an angle protecting channel, including the nearby picture inclination into the separating procedure. For the most part, the parameters of Trilateral Filtering are generally dictated by experimentation by and by; along these lines bringing about additional time utilization. In any case, to build the merging rate and to enhance the denoising procedure, we have presented the altered trilateral sifting approach by the ideal determination of its parameters utilizing GWO calculation consequently in view of the denoising execution. At last, we will demonstrate the viability of proposed separating strategy by methods for examining with different noise models.
Książki na temat "TRILATERAL CHANNEL"
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(US), National Research Council. Atmospheric change and the North American transportation sector: Summary of a trilateral workshop. Washington, D.C: National Academy of Sciences, 1998.
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Taeoe Kyŏngje Chŏngch'aek Yŏn'guwŏn (Korea), red. Han, Chung, Il kyŏngje hyŏbŭich'e kusang: Trilateral economic cooperation : proposal for enhancing economic cooperation dialogue channels among China, Japan, and Korea. Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi: Taeoe Kyŏngje Chŏngch'aek Yŏn'guwŏn, 2012.
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Deutch, John, Michael Levi, Edmond Alphandéry i Nobuo Tanaka. Energy Security and Climate Change in the Trilateral Context. The Trilateral Commission, 2016.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "TRILATERAL CHANNEL"
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Yeo, Andrew. "Asia’s Regional Architecture". W Asia's Regional Architecture, 1–24. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503608443.003.0001.
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This chapter presents a new theoretical framework for understanding the development of Asia’s regional architecture. Drawing on historical institutionalism, the chapter discusses how endogenous processes of change, as well as mechanisms of continuity, have produced a layering of bilateral, trilateral, mini-lateral, and multilateral institutions in Asia. The chapter also discusses the limitations of theories of rational institutional design, and the role ideas and institutions play in shaping actors’ choices.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "TRILATERAL CHANNEL"
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Ke, Aihua, Gang Liu, Jian Chen i Xinyun Wu. "Trilateral GAN with Channel Attention Residual for Semantic Image Synthesis". W 2021 International Conference on Computer Information Science and Artificial Intelligence (CISAI). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisai54367.2021.00223.
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Clegg, Nigel, Supriya Sinha, Karol Riofrio Rodriguez, Arthur Walmsely, Stig Sviland-Østre, Theodor Lien, Joanna Mouatt, David Marchant i Christoph Schwarzbach. "Ultra-Deep 3D Electromagnetic Inversion for Anisotropy, a Guide to Understanding Complex Fluid Boundaries in a Turbidite Reservoir". W 2022 SPWLA 63rd Annual Symposium. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2022-0119.
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In mature fields, fluid contacts undergo vertical depth shift and lateral variation due to production and injection. Variability in these contacts can be exaggerated by depositional, structural, and lithological elements, acting as baffles and conduits. In turbidite deposits, where sand sequences are intercalated or draped by shales, fluid movement can be influenced by these lithological changes. Shales can range from thin layers to units several meters thick, thus occurrences can in some cases be identified from seismic data or detected with shallow to ultra-deep logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools. However, thin shales can go undetected in electromagnetic (EM) data if resistivity contrasts are low. In a water-filled reservoir, shales can be indistinguishable from water-flooded sands, unless directly penetrated. Inverting for formation resistivity alone leaves a question unanswered: are the low-resistivity zones water-filled sands or shales? One defining factor is anisotropy; inverting for anisotropy provides a tool to differentiate shales from water-filled sand. Clean, water-filled sand will be relatively isotropic compared to laminated shale. This paper investigates identifying shales at distance through 3D EM inversion for anisotropy, and the deeper reservoir understanding gained through identifying how lithological distribution impacts fluid movement. In a trilateral well, initial 1D inversions for resistivity clearly show variable, low-resistivity contacts above and below the reservoir. Above the well is the overlying shale caprock. Below the well, correlation with offset data indicates that this is the oil-water contact (OWC). However, this lower boundary is not confined to a single horizontal plane and has a more complex morphology than expected, given the properties of the reservoir. The boundary was only penetrated in one area towards the toe, where both shales and water-filled sands were encountered. Ultra-deep 3D EM inversion shows inverted resistivity values consistent with the anticipated water below, but also close to the resistivity value for shale. 3D inversion for anisotropy shows a thin layer with high anisotropy bounding the OWC, which has a similar value to thin shale layers and lenses penetrated along the well and identified on gamma logs. The thin shale layer extends over 1000 m (3280 ft) MD. This layer appears to be acting as a baffle, limiting the movement of water within the reservoir. A potential interpretation is therefore that the depositional morphology and post-depositional deformation of this thin shale layer appears to be responsible for the unusual, convoluted OWC.