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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Transports routiers – Environnement"
Bigras, Yvon. "Modifications récentes de la fonction logistique chez les PME exportatrices et non exportatrices québécoises". Notes de recherche 7, nr 2 (16.02.2012): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008391ar.
Pełny tekst źródłaRozprawy doktorskie na temat "Transports routiers – Environnement"
Abdallah, Charbel. "Evaluation des émissions et de la modélisation de la qualité de l'air sur Beyrouth et le Liban". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1080.
Pełny tekst źródłaBecause of health and environmental problems related to air pollution in Lebanon, the number of studies investigating this matter has increased over the years to ensure a proper understanding of the situation, including measurements of air quality, studies on pollutant emissions and modeling of atmospheric concentrations using the chemistry transport model (CTM) WRF/Polyphemus. To model air quality in Lebanon, previous studies have identified several difficulties including: an overestimation of ozone concentrations by a factor of 2 in the modeling results of WRF/Polyphemus during summer 2012, a local VOC emission profile from road transport that is different from those found in developed countries. Consequently, the objectives of this thesis are: to improve the performance of Polyphemus over Lebanon by improving the boundary conditions of the simulation of, to evaluate the model for the year 2014 using new observations provided by the national air quality monitoring network, to measure emission factors from road transport in a tunnel in Beirut and compare those data to those observed in developed countries. To improve the performance of the CTM over Lebanon, this thesis compares the concentrations simulated with two different emission inventories and with different methods of estimating boundary conditions. For emissions, two inventories are compared: one that was recently set up specifically for Lebanon, and a global inventory, called EDGAR-HTAP, which combines measured emissions for developed countries and modelled emissions for the remaining countries Even though EDGAR-HTAP is commonly used in global air-quality models, significant differences in the estimation and the spatial distribution of the emissions are identified compared to the inventory specifically developed for Lebanon. In the simulations of the previous studies over Lebanon, boundary conditions were estimated using global simulations from the model MOZART-4. A regional domain over Middle East is introduced into the modeling chain to cushion the change in the horizontal resolution between the global model (≥ 1°) and the Lebanon domain (0.055°). The results from this change showed a significant improvement in the model performance over Lebanon, especially for ozone. This new modeling configuration (nested domains, Middle East and Lebanon is then used to model the year 2014 and it is evaluated using the observations provided by the national air quality monitoring network. For air-quality pollutants, the model performance is satisfactory, as using published criteria. However, weather modeling (Wind speed and Direction) should be improved, and we should take into account the impact on emissions of the demographic changes between the year for which inventory was designed (2011) and the modeled year (2014) due to the population displacement induced by the Syrian war.Concerning emission factors (EF) of road transport, we performed a measurement campaign at the Salim Slam tunnel in Beirut in 2014. The emission factors for the different pollutants (CO, NOx, PM2.5, VOC) were measured for the average traffic. Compared to other studies, the local EF are higher than those measured in developed countries even though they tend to be reduced, as a result of the changes in the fleet characteristics, compared to the values measured back in 2000
Desjardins, Ludwig. "L'apprentissage d'une nouvelle territorialisation des grands projets routiers au ministère des transports au Québec". Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004047.
Pełny tekst źródłaBriant, Régis. "Modélisation multi échelles de l'impact du trafic routier sur la qualité de l'air". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1115.
