Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Trigger analysis

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Trigger analysis”

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Data publikacji: 25 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Trigger analysis"

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Pellegrino, A. Brooke Walters, Rachel E. Davis-Martin, Timothy T. Houle, Dana P. Turner i Todd A. Smitherman. "Perceived triggers of primary headache disorders: A meta-analysis". Cephalalgia 38, nr 6 (20.08.2017): 1188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102417727535.

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Objective To quantitatively synthesize extant literature on perceived triggers of primary headache disorders. Methods A meta-analytic review of headache trigger survey studies was conducted. Endorsement rates, assessment method, and headache and sample characteristics were extracted from included articles. Separate random-effects models were used to assess trigger endorsement rates and post-hoc meta-regressions examined potential moderator variables. Results 85 articles from 1958 to 2015 were included, involving 27,122 participants and querying 420 unique triggers (collapsed into 15 categories). Four-fifths (0.81; 95% CI .75 to .86) of individuals with migraine or tension-type headache endorsed at least one trigger. Rates increased with the number of categories queried (OR: 1.18, 1.08–1.30) and year of publication (OR: 1.04, 1.00–1.08). The triggers most commonly endorsed were stress (.58, .53–.63) and sleep (.41, .36–.47). Conclusions Extreme heterogeneity characterizes the headache trigger literature. Most individuals with a primary headache disorder perceive their attacks to be triggered by one or more precipitants, the most common of which are stress and sleep. However, trigger endorsement is influenced by method of assessment. Enhancing methodological consistency and prioritizing experimental studies would improve our understanding of headache triggers.
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Le, Anh Hong, To Van Khanh i Truong Ninh Thuan. "Formal Analysis of Database Trigger Systems Using Event-B". International Journal of Software Innovation 9, nr 4 (październik 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.20211001.oa1.

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Most modern relational database systems use triggers to implement automatic tasks in response to specific events happening inside or outside a system. A database trigger is a human readable block code without any formal semantics. Frequently, people can check if a trigger is designed correctly after it is executed or by manual checking. In this article, the authors introduce a new method to model and verify database trigger systems using Event-B formal method at design phase. First, the authors make use of similar mechanism between triggers and Event-B events to propose a set of rules translating a database trigger system into Event-B constructs. Then, the authors show how to verify data constraint preservation properties and detect infinite loops of trigger execution with RODIN/Event-B. The authors also illustrate the proposed method with a case study. Finally, a tool named Trigger2B which partly supports the automatic modeling process is presented.
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Jang, Dongmin, i Heejeong Baek. "Analysis of the reader’s mind-wandering triggers during reading". Korean Association for Literacy 14, nr 4 (31.08.2023): 453–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37736/kjlr.2023.08.14.4.16.

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This study aims to derive MW triggers that occur in the reading process and to seek educational implications for readers’ flow in reading. The results of this study largely derived three categories of MW triggers, the number of MW occurrences by time zone, and the reader’s emotional state after MW occurrence. First, looking at the three categories of MW triggers, the first is ‘Internally Directed MW induced inside the reader’. This trigger was explained by thoughts toward the reader’s inner self unrelated to text or task performance. The second is ‘Task-Related MW’. This trigger refers to cases in which the task is overly conscious of the task performance or deviates from the performance context due to the influence of the surrounding environment. The third is ‘MW Triggered by Text’. This trigger included thoughts triggered by words, characters, and illustrations presented in the text. Next, as a result of analyzing the number of occurrences of MW by time zone, it was also revealed that students were not able to read continuously. Finally, as a result of confirming readers’ emotions after MW occurred, 37% of the study subjects complained of negative emotions. As the habit of continuously reading silently without the occurrence of MW has a positive effect on reading motivation and efficacy, it will be necessary to adhere to MW and immersive reading.
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Gipson, Christine S. "Triggers and Their Influence on Health Behaviors". Creative Nursing 23, nr 2 (2017): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1078-4535.23.2.82.

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This article provides a conceptual definition of the concept trigger within the context of health behaviors and applies it to the highly significant health issue of obesity. Healthy behaviors are essential to life and happiness, but they do not just happen. They are triggered, and an inner drive keeps them alive. To help patients gain and retain optimal health, nurses must understand the triggers of healthy behaviors. Walker and Avant’s (2011) method of concept analysis is used as the basis for defining the concept of trigger. The antecedents, defining attributes, and consequences of trigger are identified. Findings suggest that nurses can play a role in triggering health behavior change through simple motivational efforts.
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Fujiuchi, Bradley, i ehab daoud. "SMART Trigger versus Flow and Pressure trigger performance during auto-PEEP". Journal of Mechanical Ventilation 4, nr 3 (15.09.2023): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53097/jmv.10083.

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Background Intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (auto-PEEP) is a common problem in mechanically ventilated patients, which can lead to adverse effects on patients comfort, hemodynamics, lung mechanics and gas exchange. Triggering systems play a crucial role in the delivery of mechanical ventilation, and advancements in smart triggering technology aim to optimize patient-ventilator synchrony. This bench study aims to compare the performance of the novel SMART Trigger to traditional pressure and flow triggers in the context of auto-PEEP. Methods A lung model simulating severe obstructive pattern with high compliance (80 ml/cmH2O) and high resistance 30 cmH2O/L/s was connected to the Panther 5 ventilator (Origin Medical, California, USA). The mode was set at Volume Controlled with a tidal volume of 700 ml and mandatory breath per min (BPM) of 10/min and Inspiratory time of 2 seconds to intentionally create auto-PEEP. Simulated spontaneous breaths set at 20 BPM with increasing muscle pressure (Pmus) from -1 to maximum of -25 or till full trigger of all breaths. Three different triggering systems were evaluated: SMART Trigger (ST sensitivity 1 to 7), pressure trigger (-1 cmH2O), and flow trigger (1 l/min). The range of auto-PEEP levels induced increased incrementally with the increase in the respiratory rate ranging from 3 cmH2O for 10 BPM, 8 for 15 BPM, to 13 for 20 BPM. The following parameters were assessed for each triggering system: trigger sensitivity (defined as the number of breaths triggered above the mandatory breaths), and the trigger response time (time it takes from the beginning of muscle effort to the initiation of the breath. Results 100% of the breaths were triggered at Pmus (cmH2O) of -15 in the pressure trigger, -25 in flow trigger, -3 for ST1, -9 for ST2, -10 for ST3, -10 for ST4, -12 for ST5, -18 for ST 6, and -22 for ST 7. Trigger time (msec) for flow was 0.135 ± 0.02, for pressure 0.141 ± 0.04, for ST 1-4: 0.076 ± 0.03, for ST 5-7: 0.104 ± 0.04. Multivariate analysis of variance test showed significant difference between the time to trigger P <0.001. Conclusion This bench study highlights the potential advantages of SMART Trigger technology over conventional pressure and flow triggers during auto-PEEP. The SMART Trigger enhanced sensitivity and rapid response might contribute to improved patient-ventilator synchrony. Further research and clinical studies are warranted to validate these findings and explore the impact of smart trigger technology on patient outcomes in real-world scenarios. Keywords: SMART Trigger, Auto-PEEP, Trigger time
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Murphy, Daniel R., Ashley N. D. Meyer, Viralkumar Vaghani, Elise Russo, Dean F. Sittig, Kyle A. Richards, Li Wei, Louis Wu i Hardeep Singh. "Application of Electronic Algorithms to Improve Diagnostic Evaluation for Bladder Cancer". Applied Clinical Informatics 26, nr 01 (2017): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/aci-2016-10-ra-0176.

