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Avner, Paolo. "Effectiveness and Political Economy of Climate Change Mitigation Policies at the Urban Scale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0022.
Pełny tekst źródłaUrbanization is one of the most defining traits of the 21st century with people flocking to cities in massive numbers in developing countries. Given the inertia and path dependence that urban forms display, there is a strong need to get urbanization right today. One key aspect is to ensure low-carbon and sustainable urban futures and avoid carbon-intensive lock-ins, in particular for emissions stemming from urban transport. Technology in the form of more efficient vehicles and alternative fuels currently does not seem to be able to achieve this goal alone. And as urban transport CO2 emissions are partially a by-product of urban forms; land-use, housing and transport policies are increasingly recognized as important levers to curb transport demand and promote soft and collective transport modes which contribute to emission mitigation.However important, reducing CO2 emissions is but one of city policy makers’ objectives: acting on poverty, providing basic services and access to affordable housing to name a few are equally important. So that policies aiming to reduce emissions, that would jeopardize other goals or result in lower welfare levels (mainly through higher housing costs) have low chances of being accepted and implemented. Successful urban-transport climate policies need to be both effective and politically acceptable.Starting from this assessment, this dissertation investigates how a subset of urban, land and transport policies and investments can contribute to curb transport-related CO2 emissions and what are the welfare consequences for households in urban areas. This is done through the development, calibration and application of a micro-economically founded land use – transport model (NEDUM-2D) to real-world urban areas
Omrani, Hichem. "Développement d'une méthode et d'un outil d'aide à l'évaluation : application à la mobilité urbaine". Compiègne, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007COMP1717.
Pełny tekst źródłaThese works problem consists in evaluating projects of transport starting from a set of criteria having different degrees of importance, in interaction and evaluated by heterogeneous sources of information (experts, surveys, sensors, model etc). The collected data are generally sullied with uncertainty and inaccuracy. To solve this problem of projects evaluation related to transportation, we propose a hybrid approach entitled HA4IA (Hybrid Approach for Impacts Assessment). It is based on the theory of the multi criteria analysis, fuzzy logic and belief theory. These theoretical frameworks present a favourable framework for the management of the vague and uncertain data. We propose also a tool (DeSSIA), based on the proposed approach. The approach was applied for several projects of transport implemented (in La Rochelle - France) within the framework of a European project (SUCCESS under CIVITAS program). The developed tool is based on a data-processing environment open source (R, PHP, Mapserver, Mapscript, Jpgraph, XHTML, Ajax etc). It makes it possible to evaluate various impacts related to urban mobility. The results of evaluation can be represented in the form of graphs (using the techniques of chart) or of maps (traffic, pollution, acoustics). The cartography makes it possible to represent the space-time distribution of the impacts presenting an additional geo-space tool of evaluation aid
Khouadja, Hachmi. "La prise de décision dans le nouvel environnement : rôle et rationalité des modèles dans le domaine des transports : cas de la Tunisie". Paris 9, 1996. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1996PA090065.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe research considers the economic, ecological and institutional components in the social appraisal of transport projects. The role of decision aid model in the decision process is analyzed as negotiation and information tools. The reactions of decision makers involved in the decision making process provide the analysis material for the analyst: criticism, opposition, acceptation, indifference. We then try, using interactive process, to let everybody's preference converge towards a unique alternative, designed to best council the different points of view. It is also shown, how multicriteria decision-making process comes to take account of the interactions between uncertainty and complexity. On the one hand, we try to elaborate a «satisfactory» model which takes into account the socio-political aspects of the decision processes. It is based on the concept of stakeholder which, in our view, should be more directly incorporated into multicriteria decision aid context. On the other hand, we consider what validation means in this structure. For this aim we have tried to illustrate the model on the case of the "metro of Tunis"
Rivere, Marc. "Socio-histoire du vélo dans l'espace urbain : d'une écologie politique à une économie médiatique… : Toulouse, Genève, Saragosse". Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20030.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhile it used to be quaint and unsuitable, it is now in free service and fashionable… Bicycles' recent renewal in urban spaces is the result of a process which was initiated during the 1970s under the influence of activists who claimed their belonging to the environmental wing of politics. This study seeks to understand how this « cause » was born and was then given recognition to eventually benefit to the new actors who, themselves, now vary its usages. As an entity which only makes sense in the public sphere, that is which claims a transformation of this very space and of its use to assert itself as a part of it, the bicycle highlights the enduring mutation of cities and of those who initiate it. Deliberately focusing on three cities where apathy towards a reconsideration of cars supremacy still dominates should help us understand the major role played by political, cultural, historical and economical facts in each city. Thus, studying the bicycle cause emphasises the contemporary expression of an ever changing society and allows a deeper comprehension of the evolutions of the public space for the past thirty years
Rocci, Anaïs. "De l'automobilité à la multimodalité ? : analyse sociologique des freins et leviers au changement de comportements vers une réduction de l'usage de la voiture : le cas de la région parisienne et perspective internationale". Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00194390.