Pełny tekst źródłaRoadway traffic contributes to atmospheric pollution near roads, with pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particles (PM) along with some volatile organic compounds (VOC), as well as at larger spatial scales (urban and regional background pollution) with pollutants formed in the atmosphere such as ozone (O3) and the secondary fraction of PM. Because of interactions between local and background pollutants, it is desirable to combine into a single computational tool, regional and local scale models. This multi-scale modeling method has been widely used to simulate the impact of chimney emissions (point sources) with a sub-grid treatment of plume or puff models instead within a 3-dimensional Eulerian model. However, such a method is not applicable to a road network because of the prohibitive computations associated with the line source discretization into a set of point sources. Thus, a new multi-scale modeling method was developed, which treats the plumes emitted from line sources as sub-grid components of an Eulerian model. First, an improved formulation of a Gaussian plume model for line sources was developed. This new model was then subject to a detailed evaluation with near roadway measurements along with other Gaussian models. The incorporation of the Gaussian plume model into an Eulerian model (Polair3D) was implemented as part of the modeling platform Polyphemus. The performance (computational effectiveness and precision) of the new multi-scale model (Plume-in-Grid) was evaluated and compared to those of a stand-alone Gaussian and Eulerian models. The multi-scale model treats nitrogen oxide (NOx) chemistry along with major VOC. The multi-scale treatment has an important effect on the concentration of some pollutants in terms of local and urban background pollution
Deletraz, Gaëlle. "Géographie des risques environnementaux liés aux transports routiers en montagne : incidences des émissions d'oxydes d'azote en vallées d'Aspe et de Biriatou (Pyrénées)". Pau, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003245.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis evaluates the impact of road pollution on mountain ecosystems (acidification and eutrophisation) and shows that geographic approach is complementary to that of the chemists or biologists. Two valleys have been chosen for field studies : Biriatou and the Aspe valley (Somport). Road atmospheric pollution studies raise many methodological difficulties. To study the effects of this pollution, it must be first charted. We describe the model of spatial diffusion of pollution used. The method integrates topography. We have established a cartography of nitrogen deposits for the two studied sectors. Then, this thesis talks about impacts. The evaluation of the deposition is not sufficient to determine the risk. Each ecosystem has specific characteristics (buffer capacity of soil, type of vegetation). The critical loads differ according to the environmental conditions. The definition of the risks areas needs the comparison of the levels of pollution and environmental conditions
Fallah, Shorshani Masoud. "Modélisation de l’impact du trafic routier sur la pollution de l’air et des eaux de ruissellement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1068.
Pełny tekst źródłaRoad traffic emissions are a major source of pollution in cities. Modeling of air and stormwater pollution due to on-road vehicles is essential to understand the processes that lead to the pollution and to provide the necessary information for the development of effective public policies to reduce pollution. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the feasibility and relevance of modeling chains to simulate the impact of road traffic on air and stormwater pollution. The first part of the thesis consisted in assessing the state of the art of modeling tools available for the different relevant phenomena (traffic, emissions, atmospheric dispersion, and stormwater quality), highlighting challenges associated with the integration of the different models to create a consistent modeling chain in terms of pollutants and spatio-temporal scales. Two examples of modeling chains have been proposed, one static with hourly time-steps, the other based on a dynamic approach for traffic and its associated pollution. In the second part of the thesis, different interface tools have been developed to link models and construct modeling chains. These modeling chains were tested with different case studies: (1) coupling traffic and emissions for the simulation of an urban street using a dynamic model of traffic with instantaneous and time-averaged emission models, (2) coupling on-road emissions and atmospheric dispersion/deposition near a freeway, (3) coupling traffic, emissions and atmospheric dispersion/chemistry near a freeway, (4) coupling emissions and atmospheric dispersion/deposition in a suburban neighborhood (5) coupling atmospheric deposition and stormwater quality for an urban catchment, and finally (6) a complete modeling chain with traffic / emissions / air and stormwater quality models for urban catchment drainage. This work allows one to identify different possibilities of model integration to calculate air and stormwater pollution due to road traffic in urban areas. Moreover, it provides a solid basis for the future development of integrated numerical models of urban pollution
Hong, Yi. "Modélisation distribuée à base physique du transfert hydrologique des polluants routiers de l’échelle locale à l’échelle du quartier". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1106.