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Summary Background: Strategies to ensure timely diagnostic evaluation of hematuria are needed to reduce delays in bladder cancer diagnosis. Objective: To evaluate the performance of electronic trigger algorithms to detect delays in hematuria follow-up. Methods: We developed a computerized trigger to detect delayed follow-up action on a urinalysis result with high-grade hematuria (>50 red blood cells/high powered field). The trigger scanned clinical data within a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national data repository to identify all patient records with hematuria, then excluded those where follow-up was unnecessary (e.g., terminal illness) or where typical follow-up action was detected (e.g., cystoscopy). We manually reviewed a randomly-selected sample of flagged records to confirm delays. We performed a similar analysis of records with hematuria that were marked as not delayed (non-triggered). We used review findings to calculate trigger performance. Results: Of 310,331 patients seen between 1/1/2012-12/31/2014, the trigger identified 5,857 patients who experienced high-grade hematuria, of which 495 experienced a delay. On manual review of 400 randomly-selected triggered records and 100 non-triggered records, the trigger achieved positive and negative predictive values of 58% and 97%, respectively. Conclusions: Triggers offer a promising method to detect delays in care of patients with high-grade hematuria and warrant further evaluation in clinical practice as a means to reduce delays in bladder cancer diagnosis.
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Wang, Yan, Francesca Gatta, Joseph Conyers, Gregor Gibson, Kieran Wynne-Cattanach, Karl-Johan Myrén i Moh-Lim Ong. "Patient Characteristics and Diagnostic Journey of Thrombotic Microangiopathy Associated with a Trigger: A Real-World, Retrospective, Multi-National Study". Blood 142, Supplement 1 (28.11.2023): 5526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-179231.

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Introduction Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and microthrombi leading to ischemic tissue injury and organ damage. Disease emergence is unpredictable and in some cases TMA manifests in relation to a trigger, including autoimmune disease, infection, malignant hypertension, pregnancy, transplantation and drugs. In this study, we characterized the patient diagnostic journey of TMA associated with a trigger using real-world data. Methods Data were drawn from the Adelphi aHUS Disease Specific Programme, a cross-sectional survey of physicians and their patients with TMA associated with a trigger (data collected August-December 2022) from Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and the USA. This analysis included physician-reported patient data and all patients had TMA associated with a trigger diagnosed by a physician. Analyses were conducted with all triggers combined, and by trigger type. Results Overall, 321 patients with TMA associated with a trigger were included; the top 5 most frequent triggers were infection (19.0%), drug (15.0%), autoimmune disease (14.6%), malignancy (13.7%) and solid organ transplantation (10.6%). Demographics, clinical characteristics and route to diagnosis are provided for all patients in the Table.At the point of survey, 53.6% of patients were female and the median age (interquartile range [IQR]) was 47.0 (33.5-59.0) years. Overall, 7/312 (2.2%) and 16/309 (5.2%) patients had a family history of TMA or kidney disease, respectively, although these proportions were higher in patients with TMA triggered postpartum (2/18 [11.1%] and 4/18 [22.2%]). The most common ethnicity was White/Caucasian (199/280 [71.1%]), however this varied across triggers; lowest in malignant severe hypertension (12/24 [50.0%]) and highest in bone marrow transplantation (21/25 [84.0%]). At first presentation to a healthcare professional (HCP), the most common symptom/complication was hemolytic anemia (208/312 [66.7%]), yet other common symptoms/complications varied across triggers (e.g. 24/45 [53.3%] patients with TMA triggered by an autoimmune disease presented with fatigue, and 17/29 [58.6%] and 14/29 [48.3%] patients with TMA triggered by malignant hypertension presented with kidney damage and proteinuria, respectively). At first diagnosis of TMA associated with a trigger, 125/315 (39.7%) and 44/315 (14.0%) patients had severe or life-threatening TMA, respectively; further, 260/277 (93.9%) patients had a platelet count outside the normal range, 101/115 (87.8%) patients had a lactate dehydrogenase level &gt; 1.5 × the upper limit of normal, and the median (IQR) serum creatinine level among all patients was 2.9 mg/dL (1.8-4.0). Across all triggers, the first consulting HCP at symptom onset was most often a nephrologist (23.4%), general practitioner (GP; 21.8%) or emergency room (ER)/intensive care unit (ICU) physician (21.2%), while the first diagnosing HCP of TMA associated with a trigger was most often a nephrologist (38.6%), hematologist (24.9%), or hematologist-oncologist (22.4%). In 249 patients with available data, the median duration from symptom onset to TMA diagnosis was 6.0 days (IQR, 0-30.0 days). Conclusion In this study, severe or life-threatening TMA associated with a trigger was reported at the point of diagnosis for over half of the patients. An increased awareness of the clinical characteristics, symptoms and complications of TMA associated with a trigger by HCPs, particularly GPs who were frequently the first consulting HCP, is key to facilitating early diagnosis and timely referral to TMA experts/multi-disciplinary teams and optimizing patient management. Study/medical writing support funder: Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Boston, MA, USA.
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Song, Fengfei, i Guang J. Zhang. "Improving Trigger Functions for Convective Parameterization Schemes Using GOAmazon Observations". Journal of Climate 30, nr 21 (listopad 2017): 8711–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0042.1.