Pełny tekst źródłaMirabel, François. "Energie, transports et externalités : comportements et politiques optimales de localisation et de déplacement dans l'espace urbain". Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON10040.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe main object of this thesis is to bring to light the fondamental features of individual's rational behaviours in order to specify the equilibrium configuration of locations and movements in urban area. In such a case, the object is to compare this equilibrium configurations with socially optimal structures and to identify the externalities which explain the differences between the two types of configurations. In a normative approach, the final object is to precise the public policies that the government has to set in order to modify (or to influence) the location's and movement's homogeneous behaviours of individuals and finally, to restore the urban social optimum. From this point of view, the theoretical analysis of this thesis (which are conducted in spatial and temporal dynamic frameworks) are lead in the neoclassical paradigm of the "welfare economics". . . Our work is divided into two parts based on the distinction between location's questions and movement's questions
Molle, Romain. "Exposition des voyageurs aux polluants de l’air dans les autobus : caractérisation des sources et des transferts". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1127.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study can increase knowledge about the travelers' exposure to air pollution inside buses through measures based representative of rolling stock (Agora Long, Agora Standard), the air change rate, air outdoor quality and traffic parameters. The experiments were performed by studying the distribution of pollutants in the cabin, a subject little discussed in the literature. Some sources of pollution such as the material emissions and the transfer of bus exhaust in the cabin are quantified (self-pollution). As part of this approach, an unprecedented campaign was conducted to quantify the maximum and minimum self-pollution for both types of bus. In real traffic conditions, the pollutant concentrations (NO2, PM2.5, particle number concentration between 0.02-1µm) are higher in the instrumented buses compared to outdoors. Moreover the lowest concentrations of NO2 have been measured in the front of the cabin compared to the rear, the localization of exhaust pipe and the engine. This overexposure was explained by a self-pollution higher in the rear of the cabin compared to the front (0.13% against 0.05% in adverse conditions). Finally the influence of the material emissions, traffic, door openings, the wind speed on the pollutant concentrations inside buses have been demonstrated
Meite, Youssouf. "Gouvernance du transport urbain et mobilité durable dans le district d'Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAG009/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn Abidjan, the supply of urban transport, dominated by small -scale units alongside modes of mass transit public company remains insufficient for a growing urban population. The urban transport system is characterized by low adapted and degraded infrastructure with a high level of air pollution. Analysis of transactional relationships among stakeholders highlights conflicts of jurisdiction in the governance of urban mobility. These conflicts, which constitute sources of blockage in the official regulation, lead to uncoordinated actions and give rise to the spontaneous creation of a parallel regulation (by the transport unions) in urban stations. Despite these constraints and limitations, this mobility can be part of a logic of sustainability and meet a social need for movement of people especially as it has development potential that only the willingness of all stakeholders can emerge
Arbab, Zadeh Massoud. "Transports urbains et urbanisme : impacts de l'insertion des transports en commun en site propre (TCSP) dans les espaces urbains". Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010545.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study contains three parts : the first one is reflected in the relation between urban transit and urban planning. After an analysis, the retrospective evolution of the different urban transit modes, as in subject of institutional or urban transit policy, followed by the public authority. This part deals with interactions between urban planning and urban mass transportation and compares the respective characteristics of private vehicle and public transport systems in urban areas, (competitive or complementary). The second part is devoted to the priority of mass transportation systems and in particular to new conceptions of distribution of road systems. Other subjects developed in this part are : the increase of the use of private vehicles and the reduction in the efficiency of the exploitation of public transit ; the role of segregated right-of-way systems in the improvement of the people's mobility. This is followed by a study of the evolution of priority systems, taking an interest in the different implement configuration and finally in different types of planning in urban roads systems. The third part focuses on an impact study of the insertion of mass transportation on segregated right-of-way systems in urban areas. An analysis of the impacts on traffic conditions (private vehicle, public transit, bike, taxi, etc. ), parking, delivery, urban planning, land property, expropriation and life quality show us the wide range consequences of. .
Chi, XIAOCHEN. "Contribution à la planification d'itinéraires et de transports en environnement urbain". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212796.
Pełny tekst źródłaAllio, Cédric. "Local policies, urban dynamics and climate change : development of a multiscale modeling framework". Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1073.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe failure of the international community, pointed out in the successive annual Conferences of the Parties, to implement global climate policies has fostered supports for local initiatives, in particular at the urban levels. Local action is believed to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions as local communities are at the cutting edge of the climate change challenge because they have responsibility for a wide range of decisions that affect emissions: land use planning, urban transport and housing policies. However, how to use efficiently local policies to reduce gas emissions at a global scale remains unclear. In this thesis, we developed some tools that can give insights on the role of local policies in climate change mitigation and their interaction with the global scale. The overwhelming majority of energy-economy-environment models conventionally used to assess mitigation costs of climate change focus essentially on the technological determinants of energy trends but do not capture explicitly the role of urban dynamics. We propose a step forward to the representation of the interplay between energy consumption, carbon emissions and the spatial organization of cities
Alligier, Louis. "Mesurer l'impact du commerce électronique sur la logistique urbaine". Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/alligier_l.
Pełny tekst źródłaElessa, Etuman Dipita Arthur. "Analyse des impacts des politiques énergétiques et de déplacements urbains sur la pollution de l’air : modélisation intégrée pour un espace urbain soutenable". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1248/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAir pollution is a major environmental and social problem and, at the same time, it is a complex problem that poses multiple challenges in terms of management and mitigation of air pollutants. Air pollutants are emitted by anthropogenic and natural sources. They can be either emitted directly (primary pollutants) or formed in the atmosphere (secondary pollutants). Their impacts on health, ecosystems, the urban texture and the climate are proven. Effective action to reduce the impacts of air pollution requires a good understanding of its causes, how pollutants are transported and transformed in the atmosphere and their impact on humans, ecosystems, climate, society, the economy and buildings. Today, policies and development plans aim to make cities sustainable which involves taking into account the internal interactions that make the city a complex system. It is necessary to consider the determinants of air quality. Modeling is one of the most important tools for decision support. There is currently little modeling work integrating several disciplinary fields in terms of air quality. This research aims to develop an innovative approach to the modeling of air quality by integrating social, economic and transportation logistics
Gaté, Romain. "Régulations de la pollution et de la congestion urbaine dans les villes polycentriques : Formes urbaines et tarification routière". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1G017/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaUrbanization in developed and developing countries has major drawbacks regarding air pollution, Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and congestion externalities due to transport in car-based cities. In this thesis, we study the effects of urban design on pollution, congestion, traveled distances and welfare. We build a theoretical model of residential choices with pollution and congestion externalities arising from commuting, where the location of jobs within the city is endogenous. Finally we collect data from French metropolitan areas to conduct an empirical analysis of spatial determinants of commuting time and distances. This thesis highlights the need of a cautious approach to implement some urban policies that would guarantee a sustainable development of a city. A polycentric city may be a desirable city or not depending on the (i) accessibility of workplaces, (ii) the quality of road infrastructure (high speed), (iii) the employment density and (iv) the distribution of population and workplaces in cities. This thesis also demonstrates the significant role of the housing demand on urban structure when the latter is endogenous in a context of unpriced transport congestion. Some urban densification project might reconsider and quantify the negative externalities (congestion and pollution) which arise when the population grows within any city. These externalities are indirect costs due to the adjustment of the housing and transport demand in the long run
Deprez, Samuel. "Évaluation des impacts environnementaux du transport routier de marchandises : application aux zones urbano-portuaires". Le Havre, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LEHA0021.
Pełny tekst źródłaRoad freight has a major role in all cities but it actively contributes to the problems of air pollution and noise disturbances, both causing suffering city dwellers. So this research takes into account the activity and its implications upon the quality of life of the inhabitants of Le Havre and Rouen. The first part will reveal a solid link between the roles played by specific part of these cities and the organization of freight and underline the importance of specialized economic functions. The latter constitutes a necessary introduction to make an environmental impact study of this activity. This second part is dealt with through the constitution of indicators of sustainable development, derived from a combination of information about noise disturbance and air pollution. The use of theses indicators highlights situations in which city dwellers are exposed to harmful effects which degrade their health. The results of this study enable us to branch out towards the idea of sustainable city by examining trade flow in the project of the reinforcement of the multi-purpose city in its social and functional aspects as future organization for urban centers
Tivadar, Mihai. "Structures sociales urbaines et ville écologique". Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50374-2006-Tivadar.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaNicolas, Jean-Pierre. "Ville, transports et environnement. Contributions relatives des parametres du trafic routier affectant la pollution sonore et atmospherique en milieu urbain". Lyon 2, 1996. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00267185.
