Artykuły w czasopismach: „Transportation - Greenhouse gas; Management”

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Danloup, Nicolas, Vahid Mirzabeiki, Hamid Allaoui, Gilles Goncalves, Denyse Julien i Carlos Mena. "Reducing transportation greenhouse gas emissions with collaborative distribution". Management Research Review 38, nr 10 (19.10.2015): 1049–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-11-2014-0262.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the potential for improving sustainability performance in food supply networks by implementing collaborative distribution. Food supply chains generate a significant portion of CO2 emissions, because of the large volume of food transportation and the large number and frequency of trips made to deliver food products to retail stores, making it available to the customers. Collaboration of partners in food supply chains will lead to reducing CO2 emissions. Design/methodology/approach – Such collaboration could be in the form of sharing trucks by retailers, to increase the fill rate of the vehicles and to reduce their empty running. A case study of the logistics network of a British company, distributing fruits and vegetables, is carried out. The company sends the products from a distribution centre to 27 retailers’ warehouses of 3 different companies in the UK. A simulation study is carried out to measure the reduced traveled distance for delivery of the products and the reduced amount of CO2 emissions across two different scenarios, as a result of implementing collaborative distribution. Findings – With this approach, the total CO2 emissions are able to be reduced by at least 26 per cent. Originality/value – The theoretical contribution of the paper is important both for showing the role of simulation and collaborative distribution for developing the green supply chain solutions management and their indicating to the applications to logistics and product delivery.

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Musaev, M., i S. Khojaeva. "ASKUG SYSTEM - INTEGRATION OF "GREEN TECHNOLOGIES" IN THE PROCESS OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES". Technical science and innovation 2020, nr 3 (30.09.2020): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-01.20.3-77-0065.

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The article presents the results of a study to reduce greenhouse gases through the introduction of green technologies. Different countries are making rather tough decisions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The basics of environmental protection and conservation of natural resources are considered, the problems of green technology are analyzed. Uzbekistan has not yet taken tough measures to reduce greenhouse gases. But there are positive trends due to the introduction of green technology to reduce emissions. Also, green technology is being introduced into the gas transportation system, which will lead to the saving of natural resources. The ASKUG system for gas transportation was selected as a green technology, the results are shown before and after the implementation of ASKUG to reduce greenhouse gases

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Prafitri, Anistia, i Zulaikha Zulaikha. "ANALISIS PENGUNGKAPAN EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA". JURNAL AKUNTANSI DAN AUDITING 13, nr 2 (1.12.2016): 155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jaa.13.2.155-175.

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This study aimes to examine the effect of environmental management system, company's environmental performance, company size, industry type, return on asset and leverage on the greenhouse gas emissions disclosures. The population are the agriculture, energy, transportation, base and chemical companies listed on the Stock Exchange in the year 2014-2015. Total samples used are 298 companies. Logistic regression is used to test the hypothesis. The results indicate that there is a positive and significant effect of the environmental management system, the company's environmental performance, company size, industry type, and leverage on the disclosures of greenhouse gas emissions, but return on asset don’t have effect on them

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Chang, Ching-Chih, i Chia-Ling Chung. "Greenhouse gas mitigation policies in Taiwan's road transportation sectors". Energy Policy 123 (grudzień 2018): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.068.

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Sim, Seungbae, Jisoo Oh i Bongju Jeong. "Measuring greenhouse gas emissions for the transportation sector in Korea". Annals of Operations Research 230, nr 1 (20.09.2013): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-013-1452-y.

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Prafitri, Anistia, i Zulaikha Zulaikha. "ANALISIS PENGUNGKAPAN EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA". JURNAL AKUNTANSI DAN AUDITING 13, nr 2 (1.12.2016): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jaa.v13i2.13870.

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This study aimes to examine the effect of environmental management system, company's environmental performance, company size, industry type, return on asset and leverage on the greenhouse gas emissions disclosures. The population are the agriculture, energy, transportation, base and chemical companies listed on the Stock Exchange in the year 2014-2015. Total samples used are 298 companies. Logistic regression is used to test the hypothesis. The results indicate that there is a positive and significant effect of the environmental management system, the company's environmental performance, company size, industry type, and leverage on the disclosures of greenhouse gas emissions, but return on asset don’t have effect on them

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Larina, Irina Vyacheslavovna, Andrey Nikolaevich Larin, Olga Kiriliuk i Manuela Ingaldi. "Green logistics - modern transportation process technology". Production Engineering Archives 27, nr 3 (1.09.2021): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2021.27.24.

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Abstract Green logistics is the part of the activities of an enterprise aimed at measuring and minimizing the impact of logistics activities on the environment. Such actions are dictated by the possibility of achieving a competitive advantage in the market, because clients require it. Transport is a particularly important area with a huge impact on the environment, because it is identified as the fastest growing source of greenhouse gas emissions. Green transport is low-emission and ecological travelling mode. The goals of green transport are not only to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, noise and space use, but also to reduce poverty and promote economic growth. Transport is considered green when it supports environmental sustainability, but also supports the other two pillars of sustainable development, i.e. economic and social. This paper discusses the application of the concept of "green" logistics and "green" technologies in transport in the transportation process. The modern requirements for transport in the field of environmental safety and compliance with environmental requirements both on the part of customers and on the part of states are considered.

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Kim, Suyi. "Decomposition Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Korea’s Transportation Sector". Sustainability 11, nr 7 (3.04.2019): 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071986.

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This study analyzed the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector in Korea from 1990 to 2013 using Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) factor decomposition methods. We decomposed these emissions into six factors: The population effect, the economic growth effect due to changes in the gross domestic product per capita, the energy intensity effect due to changes in energy consumption per gross domestic product, the transportation mode effect, the energy mix effect, and the emission factor effect. The results show that some factors can cause an increase in GHG emissions predominantly influenced by the economic growth effect, followed by the population growth effect. By contrast, others can cause a decrease in GHG emissions, predominantly via the energy intensity effect. Even though the transportation mode effect has contributed to a reduction of GHG emissions, it remains relatively small compared to other factors. The energy mix and emission factor effects contributed to the reduction of GHG emissions in the early 2000s, however the effects have led to an increase of GHG emissions since the mid-2000s. Altogether, based on these results, this study suggests some GHG mitigation policies aimed at achieving the national target for this sector.

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Miah, Md Danesh, i M. Abubokor Siddik. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Management of the Chittagong City Corporation". Chittagong University Journal of Science 40, nr 1 (28.06.2018): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujs.v40i1.47907.

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Municipal solid waste (MSW) management has an impact on climate generating greenhouse gases (GHG). To quantify GHG emission from MSW management activities (transportation, composting, recycling and landfill), this study was conducted in the Chittagong City Corporation (CCC). Data were collected about detail MSW management activities of the CCC through conducting a structured questionnaire survey on related personnel with MSW management. To collect data about recycling, another questionnaire survey was conducted on all junkshops near to both dumping sites (Anandabazar and Arefin Nogor) of the CCC. The study found that, composting and recycling of MSW have a positive contribution in reducing GHG emission. Transportation and land-filling of MSW have a contribution in GHG emission. The amount of GHG emission from the existing MSW management system of the CCC is 31,904.68 tons of CO2-eq per month. The life cycle assessment (LCA) study on composting shows that, the reduction of GHG emission is 3.66 tons of CO2-eq per ton of produced compost. The study finding is expected to contribute to the field of climate change mitigation in Bangladesh. The Chittagong Univ. J. Sci. 40(1) : 21-46, 2018

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Song, Dan, Meirong Su, Jin Yang i Bin Chen. "Greenhouse Gas Emission Accounting and Management of Low-Carbon Community". Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/613721.

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As the major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, cities have been under tremendous pressure of energy conservation and emission reduction for decades. Community is the main unit of urban housing, public facilities, transportation, and other properties of city's land use. The construction of low-carbon community is an important pathway to realize carbon emission mitigation in the context of rapid urbanization. Therefore, an efficient carbon accounting framework should be proposed for CO2emissions mitigation at a subcity level. Based on life-cycle analysis (LCA), a three-tier accounting framework for the carbon emissions of the community is put forward, including emissions from direct fossil fuel combustion, purchased energy (electricity, heat, and water), and supply chain emissions embodied in the consumption of goods. By compiling a detailed CO2emission inventory, the magnitude of carbon emissions and the mitigation potential in a typical high-quality community in Beijing are quantified within the accounting framework proposed. Results show that emissions from supply chain emissions embodied in the consumption of goods cannot be ignored. Specific suggestions are also provided for the urban decision makers to achieve the optimal resource allocation and further promotion of low-carbon communities.

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Tsai, Ying-Tsai, Chen-Jui Liang, Kuo-Hui Huang, Kuo-Hsin Hung, Ciao-Wun Jheng i Jeng-Jong Liang. "Self-management of greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions in Taichung Port, Taiwan". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 63 (sierpień 2018): 576–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.07.001.

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Uddin, Waheed. "Value Engineering Applications For Managing Sustainable Intermodal Transportation Infrastructure Assets". Management and Production Engineering Review 4, nr 1 (1.03.2013): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mper-2013-0009.

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Abstract Frequent gridlocks and traffic jams during the periods of rush hours can result in long user delays and more vehicle emissions causing continuous degradation of air quality. The builtinfrastructure of densely populated cities and intercity travel by passenger and freight traffic lead to significant adverse impacts of traffic congestion on air quality, greenhouse gas emissions, and global warming. Transportation contributes 28% of energy related greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. This paper shows that traffic related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are higher per capita for several rural and smaller cities compared to large urban areas in the United States. Inadequate use of mass transit, urban sprawl, construction of more roads and traditional stop-controlled intersections, and addition of more lanes to increase traffic capacity and ease congestion, are primary causes of significant vehicle emission inventory of CO2 and air quality degradation. It is shown that sustainable traffic management policies, such as reduction of work-related travel by cars and more use of mass transit modes, can decrease CO2 emissions. Case studies of value engineering applications are presented to select cost-effective less polluting mass transport strategies based on economic evaluation of life cycle costs and benefits.

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Avetisyan, Hakob G., Elise Miller-Hooks i Suvish Melanta. "Decision Models to Support Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction from Transportation Construction Projects". Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 138, nr 5 (maj 2012): 631–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000477.

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Dvigun, Alla, Oleksandr Datsii, Nataliia Levchenko, Ganna Shyshkanova, Oleg Platonov i Viktoriia Zalizniuk. "Increasing Ambition to Reduce the Carbon Trace of Multimodal Transportation in the Conditions of Ukraine's Economy Transformation Towards Climate Neutrality". Science and Innovation 18, nr 1 (14.02.2022): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine18.01.096.

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Introduction. It has been stated that the strategic guideline for the transformation of Ukraine's economy towards climate neutrality is to increase the ambition to reduce the carbon trace of multimodal transportation through the use of an arsenal of effective regulatory and fiscal measures.Problem Statement. The challenge is to find ways to increase the ambition to reduce the carbon footprint of multimodal transportation in the context of transforming Ukraine's economy to climate neutrality.Purpose. The purpose of this research is to developscenarios for reducing the carbon footprint of multimodal transportation to ensure the environment preservation and well-being of the future generations.Materials and Methods. The following methods have been used: economic and mathematical modelling on the basis of correlation-regressive analysis, for determining the dependence of greenhouse gas emissions on fuel consumption in the transport sector, cargo and passenger turnover, GDP, the number of permanent population; decoupling analysis, for estimating the impact of transport on the environment; comparative analysis, for studying the elasticity of greenhouse gas emissions with GDP changes in countries with the length of transport routes close to Ukraine; strategic analysis, for assessing the realism of NDCs2; scenario forecasting, for identifying alternative scenarios of changes in greenhouse gas emissions, provided that the traffic flows increase.Results. For the first time, a mechanism for paying a carbon tax on fuel, which ensures a fair attitude towards environmental pollutants and a reasonable formation of the investment potential of the Decarbonisation Fund. has been proposed.Conclusions. Having chosen the transformation of Ukraine's economy towards climate neutrality as a strategic guideline, the government shall decide to increase the ambition to reduce the carbon footprint of multimodal transportation through the use of an arsenal of effective fiscal measures.

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Gan, Yu, Michael Wang, Zifeng Lu i Jarod Kelly. "Taking into account greenhouse gas emissions of electric vehicles for transportation de-carbonization". Energy Policy 155 (sierpień 2021): 112353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112353.

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Güzel, Tuğba Doğan, i Kadir Alp. "Modeling of greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector in Istanbul by 2050". Atmospheric Pollution Research 11, nr 12 (grudzień 2020): 2190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.08.034.

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de Saillan, Charles. "United States Court Upholds Regulation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency". European Energy and Environmental Law Review 22, Issue 3 (1.06.2013): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2013009.

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Last year, the US Court of Appeals (D.C. Circuit) upheld a series of findings, interpretations, and regulations that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had issued as its first steps to limit the emissions of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act. First, EPA had made a finding that emissions of greenhouse gases from motor vehicles cause or contribute to an endangerment to the public health or welfare. Second, to address this endangerment, EPA together with the Department of Transportation, promulgated greenhouse gas emission and fuel efficiency standards for cars and light trucks for model years 2012 through 2016. EPA estimates that these standards will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 960 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent over the life of these model years. Third, EPA formally reaffirmed its interpretation that the motor vehicle emission standards - by regulating greenhouse gases under the Act - would trigger permitting requirements for greenhouse gas emissions from stationary facilities. These permitting requirements include the installation of best available control technology to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from new or modified facilities. Fourth, EPA issued regulations phasing in these permitting requirements over several years. Rejecting a multitude of challenges, the court upheld all these actions, thus paving the way for EPA to significantly regulate and limit greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles and stationary facilities. On 26 June 2012, the prominent US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit handed the Barak Obama Administration a decisive, quadruple victory in its efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions through regulations. The court upheld the finding of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that greenhouse gas emissions are reasonably anticipated to endanger public health and welfare. The court also upheld EPA regulations and interpretations that will require reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles and large stationary sources. The court reaffirmed its decision, denying a petition for rehearing, on 20 December 2012. The decision paves the way for significant mandatory reductions of greenhouse gas emissions in the US.

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Stanley, John, Richard Ellison, Chris Loader i David Hensher. "Reducing Australian motor vehicle greenhouse gas emissions". Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 109 (marzec 2018): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.01.002.

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Marcilio, Geísa Pereira, João José de Assis Rangel, Claudio Luiz Melo de Souza, Eduardo Shimoda, Fábio Freitas da Silva i Túlio Almeida Peixoto. "Analysis of greenhouse gas emissions in the road freight transportation using simulation". Journal of Cleaner Production 170 (styczeń 2018): 298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.171.

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Dalala, Zakariya M., Mohammad Alnawafa, Osama Saadeh i Emad Alnawafa. "Reducing Commuter CO2 Footprint through Transit PV Electrification". Sustainability 12, nr 16 (9.08.2020): 6406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166406.

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The transport sector is a major consumer of energy, and thus a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The introduction of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has helped in mitigating some of the energy demands presented by the transportation system, though the electrical energy still needs to be secured through conventional and renewable resources. Searching for a new power source for vehicles has become necessary, due to incentives and policy initiatives to counter fossil greenhouse gas emissions. This study provides a new efficient Photovoltaic (PV) powered transportation system, which may be utilized instead of traditional public transportation systems. The main idea is to transform the transportation systems used by large campuses into green systems by deploying educated scheduling approaches and utilizing existing renewable energy infrastructures. The German Jordan University (GJU) campus was chosen as a case study. The presented work describes a comprehensive methodology to exploit the full capacity of the existing PV power plant coupled with the rescheduling of the transportation fleet to meet the energy availability and consumption demand. The proposed technique audits the existing renewable energy power plants for optimum operation. The results validate the efficiency of the proposed system and its ability to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions compared to traditional transportation systems with an acceptable payback period.

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Alhindawi, Reham, Yousef Abu Nahleh, Arun Kumar i Nirajan Shiwakoti. "Application of a Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Technique for Projection of the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transportation". Sustainability 11, nr 22 (12.11.2019): 6346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226346.

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In the past, different forecasting models have been proposed to predict greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, most of these models are unable to handle non-linear data. One of the most widely known techniques, the Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), can deal with nonlinear data. Its ability to predict GHG emissions from road transportation is still unexplored. This study aims to fulfil that gap by adapting the ANFIS model to predict GHG emissions from road transportation by using the ratio between vehicle-kilometers and number of transportation vehicles for six transportation modes (passenger cars, motorcycle, light trucks, single-unit trucks, tractors, and buses) from the North American Transportation Statistics (NATS) online database over a period of 22 years. The results show that ANFIS is a suitable method to forecast GHG emissions from the road transportation sector.

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Agaton, Casper Boongaling, Angelie Azcuna Collera i Charmaine Samala Guno. "Socio-Economic and Environmental Analyses of Sustainable Public Transport in the Philippines". Sustainability 12, nr 11 (9.06.2020): 4720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114720.

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Electric vehicles are regarded as energy transition technology towards more sustainable and environment-friendly transportation systems. Despite the benefits of reducing the dependence on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions, the adoption of electric vehicles faces several obstacles ranging from financing issues, government policies, and public acceptance. This study aims to identify the economic, environmental, and social impact of the adoption of electric vehicles for public transportation. Using the Philippines as a case study, the findings highlight the economic advantage of investing in electric public transportation with high public acceptance. The results further identify significant decrease in air pollution, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and encourage lowering the reliance on imported fossil fuels by shifting the public transport from conventional to electric transport system. This study recommends stricter implementation of government policies on modernized public transportation, stronger government support on financing mechanisms, establishment of charging stations in public and private terminals, and boosting programs for developing local-made electric vehicles. To make electric vehicle more environment-friendly, the government must accelerate the energy transition by increasing the electricity share from renewable sources and investing in more sustainable sources of energy.

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Комков, V. Komkov, Трофименко, Yuri Trofimenko, Трофименко i K. Trofimenko. "Evaluation of the Carbon Footprint of Transport Support for the FIFA World Cup 2018". Safety in Technosphere 5, nr 1 (25.02.2016): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19020.

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Results of evaluation the carbon footprint (caused by “Management plan for transportation during the FIFA World Cup 2018” implementation in Kaliningrad) on the basis of transport’s greenhouse gas emissions calculations are considered in this paper. Actions for carbon footprint decrease which can be used also in other cities of Russia where the FIFA World Cup 2018 should be held have been offered.

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Alhindawi, Reham, Yousef Abu Nahleh, Arun Kumar i Nirajan Shiwakoti. "Projection of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Road Transport Sector Based on Multivariate Regression and the Double Exponential Smoothing Model". Sustainability 12, nr 21 (3.11.2020): 9152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219152.

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The economic and health impacts resulting from the greenhouse effect is a major concern in many countries. The transportation sector is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide. Almost 15 percent of the global GHG and over 20 percent of energy-related CO2 emissions are produced by the transportation sector. Quantifying GHG emissions from the road transport sector assists in assessing the existing vehicles’ energy consumptions and in proposing technological interventions for enhancing vehicle efficiency and reducing energy-supply greenhouse gas intensity. This paper aims to develop a model for the projection of GHG emissions from the road transport sector. We consider the Vehicle-Kilometre by Mode (VKM) to Number of Transportation Vehicles (NTV) ratio for the six different modes of transportation. These modes include motorcycles, passenger cars, tractors, single-unit trucks, buses and light trucks data from the North American Transportation Statistics (NATS) online database over a period of 22 years. We use multivariate regression and double exponential approaches to model the projection of GHG emissions. The results indicate that the VKM to NTV ratio for the different transportation modes has a significant effect on GHG emissions, with the coefficient of determination adjusted R2 and R2 values of 89.46% and 91.8%, respectively. This shows that VKM and NTV are the main factors influencing GHG emission growth. The developed model is used to examine various scenarios for introducing plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles in the future. If there will be a switch to battery electric vehicles, a 62.2 % reduction in CO2 emissions would occur. The results of this paper will be useful in developing appropriate planning, policies, and strategies to reduce GHG emissions from the road transport sector.

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Biswas, Sajal. "Harnessing Physics and Geography for Sustainable Transportation Systems". RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 8, nr 7 (15.07.2023): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2023.v08.n07.005.

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Transportation systems play a critical role in economic development and social connectivity. However, they are also significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. To achieve sustainable development goals, there is a growing need to harness the principles of physics and geography to design and implement sustainable transportation systems. This paper examines the interplay between physics, geography, and sustainable transportation, highlighting the application of physics principles in energy-efficient technologies, the influence of geography on transportation patterns, and the importance of sustainable transportation planning. By integrating physics and geography, we can develop innovative solutions that reduce emissions, enhance energy efficiency, and improve urban sustainability.

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Said, Noha, Adel Alblawi, Ibrahim Hendy i Mahmoud Abdel Daiem. "Analysis of energy and greenhouse gas emissions of rice straw to energy chain in Egypt". BioResources 15, nr 1 (13.01.2020): 1510–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.1.1510-1520.

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Rice straw as a source of energy could substitute for fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Thus, the aim of this paper was to analyze the energy and GHG emissions of rice straw to the energy chain in Egypt. The analysis was performed starting from paddy production, straw collection and transportation, and energy generation for two scenarios: power plant and anaerobic digestion plant. The results showed that the paddy production and transportation stage represented the highest contribution of the total energy consumption and GHG emissions for the two scenarios, respectively. The energy potential was estimated with 4193 GWh electricity and 25,647 × 106 MJ of biogas energy. It was also found that use of rice straw as an energy source could reduce the use of fossil fuel and mitigate air pollution from direct burning of rice straw by 3 Mt CO2-eq of GHG emissions.

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Bendere, R., I. Teibe, D. Arina i J. Lapsa. "Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Due to Improvement of Biodegradable Waste Management System". Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 51, nr 6 (1.12.2014): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2014-0034.

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Abstract To reduce emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) from landfills, the European Union (EU) Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC requires that there be a progressive decrease in the municipal biodegradable waste disposal. The main problem of waste management (WM) in Latvia is its heavy dependence on the waste disposal at landfills. The poorly developed system for the sorted municipal waste collection and the promotion of landfilling as a major treatment option led to the disposal of 84% of the total collected municipal waste in 2012, with a high biodegradable fraction. In Latvia, the volume of emissions due to activities of the WM branch was 5.23% (632.6 CO2 eq.) of the total GHG emissions produced in the National economy in 2010 (12 097 Gg CO2 eq., except the land use, land-use change and forestry). Having revised the current situation in the management of biodegradable waste in Latvia, the authors propose improvements in this area. In the work, analysis of environmental impact was carried out using Waste Management Planning System (WAMPS) software in the WM modelling scenarios. The software computes the emissions, energy and turnover of waste streams for the processes within the WM system such as waste collection and transportation, composting, anaerobic digestion, and the final disposal (landfilling or incineration). The results of WAMPS modelling are presented in four categories associated with the environmental impact: acidification, global warming, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation, each characterised by a particular emission. These categories cover an integrated WM system, starting with the point when products turn to waste which is then thrown into the bin for waste at its generation source, and ending with the point where the waste transforms either into useful material (recycled material, biogas or compost) or contributes to emissions into environment after the final disposal at a landfill or an incineration plant

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HWANG, Taesung, Minho LEE, Chungwon LEE i Seungmo KANG. "META-HEURISTIC APPROACH FOR HIGH-DEMAND FACILITY LOCATIONS CONSIDERING TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION". JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 24, nr 4 (16.12.2016): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2016.1198261.

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Large facilities in urban areas, such as storage facilities, distribution centers, schools, department stores, or public service centers, typically generate high volumes of accessing traffic, causing congestion and becoming major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. In conventional facility-location models, only facility construction costs and fixed transportation costs connecting customers and facilities are included, without consideration of traffic congestion and the subsequent GHG emission costs. This study proposes methods to find high-demand facility locations with incorporation of the traffic congestion and GHG emission costs incurred by both existing roadway traffic and facility users into the total cost. Tabu search and memetic algorithms were developed and tested with a conventional genetic algorithm in a variety of networks to solve the proposed mathematical model. A case study to determine the total number and locations of community service centers under multiple scenarios in Incheon City is then presented. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can significantly reduce both the transportation and GHG emission costs compared to the conventional facility-location model. This effort will be useful for decision makers and transportation planners in the analysis of network-wise impacts of traffic congestion and vehicle emission when deciding the locations of high demand facilities in urban areas.

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Peyravi, Bahman, Valentina Peleckienė i Kristina Vaičiūtė. "Research on the Impact of Motorization Rate and Technological Development on Climate Change in Lithuania in the Context of the European Green Deal". Sustainability 14, nr 18 (15.09.2022): 11610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811610.

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The challenges posed by climate change have increasingly been recognized over the few past decades. This article synthesizes current research on broad themes such as climate change, reducing CO2 emissions, increasing the production of electric cars, etc. Our literature review revealed that much of the research on these topics has focused on the growth rate of motorization, greenhouse gas emissions and technology for the reduction of pollution. However, more recently, scientists have turned their attention to greenhouse gas emissions due to the release of pollutants. Therefore, the authors analyzed the total greenhouse gas emissions per EU country in 2019 and ranked Lithuania among the 28 EU countries. The primary directions for reducing carbon dioxide emissions by driving electric cars are described. A hypothesis is considered, i.e., that investments by transport companies in technological development are related to pollution reduction in Lithuania. The development of new technologies by transport companies has a huge impact on reducing pollution; therefore, it is important to apply more new technologies in future. The paper describes research on Lithuanian transportation enterprises to examine the interactions between the investments by and technological growth of a transportation company. Based on expert assessments and calculations, the relative importance of the components of the transport company’s primary investment measures to minimize pollution are determined.

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Shin, Rachel, i Cory Searcy. "Evaluating the Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Craft Beer Industry: An Assessment of Challenges and Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Accounting". Sustainability 10, nr 11 (14.11.2018): 4191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114191.

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A growing number of companies in the brewery industry have made commitments to measure and reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, many brewers, particularly craft brewers with relatively low rates of production, have not made such commitments. The purpose of this research was to investigate the challenges and benefits of measuring and reducing GHG emissions in the craft brewery industry. The research was conducted in Ontario, Canada, which has seen strong recent growth in the craft brewery industry. A case study and semi-structured interviews among Ontario Craft Brewers were conducted. The case study found that indirect (scope 3 GHGs under the WBCSD & WRI GHG Protocol) GHG sources accounted for 46.4% of total GHGs, with major sources from barley agriculture, malted barley transportation, and bottle production. Direct emissions (scope 1) accounted for only 14.9% of GHGs, while scope 2 emissions, comprised mainly of energy consumption, accounted for 38.7% of GHGs. The case study used case company primary data, and secondary data such as emission factors from external sources. The case study and interviews found that the main challenges in calculating brewery GHGs are secondary data availability, technical knowledge, and finances. The semi-structured interviews, which used prepared interview questions and probes to encourage follow-up answers, also found that the main benefits for Ontario breweries to measure their GHGs include sustainability marketing and preserving the environment. The interviews also found a poor understanding of carbon regulation among Ontario Craft Brewers, which is interesting considering that Ontario implemented a provincial cap and trade program in 2017.

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Kühmaier, Martin, Iris Kral i Christian Kanzian. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions of the Forest Supply Chain in Austria in the Year 2018". Sustainability 14, nr 2 (11.01.2022): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020792.

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Wood is a renewable product, but for the supply of wood non-renewable materials are also necessary, which can have negative environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to analyze the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by the forest supply chain in Austria using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods. The forest supply chain consists of several processes like site preparation and tending, harvesting, and transport. In total, 30 relevant forest processes from seedling production until delivery of wood to the plant gate were considered. Results show that in the year 2018, a total of 492,096 t of CO2 eq. were emitted in Austria for harvesting and transportation of 19.2 hm3 of timber. This corresponds to 25.63 kg CO2 eq. per m3. At 77%, transport accounts for the largest share of emissions within the supply chain. Extraction causes 14% of emissions, felling and processing cause 5%, and chipping causes 4%. GHG emissions for felling, delimbing, and crosscutting are much lower when using a chainsaw compared to harvester. The high numbers for the transport can be explained by the high transportation distances. Especially for the transportation of wood, it is necessary to find more climate-friendly solutions from a technical and organizational point of view. The provision of wood is climate-friendly, and its use enables the substitution of fossil fuels or materials with higher negative effects on climate change such as aluminum, steel, or concrete.

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ZEN, IRINA SAFITRI, MOHD HAFIZAM MUSTAPHA, WESAM AL MADHOUN, M. ZAINORA ASMAWI i ABDULAZIZ I. ALMULHIM. "CASE STUDY OF DEFRAGMENTATION OF CITY SCALE’S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION IN MELAKA". JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT 17, nr 7 (31.07.2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2022.07.001.

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The defragmentation of multiple sources of greenhouse gas emissions would allow for more effective climate action at the local level. The adoption of a Global Protocol for Community-Scale (GPC) framework will assist in determining the source of greenhouse gas emissions in Malacca based on inventory data. The online software tool (Harmonised Emissions Analysis Tool (HEAT+)) is used to translate data that can then be used to plan strategic initiatives at the local level. Malacca’s per capita GHG emissions currently stands at 4.59 tonnes of CO2 equivalent (tCO2e). A GPC analysis revealed the industrial sector was the principal offender, who accounted for 39.6% (1,548.412 tCO2e) of the emissions, this was followed by the transport and logistics sector, which accounted for 29.9% (1,160,333 tCO2e), the commercial sector that accounted for 14.7% (574,844 tCO2e) and individual residences which accounted for the balance 12.8% (499,655 tCO2e). Scope 1 dominated GHG emissions by 72.1%, based on the electricity use data from buildings held by the Historical Malacca City Council and Hang Tuah Jaya City Council. The result indicates that the two government buildings need to lead sustainable infrastructure initiatives and reduce emissions by spearheading various energy efficiency programmes. These initiatives can then be followed by businesses and residences using decentralised energy strategies. Making climate change mitigation efforts a priority is recommended. This can be done by implementing a variety of low-carbon-based technologies supported by command and control frameworks and market-based policy interventions. The manufacturing and services sectors are the two most important economic sectors in Malacca, and both have the capacity to adopt more advanced greener and cleaner technologies. Nevertheless, active modes of transportation must be promoted as part of the adaptation strategy for clean, low- carbon modes of transportation.

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Doroodi, Maryam, i Alireza Mokhtar. "Comparison of time series approaches for prediction of energy consumption focusing on greenhouse gases emission in Iran". International Journal of Energy Sector Management 13, nr 3 (2.09.2019): 486–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-08-2018-0002.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to predict the amount of energy consumption by using a suitable statistical method in some sectors and energy carriers, which has shown a significant correlation with greenhouse gas emissions. Design/methodology/approach After studying the correlation between energy consumption rates in different sectors of energy consumption and some energy carriers with greenhouse gas distribution (CO2, SO2, NOX and SPM), the most effective factors on pollution emission will be first identified and then predicted for the next 20 years (2015 to 2004). Furthermore, to determine the appropriate method for forecasting, two approaches titled “trend analysis” and “double exponential smoothing” will be applied on data, collected from 1967 to 2014, and their capabilities in anticipating will be compared to each other contributing MSD, MAD, MAPE indices and also the actual and projected time series comparison. After predicting the energy consumption in the sectors and energy carriers, the growth rate of consumption in the next 20 years is also calculated. Findings Correlation study shows that four energy sectors (industry sector, agriculture, transportation and household-general-commercial) and two energy carriers (electricity and natural gas) have shown remarkable correlation with greenhouse gas emissions. To predict the energy consumption in mentioned sectors and carriers, it is proven that double exponential smoothing method is more capable in predicting. The study shows that among the demand sectors, the industry will account for the highest consumption rate. Electricity will experience the highest rate among the energy careers. In fact, producing this amount of electricity causes emissions of greenhouse gases. Research limitations/implications Access to the data and categorized data was one of the main limitations. Practical implications By identifying the sectors and energy carriers that have the highest consumption growth rate in the next 20 years, it can be said that greenhouse gas emissions, which show remarkable correlation with these sectors and carriers, will also increase dramatically. So, their stricter control seems to be necessary. On the other hand, to control a particular greenhouse gas, it is possible to focus on the amount of energy consumed in the sectors and carriers that have a significant correlation with this pollutant. These results will lead to more targeted policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Social implications The tendency of communities toward industrialization along with population growth will doubtlessly lead to more consumption of fossil fuels. An immediate aftermath of burning fuels is greenhouse gas emission resulting in destructive effects on the environment and ecosystems. Identifying the factors affecting the pollutants resulted from consumption of fossil fuels is significant in controlling the emissions. Originality/value Such analyses help policymakers make more informed and targeted decisions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and make safer and more appropriate policies and investment.

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Specht, Patrick, Jan-Niklas Bamler, Marija Jović i Nils Meyer-Larsen. "Digital Information Services Needed for a Sustainable Inland Waterway Transportation Business". Sustainability 14, nr 11 (24.05.2022): 6392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116392.

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Inland waterway transportation (IWT) is highly efficient in terms of greenhouse gas emissions but lacks economic competitiveness when compared to other modes of transport. Digital information services that foster efficiency and sustainability of IWT are considered important elements for improving its attractiveness and thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions of the transportation sector as a whole. Therefore, this paper addresses the question of what kind of digital information services are actually needed and should be provided, e.g., by port and waterway authorities, to stimulate a modal shift in favour of IWT. Though the concept of river information services (RIS) already provides a harmonised approach to information services in the sector, the current political and scientific discourse still lacks insight into what degree the currently available information services actually meet industry needs. Equally, possibilities to provide practical recommendations are limited. Therefore, this contribution fills this knowledge gap by providing data from the field gathered through a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods. After elaborating on the underlying problem as well as the current state of research and practice, we will lay out observed information-relevant challenges to business actors and their respective needs. Based on this, practical recommendations for improvements of digital services and further avenues for research are derived.

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Xu, Lilai, Shenghui Cui, Jianxiong Tang, Xiaomei Yan, Wei Huang i Hong Lv. "Investigating the comparative roles of multi-source factors influencing urban residents' transportation greenhouse gas emissions". Science of The Total Environment 644 (grudzień 2018): 1336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.072.

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Kosai, Shoki, Sazalina Zakaria, Hang Seng Che, Md Hasanuzzaman, Nasrudin Abd Rahim, Chiakwang Tan, Radin Diana R. Ahmad i in. "Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Petrol, Biodiesel and Battery Electric Vehicles in Malaysia Based on Life Cycle Approach". Sustainability 14, nr 10 (10.05.2022): 5783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14105783.

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A steady rise in the ownership of vehicles in Malaysia has drawn attention to the need for more effective strategies to reduce the emissions of the road transport sector. Although the electrification of vehicles and replacing petrol with biofuel are the strategies being considered in Malaysia, these strategies have yet to be fully evaluated from an environmental perspective. In this study, a life cycle assessment was conducted to compare the greenhouse gas emissions of different types of transportation means (passenger cars, two-wheelers (motorbikes), and buses) with several types of powertrains (petrol, biodiesel, electricity) based on multiple lifecycle stages in Malaysia. The impact of considering land use change for the biodiesel production in the LCA was also considered in this study. It was found that the transition from internal combustion engine vehicles fueled by petrol to electric vehicles would reduce the greenhouse gas emission for passenger cars, two-wheelers, and buses. However, because the greenhouse gas emissions of biodiesel-fueled vehicles are higher than those of petrol-fueled vehicles, even without considering land use change, the results indicate that the transition from a 10% to 20% biofuel blend, which is a current strategy in Malaysia, will not result in a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions for the transport sector in Malaysia.

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Odewale, Stephen Ayodele, Jacob Ademola Sonibare i Lukuman Adekilekun Jimoda. "Electricity sector’s contribution to greenhouse gas concentration in Nigeria". Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 28, nr 6 (11.09.2017): 917–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-07-2016-0048.

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Purpose Recent developments in the electricity generation sector of Nigeria necessitated the re-assessment of its contribution to air emission level in the country as information provided by previous inventory is nearly out-of-date. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated from existing thermal power plants in the country. Design/methodology/approach Thermal power plants in Nigeria and their installed capacities were identified, and estimation of CO2 emission from each of the plants was carried out using the emission factor method. In addition to the direct emissions generated through the combustion operation of the power plants, indirect emissions resulting from upstream activities such as extraction, production, and transportation of fuels consumed by the thermal power plant was determined using the same method. Findings In total, 40 thermal power plants are currently operational in Nigeria. Additional 18 thermal plants are at different stages of completion. The operational thermal plants have average generation output of 40 percent of their installed capacity and produce 87.3 million metric tonne (mmt)/annum CO2 emissions. In total, 66.9 percent of the estimated emissions are direct emissions, i.e. fuel combustion emissions; the rest are indirect emissions. Additional 67.9 mmt was estimated as expected overall emissions from the thermal power plants under construction. Considering the global warming potential of CO2, proactive measures must be taken to regulate its emissions from the country’s thermal power plants. Originality/value This paper bridged the information gap existing in the emission inventory from the Nigeria electricity sector by providing up-to-date data on the contribution of the sector to greenhouse gas emission level in the country.

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Asiamah, Nestor, Kofi Awuviry-Newton, Whitney Nesser i Evelyn N. Alvarez. "Carbon Footprints of Active and Non-Active Transport Modes: Hierarchy and Intergenerational Narrative Analyses". Sustainability 15, nr 17 (24.08.2023): 12795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151712795.

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This paper aimed to (1) develop a hierarchy for understanding the impacts of active and non-active transport modes on the environment and (2) analyse the adoption of active transportation between older and younger people. A narrative review with two parts was adopted to develop the hierarchy. In the first part, a framework was adopted to map active and non-active transport modes onto three operational boundaries of greenhouse gas emission to develop the hierarchy. In the second part, an intergenerational theoretical framework was developed to analyse the adoption of active transportation between older and younger people. The review suggests that the only active transport modes with no or negligible carbon footprint are walking, running, and swimming without a product that adds to atmospheric greenhouse gases. The evidence that younger people perform higher active transportation behaviour is inconsistent and is, therefore, inconclusive. This review suggests a need for manufacturers to prioritise the production of active vehicles (e.g., wheelchairs and scooters) that are biodegradable, recyclable, and small.

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Xin, Chunlin, Tingting Zhang, Sang-Bing Tsai, Yu-Ming Zhai i Jiangtao Wang. "An Empirical Study on Greenhouse Gas Emission Calculations Under Different Municipal Solid Waste Management Strategies". Applied Sciences 10, nr 5 (2.03.2020): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051673.

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The Chinese government is committed to ensuring separation of municipal solid waste (MSW), promoting the integrated development of the MSW management system with the renewable resource recovery system, and achieving construction of ecological civilization. Guided by the methods in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under five waste disposal scenarios in Beijing under the life cycle framework were assessed in this research. The study included collection and transportation, as well as three end disposal methods (sanitary landfill, incineration, and composting), and the emission reduction benefits of electricity generation from incineration and recycling of renewable resources were taken into account. The results show that an emission reduction benefit of 70.82% could be achieved under Scenario 5 in which kitchen waste and recyclables are sorted and recycled and the residue is incinerated, and the selection of the optimal strategy was not affected by changes in the separation rate. In addition, landfill would emit more GHG than incineration and composting. The results of this study are helpful for the government to make a decision on MSW management considering the goal of GHG emission reduction.

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Bae, Joon-Hyung, Jin-Jun Kim i Seong-Wonk Oa. "Comparative Study for Reduction of Greenhouse Gas by Transportation Conversion to High-speed Rail". Journal of the Korean Society for Railway 24, nr 2 (28.02.2021): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7782/jksr.2021.24.2.129.

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Tarnoczi, Tyler. "Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions from transportation of Canadian oil sands to future markets". Energy Policy 62 (listopad 2013): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.001.

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Soimakallio, S., T. Mäkinen, T. Ekholm, K. Pahkala, H. Mikkola i T. Paappanen. "Greenhouse gas balances of transportation biofuels, electricity and heat generation in Finland—Dealing with the uncertainties". Energy Policy 37, nr 1 (styczeń 2009): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.08.003.

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Stepp, Matthew D., James J. Winebrake, J. Scott Hawker i Steven J. Skerlos. "Greenhouse gas mitigation policies and the transportation sector: The role of feedback effects on policy effectiveness". Energy Policy 37, nr 7 (lipiec 2009): 2774–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.03.013.

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Chanchaichujit, Janya, Jose Saavedra-Rosas, Mohammed Quaddus i Martin West. "The use of an optimisation model to design a green supply chain". International Journal of Logistics Management 27, nr 2 (8.08.2016): 595–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-10-2013-0121.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to take the first step in solving environmental supply chain management issues. It proposes a green supply chain management (GSCM) model which would provide environmental benefits to the Thai rubber industry. To this end, a GSCM optimisation model was formulated, whereby the manufacturing processes of rubber products, along with their distribution and transportation, could be improved. The expected result is that total greenhouse gas emissions would be minimised and environmental performance maximised. Design/methodology/approach – Linear programming was chosen as the mathematical programming for investigation into the problem of finding the association of quantity of rubber product flow between the supply chain entities (farmer, trader group, and factory) and the transportation mode and route, with a view to minimise total greenhouse gas emissions. Findings – The results indicate that by using the proposed model, GHG emissions could be minimised to 1.08 tons of GHGs per ton of product. Practical implications – A GSCM model developed in this research can be used as a decision support tool for Thai rubber policy makers. This would allow them to better manage the Thai rubber industry to achieve environmental benefit. Originality/value – This research is among the first attempts to develop a GSCM model for the Thai rubber industry. It can contribute to providing a basis for a GSCM modelling framework, along with a formulation for research development in this area.

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Jenn, Alan, Inês L. Azevedo i Jeremy J. Michalek. "Alternative-fuel-vehicle policy interactions increase U.S. greenhouse gas emissions". Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 124 (czerwiec 2019): 396–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.04.003.

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Stanley, John K., David A. Hensher i Chris Loader. "Road transport and climate change: Stepping off the greenhouse gas". Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 45, nr 10 (grudzień 2011): 1020–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2009.04.005.

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Chutikorntaweesin, Ornpapha, i Thuchaphon Yodthong. "A Synthesis of Sustainable Public Transportation Logistics Model". International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, nr 12 (17.12.2022): 4329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i12.em07.

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The purpose of this research was to synthesize the sustainable public transportation logistics model. The researchers reviewed the related literature in the 5 years prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The research process began with searching, reviewing, analyzing, synthesizing and summarizing the data. The results showed that the key components of the sustainable public transportation logistics model consisted of 3 components: Corporate of Governance: it included 1) Urban Form which were (1) Physical Form and Land Use, (2) Land Area and Density, (3) Centralities and Regionalism; and 2) Transport Policy which were (1) Regional Integration, (2) Funding and Finances. Logistics Management: it included 1) Physical Flow which were (1) The Speed of Transportation, (2) The Economies of Transportation, (3) The Safety of Transportation, (4) Quantity of Vehicles in Transportation, (5) The Convenience of Transportation, (6) The Certainty and Timeliness in Transportation; 2) Information Flow which were (1) Internal Communication, (2) External Communication; and 3) Financial Flow which were (1) Determine the Appropriate Fare, (2) Smart Card, (3) Common Ticketing System. Sustainable Public Transportation: it included 1) Economic Dimension which were (1) Funding, (2) Demand Management; 2) Social Dimension which were (1) Differences in Spatial Distribution, (2) Travel Expenses, (3) Health, (4) Public Safety; and 3) Environmental Dimension which were (1) Greenhouse Gas Emission, (2) Fossil Fuel, (3) Renewable Energy.

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de Lange, Deborah. "Sustainable Transportation for the Climate: How Do Transportation Firms Engage in Cooperative Public-Private Partnerships?" Sustainability 15, nr 11 (27.05.2023): 8682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118682.

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This research examines the effectiveness of transportation-sector public-private partnerships (PPPs). Coordination across sectors is needed to reduce transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions. PPPs are of interest to transportation firms, but they may prefer private-sector opportunities given that working with the public sector can present challenges. However, the challenges are not clear and, therefore, this needs research investigation to develop understandings for policy to make PPPs work better for firms. Moreover, this research informs firms so that they may better comprehend and manage the risks of PPPs or choose other opportunities. This empirical research uses a sample of 300 transportation firms across 28 countries. The findings suggest that, although government contracts may be lucrative, the institutional environment of the PPP context is not preferable to other business-oriented private-sector opportunities. If more sustainable transportation is to be constructed to address climate change and other public interests, policymakers may need to rethink PPPs to adapt to the needs of transportation firms.

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Khan, Muhammad Imran. "Comparative Well-to-Tank energy use and greenhouse gas assessment of natural gas as a transportation fuel in Pakistan". Energy for Sustainable Development 43 (kwiecień 2018): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2017.12.004.

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Lyman, Christopher, Nicholas Campbell, Eric J. Gonzales i Eleni Christofa. "Modeling the Effect of New Commuter Bus Service on Demand and Impact on Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Application to Greater Boston". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, nr 12 (27.06.2019): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119859856.

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The transportation sector is considered one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in metropolitan areas. Any efforts to reduce these emissions require strategic management of multiple transportation modes. This paper presents a method to identify opportunities to reduce GHG emissions by expanding commuter bus services and providing incentives to shift commuters from private cars to transit. The approach uses a nested multinomial logit model for mode choice in a region where modes include driving alone, carpooling, walking, cycling, and using four possible transit modes (ferry, commuter rail, rapid transit, and bus) by walk-access or drive-access. A model of existing conditions was calibrated with data from the Boston metropolitan area. Using an emission factor model based on average speeds from the California Air Resources Board, the net effect of a new commuter bus service on GHG emissions from transportation is estimated. Potential GHG reductions are weighed against the capital and operating costs of new transit services to quantify the cost-effectiveness of new commuter bus services for isolated origin-destination pairs. This modeling framework is used to optimize fares and bus frequency to identify the corridors with the most cost-effective potential for GHG reduction. Results are presented for the Boston region, demonstrating the feasibility of implementation and the potential magnitude of benefits for cost-effectively reducing GHG emissions associated with transportation. The method is general and can be applied in other cities around the world.

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