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Using observations from the Green Ocean Amazon (GOAmazon) field campaign, this study aims to improve trigger functions of convection schemes. Results show that the CAPE generation rate (dCAPE)-type triggers are the first tier and that the Bechtold and heated condensation framework (HCF) triggers are a distant second tier. The composite analysis reveals that the undilute dCAPE trigger underpredicts convection when there is bottom-heavy upward motion but overpredicts convection with low-level downward and upper-level upward motions. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on vertical velocity shows that EOF1 (62.65%) exhibits upward motion throughout the troposphere and that EOF2 (28.05%) has lower-level upward motion and upper-level downward motion. Both of them have close relationships with precipitation, indicating the role of vertical velocity in triggering convection. The skill sensitivity analysis shows that the inclusion of 700-hPa upward motion significantly enhances the undilute dCAPE trigger. For the dilute dCAPE trigger, entrainment rate and dCAPE threshold are optimized to improve it. Opposite to dCAPE-type triggers, the Bechtold trigger overemphasizes the low-level vertical velocity and underpredicts the mature and decaying phases of long-lasting convection events. The HCF trigger overemphasizes the near-surface moist static energy and overlooks the vertical velocity. The performance of dCAPE-type triggers on various convective systems over the Amazon region is examined. The eastward-propagating systems are best represented, with only a few underpredictions in their decaying stages. The weak locally occurring systems and marginal phases of westward-propagating systems are easy to underpredict. The revised dCAPE-type triggers perform better on different convection systems and the diurnal cycle of convection.
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Manu, James Gyimah. "Presupposition in Ghanaian and British Newspaper editorials". Ghana Journal of Linguistics 9, nr 1 (30.06.2020): 18–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjl.v9i1.2.

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The paper explores presupposition and its triggers in Ghanaian and British newspaper editorials. Using a model proposed by Khaleel (2010:529) based on Karttunen (n.d.) and Yule (1996), the researcher analysed thirty (30) editorials from the Daily Guide (Ghanaian) and The Guardian (British) which were published in 2017. The analysis revealed some similarities and differences in the Ghanaian and British newspaper editorials. It was found that the frequently used trigger of the existential presupposition in both newspapers is the definite noun phrase. Again, it was found that the most used to trigger structural presupposition is the relative clause. The noticeable difference between the two is that in the Daily Guide, the structural presupposition is the most triggered (46.1%) whilst the existential presupposition (69.8%) is the most triggered in The Guardian.
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Ibáñez-Lorente, Cristina, Rubén Casans-Francés, Soledad Bellas-Cotán i Luis E. Muñoz-Alameda. "Implementation of a maternal early warning system during early postpartum. A prospective observational study". PLOS ONE 16, nr 6 (3.06.2021): e0252446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252446.

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Objective To evaluate the implementation of a maternal early warning system (MEWS) for monitoring patients during the first two hours after delivery in a tertiary level hospital. Methods Implementation of the criteria between 15 March and 15 September 2018 was evaluated in 1166 patients. The parameters collected were systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, urine output, uterine involution, and bleeding. Out-of-range values of any of these parameters triggered a warning, and an obstetrician was called to examine the patient. The obstetrician then decided whether to call the anesthesiologist. We carried out a sensitivity-specificity study of triggers and a multivariate analysis of the factors involved in developing potentially fatal disorders (PFD), reintervention, critical care admission, and stay. Results The MEWS was triggered in 75 patients (6.43%). Leading trigger was altered systolic blood pressure in 32 patients (42.7%), and 11 patients had a PFD. Twenty-eight triggers were false-negatives. Sensitivity and specificity of the system was 0.28 (0.15, 0.45) and 0.94 (0.93, 0.96), respectively. The multivariate analysis showed a correlation between trigger activation and PFD. Conclusion Our MEWS presented low sensitivity and high specificity, with a significant number of false-negatives.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Trigger analysis"

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Melek, Luiz Alberto Pasini. "Analysis and design of a subthreshold CMOS Schmitt trigger circuit". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2017. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/183242.

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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Florianópolis, 2017.
Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-06T03:20:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 349773.pdf: 5894584 bytes, checksum: f7cc1810c920ff756724711896de8791 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017
Nesta tese, o disparador Schmitt (ou Schmitt trigger) CMOS clássico (ST) operando em inversão fraca é analisado. A transferência de tensão DC completa é determinada, incluindo expressões analíticas para as tensões dos nós internos. A transferência de tensão DC resultante do ST apresenta um comportamento contínuo mesmo na presença da histerese. Nesse caso, a característica da tensão de saída entre os limites da histerese é formada por um segmento metaestável, que pode ser explicado em termos das resistências negativas dos subcircuitos NMOS e PMOS do ST. A tensão mínima para o aparecimento da histerese é determinada fazendo-se a análise de pequenos sinais. A análise de pequenos sinais também é utilizada para a estimativa da largura do laço de histerese. É mostrado que a histerese não aparece para tensões de alimentação menores que 75 mV em 300 K. A análise do ST operando como amplificador também foi feita. A razão ótima dos transistores foi determinada com o objetivo de se maximizar o ganho de tensão. A comparação do disparador Schmitt com o inversor CMOS convencional destaca as vantagens e desvantagens de cada um para aplicações de ultra-baixa tensão. Também é mostrado que o ST é teoricamente capaz de operar (com ganho de tensão absoluto ?1) com uma tensão de alimentação tão baixa quanto 31.5 mV, a qual é menor do que o conhecido limite prévio de 36 mV, para o inversor convencional. Como amplificador, o ST possui ganho de tensão absoluto consideravelmente maior que o inversor convencional na mesma tensão de alimentação. Três circuitos integrados foram projetados e fabricados para estudar o comportamento do ST com tensões de alimentação entre 50 mV e 1000 mV.
Abstract : In this thesis, the classical CMOS Schmitt trigger (ST) operating in weak inversion is analyzed. The complete DC voltage transfer characteristic is determined, including analytical expressions for the internal node voltage. The resulting voltage transfer characteristic of the ST presents a continuous output behavior even when hysteresis is present. In this case, the output voltage characteristic between the hysteresis limits is formed by a metastable segment, which can be explained in terms of the negative resistance of the NMOS and PMOS subcircuits of the ST. The minimum supply voltage at which hysteresis appears is determined carrying out small-signal analysis, which is also used to estimate the hysteresis width. It is shown that hysteresis does not appear for supply voltages lower than 75 mV at 300 K. The analysis of the ST operating as a voltage amplifier was also carried out. Optimum transistor ratios were determined aiming at voltage gain maximization. The comparison of the ST with the standard CMOS inverter highlights the relative benefits and drawbacks of each one in ULV applications. It is also shown that the ST is theoretically capable of operating (voltage gain ?1) at a supply voltage as low as 31.5 mV, which is lower than the well-known limit of 36 mV, for the standard CMOS inverter. As an amplifier, the ST shows considerable higher absolute voltage gains than those showed by the conventional inverter at the same supply voltages. Three test chips were designed and fabricated to study the operation of the ST at supply voltages between 50 mV and 1000 mV.
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Pettigrew, John Robert. "Molecular analysis of the germination trigger mechanism of Bacillus megaterium KM". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627239.

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Ridolfi, Riccardo <1993&gt. "The FOOT experiment: Trigger and Data Acquisition (TDAQ) development and data analysis". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/10323/1/Ridolfi_phd_thesis.pdf.

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Hadrontherapy employs high-energy beams of charged particles (protons and heavier ions) to treat deep-seated tumours: these particles have a favourable depth-dose distribution in tissue characterized by a low dose in the entrance channel and a sharp maximum (Bragg peak) near the end of their path. In these treatments nuclear interactions have to be considered: beam particles can fragment in the human body releasing a non-zero dose beyond the Bragg peak while fragments of human body nuclei can modify the dose released in healthy tissues. These effects are still in question given the lack of interesting cross sections data. Also space radioprotection can profit by fragmentation cross section measurements: the interest in long-term manned space missions beyond Low Earth Orbit is growing in these years but it has to cope with major health risks due to space radiation. To this end, risk models are under study: however, huge gaps in fragmentation cross sections data are currently present preventing an accurate benchmark of deterministic and Monte Carlo codes. To fill these gaps in data, the FOOT (FragmentatiOn Of Target) experiment was proposed. It is composed by two independent and complementary setups, an Emulsion Cloud Chamber and an electronic setup composed by several subdetectors providing redundant measurements of kinematic properties of fragments produced in nuclear interactions between a beam and a target. FOOT aims to measure double differential cross sections both in angle and kinetic energy which is the most complete information to address existing questions. In this Ph.D. thesis, the development of the Trigger and Data Acquisition system for the FOOT electronic setup and a first analysis of 400 MeV/u 16O beam on Carbon target data acquired in July 2021 at GSI (Darmstadt, Germany) are presented. When possible, a comparison with other available measurements is also reported.
L’adroterapia è una tecnica di radioterapia esterna nella quale vengono utilizzati fasci di ioni (protoni e ioni più pesanti) ad alta energia per il trattamento di tumori profondi: tali particelle hanno una distribuzione dose-profondità nel tessuto molto favorevole, caratterizzata da un basso rilascio di dose nel canale di entrata e un massimo pronunciato (picco di Bragg) vicino alla fine del loro percorso. In tali trattamenti devono essere prese in considerazione anche le interazioni nucleari: le particelle del fascio possono frammentare nel corpo umano rilasciando una dose non nulla oltre il picco di Bragg mentre i frammenti dei nuclei del paziente possono modificare la dose rilasciata nei tessuti sani. L’entità di tali effetti è attualmente oggetto di studio vista l’assenza di misure sulle sezioni d’urto di interesse. Anche il campo della radioprotezione spaziale può trarre benificio da queste misure poiché i rischi per la salute causati dalla radiazione spaziale rimangono un grande problema da affrontare: per questo motivo si studiano modelli di rischio che attualmente risentono della significativa mancanza di dati sulle sezioni d’urto. L’esperimento FOOT (FragmentatiOn Of Target) è composto da due apparati indipendenti e complementari, una Emulsion Cloud Chamber e un apparato elettronico composto da alcuni rivelatori che forniscono misure ridondanti delle quantità cinematiche dei frammenti nucleari prodotti dalle interazioni tra il fascio ed il bersaglio. FOOT ha l’obiettivo di misurare le sezioni d’urto differenziali sia in angolo che in energia cinetica, informazioni fondamentali per rispondere ai problemi aperti. In questa tesi sono presentati sia lo sviluppo del sistema di trigger e acquisizione dati (TDAQ) per l’apparato elettronico dell’esperimento sia una prima analisi dei dati del fascio di 16O a 400 MeV/u su un bersaglio di carbonio acquisiti a luglio 2021 presso il GSI (Darmstadt, Germania) oltre ad un confronto, quando possibile, con altre misure attualmente disponibili.
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Jomaa, Diala. "The Optimal trigger speed of vehicle activated signs". Licentiate thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Mikrodataanalys, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-17538.

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The thesis aims to elaborate on the optimum trigger speed for Vehicle Activated Signs (VAS) and to study the effectiveness of VAS trigger speed on drivers’ behaviour. Vehicle activated signs (VAS) are speed warning signs that are activated by individual vehicle when the driver exceeds a speed threshold. The threshold, which triggers the VAS, is commonly based on a driver speed, and accordingly, is called a trigger speed. At present, the trigger speed activating the VAS is usually set to a constant value and does not consider the fact that an optimal trigger speed might exist. The optimal trigger speed significantly impacts driver behaviour. In order to be able to fulfil the aims of this thesis, systematic vehicle speed data were collected from field experiments that utilized Doppler radar. Further calibration methods for the radar used in the experiment have been developed and evaluated to provide accurate data for the experiment. The calibration method was bidirectional; consisting of data cleaning and data reconstruction. The data cleaning calibration had a superior performance than the calibration based on the reconstructed data. To study the effectiveness of trigger speed on driver behaviour, the collected data were analysed by both descriptive and inferential statistics. Both descriptive and inferential statistics showed that the change in trigger speed had an effect on vehicle mean speed and on vehicle standard deviation of the mean speed. When the trigger speed was set near the speed limit, the standard deviation was high. Therefore, the choice of trigger speed cannot be based solely on the speed limit at the proposed VAS location. The optimal trigger speeds for VAS were not considered in previous studies. As well, the relationship between the trigger value and its consequences under different conditions were not clearly stated. The finding from this thesis is that the optimal trigger speed should be primarily based on lowering the standard deviation rather than lowering the mean speed of vehicles. Furthermore, the optimal trigger speed should be set near the 85th percentile speed, with the goal of lowering the standard deviation.
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Feist, Josselin. "Finding the needle in the heap : combining binary analysis techniques to trigger use-after-free". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAM016/document.

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La sécurité des systèmes est devenue un élément majeur du développement logicielle, pour les éditeurs, les utilisateurs et les agences gouvernementales. Un problème récurrent est la détection de vulnérabilités, qui consiste à détecter les bugs qui pourraient permettre à un attaquant de gagner des privilèges non prévues, comme la lecture ou l’écriture de donnée sensible, voir même l’exécution de code non autorisé. Cette thèse propose une approche pratique pour la détection d’une vulnérabilité particulière : le use-after-free, qui apparaît quand un élément du tas est utilisé après avoir été libéré. Cette vulnérabilité a été utilisé dans de nombreux exploits, et est, de par sa nature, difficile à détecter. Les problèmes récurrents pour sa détection sont, par exemple, le fait que les éléments déclenchant la vulnérabilité peuvent être répartis à de grande distance dans le code, le besoin de raisonner sur l’allocateur mémoire, ou bien la manipulation de pointeurs. L’approche proposé consiste en deux étapes. Premièrement, une analyse statique, basée sur une analyse légère, mais non sûre, appelé GUEB, permet de traquer les accès mémoire ainsi que l’état des éléments du tas (alloué / libéré / utilisé) . Cette analyse mène à un slice de programme contenant de potentiel use-after-free. La seconde étape vient alors confirmer ou non la présence de vulnérabilité dans ces slices, et est basée sur un moteur d'exécution symbolique guidé, développé dans la plateforme Binsec. Ce moteur permet de générer des entrées du programme réel déclenchant un use-after-free. Cette combinaison s’est montré performante en pratique et a permis de détecter plusieurs use-after-free qui étaient précédemment inconnu dans plusieurs codes réels. L’implémentation des outils est disponible en open-source et fonctionne sur du code x86
Security is becoming a major concern in software development, both for software editors, end-users, and government agencies. A typical problem is vulnerability detection, which consists in finding in a code bugs able to let an attacker gain some unforeseen privileges like reading or writing sensible data, or even hijacking the program execution.This thesis proposes a practical approach to detect a specific kind of vulnerability, called use-after-free, occurring when a heap memory block is accessed after being freed. Such vulnerabilities have lead to numerous exploits (in particular against web browsers), and they are difficult to detect since they may involve several distant events in the code (allocating, freeingand accessing a memory block).The approach proposed consists in two steps. First, a coarse-grain and unsound binary level static analysis, called GUEB, allows to track heap memory blocks operation (allocation, free, and use). This leads to a program slice containing potential use-after-free. Then, a dedicated guided dynamic symbolic execution, developed within the Binsec plateform, is used to retrieve concreteprogram inputs aiming to trigger these use-after-free. This combination happened to be be effective in practice and allowed to detect several unknown vulnerabilities in real-life code. The implementation is available as an open-source tool-chain operating on x86 binary code
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May, Anna Michelle. "Individual Periodic Limb Movements with Arousal Trigger Non-sustained Ventricular Tachycardia: A Case-Crossover Analysis". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case151263984890719.

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Vascelli, Francesco. "Analysis of the performance of DT trigger algorithms for the phase-2 upgrade of the CMS detector". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19890/.

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In questa tesi sono state studiate le prestazioni di due nuovi algoritmi per il trigger locale delle camere a deriva dell'esperimento CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid). Gli algoritmi sono stati sviluppati in vista dell'upgrade del collisionatore LHC (Large Hadron Collider), che diventerà High Luminosity LHC, e del corrispettivo upgrade di CMS. In particolare, sono stati svolti studi sull'efficienza degli algoritmi e si sono analizzati i casi in cui più segmenti di trigger vengono prodotti per un singolo muone che attraversa una camera del rivelatore. Le prestazioni dei nuovi algoritmi sono anche state comparate con quelle del sistema di trigger attualmente in uso. Questo lavoro è stato realizzato sviluppando uno strumento di analisi che sfrutta il pacchetto software di ROOT. I dati processati provengono da simulazioni nelle quali sono generate isotropicamente coppie di muoni con un'energia tra 2 e 100 GeV. Inoltre, vengono confrontate generazioni di muoni senza pile-up e con un pile-up medio di 200 collisioni per evento.
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Hill-Butler, C. "Evaluating the effect of large magnitude earthquakes on thermal volcanic activity : a comparative assessment of the parameters and mechanisms that trigger volcanic unrest and eruptions". Thesis, Coventry University, 2015. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/5f612a7d-ebbf-4d38-90aa-89c4984a1c0f/1.

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Volcanic eruptions and unrest have the potential to have large impacts on society causing social, economic and environmental losses. One of the primary goals of volcanological studies is to understand a volcano’s behaviour so that future instances of unrest or impending eruptions can be predicted. Despite this, our ability to predict the onset, location and size of future periods of unrest remains inadequate and one of the main problems in forecasting is associated with the inherent complexity of volcanoes. In practice, most reliable forecasts have employed a probabilistic approach where knowledge of volcanic activity triggers have been incorporated into scenarios to indicate the probability of unrest. The proposed relationship between large earthquakes and volcanic activity may, therefore, indicate an important precursory signal for volcanic activity forecasting. There have been numerous reports of a spatial and temporal link between volcanic activity and high magnitude seismic events and it has been suggested that significantly more periods of volcanic unrest occur in the months and years following an earthquake than expected by chance. Disparities between earthquake-volcano assessments and variability between responding volcanoes, however, has meant that the conditions that influence a volcano’s response to earthquakes have not been determined. Using data from the MODVOLC algorithm, a proxy for volcanic activity, this research examined a globally comparable database of satellite-derived volcanic radiant flux to identify significant changes in volcanic activity following an earthquake. Cases of potentially triggered volcanic activity were then analysed to identify the earthquake and volcano parameters that influence the relationship and evaluate the mechansisms proposed to trigger volcanic activity following an earthquake. At a global scale, this research identified that 57% [8 out of 14] of all large magnitude earthquakes were followed by increases in global volcanic activity. The most significant change in volcanic radiant flux, which demonstrates the potential of large earthquakes to influence volcanic activity at a global scale, occurred between December 2004 and April 2005. During this time, new thermal activity was detected at 10 volcanoes and the total daily volcanic radiant flux doubled within 52 days. Within a regional setting, this research also identified that instances of potentially triggered volcanic activity were statistically different to instances where no triggering was observed. In addition, assessments of earthquake and volcano parameters identified that earthquake fault characteristics increase the probability of triggered volcanic activity and variable response proportions at individual volcanoes and regionally demonstrated the critical role of the state of the volcanic system in determining if a volcano will respond. Despite the identification of these factors, this research was not able to define a model for the prediction of volcanic activity following earthquakes and, alternatively, proposed a process for response. In doing so, this thesis confirmed the potential use of earthquakes as a precursory indicator to volcanic activity and identified the most likely mechanisms that lead to seismically triggered volcanic unrest.
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Kwee, Regina. "Development and deployment of an Inner Detector Minimum Bias Trigger and analysis of minimum bias data of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16549.

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Weiche inelastische QCD Prozesse dominieren am LHC. Über 20 solcher Kollisionen werden innerhalb einer Strahlkreuzung bei ATLAS stattfinden, sobald der LHC die nominelle Luminosität von L = 1034 cm−2 s−1 und die Schwerpunktsenergie von p s = 14 TeV erreicht. Diese inelastischen Wechselwirkungen sind durch einen geringen Impulsübertrag gekennzeichnet, welche theoretisch lediglich durch phänomenologische Modelle angenähernd beschrieben werden können. Zu Beginn des Strahlbetriebs des LHC’s 2009 war die Luminosität relativ niedrig mit L = 1027 bis 1031 cm−2 s−1, was ein sehr gutes Szenario bot, um einzelne Proton-Proton Kollisionen zu selektieren und deren allgemeine Eigenschaften experimentell zu untersuchen. Zunächst wurde ein Minimum-Bias Trigger entwickelt, um Daten mit ATLAS aufzunehmen. Dieser Trigger, mbSpTrk, verarbeitet Signale der Silizium-Spurdetektoren und verwirft effizient Ereignisse ohne eine Proton-Wechselwirkung, wobei zugleich eine mögliche Verschiebung zu bestimmten Ereignistypen hin minimier wird. Um einen flexiblen Einsatz des Triggers zu gewährleisten, wurde er mit einer Sequenz ausgestattet, welche effizient Machinenuntergrund unterdrückt. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurden geladenen Teilchenmultiplizitäten im zentralen Bereich in zwei kinematisch definierten Phasenräumen gemessen. Mindestens ein geladenes Teilchen mit einer Pseudorapidität kleiner als 0.8 und einem Transversalimpuls von pT > 0.5 bzw. 1 GeV musste vorhanden sein. Vier typische Minimum-Bias Verteilungen wurden bei zwei Schwerpunktsenergien von p s = 0.9 und 7 TeV gemessen. Die Ergebnisse sind derart präsentiert, dass sie nur minimal von Monte Carlo Modellen abhängen. Die vorgestellten Messungen stellen zudem den Beitrag der ATLAS Kollaboration dar für die erste, LHC-weit durchgeführte Analyse, der auch die CMS und ALICE Kollaborationen zustimmten. Ein Vergleich konnte mit den Pseudorapiditätsverteilungen angestellt werden.
Soft inelastic QCD processes are the dominant proton-proton interaction type at the LHC. More than 20 of such collisions pile up within a single bunch-crossing at ATLAS, when the LHC is operated at design luminosity of L = 1034 cm−2 s−1 colliding proton bunches with an energy of p s = 14 TeV. Inelastic interactions are characterised by a small transverse momemtum transfer and can only be approximated by phenomenological models that need experimental data as input. The initial phase of LHC beam operation in 2009, with luminosites ranging from L = 1027 to 1031 cm−2 s−1, offered an ideal period to select single proton-proton interactions and study general aspects of their properties. As first part of this thesis, a Minimum Bias trigger was developed and used for data-taking in ATLAS. This trigger, mbSpTrk, processes signals of the silicon tracking detectors of ATLAS and was designed to fulfill efficiently reject empty events, while possible biases in the selection of proton-proton collisions is reduced to a minimum. The trigger is flexible enough to cope also with changing background conditions allowing to retain low-pT events while machine background is highly suppressed. As second part, measurements of inelastic charged particles were performed in two phase-space regions. Centrally produced charged particles were considered with a pseudorapidity smaller than 0.8 and a transverse momentum of pT > 0.5 or 1 GeV. Four characteristic distributions were measured at two centre-of-mass energies of p s = 0.9 and 7 TeV. The results are presented with minimal model dependency to compare them to predictions of different Monte Carlo models for soft particle production. This analysis represents also the ATLAS contribution for the first common LHC analysis to which the ATLAS, CMS and ALICE collaborations agreed. The pseudorapidity distributions for both energies and phase-space regions are compared to the respective results of ALICE and CMS.
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Moesser, Travis J. "Guidance and Navigation Linear Covariance Analysis for Lunar Powered Descent". DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/654.

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A linear covariance analysis is conducted to assess closed-loop guidance, navigation, and control system (GN&C) performance of the Altair vehicle during lunar powered descent. Guidance algorithms designed for lunar landing are presented and incorporated into the closed-loop covariance equations. Navigation-based event triggering is also included in the covariance formulation to trigger maneuvers and control dispersions. Several navigation and guidance trade studies are presented demonstrating the influence of triggering and guidance and study parameters on the vehicle GN&C performance.
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Książki na temat "Trigger analysis"

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Rolider, Amos. How to teach self-control through trigger analysis. Austin, Tex: Pro-Ed, 2000.

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Schreffler, Curtis L. Drought-trigger ground-water levels and analysis of historical water-level trends in Chester County, Pennsylvania. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Schreffler, Curtis L. Drought-trigger ground-water levels and analysis of historical water-level trends in Chester County, Pennsylvania. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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L, Schreffler Curtis. Drought-trigger ground-water levels and analysis of historical water-level trends in Chester County, Pennsylvania. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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L, Schreffler Curtis. Drought-trigger ground-water levels and analysis of historical water-level trends in Chester County, Pennsylvania. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Schreffler, Curtis L. Drought-trigger ground-water levels and analysis of historical water-level trends in Chester County, Pennsylvania. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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Schreffler, Curtis L. Drought-trigger ground-water levels and analysis of historical water-level trends in Chester County, Pennsylvania. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Schreffler, Curtis L. Drought-trigger ground-water levels and analysis of historical water-level trends in Chester County, Pennsylvania. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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L, Schreffler Curtis. Drought-trigger ground-water levels and analysis of historical water-level trends in Chester County, Pennsylvania. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Konstantinou, Kostas. Earthquakes: Triggers, environmental impact, and potential hazards. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2012.

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Części książek na temat "Trigger analysis"

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Ouellette, Eric. "Analysis and Trigger Strategy". W Search for the Higgs Boson in the Vector Boson Fusion Channel at the ATLAS Detector, 53–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13599-1_5.

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Craig, Edwin C. "Schmitt Trigger Circuits". W Laboratory Manual for Electronics via Waveform Analysis, 99–104. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2610-9_18.

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Avni, Guy, i Orna Kupferman. "An Abstraction-Refinement Framework for Trigger Querying". W Static Analysis, 263–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23702-7_21.

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Yin, Heng, i Dawn Song. "Analysis of Trigger Conditions and Hidden Behaviors". W SpringerBriefs in Computer Science, 59–67. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5523-3_6.

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Ban, Xinbo, Ming Ding, Shigang Liu, Chao Chen, Jun Zhang i Yang Xiang. "TAESim: A Testbed for IoT Security Analysis of Trigger-Action Environment". W Computer Security. ESORICS 2021 International Workshops, 218–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95484-0_14.

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Walker, Erin, Nikol Rummel i Kenneth R. Koedinger. "Using Automated Dialog Analysis to Assess Peer Tutoring and Trigger Effective Support". W Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 385–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21869-9_50.

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Rinaldi, Nicola, Rosalba Liguori, Alfredo Rubino, Gian Domenico Licciardo i Luigi Di Benedetto. "Design and Analysis of a Voltage Schmitt Trigger in 4H-SiC CMOS Technology". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 19–25. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48711-8_3.

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Van Baelen, Stefan. "Enriching Constraints and Business Rules in Object Oriented Analysis Models with Trigger Specifications". W Object-Oriented Technology: ECOOP’98 Workshop Reader, 197–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-49255-0_41.

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Weik, Thomas, i Andreas Heuer. "An Algorithm for the Analysis of Termination of Large Trigger Sets in an OODBMS". W Workshops in Computing, 170–89. London: Springer London, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3080-2_11.

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Romare, Piero. "User-Driven Privacy Factors in Trigger-Action Apps: A Comparative Analysis with General IoT". W IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 244–64. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57978-3_16.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Trigger analysis"

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Zaripovas, Donatas Ramilas. "Hadronic triggers and trigger object-level analysis at ATLAS". W The European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.314.0808.

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Larsen, Matthew, Cyrus Harrison, Terece L. Turton, Sudhanshu Sane, Stephanie Brink i Hank Childs. "Trigger Happy: Assessing the Viability of Trigger-Based In Situ Analysis". W 2021 IEEE 11th Symposium on Large Data Analysis and Visualization (LDAV). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ldav53230.2021.00010.

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Carpenter, Luke. "A New HLT Trigger Based on Track Multiplicity for SUEPs Analysis". W A New HLT Trigger Based on Track Multiplicity for SUEPs Analysis. US DOE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1825290.

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Siragusa, Giovanni. "The Muon Trigger in ATLAS". W XI International Workshop on Advanced Computing and Analysis Techniques in Physics Research. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.050.0054.

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Lanik, Jan, Julien Legriel, Erwan Piriou, Emmanuel Viaud, Fahim Rahim, Oded Maler i Solaiman Rahim. "Reducing power with activity trigger analysis". W 2015 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Formal Methods and Models for Codesign (MEMOCODE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memcod.2015.7340484.

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Ferreira De Lima, DANILO Enoque, Cristina Adorisio, Stefan Ask, Pierre-Hugues Beauchemin, Paul Bell, M. Biglietti, Andrea Coccaro i in. "Software Validation Infrastructure for the Atlas High-Level Trigger Validation and Infrastructure for the ATLAS High-Level Trigger". W XII Advanced Computing and Analysis Techniques in Physics Research. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.070.0084.

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Wulz, Claudia, Gregor Aradi, Bernhard Arnold, Herbert Bergauer, Vasile M. Ghete, Janos Erö, Manfred Jeitler, Navid Rad, Johannes Wittmann i Mateusz Zarucki. "Data analysis at the CMS level-1 trigger: migrating complex selection algorithms from offline analysis and high-level trigger to the trigger electronics". W The European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.314.0807.

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Kiesling, C. "The H1 neural network trigger project". W ADVANCED COMPUTING AND ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES IN PHYSICS RESEARCH: VII International Workshop; ACAT 2000. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1405259.

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Biglietti, M. "ATLAS trigger status and results from commissioning operations". W XII Advanced Computing and Analysis Techniques in Physics Research. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.070.0096.

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Salloum, Maher, Janine C. Bennett, Ali Pinar, Ankit Bhagatwala i Jacqueline H. Chen. "Enabling Adaptive Scientific Workflows Via Trigger Detection". W SC15: The International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2828612.2828619.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Trigger analysis"

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Kurbanov, Serdar. Data Driven Trigger Design and Analysis for the NOvA Experiment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1334263.

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Nampoothiri, Niranjan Jathavedan. Protest Event Analysis: Grievances, Triggers, and Strategies in Authoritarian and Hybrid Regimes. Institute of Development Studies, maj 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2024.020.

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Protests are a feature of both democratic and non-democratic regimes. However, protests in non-democratic regimes have received insufficient academic attention. The nature of protest grievances, strategies, and tactics have been little studied in authoritarian and hybrid regimes. Additionally, triggers of protests are themselves an under-theorised concept. This paper uses protest event data to understand the grievances around which protests take place, which factors trigger protests in authoritarian and hybrid regimes, and the key strategies and tactics collective action actors use when protesting.
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xiao, zhimin, zonghui wu i bing zhen. Effectiveness of Trigger Point Dry Needling for Plantar Fasciitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, maj 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0057.

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Lin, Dezhi, Qinwei Fu, Yi Liu, Xinyi Chen, Hang Lei i Sha Yang. A systematic review and Meta-analysis of effectiveness of acupuncturing Trigger Points for treatment of Myofascial Pain Syndrome. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, luty 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.2.0073.

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Krennrich, Frank. A Fast Topological Trigger for Real Time Analysis of Nanosecond Phenomena; Opening the Gamma Ray Window to Our Universe. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1093851.

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Levy Yeyati, Eduardo, i Eduardo Fernández-Arias. Global Financial Safety Nets: Where Do We Go from Here? Inter-American Development Bank, listopad 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011213.

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An analysis of the performance of the global financial safety net during the 2008-2009 crisis, and an evaluation of its new components, indicates that, from an emerging markets perspective, the net remains full of holes despite recent stitches. This paper therefore proposes an effective and workable international lender of last resort (ILLR) for systemic liquidity crises based on: i) an automatic trigger to access the facility; ii) unilateral country pre-qualification to the facility during Article IV consultations; and iii) liquidity funded by the world's "issuers of last resort". These principles would support a reliable and broad-based ILLR without the carrying costs associated with inefficient reserve hoarding, which would actually work as an effective preventive facility with minimal room for moral hazard.
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Zhao, Bingyu, Saul Burdman, Ronald Walcott i Gregory E. Welbaum. Control of Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Cucurbits Using the Maize Non-Host Disease Resistance Gene Rxo1. United States Department of Agriculture, wrzesień 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699843.bard.

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The specific objectives of this BARD proposal were: (1) To determine whether Rxol can recognize AacavrRxo1 to trigger BFB disease resistance in stable transgenic watermelon plants. (2) To determine the distribution of Aac-avrRxo1 in a global population of Aae and to characterize the biological function of Aac-avrRxo1. (3) To characterize other TIS effectors of Aae and to identify plant R gene(s) that can recognize conserved TIS effectors of this pathogen. Background to the topic: Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits, caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aae), is a devastating disease that affects watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and melon (Cucumis melo) production worldwide, including both Israel and USA. Two major groups of Aae strains have been classified based on their virulence on host plants, genetics and biochemical properties. Thus far, no effective resistance genes have been identified from cucurbit germplasm. In this project, we assessed the applicability of a non-host disease resistance gene, Rxol, to control BFB in watermelon. We also tried to identify Aae type III secreted (TIS) effectors that can be used as molecular probes to identify novel disease resistance genes in both cucurbits and Nieotianatabaeum. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We generated five independent transgenic watermelon (cv. Sugar Babay) plants expressing the Rxol gene. The transgenic plants were evaluated with Aae strains AAC001 and M6 under growth chamber conditions. All transgenic plants were found to be susceptible to both Aae strains. It is possible that watermelon is missing other signaling components that are required for Rxol-mediated disease resistance. In order to screen for novel BFB resistance genes, we inoculated two Aae strains on 60 Nieotiana species. Our disease assay revealed Nicotiana tabaeum is completely resistant to Aae, while its wild relative N. benthamiana is susceptible to Aae. We further demonstrated that Nieotiana benthamiana can be used as a surrogate host for studying the mechanisms of pathogenesis of Aae. We cloned 11 TIS effector genes including the avrRxolhomologues from the genomes of 22 Aae strains collected worldwide. Sequencing analysis revealed that functional avrRxol is conserved in group" but not group I Aae strains. Three effector genes- Aave_1548, Aave_2166 and Aave_2708- possessed the ability to trigger an HR response in N. tabacum when they were transiently expressed by Agrobaeterium. We conclude that N. tabacum carries at least three different non-host resistance genes that can specifically recognize AaeTIS effectors to trigger non-host resistance. Screening 522 cucurbits genotypes with two Aae strains led us to identify two germplasm (P1536473 and P1273650) that are partially resistant to Aae. Interestingly, transient expression of the TIS effector, Aave_1548, in the two germplasms also triggered HR-Iike cell death, which suggests the two lines may carry disease resistance genes that can recognize Aave_1548. Importantly, we also demonstrated that this effector contributes to the virulence of the bacterium in susceptible plants. Therefore, R genes that recognize effector Aave1548 have great potential for breeding for BFB resistance. To better understand the genome diversity of Aae strains, we generated a draft genome sequence of the Israeli Aae strain, M6 (Group I) using Iliumina technology. Comparative analysis of whole genomes of AAC001, and M6 allowed us to identify several effectors genes that differentiate groups I and II. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The diversity of TIS effectors in group I and II strains of Aae suggests that a subset of effectors could contribute to the host range of group I and II Aae strains. Analysis of these key effectors in a larger Aae population may allow us to predict which cucurbit hosts may be at risk to BFB. Additionally, isolation of tobacco and cucurbit Rgenes that can recognize Aae type III effectors may offer new genetic resources for controlling BFB.
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Piercy, Candice, Safra Altman, Todd Swannack, Carra Carrillo, Emily Russ i John Winkelman. Expert elicitation workshop for planning wetland and reef natural and nature-based features (NNBF) futures. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), sierpień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41665.

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This special report discusses the outcomes of a September 2019 workshop intended to identify barriers to the consideration and implementation of natural and nature-based features (NNBF) in US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) civil works projects. A total of 23 participants representing seven USACE districts, the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), and the University of California–Santa Cruz met at USACE’s South Atlantic Division Headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, to discuss how to facilitate the implementation of NNBF into USACE project planning for wetlands and reefs using six categories: (1) site characterization, (2) engineering and design analysis, (3) life-cycle analysis, (4) economic analysis, (5) construction analysis, (6) and operation and maintenance (and monitoring). The workshop identified seven future directions in wetland and reef NNBF research and development: • Synthesize existing literature and analysis of existing projects to better define failure modes. • Determine trigger points that lead to loss of feature function. • Identify performance factors with respect to coastal storm risk management (CSRM) performance as well as ecological performance. • Focus additional research into cobenefits of NNBF. • Quantify the economic life-cycle costs of a project. • Improve technology transfer with regards to NNBF research and topics.
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Narvaez, Liliana, i Caitlyn Eberle. Technical Report: Southern Madagascar food insecurity. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/jvwr3574.

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Southern Madagascar’s worst drought in 40 years had devastating cumulative effects on harvest and livelihoods. On top of this, frequent sandstorms and pest infestations have led to severe stress on vegetation triggering a drastic decline in rice, maize and cassava production. These environmental aspects, combined with a lack of livelihood diversification and ongoing poverty, the presence of cattle raiders and restrictive government decisions, have driven the population of southern Madagascar to acute food insecurity conditions. By December 2021, more than 1.6 million people were estimated to have been suffering high levels of food insecurity. This case is an example of how multiple, complex environmental and social factors can combine to trigger a profound crisis in a territory, where vulnerable groups, such as children under five, tend to be particularly affected. Environmental degradation, together with socioeconomic and political dynamics are leaving vulnerable people even more exposed to food crises with few livelihood options or safety nets to cope with disasters. This technical background report for the 2021/2022 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the Southern Madagascar food insecurity through a forensic analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.
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Sherry, S., i G. Meyer. Protocol Analysis for Triggered RIP. RFC Editor, styczeń 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2092.

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