Pełny tekst źródłaNowadays, the increasing use of separate stormwater systems causes a frequent transport of urban pollutants into receiving water bodies (lakes, rivers). However, current studies still lack of the knowledge of urban build-up and wash-off processes. In order to address urban management issues, better understanding of physical mechanism is required not only for the urban surfaces, but also for the sewer systems. In this context, the modelling of hydrological transfer of urban pollutants can be a valuable tool.This thesis aims to develop and assess the physically-based and distributed models to simulate the transport of traffic-related pollutants (suspended solids, hydrocarbons, heavy metals) in urban stormwater runoffs. This work is part of the ANR "Trafipollu" project, and benefit from the experimental results for model calibration and validation. The modelling is performed at two scales of the urban environment: at the local scale and at the city district scale.At the local scale of urban environment, the code FullSWOF (second-order finite volume scheme) coupled with Hairsine and Rose model (1992a; 1992b) and detailed monitoring surveys is used to evaluate urban wash-off process. Simulations over different rainfall events represent promising results in reproducing the various dynamics of water flows and particle transfer on the urban surfaces. Spatial analysis of wash-off process reveals that the rainfall-driven impacts are two orders of magnitude higher than flow-drive effects. These findings contribute to a significant improvement in the field of urban wash-off modelling. The application of soil erosion model to the urban context is also an important innovation.At the city district scale, the second step consists of coupling the TREX model (Velleux, England, et al., 2008) and the CANOE model, named "TRENOE" platform. By altering different options of model configurations, the adequate numerical precision and the detailed information of landuse data are identified as the crucial elements for achieving acceptable simulations. Contrarily, the high-resolution topographic data and the common variations of the water flow parameters are not equally significant at the scale of a small urban catchment. Moreover, this coupling showed fundamental problems of the model structure such as the numerical scheme of the overland flow (only 4 directions), and the empirical USLE equations need to be completed by raindrop detachment process.To address these shortcomings, the LISEM - SWMM platform is developed by coupling the open-source LISEM model (De Roo, Wesseling, et al., 1996), which is initially developed for soil erosion simulations, and the SWMM model (Rossman, 2010). For the first time, the hydrological model is also supported by the simulations of atmospheric dry deposits of fine particles (PM10), hydrocarbons and heavy metals. The performance of water flow and TSS simulations are satisfying with the calibrated parameters. Considering the hydrocarbons and heavy metals contents of different particle size classes, simulated event mean concentration of each pollutant is comparable to local in-situ measurements. Although the platform at current stage still needs improvements in order to adapt to the operational applications, the present modelling approach contributes to an innovative technology in the field of modelling of hydrological transfer of the traffic-related pollutants in urban environment
Darty, Kevin. "Évaluation de la qualité des comportements des agents en simulation : application à un simulateur de conduite en environnement virtuel". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066339.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis is in the context of the Multi-Agents Simulation and is interested in evaluating the ability of agents to reproduce human behaviors. This problem appears in many domains such as Virtual Reality and Embodied Conversational Agents. The dominant approach to evaluate these behaviors uses Social Sciences questionnaires. There are only few approaches based on Artificial Intelligence and automatic data analysis at the microscopic scale. We show in this thesis that the evaluation of behavior can benefit from both approaches when used jointly. First, we present a method for evaluating the agents' behavior quality. It combines the Artificial Intelligence approach and the Social Science approach. The first one is based on simulation logs clustering. The second one evaluates the users by an annotation of the behaviors. We then present an algorithm that compare agents to humans in order to assess the capacities, the lacks, and the errors in the agent model, and provide metrics. We then make these behaviors explicite based on user categories. Finally, we present a cycle for automatic calibration of the agents and an exploration of the parameter space. Our evaluation method is usable for the analysis of an agent model, and for comparing several agent models. We applied this methodology on several driver behavior studies to analyse the road traffic simulation ARCHISIM, and we present the obtained results
Waked, Antoine. "Caractérisation des aérosols organiques à Beyrouth, Liban". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2012. http://theses.univ-paris-est.fr/intranet/2012/TH2012PEST1169_complete.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe chemical composition of PM2.5 includes both organic and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds, which constitute a significant fraction of the PM2.5 mass, can be emitted directly as primary aerosol from sources such as fossil-fuel combustion, biomass burning, and natural biogenic emissions, or formed in the atmosphere via chemical reactions leading to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. SOA, which account for 20 – 80 % of total organic aerosol, are currently a major source of uncertainty in air quality modeling. The identification and quantification of the chemical composition of the organic fraction of PM2.5 and its source apportionment are of great interest, especially in the Middle East region where data on organic aerosols are currently lacking. Lebanon, a small developing country in the Middle East region located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean basin represents a good example for characterizing organic aerosols in this region. To address this issue, the air quality in Beirut (the capital city of Lebanon) was investigated with a focus on organic aerosols. First, an air pollutant emission inventory was developed for Lebanon with a spatial resolution of 5 km x 5 km and for Beirut with a spatial resolution of 1 km x 1 km. The results obtained show that the road transport sector is the major contributor to carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions, whereas fossil fuel-fired power plants and large industrial plants