Pełny tekst źródłaMotorised road traffic - cars and lorries together - and its related nuisances increase regularly : land occupation, eviction of other activities and types of mobility, safety issues, congestion, noise and atmospheric pollution. . . In france, the road traffic increase was 50% over 15 years - from 320 billions of vehicles kilometers in 1980 to 487 in 1994. The urban part of this traffic follows the same trend, accounting for 27 to 28% of all. The two principal aims of this theses are, on one hand, the evaluation of the share of road traffic in noise and atmospheric pollution in cities and, in the other hand, the evaluation of respective shares of the main characteristics of the traffic in its own emissions (total trafic - ie. Veh. Km -, state of the congestion, technological characteristics of the vehicles). Two methodological ways are used. Firstly, a general approach of the social and economic context - but also technical and scientific - gives an idea of the stakes. Secondly, a specific tool is developped to show the influences of the 3 characteristics of the traffic on emissions. We use an assigment model applied to lyon in 1990, 1994, 2000 and 2010
Rynning, Maja karoline. "Towards a Zero-Emission Urban Mobility Urban design as a mitigation strategy, harmonizing insights from research and practice". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAT0020/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe doctoral thesis explores how urban design can be a mobility-mitigation strategy to promote the use of zero-emission modes such as walking, cycling, and public transport. What is the potential contribution of neighbourhood-scale built-environment interventions towards a sustainable modal shift? The work explores the experience-based knowledge of urban design practitioners (urban planners and designers, architects, landscape architects) as a source for new insights, complementary to those of research. A mixed-methods approach was employed in France and in Norway, consisting of workshops, interviews, and a survey. The results were crossed with findings from research and design literature, analyzed from an interdisciplinary, holistic perspective. The results show that achieving a permanent modal shift requires the use of zero-emission choices to be both possible and pleasurable. The influence of urban design is likely most significant during trips, when a person moves through a city and its public spaces. Interactions with the neighbourhood-scale built environment influences overall travel satisfaction, and the remembered trip experience matters for future modal choices. Modal choices are highly individual; people’s barriers for a zero-emission choice vary. Urban design interventions can help lower these, through bigger or smaller measures
Nicolas, Jean-Pierre. "Ville, transports et environnement. Contributions relatives des paramètres du trafic routier affectant la pollution sonore et atmosphérique en milieu urbain". Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00267185.
Pełny tekst źródłaL'objectif de cette thèse est de mieux se rendre compte d'une part du poids relatifs des émissions polluantes et sonores du trafic routier sur l'environnement et le cadre de vie urbain, d'autre part du poids relatif des caractéristiques du trafic routier dans ses émissions (niveau global du trafic, conditions générales de circulation, caractéristiques technologiques des véhicules).
D'un point de vue méthodologique, deux démarches ont été privilégiées. D'une part une réflexion générale a permis de mieux situer le contexte économique et social, mais aussi technique et scientifique dans lequel le travail s'inscrit. Un premier bilan statique permet ainsi de donner une idée des enjeux actuels liés aux émissions polluantes et sonores du trafic routier en milieu urbain. Chacun des 3 facteurs considérés comme affectant les émissions du trafic (Cf. ci-dessus) a également fait l'objet de ce type d'investigation. D'autre part un outil spécifique a du être développé pour mettre en évidence les liens existants entre les paramètres descriptifs du trafic et ses émissions polluantes et sonores. Nous avons utilisé un modèle d'affectation du trafic appliqué à l'agglomération lyonnaise en 1990, 1994, 2000 et 2010. Les résultats d'affectation obtenus ont permis d'établir des indicateurs de niveaux de pollution liée à la route, compte tenu d'hypothèses sur les relations entre les conditions de circulation et les émissions ainsi que sur la composition du trafic.
Pomonti, Vannina. "Nuisances environnementales du trafic automobile et organisation de l'espace et des transports urbains : étude comparée de trois métropoles européennes : Athènes, Amsterdam, Paris". Orléans, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2003ORLE1050.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe thesis studies the links between car traffic pollution and space and transports organisation in urban environment, in the viewpoint of sustainable development. It is based on the study of three metropolises: Athens, Amsterdam, Paris. The first part of the thesis presents the main car traffic nuisances in urban environment (local air pollution and its health impacts, noise, scarce resources consumption, greenhouse gases emissions) as well as the increase of car dependence in areas where the use of car is necessary in everyday life. The cities studies make it possible to observe how space and transport networks organisation, affected by public policies, influence life quality as well as pollution levels. The last part of the thesis offers a typology of the main urban transports policies aiming at implementing a sustainable mobility (technology, taxation, urban planning)
Pouyanne, Guillaume. "Forme Urbaine et Mobilité Quotidienne". Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00071608.
Pełny tekst źródłaBavay, Reynald. "Planification et action territoriale : les limites de l'intervention publique : le cas de différentes aires urbaines en France, en Belgique et en Grande-Bretagne". Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50377-1999-19-1.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaFrancois, Cyrille. "Évaluation environnementale stratégique de la mobilité quotidienne des personnes d’une aire urbaine : couplage entre Modèle Transport-Urbanisme et Analyse de Cycle de Vie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSET002.
Pełny tekst źródłaBy considering social, spatial and technological dimensions of people’s daily mobility, this thesis aims to develop an original environmental assessment method. In the recent years, passenger travel, as well as freight transportation, have grown significantly. Car is now the predominant mode of passenger transport and its impacts on environment, land-use planning, lifestyle and economy are well documented and at the centre of heated academic and political debates. The environmental assessment of peoples’ daily mobility requires an integrated approach to account for the transport system, but also the urban system in which it operates. In order to achieve this, this thesis introduces a method coupling two tools developed in two distinct scientific fields - land-use planning and environmental sciences: on the one hand, Land-Use and Transport Interaction models (LUTI) and, on the other hand, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods. Together, these tools can account for both technological processes involved in daily mobility, as well as interactions among stakeholders and territories. Throughout this thesis, the chosen evaluation framework is a strategic one, meaning that mobility is assessed through global and local environmental indicators on a large territory for medium and long-term alternatives. We describe the global context and the general approach in the first section of the thesis. The second part describes the SIMBAD-LCA method, which involves the integration of the LUTI model SIMBAD with a LCA method, in order to assess environmental impacts of the daily mobility of inhabitants in the Lyon urban area. The third part aims to illustrate the evaluation capability of the method in two steps. First, through a multicriteria assessment executed on disaggregated objects such as households and territories. Then, contrasted scenarios are built to assess broad and diversified alternatives. Finally, using the SIMBAD-LCA method, effects of technological, urban form and socio-economic parameters on environmental impacts associated with daily mobility are compared and discussed
Maigrot, Philéas. "Compréhension des mécanismes perceptifs associés à la gêne due aux bruit et vibrations du trafic ferroviaire en zone urbaine". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI051.
Pełny tekst źródłaVibrations due to railway traffic propagate from the tracks to inside neighbour houses. Residents who are exposed to vibrations are also exposed to railway noise. This combined exposure to noise and vibration leads to annoyance, as well as to some health issues. Few studies have been conducted to investigate this combined exposure in terms of annoyance. The goal of the thesis is to improve the knowledge concerning the perceptual phenomena involved when both railway noise and railway vibration occur at the same time. Experiments are carried out in controlled conditions for that purpose, using acoustic and vibratory recordings obtained in the vicinity of a railway track, inside a dwelling. A first study was conducted in order to test the validity of an experimental procedure allowing to collect annoyance responses in laboratory conditions. For several combinations of noise and vibration at different noise and vibration levels, annoyance responses were collected: 1) partial annoyance due to noise, 2) partial annoyance due to vibration and 3) total annoyance due to combined noise and vibration. Results of this first study led to a common procedure used for the rest of the experiments carried out during this thesis work. Studies about annoyance due to combined railway noise and vibration often use indices which only describe an amount of energy for each single exposure. Results can be contradictory. A second study was conducted in the laboratory in order to evaluate the influence of (noise and vibration) intensity on annoyance and to determine the reason of the contradictory results observed in the literature. The initial hypotheses made in the current work were that those could be due to the different ranges of variation of noise and vibratory levels, or to the different spectral contents of the stimuli used in the studies of interest. In the literature, there is a reported need of further investigations about the influence of parameters not related to vibration level (\textit{e.g.} frequency content, modulation) on railway vibration annoyance. During this thesis, work was done in the aim of a better understanding of the role of vibratory spectral content in specific annoyance due to vibration in the absence of noise. An experiment was conducted using artificial vibration stimuli based on the railway vibration recording spectra. The importance of parameters other than overall noise or vibration levels on variations of the annoyance due to combined railway noise and vibration was investigated during a last study. The stimuli were based on 19 noise and vibration recordings obtained inside a dwelling, after having reduced their duration to 10s and with controlled variations of noise and vibration levels. The results showed that the relative importance of temporal and spectral parameters of the combined exposure to noise and vibration was low as compared to that of energetic parameters
Bulteau, Julie. "La mobilité durable en zone urbaine : efficacité et perspectives des politiques d'environnement". Phd thesis, Nantes, 2009. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=d3dbb26b-b715-47f7-a8d9-60b3c23823a6.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research deals with economic policies of sustainable urban transport for travellers. The interest lies in the use of environmental economics instruments and their application to transport economics. The main aim of this work is to compare urban toll with tradable emissions permits system. The first part presents the literature and the second describes the development of microeconomic models. In the first approach, I assess the efficiency, experiments, modelling relevance of both tools, and I compare their results. The purpose of the first part is to establish if a tool is better at obtaining sustainable mobility than the other. From a theoretical point of view, no instrument is better than the other. The second part focuses on modelling. I adjust the standard traffic bottleneck model in order to better adapt the urban toll to the theme of sustainable transport. I add two extensions: the car’s environmental cost and a modal policy to encourage modal split. I then develop a new tradable emissions permits system for urban motorists. Analytical and numerical model’s results show both instruments feasibility and efficiency. Important variables in the models must be taken into account: the value of time, the fixed costs of collective transport and environmental knowledge. These variables will indeed impact on the tools’ success
Bulteau, Julie. "La mobilité durable en zone urbaine : efficacité et perspectives des politiques d'environnement". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00589001.
Pełny tekst źródłaCattaruzza, Diego. "Vehicle Routing for City Logistics". Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMSE0737/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTransportation of merchandise in urban areas has become an important nowadays topic. In fact, transportation is a vital activity for each city, but entail pollution, congestion, accidents.City logistics aims at optimizing the whole urban logistics and transportation process, taking into account environmental and social aspects. This thesis, that is part of the MODUM project, finds its location in this area of research. In particular, MODUM aims at studying a delivery system based on City Distribution Centers.We first present a classification and an analysis of urban good movements and routing problems peculiar to metropolitan areas. A second survey proposes a complete collection of articles that has been done on the Multi Trip Vehicle Routing Problem (MTVRP). The MTVRP is an extension of the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) where vehicles are allowed to perform several trips.We propose an efficient heuristic for the MTVRP that is, in a subsequent step, adapted to a new routing problem, the MTVRP with Time Windows and Release Dates (MTVRPTWR). It is a variant of the MTVRP where each customer is associated with a time window and each merchandise is associated with a release date that represents the instant it becomes available at the depot.We, then, study a variant of the MTVRP where goods belong to different commodities that cannot be transported at the same time by the same vehicle. An analysis is conducted on the benefits of the multi-trip aspect in fleet dimensioning problems.Finally we describe the complex routing problem that arises in MODUM and the simulator that is developed to evaluate the performances of the system
Hong, Yi. "Modélisation distribuée à base physique du transfert hydrologique des polluants routiers de l’échelle locale à l’échelle du quartier". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1106.
Pełny tekst źródłaNowadays, the increasing use of separate stormwater systems causes a frequent transport of urban pollutants into receiving water bodies (lakes, rivers). However, current studies still lack of the knowledge of urban build-up and wash-off processes. In order to address urban management issues, better understanding of physical mechanism is required not only for the urban surfaces, but also for the sewer systems. In this context, the modelling of hydrological transfer of urban pollutants can be a valuable tool.This thesis aims to develop and assess the physically-based and distributed models to simulate the transport of traffic-related pollutants (suspended solids, hydrocarbons, heavy metals) in urban stormwater runoffs. This work is part of the ANR "Trafipollu" project, and benefit from the experimental results for model calibration and validation. The modelling is performed at two scales of the urban environment: at the local scale and at the city district scale.At the local scale of urban environment, the code FullSWOF (second-order finite volume scheme) coupled with Hairsine and Rose model (1992a; 1992b) and detailed monitoring surveys is used to evaluate urban wash-off process. Simulations over different rainfall events represent promising results in reproducing the various dynamics of water flows and particle transfer on the urban surfaces. Spatial analysis of wash-off process reveals that the rainfall-driven impacts are two orders of magnitude higher than flow-drive effects. These findings contribute to a significant improvement in the field of urban wash-off modelling. The application of soil erosion model to the urban context is also an important innovation.At the city district scale, the second step consists of coupling the TREX model (Velleux, England, et al., 2008) and the CANOE model, named "TRENOE" platform. By altering different options of model configurations, the adequate numerical precision and the detailed information of landuse data are identified as the crucial elements for achieving acceptable simulations. Contrarily, the high-resolution topographic data and the common variations of the water flow parameters are not equally significant at the scale of a small urban catchment. Moreover, this coupling showed fundamental problems of the model structure such as the numerical scheme of the overland flow (only 4 directions), and the empirical USLE equations need to be completed by raindrop detachment process.To address these shortcomings, the LISEM - SWMM platform is developed by coupling the open-source LISEM model (De Roo, Wesseling, et al., 1996), which is initially developed for soil erosion simulations, and the SWMM model (Rossman, 2010). For the first time, the hydrological model is also supported by the simulations of atmospheric dry deposits of fine particles (PM10), hydrocarbons and heavy metals. The performance of water flow and TSS simulations are satisfying with the calibrated parameters. Considering the hydrocarbons and heavy metals contents of different particle size classes, simulated event mean concentration of each pollutant is comparable to local in-situ measurements. Although the platform at current stage still needs improvements in order to adapt to the operational applications, the present modelling approach contributes to an innovative technology in the field of modelling of hydrological transfer of the traffic-related pollutants in urban environment
Hounwanou, Sonagnon. "Pour une approche territoriale de la logistique urbaine : choix individuels de déplacement, localisation commerciale et impact sur l’environnement des flux de transport de marchandises en ville". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEM013.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe significance of shopping trips for a city is at least twofold. They are essential to supply households as they are critical for the retail sector viability. Despite, shopping trip flows are rarely taken into account while evaluating urban goods flows. Actually, urban goods flows are more often addressed in a transport operating perspective only. We noticed during these PhD works that there is another approach for urban logistics in the scientific literature. We call it the territorial approach because it introduces warehouses location and urban planning matters into urban logistics. But there still are several operating issues to address about this approach. That’s what we targeted during our reflections, investigating the before and the after of a relocation project of an important retail store from Saint-Etienne ‘city centre. The key contributions of our works are twofold. The data we collected first allowed us to develop and test a discrete choice modelling methodology making the link between retail location and individual shopping trips behaviours. Second, we suggest to link both upstream and downstream transport flows generated by a retail store and assess their environmental impacts. Then another question is emerging. Having the possibility to model the retail location choice of consumers, is it easier to compare the environmental impacts of both upstream and downstream flows generated by different commercial areas in the city?
Siour, Guillaume. "Modélisation et évaluation de l’impact multi-échelles des mégapoles européennes". Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1034/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe important increase in worldwide population identified during the last century led to a human migration toward urban areas. As a consequence, 50 high populated areas called megacities, reaching more than 7 millions of people, appeared in the last decades. This huge increase happened so fast that existing infrastructures (such as roads network, public transport) is not suitable anymore. Taking into account environmental issues (air quality, supply and waste management) in this context is then a real challenge. In the meantime, observations and numerical models highlight the need to deal with local pollution in megacities as well as climate policy, through the consideration of pollutants transfer from local scale to global scale. The increase of ozone background in Europe, which also is a climate issue, could depend of the increase of the megacities emissions in the north hemisphere, due to the economical development (Monks et al., 2009).What do we know of the megacities real impact on air quality? Scientific studies aiming to understand the key parameters of oxidizing pollution have mainly focus on the local and regional scales. Interactions between megacities and global scale have been the subject of many modelling studies (Wild et Akimoto, 2001; Stohl et al., 2002; Lawrence et al., 2003, 2007). However, there are still few works concerning interactions between megacities and their continental environment. My thesis works were then aiming at identifying theses impacts using eulerian modelling. My main interrogations concerned the nature, the magnitude, the scope, direct and indirect impact, and finally the pollutants exported by European megacities flux variations. In addition, I also investigated the nature of these high emission areas, through the sensitivity of the urban structure on their impacts (compact or spread cities). New tools developments in the model (flux calculation, new chemical scheme, implementation of an upgraded tool dedicated to scales interaction) were necessary to answer the problematic
Peng, Zhihao. "Optimisation par essaims particulaires pour la logistique urbaine". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCA010/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this thesis, we are interested in the management of goods flows in urban areas, also called last mile logistics, and associated with various current issues: economic, environmental, and societal. Four main stakeholders are involved by these challenges: shippers, customers, carriers and local authorities, each with different priorities (improving service quality, minimizing the travelling distance, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, etc.). Faced with these challenges in the city, one possible action lever is to optimize the routes for the pickup and/or delivery of goods. Three types of urban flows are considered: from or to the city, and intra-urban. For outgoing and incoming flows into the city, the goods are first grouped in a warehouse located on the suburban area of the city. If there are several warehouses, the associated planning problem is the Location Routing Problem (LRP). We are studying one of its variants called the Capacitated Location Routing Problem (CLRP). In this problem, by respecting the capacity constraint on vehicles and depots, the location of depots and route planning are considered at the same time. The objective is to minimize the total cost, which consists of the cost of opening depots, the cost of using vehicles, and the cost of the travelling distance. For all flows, we are also looking to solve a Pickup and Delivery Problem (PDP), in which a fleet of vehicles simultaneously carries out pickup and delivery operations. We focus on two of its variants: the selective variant where not all requests are satisfied, in a context of paired demands and time windows on sites (Selective Pickup and Delivery Problem with Time Windows and Paired Demands, or SPDPTWPD). The second studied variant is the extension of the first one by adding the possibility of carrying out transport in several stages by introducing operations for the exchange of goods between vehicles at transfer sites (Selective Pickup and Delivery with Transfers or SPDPT). The considered objectives for these two variants of PDP are to maximize profit and to minimize distance. Each studied problem is formally described, mathematically modelled as a linear program and then solved by exact, heuristic and/or metaheuristic methods. In particular, we have developed algorithms based on a metaheuristic called Particle Swarm Optimization, which we have hybridized with local search operators. The approaches are validated on instances of different sizes from the literature and/or on instances that we have generated. The results are critically analyzed to highlight the advantages and drawbacks of each method
Yan, Hexiang. "Expérimentations et modélisations tridimensionnelles de l'hydrodynamique, du transport particulaire, de la décantation et de la remise en suspension en régime transitoire dans un bassin de retenue d'eaux pluviales urbaines". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961237.
Pełny tekst źródłaLe, Marchand Olivier. "Approche autonome pour la localisation et la surveillance de l'intégrité d'un véhicule automobile en environnement complexe". Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00672343.
Pełny tekst źródłaFrancois, Cyrille. "Évaluation environnementale stratégique de la mobilité quotidienne des personnes d’une aire urbaine : couplage entre Modèle Transport-Urbanisme et Analyse de Cycle de Vie". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSET002/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaBy considering social, spatial and technological dimensions of people’s daily mobility, this thesis aims to develop an original environmental assessment method. In the recent years, passenger travel, as well as freight transportation, have grown significantly. Car is now the predominant mode of passenger transport and its impacts on environment, land-use planning, lifestyle and economy are well documented and at the centre of heated academic and political debates. The environmental assessment of peoples’ daily mobility requires an integrated approach to account for the transport system, but also the urban system in which it operates. In order to achieve this, this thesis introduces a method coupling two tools developed in two distinct scientific fields - land-use planning and environmental sciences: on the one hand, Land-Use and Transport Interaction models (LUTI) and, on the other hand, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods. Together, these tools can account for both technological processes involved in daily mobility, as well as interactions among stakeholders and territories. Throughout this thesis, the chosen evaluation framework is a strategic one, meaning that mobility is assessed through global and local environmental indicators on a large territory for medium and long-term alternatives. We describe the global context and the general approach in the first section of the thesis. The second part describes the SIMBAD-LCA method, which involves the integration of the LUTI model SIMBAD with a LCA method, in order to assess environmental impacts of the daily mobility of inhabitants in the Lyon urban area. The third part aims to illustrate the evaluation capability of the method in two steps. First, through a multicriteria assessment executed on disaggregated objects such as households and territories. Then, contrasted scenarios are built to assess broad and diversified alternatives. Finally, using the SIMBAD-LCA method, effects of technological, urban form and socio-economic parameters on environmental impacts associated with daily mobility are compared and discussed
Yan, Hexiang. "Expérimentations et modélisations tridimensionnelles de l’hydrodynamique, du transport particulaire, de la décantation et de la remise en suspension en régime transitoire dans un bassin de retenue d’eaux pluviales urbaines". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0034/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaStormwater detention basins are used to preserve the quality of receiving waters by sedimentation during the wet weather. However, the removal efficiencies of basin were not satisfactory due to the not well understanding of the sedimentation processes. In order to further understand these processes in the real facilities, this thesis therefore focuses both on in situ experiments and modeling of the hydrodynamic and sediment transport in field detention basin and in small scale basin in laboratory. This research was supported by large part on the Django Reinhardt basin (DRB) in Chassieu within the OTHU program and the experimental data deriving from Dufresne (2008) and Vosswinkel et al. (2012). Samples of sediments accumulated in the basin were collected and their physical characteristics were analyzed in order to determine their spatial distribution. Concerning numerical modeling, the hydrodynamic simulations in steady state were performed using CFD software Fluent and were evaluated by the correlation analysis between the hydrodynamic behavior of DRB and the spatial distribution of the physical characteristics of sediments. The bed boundary conditions used in the literatures were tested in order to represent the spatial distribution of sediments and removal efficiency of DRB. The conditions tested were: i) critical bed shear stress - BSS and ii) critical bed turbulent kinetic energy - BTKE. Because of the failure prediction of DRB deposit zones with usual bed boundary conditions, a new relationship based on particle settling velocities has been proposed to estimate the BTKE threshold for the bed boundary condition. The proposed boundary condition was tested in a pilot basin (Dufresne, 2008) and the DRB using the Euler-Lagrange approach under steady flow conditions. The results were not very satisfactory regarding the DRB deposit zones, even considering non-uniform grain size. In order to better predict the deposit zones and settling efficiency in field detention basins, a new method has been proposed accounting for the sediment transport, settling and erosion under unsteady conditions. Based on this proposed method for representing the particle transport, settling and erosion processes under unsteady conditions, various simulations with different bed boundary conditions were carried out in a pilot rectangular basin (Vosswinkel et al., 2012). The predictions of removal efficiencies and deposition zones are satisfactory. Hence, taking into account transient effects on both hydrodynamics and sediment transport leads to drastically improve the spatial and temporal distributions of sediments in settling detention basins
Iraqi, Mehdi. "Approches théoriques pour une optimisation géométrique des formes urbaines : vers un aménagement fractal de la ville". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCC027/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis aims to establish a urban structure that optimizes inhabitant's preferences. In other words, we want to find out which city shape answers the best the residents' aspirations, according to their consumption preferences for urban and green amenities. By considering a theoretical field of study and by characterizing the population by a Cobb-Douglas behavioral pattern, we will build step by step a city, assuming successive arrivais of new individuals, in order to find out which geometric shape gives the most suitable answer. The final goal of this thesis is there to suggest a city with a fractal shape as an appro- priate answer to the resident's expectations. We will show that this structure provides indeed both a balance between accesses to urban amenities and accesses to green amenities and a balance between amenities and budget, with an effective distance compensation that satisfies the overall exigencies of the city
Tapia, Villarreal Irving. "Urban form, demography and daily mobility forecasts : comparative analysis France-Mexico". Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010040/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the context of the Kyoto Protocol, France has set Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction targets of 75% below 1990 levels by 2050. More recently, Mexico has set the objective to achieve a 50% reduction by 2050 with respect to the base year 2000. Since the transport sector in urban areas with approximately 1 million inhabitants accounts for most CO2 emissions and will continue to increase its share, we wanted to determine to what extent the experiences observed in cities from developed countries (peak travel, dissemination of new vehicle technologies) may be repeated in urban areas from developing nations. For this purpose, we focus on case studies in France (Paris and Lille) and Mexico (Juarez and Puebla). The first objective of this thesis was to identify the determinants of mobility on each urban region. The second objective was to apply the age-cohort model for the development of long-term travel demand forecasts in order to take into account changes in the population structure (ageing) and in travel behaviour. The last objective was to develop GHG emissions assessments from observed travel demand. The decline in mobility and the dissemination of new vehicle technologies in France led to a reduction in GHG emissions. However, these changes are not sufficient to achieve the GHG reduction targets. The case studies in Mexico show the inability to reverse the trend towards the increase of GHG emissions; therefore the reduction targets will be hardly achieved. The case of Mexico give us an overview of trends in emerging countries, which are very far from achieving sustainable development and will face a major challenge in the coming decades
Imerzoukene, Hassina. "La ville de Freiburg (Allemagne) face au développement durable : quelle place pour les mobilités des habitants des quartiers Vauban et Rieselfeld ?" Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAG050.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis dissertation thesis presents a combined analysis of planning and transport policies in the city of Freiburg (Germany). The aim is to examine the evolving practices of the urban fabric and to grasp the multiple transformations of mobility systems from a sustainable development perspective. The research is based on quantitative and qualitative data from a survey conducted in the city. The research traces back the processes of transformation over the past few years in order to better understand current dynamics both from the point of view of the conflicts at stake and the compromises in practice. On the one hand, the study of the implementation modalities of urban sustainability policies highlights the existence of permanent negotiating spaces between competing actors. On the other hand, the refined analysis of the transport system and the daily mobility of the inhabitants of the "sustainable neighborhoods" of Vauban and Rieselfeld, which are usually considered as "models" in this matter, actually questions the scope of integrated local policies for urban development and mobility, in particular with regard to the place of the automobile and its alternatives
Le, Feon Samuel. "Evaluation environnementale des besoins de mobilité des grandes aires urbaines en France - Approche par Analyse de Cycle de Vie". Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMSE0729/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTransportation of goods and people is known as a key environmental impact contributor in a city. However, traditional impact assessment methodologies don’t consider environmental issues all over the life cycle. The cause of a trip is also rarely taken into account in an environmental assessment. This thesis aims at proposing a new impact assessment methodology that considers the influence of indirect emissions (using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology) and causes of trips on the environmental footprint. Two main hypotheses are settled at the beginning: the environmental impacts of mobility do not only occur during the use phase (the trip by itself) but all over its life cycle. Also the trip purposes may change the choice of way to travel and consequently affect environmental impacts. The global Functional Unit (FU) is “transport people and good in a French urban area during a year” and is divided in intermediate FU referring to each trip purposes, such as “allow commuter trips in a French urban area during a year”. The methodology was developed, tested and validated through a real case: the agglomeration of Saint-Etienne (France). During this phase, mobility territorial actors were met and real data provided that allows facing methodology to possible field limitations. This application case shows first results. First, it confirms importance to consider impacts all over the life cycle (17% of GHG emissions occur out of the use phase). Second, it shows significant differences of emissions by person.kilometer between trip purposes categories. Then a typology of urban area was proposed based on literature about travel determinants. Principal Component Analysis used on French big urban areas (more than 250 000 inhabitants) identified 5 classes. The methodology was applied to three of them (Bordeaux, Toulon and Valenciennes) using data from a standardized survey on households and mobility in order to compare them. It shows disparities on global results partly due to total annual travel distances. The trip purposes differentiation also shows important differences between urban areas. For each cause trip category and emission reduction potentials were calculated for each urban area by extrapolating differences for a pkm to the total annual distance for the trip. This can provide helpful information to deciders. Finally, the need to provide a multicriteria evaluation that is provided by LCA was committed. However methodological improvement would be necessary to better reflect local and regional impacts in LCA
Uppoor, Sandesh. "Understanding and Exploiting Mobility in Wireless Networks". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00912521.
Pełny tekst źródłaClaro, Barreto Alejandro. "Expérimentation et modélisation de l'hydrodynamique et de la dispersion de la pollution particulaire au sein des déversoirs latéraux". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI083.
Pełny tekst źródłaCombined sewer overflows (CSO) in a sewer system are the main source of pollution for the receiving environments during wet weather. The control of pollution flux discharges by CSO requires the study of hydraulics and pollutant transport, conveyed mostly as suspended particles. All experimental and numerical simulations have focused on hydrodynamics and the dispersion of particulate pollutants within side weirs at laboratory and field scales. The tridimensional flow is characterized by means of the water height, flowrate, velocity and turbulent kinetic energy fields. The particulate pollutant dispersion is studied by means of the mass distribution at laboratory scale and the BOD5 concentration and flux discharged at field scale. This study validated for the first time, to our knowledge, the 3D numerical approach based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applied to the case of a complex side weir subjected to regulatory self-monitoring using in situ data of water heights, upstream flows and discharged flows, collected by Valence Romans Agglo. The first campaigns show that the regulatory compliance criterion linked to the flow of pollution discharged in rainy weather is proving to be adapted to the functioning of the sewer system of the city of Valence. Indeed, the concentration of DBO5 discharged by the main CSO is lower than that measured at the entrance of the wastewater treatment plant. This work confirms the use of CFD and laboratory tests as operational tools allowing (i) to understand the hydrodynamic behaviour of CSO in wet weather, (ii) to implement self-monitoring and (iii) to analyse sewerage system compliance
Hong, Yi. "Modélisation distribuée à base physique du transfert hydrologique des polluants routiers de l’échelle locale à l’échelle du quartier". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1106/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaNowadays, the increasing use of separate stormwater systems causes a frequent transport of urban pollutants into receiving water bodies (lakes, rivers). However, current studies still lack of the knowledge of urban build-up and wash-off processes. In order to address urban management issues, better understanding of physical mechanism is required not only for the urban surfaces, but also for the sewer systems. In this context, the modelling of hydrological transfer of urban pollutants can be a valuable tool.This thesis aims to develop and assess the physically-based and distributed models to simulate the transport of traffic-related pollutants (suspended solids, hydrocarbons, heavy metals) in urban stormwater runoffs. This work is part of the ANR "Trafipollu" project, and benefit from the experimental results for model calibration and validation. The modelling is performed at two scales of the urban environment: at the local scale and at the city district scale.At the local scale of urban environment, the code FullSWOF (second-order finite volume scheme) coupled with Hairsine and Rose model (1992a; 1992b) and detailed monitoring surveys is used to evaluate urban wash-off process. Simulations over different rainfall events represent promising results in reproducing the various dynamics of water flows and particle transfer on the urban surfaces. Spatial analysis of wash-off process reveals that the rainfall-driven impacts are two orders of magnitude higher than flow-drive effects. These findings contribute to a significant improvement in the field of urban wash-off modelling. The application of soil erosion model to the urban context is also an important innovation.At the city district scale, the second step consists of coupling the TREX model (Velleux, England, et al., 2008) and the CANOE model, named "TRENOE" platform. By altering different options of model configurations, the adequate numerical precision and the detailed information of landuse data are identified as the crucial elements for achieving acceptable simulations. Contrarily, the high-resolution topographic data and the common variations of the water flow parameters are not equally significant at the scale of a small urban catchment. Moreover, this coupling showed fundamental problems of the model structure such as the numerical scheme of the overland flow (only 4 directions), and the empirical USLE equations need to be completed by raindrop detachment process.To address these shortcomings, the LISEM - SWMM platform is developed by coupling the open-source LISEM model (De Roo, Wesseling, et al., 1996), which is initially developed for soil erosion simulations, and the SWMM model (Rossman, 2010). For the first time, the hydrological model is also supported by the simulations of atmospheric dry deposits of fine particles (PM10), hydrocarbons and heavy metals. The performance of water flow and TSS simulations are satisfying with the calibrated parameters. Considering the hydrocarbons and heavy metals contents of different particle size classes, simulated event mean concentration of each pollutant is comparable to local in-situ measurements. Although the platform at current stage still needs improvements in order to adapt to the operational applications, the present modelling approach contributes to an innovative technology in the field of modelling of hydrological transfer of the traffic-related pollutants in urban environment
Molle, Romain. "Exposition des voyageurs aux polluants de l’air dans les autobus : caractérisation des sources et des transferts". Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1127.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study can increase knowledge about the travelers' exposure to air pollution inside buses through measures based representative of rolling stock (Agora Long, Agora Standard), the air change rate, air outdoor quality and traffic parameters. The experiments were performed by studying the distribution of pollutants in the cabin, a subject little discussed in the literature. Some sources of pollution such as the material emissions and the transfer of bus exhaust in the cabin are quantified (self-pollution). As part of this approach, an unprecedented campaign was conducted to quantify the maximum and minimum self-pollution for both types of bus. In real traffic conditions, the pollutant concentrations (NO2, PM2.5, particle number concentration between 0.02-1µm) are higher in the instrumented buses compared to outdoors. Moreover the lowest concentrations of NO2 have been measured in the front of the cabin compared to the rear, the localization of exhaust pipe and the engine. This overexposure was explained by a self-pollution higher in the rear of the cabin compared to the front (0.13% against 0.05% in adverse conditions). Finally the influence of the material emissions, traffic, door openings, the wind speed on the pollutant concentrations inside buses have been demonstrated
Ayadi, Abdessalem. "Vers une organisation globale durable de l’approvisionnement des ménages : bilans économiques et environnementaux de différentes chaînes de distribution classiques et émergentes depuis l’entrepôt du fournisseur jusqu’au domicile du ménage". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO22010/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaUrban logistics and the last mile in particular, is a major concern for cities today. To address this concern, we have established in the introductory chapter a history of the problem of urban logistics. This allows a better understanding of its development over the years, and deducing that it’s essential to study the supply chain in its entirety to better solve the problem of urban logistics. However, we were faced with a daunting task: the lack of comprehensive and reliable data. In addition, there has been a multiplication of distribution channels in recent years. This includes the delivery from warehouses to stores and further to households from the retail space.Therefore, we intended to identify all existing and emerging logistics organizations in France and beyond (one year exchange stay in England and Switzerland for research purposes). To do this, we established in the second chapter certain parameters that differentiate the logistics modes of various organizations upstream (from manufacturers to retail stores) and downstream (from retail stores to households). Unfortunately, there does not exist any economic and environmental assessment to settle between different forms of traditional and modern electronic distribution, by taking into account the various characteristics of different products families (non-food, dry, fresh, frozen) and the diversity of their delivery modes.Faced with constraints of such size, we conducted surveys with different actors of distribution channels, which provided the opportunity to make contacts, thus collect firsthand and so far unpublished technical and economic data. In addition to the resolution of empirical inadequacy in the third chapter, this research also helped to develop a methodological approach related to the reconstruction and evaluation of logistics costs and emissions (in warehouses, transit platforms, retail stores and shared platforms) and also the costs and emissions of vehicles (trucks, delivery van, cars, public transport, bikes, motorbikes and walking).Finally, this research has lead to the construction of a database and the development of a decision support tool to infer, in the fourth chapter, the economic and environmental appraisal of the entire supply chain from the supplier's warehouse to the final customer. This tool can be useful for public policy, future strategies of retailers and Third-Party Logistics providers to focus on efficient and sustainable modes of organization, and even it will benefit the customer to estimate the costs and emissions of its acts of purchase in classic and e-grocery shopping
Fortin-Lacasse, Katerine. "Environnement bâti et transport actif scolaire : le cas des écoles de proximité de la région de Montréal". Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2893.
Pełny tekst źródłaPurpose The proportion of children actively commuting to school has decreased significantly but few studies have investigated factors that might affect school mobility. This research examines the influence of a wide range of factors (such as urban form characteristics, parent’s travel behaviours and parental perceptions) on school travel behaviour for children who live near school. Methods The Tracy McMillan’s conceptual framework of an elementary-aged child’s trip to school was used. We objectively measured environmental attributes of three urban neighbourhoods and three suburban neighbourhoods in Montreal metropolitan area. Data of the Groupe de recherche Ville et mobilité regarding children trips to school, parental perceptions and parents’ travel behaviours were analysed. Results A high proportion of children are actively commuting to school in the three urban neighbourhoods and in one suburban neighbourhood. Connectivity for pedestrians and cyclists and positive parental perception of school active transportation are positively associated with high proportion of walking and biking to school in these four neighbourhoods. Conclusion Suburban neighbourhoods support active transportation only for children whereas urban neighbourhoods support active transportation for children and parents. Attributes of built environment in urban neighbourhoods seem to have a positive effect on parental perceptions and behaviours regarding walking and biking for school trips.
Feillou, Isabelle. "La prise en compte des aînés et de leurs activités : étude du projet Vendôme à Montréal dans la perspective de l’ergonomie et du design urbain". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18424.
Pełny tekst źródłaSteinmetz-Wood, Madeleine. "Assessing inequities in active transportation : does the effect of walkable built environments vary according to neighbourhood socioeconomic status?" Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13805.
Pełny tekst źródłaResearchers have called for policymakers to modify the built environment determinants of active travel in low SES areas in the hopes of reducing disparities in physical activity and health. However, different population sub-groups may be differently responsive to the built environment. Researchers have examined whether the influence of walkable built environments on active transportation differs for those of different socio-economic status and have obtained mixed results. These equivocal findings could be due to the way the built environment measures were determined. More specifically, most studies have examined walkability in residential settings ignoring non-residential destinations. This study examined socio-economic status as a moderator of the relationship between the built environment and active transportation using a trip level analyses with measures of built environment exposure derived from the estimated spatial trajectory of transport trips. All three of the environmental variables, connectivity, density of business and services, and land-use mix, were found to have a greater association with AT if the individual undergoing the trip was from a high socioeconomic status neighbourhood. Our findings suggest that even when the built environment is favourable for AT there may be social or physical barriers that prevent those from low socio-economic status neighbourhoods from benefitting from built environments that are conducive to active transportation.