are the major contributors to sulfur dioxide (SO2) and primary particulate matter (PM) emissions. Then, two intensive 15-day measurement campaigns were conducted at a semi-urban site located in a Beirut suburb to characterize air pollutant concentrations. The first measurement campaign took place in July 2011 and the second in February 2012. Measurements included PM2.5, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) mass concentrations as well as a molecular characterization of organic aerosols. Using these data, a source apportionment of organic aerosols was conducted for summer and winter. In summer, biogenic precursors such as monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were the major source of OC due to intensive solar radiation and high ambient temperatures that promote biogenic VOC emissions and photo-oxidation reactions. In winter, biomass burning was the major source of organic aerosols because of the intensive use of wood burning for heating. Finally, air pollutant concentrations in Beirut were simulated for July 2011 with the Polyphemus/Polair3D chemical-transport model (CTM). The emission inventory mentioned above was used as input to the model. Meteorological simulations were conducted with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) using different configurations and the configuration leading to the best agreement with the observations was used to drive the air quality simulations. The simulated air pollutant concentrations were compared to the measured concentrations collected during the summer measurement campaign. The results show that the model reproduces satisfactorily the concentrations of ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and the major components of PM2.5. The differences obtained between the modeled and measured air pollutants concentrations are due in part to uncertainties in input data. Future studies should address the reduction of uncertainties such as those of the emission inventory. In addition, measurement campaigns involving several sites are needed to better characterize air pollution in Beirut and provide a more complete database to evaluate simulated air pollutant concentrations
Lopez-Ruiz, Hector G. "Environnement et mobilité 2050 : des scénarios sous contrainte du facteur 4 (-75% de CO2 en 2050)". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO22015.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn France an objective of dividing greenhouse gas emissions by four, from the 1990 level, by 2050 has been set. Are these ambitions out of our reach? What will the price to pay for this objective be?We have built a long-term backcasting transport demand model (TILT, Transport Issues in the Long Term). This model is centered on defined behavior types -in which the speed-GDP elasticity plays a key role- in order to determine demand estimations. This model lets us understand past tendencies -the coupling between growth and personal and freight mobility and adapt behavioral hypothesis -linked to the evolution of public policies- in order to show how a 75% reduction objective can be attained.The main results are an estimation of CO2 emissions for the transport sector taking into account technical progress and demand. These results are presented as three scenario families named: Pegasus, Chronos and Hestia. Each family corresponds to a growing degree of constraint on mobility.It is possible to divide greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector by four. Technical progress is able to lead to more than half of these reductions. The interest of these scenarios is to show that there exist different paths –through organizational change- to getting the other half of the reductions
Chevasson, Guillaume. "Le calcul économique à l'épreuve des contraintes du secteur des transports routiers : les cas de l'insécurité routière et de l'effet de serre". Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/chevasson_g.
Pełny tekst źródłaThrough two problems of current events, the road insecurity and the global warming, the thesis approaches in a practise way the interrogations raised by the criticisms addressed to the economic calculation. To do it shé tries to answer the questions about the role and the interest of economic calculation, about the taking into account and the weight of the not trade effects in the economic calcul and about the relation between the collective preferences and valorization as of the these effects. Through the answers to these questions, one of the objectives of the thesis is to draw up, in a sense, an inventory of fixtures of the economic calculation today in the field of the road transports on both subjects which interest us. It is also to show the role of economic calculation as a teaching aid which reveals us the importance to approach the problems of the harmful effects of the interurban road transport in a another way that that related to fixing of the fictitious prices (values) of the not trade effects. The question of the role and the interest of economic calculation are approached, in particular, under the angle of the road insecurity, through the implication of the economic costs engendered by the road accidents. The idea is to see how economic calculation can help the community in its choices of investment. The teaching role of economic calculation is approached by practising a "upside down economic calculation". By this step we reveal the existence of a plurality of guardian values but especially the importance to act on the relative volumes of the advantages and the harmful effects rather than to focus only on their prices
Książki na temat "Transports routiers – Environnement"
1965-, Maddison David, i Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment., red. The true costs of road transport. London: Earthscan, 1996.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaMorsink, Paul. Environnement réglementaire des entreprises de transport: Influence sur la concurrence en transport routier international. Paris: Transports, études, recherches, 1989.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaRose, J. Wheels of Progress?: Motor Transport, Pollution and the Environment. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaWheels of Progress?: Motor Transport, Pollution and the Environment. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaRose, J. Wheels of Progress?: Motor Transport, Pollution and the Environment. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaRose, J. Wheels of Progress?: Motor Transport, Pollution and the Environment. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła(Editor), Olaf Johansson, David Maddison (Editor) i David Pearce (Editor), red. Blueprint 5: The True Costs of Road Transport (The Blueprint Series). Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1996.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła