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Michael Alvarez, R., Ellen M. Key i Lucas Núñez. "Research Replication: Practical Considerations". PS: Political Science & Politics 51, nr 02 (kwiecień 2018): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096517002566.
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ABSTRACTWith the discipline’s push toward data access and research transparency (DA-RT), journal replication archives are becoming increasingly common. As researchers work to ensure that replication materials are provided, they also should pay attention to the content—rather than simply the provision—of journal archives. Based on our experience in analyzing and handling journal replication materials, we present a series of recommendations that can make them easier to understand and use. The provision of clear, functional, and well-documented replication materials is key for achieving the goals of transparent and replicable research. Furthermore, good replication materials enhance the development of extensions and related research by making state-of-the-art methodologies and analyses more accessible.
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Ugliara, Fellipe A., Gustavo M. D. Vieira i José de O. Guimarães. "Transparent replication using metaprogramming in Cyan". Science of Computer Programming 200 (grudzień 2020): 102531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2020.102531.
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Li, Keqiu, Hong Shen, Francis Chin i Weishi Zhang. "Multimedia Object Placement for Transparent Data Replication". IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 18, nr 2 (luty 2007): 212–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2007.29.
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Marwick, Ben, Li-Ying Wang, Ryan Robinson i Hope Loiselle. "How to Use Replication Assignments for Teaching Integrity in Empirical Archaeology". Advances in Archaeological Practice 8, nr 1 (22.10.2019): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2019.38.
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ABSTRACTThe value of new archaeological knowledge is strongly determined by how credible it is, and a key measure of scientific credibility is how replicable new results are. However, few archaeologists learn the skills necessary to conduct replication as part of their training. This means there is a gap between the ideals of archaeological science and the skills we teach future researchers. Here we argue for replications as a core type of class assignment in archaeology courses to close this gap and establish a culture of replication and reproducibility. We review replication assignments in other fields and describe how to implement a replication assignment suitable for many types of archaeology programs. We describe our experience with replication in an upper-level undergraduate class on stone artifact analysis. Replication assignments can help archaeology programs give students the skills that enable transparent and reproducible research.
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Jianliang Xu, Bo Li i Dik Lun Lee. "Placement problems for transparent data replication proxy services". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 20, nr 7 (wrzesień 2002): 1383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2002.802068.
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Polanin, Joshua R., Emily A. Hennessy i Sho Tsuji. "Transparency and Reproducibility of Meta-Analyses in Psychology: A Meta-Review". Perspectives on Psychological Science 15, nr 4 (9.06.2020): 1026–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691620906416.
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Systematic review and meta-analysis are possible as viable research techniques only through transparent reporting of primary research; thus, one might expect meta-analysts to demonstrate best practice in their reporting of results and have a high degree of transparency leading to reproducibility of their work. This assumption has yet to be fully tested in the psychological sciences. We therefore aimed to assess the transparency and reproducibility of psychological meta-analyses. We conducted a meta-review by sampling 150 studies from Psychological Bulletin to extract information about each review’s transparent and reproducible reporting practices. The results revealed that authors reported on average 55% of criteria and that transparent reporting practices increased over the three decades studied ( b = 1.09, SE = 0.24, t = 4.519, p < .001). Review authors consistently reported eligibility criteria, effect-size information, and synthesis techniques. Review authors, however, on average, did not report specific search results, screening and extraction procedures, and most importantly, effect-size and moderator information from each individual study. Far fewer studies provided statistical code required for complete analytical replication. We argue that the field of psychology and research synthesis in general should require review authors to report these elements in a transparent and reproducible manner.
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Mader, Markus, Christof Rein, Eveline Konrat, Sophia Lena Meermeyer, Cornelia Lee-Thedieck, Frederik Kotz-Helmer i Bastian E. Rapp. "Fused Deposition Modeling of Microfluidic Chips in Transparent Polystyrene". Micromachines 12, nr 11 (31.10.2021): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12111348.
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Polystyrene (PS) is one of the most commonly used thermoplastic materials worldwide and plays a ubiquitous role in today’s biomedical and life science industry and research. The main advantage of PS lies in its facile processability, its excellent optical and mechanical properties, as well as its biocompatibility. However, PS is only rarely used in microfluidic prototyping, since the structuring of PS is mainly performed using industrial-scale replication processes. So far, microfluidic chips in PS have not been accessible to rapid prototyping via 3D printing. In this work, we present, for the first time, 3D printing of transparent PS using fused deposition modeling (FDM). We present FDM printing of transparent PS microfluidic channels with dimensions as small as 300 µm and a high transparency in the region of interest. Furthermore, we demonstrate the fabrication of functional chips such as Tesla-mixer and mixer cascades. Cell culture experiments showed a high cell viability during seven days of culturing, as well as enabling cell adhesion and proliferation. With the aid of this new PS prototyping method, the development of future biomedical microfluidic chips will be significantly accelerated, as it enables using PS from the early academic prototyping all the way to industrial-scale mass replication.
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Wolf, Thomas. "Transparent replication for fault tolerance in distributed Ada 95". ACM SIGAda Ada Letters XIX, nr 2 (czerwiec 1999): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/334725.334735.
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Spitschan, Manuel, Marlene H. Schmidt i Christine Blume. "Principles of open, transparent and reproducible science in author guidelines of sleep research and chronobiology journals". Wellcome Open Research 5 (26.02.2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16111.2.
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Background: "Open science" is an umbrella term describing various aspects of transparent and open science practices. The adoption of practices at different levels of the scientific process (e.g., individual researchers, laboratories, institutions) has been rapidly changing the scientific research landscape in the past years, but their uptake differs from discipline to discipline. Here, we asked to what extent journals in the field of sleep research and chronobiology encourage or even require following transparent and open science principles in their author guidelines. Methods: We scored the author guidelines of a comprehensive set of 27 sleep and chronobiology journals, including the major outlets in the field, using the standardised Transparency and Openness (TOP) Factor. The TOP Factor is a quantitative summary of the extent to which journals encourage or require following various aspects of open science, including data citation, data transparency, analysis code transparency, materials transparency, design and analysis guidelines, study pre-registration, analysis plan pre-registration, replication, registered reports, and the use of open science badges. Results: Across the 27 journals, we find low values on the TOP Factor (median [25 th, 75 th percentile] 3 [1, 3], min. 0, max. 9, out of a total possible score of 29) in sleep research and chronobiology journals. Conclusions: Our findings suggest an opportunity for sleep research and chronobiology journals to further support recent developments in transparent and open science by implementing transparency and openness principles in their author guidelines.
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Spitschan, Manuel, Marlene H. Schmidt i Christine Blume. "Transparency and open science principles in reporting guidelines in sleep research and chronobiology journals". Wellcome Open Research 5 (20.07.2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16111.1.
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Background: "Open science" is an umbrella term describing various aspects of transparent and open science practices. The adoption of practices at different levels of the scientific process (e.g., individual researchers, laboratories, institutions) has been rapidly changing the scientific research landscape in the past years, but their uptake differs from discipline to discipline. Here, we asked to what extent journals in the field of sleep research and chronobiology encourage or even require following transparent and open science principles in their author guidelines. Methods: We scored the author guidelines of a comprehensive set of 28 sleep and chronobiology journals, including the major outlets in the field, using the standardised Transparency and Openness (TOP) Factor. This instrument rates the extent to which journals encourage or require following various aspects of open science, including data citation, data transparency, analysis code transparency, materials transparency, design and analysis guidelines, study pre-registration, analysis plan pre-registration, replication, registered reports, and the use of open science badges. Results: Across the 28 journals, we find low values on the TOP Factor (median [25th, 75th percentile] 2.5 [1, 3], min. 0, max. 9, out of a total possible score of 28) in sleep research and chronobiology journals. Conclusions: Our findings suggest an opportunity for sleep research and chronobiology journals to further support the recent developments in transparent and open science by implementing transparency and openness principles in their guidelines and making adherence to them mandatory.
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Marshall, Benjamin Michael. "Make like a glass frog: In support of increased transparency in herpetology". Herpetological Journal, Volume 31 Number 1 (1.01.2021): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/31.1.3545.
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Across many scientific disciplines, direct replication efforts and meta-analyses have fuelled concerns on the replicability of findings. Ecology and evolution are similarly affected. Investigations into the causes of this lack of replicability have implicated a suite of research practices linked to incentives in the current publishing system. Other fields have taken great strides to counter incentives that can reward obfuscation –chiefly by championing transparency. But how prominent are protransparency (open science) policies in herpetology journals? We use the recently developed Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Factor to assess the transparency promotion of 19 herpetology journals, and compare the TOP scores to broader science. We find promotion of transparent practices currently lacking in many herpetological journals; and encourage authors, students, editors, and publishers to redouble efforts to bring open science practices to herpetology by changing journal policy, peer-review, and personal practice. We promote an array of options –developed and tested in other fields– demonstrated to counter publication bias, boost research uptake, and enable more transparent science, to enrich herpetological research.
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Blumenthal, Antje, Stefan Ehlers, Martin Ernst, Hans-Dieter Flad i Norbert Reiling. "Control of Mycobacterial Replication in Human Macrophages: Roles of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1 and 2 and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways". Infection and Immunity 70, nr 9 (wrzesień 2002): 4961–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.9.4961-4967.2002.
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ABSTRACT Intracellular persistence of mycobacteria may result from an intricate balance between bacterial replication and signaling events leading to antimicrobial macrophage activities. Using human monocyte-derived macrophages, we investigated the relevance of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation for the growth control of Mycobacterium avium isolates differing in their abilities to multiply intracellularly. The highly replicative smooth transparent morphotype of M. avium strain 2151 induced significantly less p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation than the smooth opaque morphotype of the same strain, which was gradually eliminated from macrophage cultures. Inhibition of the p38 pathway by highly specific inhibitors did not significantly affect mycobacterial replication within macrophages, regardless of the in vitro virulence of the M. avium strain. However, repression of the ERK1/2 pathway further enhanced intracellular growth of highly replicative M. avium strains, although it did not increase survival of the poorly replicating M. avium isolate. Inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway resulted in decreased tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) secretion irrespective of the virulence of the M. avium isolate used for infection, revealing that TNF-α could have been only partially responsible for the control of intracellular M. avium growth. In conclusion, ERK1/2- and TNF-α-independent pathways are sufficient to limit intramacrophage growth of less-virulent M. avium strains, but early ERK1/2 activation in infected macrophages is critically involved in controlling the growth of highly replicative M. avium strains.
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Kalima, V., J. Pietarinen, S. Siitonen, J. Immonen, M. Suvanto, M. Kuittinen, K. Mönkkönen i T. T. Pakkanen. "Transparent thermoplastics: Replication of diffractive optical elements using micro-injection molding". Optical Materials 30, nr 2 (październik 2007): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2006.11.046.
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Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, Marcia McNutt, Veronique Kiermer i Richard Sever. "Signaling the trustworthiness of science". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, nr 39 (23.09.2019): 19231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913039116.
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Trust in science increases when scientists and the outlets certifying their work honor science’s norms. Scientists often fail to signal to other scientists and, perhaps more importantly, the public that these norms are being upheld. They could do so as they generate, certify, and react to each other’s findings: for example, by promoting the use and value of evidence, transparent reporting, self-correction, replication, a culture of critique, and controls for bias. A number of approaches for authors and journals would lead to more effective signals of trustworthiness at the article level. These include article badging, checklists, a more extensive withdrawal ontology, identity verification, better forward linking, and greater transparency.
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Ballesteros, Francisco J., Gorka Guardiola i Enrique Soriano-Salvador. "O/live: Transparent Distribution, Persistence, and Partial Replication for Ubiquitous User Interfaces". International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 30, nr 10 (23.07.2014): 755–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2014.927263.
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Xiaohua Jia, Deying Li, Hongwei Du i J. Cao. "On optimal replication of data object at hierarchical and transparent Web proxies". IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 16, nr 8 (sierpień 2005): 673–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2005.94.
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Dougherty, Michael R., L. Robert Slevc i James A. Grand. "Making Research Evaluation More Transparent: Aligning Research Philosophy, Institutional Values, and Reporting". Perspectives on Psychological Science 14, nr 3 (10.01.2019): 361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691618810693.
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There is a growing interest in changing the culture of psychology to improve the quality of our science. At the root of this interest is concern over the reproducibility of key findings. A variety of large-scale replication attempts have revealed that several previously published effects cannot be reproduced, whereas other analyses indicate that the published literature is rife with underpowered studies and publication bias. These revelations suggest that it is time to change how psychological science is carried out and increase the transparency of reporting. We argue that change will be slow until institutions adopt new procedures for evaluating scholarly activity. We consider three actions that individuals and departments can take to facilitate change throughout psychological science: the development of individualized research-philosophy statements, the creation of an annotated curriculum vitae to improve the transparency of scholarly reporting, and the use of a formal evaluative system that explicitly captures behaviors that support reproducibility. Our recommendations build on proposals for open science by enabling researchers to have a voice in articulating (and contextualizing) how they would like their work to be evaluated and by providing a mechanism for more detailed and transparent reporting of scholarly activities.
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Mader, Markus, Oliver Schlatter, Barbara Heck, Andreas Warmbold, Alex Dorn, Hans Zappe, Patrick Risch, Dorothea Helmer, Frederik Kotz i Bastian E. Rapp. "High-throughput injection molding of transparent fused silica glass". Science 372, nr 6538 (8.04.2021): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abf1537.
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Glass is one of the most relevant high-performance materials that has the benefit of a favorable environmental footprint compared with that of other commodity materials. Despite the advantageous properties of glasses, polymers are often favored because they can be processed using scalable industrial replication techniques like injection molding (IM). Glasses are generally processed through melting, which is both energy intensive and technologically challenging. We present a process for glassworks using high-throughput IM of an amorphous silicon dioxide nanocomposite that combines established process technologies and low-energy sintering. We produce highly transparent glass using classical IM and sintering, allowing for a potentially substantial reduction in energy consumption. Our strategy merges polymer and glass processing, with substantial implications for glass utilization.
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Flake, Jessica Kay, i Eiko I. Fried. "Measurement Schmeasurement: Questionable Measurement Practices and How to Avoid Them". Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 3, nr 4 (grudzień 2020): 456–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515245920952393.
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In this article, we define questionable measurement practices (QMPs) as decisions researchers make that raise doubts about the validity of the measures, and ultimately the validity of study conclusions. Doubts arise for a host of reasons, including a lack of transparency, ignorance, negligence, or misrepresentation of the evidence. We describe the scope of the problem and focus on how transparency is a part of the solution. A lack of measurement transparency makes it impossible to evaluate potential threats to internal, external, statistical-conclusion, and construct validity. We demonstrate that psychology is plagued by a measurement schmeasurement attitude: QMPs are common, hide a stunning source of researcher degrees of freedom, and pose a serious threat to cumulative psychological science, but are largely ignored. We address these challenges by providing a set of questions that researchers and consumers of scientific research can consider to identify and avoid QMPs. Transparent answers to these measurement questions promote rigorous research, allow for thorough evaluations of a study’s inferences, and are necessary for meaningful replication studies.
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QUAGLIA, FRANCESCO. "SOFTWARE DIVERSITY-BASED ACTIVE REPLICATION AS AN APPROACH FOR ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF ADVANCED SIMULATION SYSTEMS". International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 18, nr 03 (czerwiec 2007): 495–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054107004802.
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Active replication has been widely explored to achieve fault tolerance and to improve system availability, especially in service oriented applications. In this paper we explore software diversity-based active replication in the context of advanced simulation systems, with the aim at improving the timeliness for the production of simulation output. Our proposal is framed by the High-Level-Architecture (HLA), namely a middleware based standard for simulation package interoperability, and results in the design and implementation of an Active Replication Management Layer (ARML) targeted to off-the-shelf SMP computing systems. This layer can be interposed in between each simulator instance and the underlying HLA middleware component, in order to support the execution of diversity-based active replicas of a same simulation package in a totally transparent manner. Beyond presenting the replication framework and the design/implementation of ARML, we also report the results of an experimental evaluation on a case study, quantifying the benefits from our proposal in terms of both simulation execution speed and performance guarantees vs tunable software parameters. (Free software releases of ARML can be found at the URL ).
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Rivera, Jason D. "Focus Group Administration in Disaster Research: Methodological Transparency when Dealing with Challenges". International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 37, nr 3 (listopad 2019): 241–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072701903700301.
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Focus groups are a cost effective and efficient methodological approach to generating data on disaster victims’ experiences. However, their administration is fraught with a number of challenges. Although the challenges faced by researchers are known to those that practice this data acquisition technique, the obstacles and the strategies for overcoming them are not well documented in the literature. This lack of transparency leaves focus group studies, as rigorous as they maybe, open to questions of validity and replication. Therefore, this paper seeks to provide an overview of how disaster scholars are discussing their focus group methods and processes. Examples from the disaster literature are provided from a sample of articles published in Disasters and Natural Hazards between 2005 and 2018. By being more transparent about the challenges of conducting focus groups, disaster researchers using this technique can produce higher quality studies that are more rigorous and replicable.
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de Ze´licourt,, Diane, Kerem Pekkan,, Hiroumi Kitajima,, David Frakes, and i Ajit P. Yoganathan. "Single-Step Stereolithography of Complex Anatomical Models for Optical Flow Measurements". Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 127, nr 1 (1.02.2005): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1835367.
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Transparent stereolithographic rapid prototyping (RP) technology has already demonstrated in literature to be a practical model construction tool for optical flow measurements such as digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV), laser doppler velocimetry (LDV), and flow visualization. Here, we employ recently available transparent RP resins and eliminate time-consuming casting and chemical curing steps from the traditional approach. This note details our methodology with relevant material properties and highlights its advantages. Stereolithographic model printing with our procedure is now a direct single-step process, enabling faster geometric replication of complex computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for exact experimental validation studies. This methodology is specifically applied to the in vitro flow modeling of patient-specific total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) morphologies. The effect of RP machining grooves, surface quality, and hydrodynamic performance measurements as compared with the smooth glass models are also quantified.
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Larson, Michael J. "Improving the Rigor and Replicability of Applied Psychophysiology Research: Sample Size, Standardization, Transparency, and Preregistration". Biofeedback 48, nr 1 (1.03.2020): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-48.1.2.
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Scientific research across a number of areas, including applied psychophysiology, biofeedback, and neurofeedback, is facing considerable scrutiny for poor replication rates, high numbers of false-positive findings, and insufficient scientific rigor. There are many factors underlying this replication crisis in scientific research; yet incentives for more rigorous research practices at the institutional and editorial levels lag behind the need for improvement. The author provides examples of replication and rigor difficulties in scientific research with an eye toward psychophysiological research, including researcher flexibility in data analysis, “p-hacking,” insufficient sample sizes, and lack of availability and implementation of rigorous methodological and publication guidelines. Subsequently, the author highlights examples and opportunities for improvement, including decreasing researcher flexibility, reporting sample size information, increasing sample sizes through collaboration, improving reporting standards/following established guidelines for reporting psychophysiological data, and increasing adoption of preregistration and registered reports. The author concludes that the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB) can improve clinical practice and perception of public and scientific credibility by implementing rigorous and transparent research practices with a focus on replicability and clear methodological and reporting techniques and standards.
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Isaacowitz, Derek M., i Jonathan W. King. "OPEN SCIENCE AND TRANSPARENT RESEARCH PRACTICES: IMPLICATIONS FOR GERONTOLOGY". Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (listopad 2019): S399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1479.
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Abstract Scientists from many disciplines have recently suggested changes in research practices, with the goal of ensuring greater scientific integrity. Some suggestions have focused on reducing researcher degrees of freedom to extract significant findings from exploratory analyses, whereas others concern how best to power studies and analyze results. Yet others involve ensuring that other interested researchers can easily access study materials, code, and data, to help with re-analysis and/or replication. These changes are moving targets, with discussions and suggested practices ongoing. However, aging researchers have not yet been major participants in these discussions, and aging journals are just starting to consider open science policies. This symposium, sponsored by the GSA Publications Committee, will highlight transparency and open science practices that seem most relevant to aging researchers, discuss potential challenges to implementing them as well as reasons for doing so, and will consider how aging journals may implement these practices. Open science practices to be considered include: preregistration, open data, open materials and code, sample size justification and analytic tools for considering null effects. Presenters from a range of areas of aging research (lab, secondary data, qualitative) will show examples of open science practices in their work and will discuss concerns about, and challenges of, implementing them. Then, editorial team members will discuss the implications of these changes for aging journals. Finally, discussant Jon King will give NIA’s perspective on the importance of encouraging open science practices in the aging field.
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Fisher, Robert M. "Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, nr 2 (sierpień 1992): 1076–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100130018.
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By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.
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Rudzińska-Langwald, Anna. "Cytological changes in phloem parenchyma cells of Solanum rostratum (Dunal.) related to the replication of potato virus M (PVM)". Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 59, nr 1-4 (2014): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1990.004.
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The first cytological symptom of infection of phloem parenchyma cells by potato virus M is the formation of clusters of endoplasmic reticulum cisterns in a cytoplasm containing numerous ribosomes. Randomly distributed PVM particles are found in the vicinity of the cisterns. As the infection progresses, inclusions made up of regularly arranged particles of PVM are formed.The cytoplasm of the cells becomes electron transparent because the ER cisterns disappear. Masses of homogenous substances containing single PVM particles appear. There are two types of deposits in the inclusions containing PVM virus particles - additionally coated particles and tubules.
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Wang, Xiaolong, Tingjie Li, Jillian Adams i Jun Yang. "Transparent, stretchable, carbon-nanotube-inlaid conductors enabled by standard replication technology for capacitive pressure, strain and touch sensors". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1, nr 11 (2013): 3580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta00079f.
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Andrews, Katrina, Debra Bath i Calvin Smith. "Replication of the learning alliance inventory to blended student populations". Journal of Adult and Continuing Education 24, nr 1 (18.04.2018): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477971418771090.
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The therapeutic working alliance by Bordin has been demonstrated as a ‘common ground’ variable attributable to change in identified change enterprises, including education. In this context, working alliance (renamed learning alliance) has been empirically demonstrated to predict positive on-campus student outcomes. However, minimal research investigating whether learning alliance predicts blended student outcomes has been conducted. A measure of on-campus student teaching alliance (the learning alliance inventory, LAI; Rogers), which operationalises (measures) learning alliance using three subscales (collaborative bond, teacher competency and student investment) was administered to 199 Australian tertiary students, enrolled in a counselling program delivered in the blended learning modality (online learning coupled with synchronous tutorials and an on-campus intensive). The aim of the study was to investigate if this on-campus measure of learning alliance can validly measure learning alliance in blended student populations as well. Results revealed that learning alliance in the blended student population is best operationalised as a two-factor model (collaborative bond and student investment) only. Thematic analysis of an open question revealed learning alliance in the blended teaching environment is understood as four themes: qualities of the teacher, teacher style, mastery of the technology and unique online factors. These results were interpreted as evidence that the bond factor of the original learning alliance construct as operationalised by Bordin (1979) continues to be important in the blended teaching space, but other factors unique to blended learning are important for online learning alliance, including content relevancy, currency and validity, as well as a transparent and structured course delivery style, flexibility when technology fails and online objectivity. Study limitations, implications and future research recommendations are discussed.
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Mager, Mary. "Making Replicas of Surfaces for TEM and SEM". Microscopy Today 14, nr 2 (marzec 2006): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500055401.
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Before SEMs were invented and when they were still of relatively poor resolution, one way to see the fine details of a sample surface was to prepare an electron-transparent replica of the sample surface and view it in a TEM. The carbon-coated surface of the sample was shadowed with a heavy metal to make a replica that mimicked the topography of the original surface, in a sample that could be viewed in the TEM.We have found some value in this old technique; to examine second-phase particles freed from the metal matrix for EDX, diffraction, and morphology studies—while preserving the original position and distribution of the particles, historically called “extraction replication.”
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Kumar, Charchit, Vincent Le Houérou, Thomas Speck i Holger F. Bohn. "Straightforward and precise approach to replicate complex hierarchical structures from plant surfaces onto soft matter polymer". Royal Society Open Science 5, nr 4 (kwiecień 2018): 172132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172132.
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The surfaces of plant leaves are rarely smooth and often possess a species-specific micro- and/or nano-structuring. These structures usually influence the surface functionality of the leaves such as wettability, optical properties, friction and adhesion in insect–plant interactions. This work presents a simple, convenient, inexpensive and precise two-step micro-replication technique to transfer surface microstructures of plant leaves onto highly transparent soft polymer material. Leaves of three different plants with variable size (0.5–100 µm), shape and complexity (hierarchical levels) of their surface microstructures were selected as model bio-templates. A thermoset epoxy resin was used at ambient conditions to produce negative moulds directly from fresh plant leaves. An alkaline chemical treatment was established to remove the entirety of the leaf material from the cured negative epoxy mould when necessary, i.e. for highly complex hierarchical structures. Obtained moulds were filled up afterwards with low viscosity silicone elastomer (PDMS) to obtain positive surface replicas. Comparative scanning electron microscopy investigations (original plant leaves and replicated polymeric surfaces) reveal the high precision and versatility of this replication technique. This technique has promising future application for the development of bioinspired functional surfaces. Additionally, the fabricated polymer replicas provide a model to systematically investigate the structural key points of surface functionalities.
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Gardener, Antoni D., Ellen J. Hick, Chloe Jacklin, Gifford Tan, Aidan G. Cashin, Hopin Lee, David Nunan, Elaine C. Toomey i Georgia C. Richards. "Open science and conflict of interest policies of medical and health sciences journals before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A repeat cross-sectional study". JRSM Open 13, nr 11 (listopad 2022): 205427042211321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20542704221132139.
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Objectives To audit the transparent and open science standards of health and medical sciences journal policies and explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design Repeat cross-sectional study. Setting 19 journals listed in Google Scholar's Top Publications for health and medical sciences. Participants Blood, Cell, Circulation, European Heart Journal, Gastroenterology, Journal of Clinical Oncology, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Nature Genetics, Nature Medicine, Nature Neuroscience, Neuron, PLoS ONE, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Science Translational Medicine, The British Medical Journal, The Journal of the American Medical Association, The Lancet, The Lancet Oncology, and The New England Journal of Medicine. Main outcome measures We used the Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) guideline and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) requirements for disclosing conflicts of interest (COIs) to evaluate journals standards. Results TOP scores slightly improved during the COVID-19 pandemic, from a median of 5 (IQR: 2–12.5) out of a possible 24 points in February 2020 to 7 (IQR: 4–12) in May 2021, but overall, scores were very low at both time points. Journal policies scored highest for their adherence to data transparency and scored lowest for preregistration of study protocols and analysis plans and the submission of replication studies. Most journals fulfilled all ICMJE provisions for reporting COIs before (84%; n = 16) and during (95%; n = 18) the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of practising open science. However, requirements for open science practices in audited policies were overall low, which may impede progress in health and medical research. As key stakeholders in disseminating research, journals should promote a research culture of greater transparency and more robust open science practices.
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Jancenelle, Vivien E. "The relationship between firm resources and joint ventures: revisited". American Journal of Business 30, nr 1 (7.04.2015): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajb-07-2014-0045.
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Purpose – This study is a replication of Wolff and Reed’s (2000) work. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the combination of resources brought to joint ventures influence parent-firm performance. This study is also interested in whether or not the exposure of immobile resources through the semi-transparent membrane of the joint venture can have negative effects on parent-firm performance. Design/methodology/approach – The sample consists of two-parent joint ventures formed by publicly traded US firms between 1997 and 2013. The event-study methodology is used to calculate each parent-firm’s abnormal returns. This work also uses content analysis to analyze parent-firms’ annual reports (10-K). Findings – While Wolff and Reed’s results on resource allocation within joint ventures were not statistically significant, this replication study provided strong support to the resource allocation hypothesis. It was found that intangible resource heterogeneity within a joint venture creates higher performance gains for parent-firms than tangible resource heterogeneity. This work also successfully replicated Wolff and Reed’s findings on the negative impact of immobile resources exposure on parent-firm performance. Wolff and Reed’s results on resource complementarity were, however, not successfully replicated. Originality/value – This replication study goes beyond simply showing that engaging in a joint venture strategy creates value for parent-firms. Through the use of a new content analysis method, this study was able to provide strong support for Wolff and Reed’s theory on the performance gains provided by resource heterogeneity in a joint venture setting, and to confirm the results on potential adverse performance effects of immobile resources exposure.
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Jiang, Zhengtao, Yi Chen, Zheng Liu, Hao Chen, Jianhong Zhang i Yanchao Zhu. "Research and Modeling Electronic Data Tracing Scheme Based on Blockchain". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2068, nr 1 (1.10.2021): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2068/1/012040.
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Abstract From the point of view that the traditional electronic data (documents in image, PDF, etc) is difficult to track and trace, taking image copyright as an example, this paper studies a new scheme to solve the problem of replication detection and traceability based on blockchain. With the decentralization and trust removing of blockchain, both copyright storage and evidence of infringement are stored in a tamper proof and transparent way. Based on the judgment of image similarity, a “resource reverse tracing strategy” is designed to control the infringement timely. The infringement evidence can reach the creator quickly, which provides convenience for the creator’s rights protection. This method changes traditional tracing methods of image copyright. Also, it can be applied to the tracing problem of reuse of electronic invoice, short video, music, etc, and brings new ideas for the related problem.
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Makel, Matthew C., Kendal N. Smith, Matthew T. McBee, Scott J. Peters i Erin M. Miller. "A Path to Greater Credibility: Large-Scale Collaborative Education Research". AERA Open 5, nr 4 (październik 2019): 233285841989196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332858419891963.
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Concerns about the replication crisis and unreliable findings have spread through several fields, including education and psychological research. In some areas of education, researchers have begun to adopt reforms that have proven useful in other fields. These include preregistration, open materials and data, and registered reports. These reforms offer education research a path toward increased credibility and social impact. In this article, we discuss models of large-scale collaborative research practices and how they can be applied to education research. We discuss five types of large-scale collaboration: participating teams run different studies, multiteam collaboration projects, collaborative analysis, preregistered adversarial collaboration, and persistent collaboration. The combination of large-scale collaboration with open and transparent research practices offers education researchers opportunity to test theories, verify what is known about a topic, resolve disagreements, and explore new questions.
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Ozorio Dutra, Samia Valeria, Vanessa Chee i John M. Clochesy. "Adapting an Educational Software Internationally: Cultural and Linguistical Adaptation". Education Sciences 13, nr 3 (23.02.2023): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci13030237.
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This study protocol proposes an adaptation of the participatory and iterative process framework for language adaptation (PIPFLA). The adapted model follows five dimensions for a cross-cultural equivalence model: semantic, content, technical, criterion, and conceptual. Iterative adaptations were conducted through the Delphi technique of expert consultation that comprised nursing professionals from academic, administrative, and practice fields, professional translators, and students’ online focus groups to arrive at consensus. The adapted process of PIPFLA proposed in this paper uses a standardized and transparent documentation, including expert judgment. Neither systematic reviews nor empirical research currently published describe the methodology used with enough details to allow for replication or improvement. This work illustrates innovation that takes concepts related to cultural adaptation of tools and applies these ideas to cultural adaptation of an online learning platform, based on the use of committees and codebook development strategies.
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King, Gregory G., Jason Bates, Kenneth I. Berger, Peter Calverley, Pedro L. de Melo, Raffaele L. Dellacà, Ramon Farré i in. "Technical standards for respiratory oscillometry". European Respiratory Journal 55, nr 2 (26.11.2019): 1900753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00753-2019.
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Oscillometry (also known as the forced oscillation technique) measures the mechanical properties of the respiratory system (upper and intrathoracic airways, lung tissue and chest wall) during quiet tidal breathing, by the application of an oscillating pressure signal (input or forcing signal), most commonly at the mouth. With increased clinical and research use, it is critical that all technical details of the hardware design, signal processing and analyses, and testing protocols are transparent and clearly reported to allow standardisation, comparison and replication of clinical and research studies. Because of this need, an update of the 2003 European Respiratory Society (ERS) technical standards document was produced by an ERS task force of experts who are active in clinical oscillometry research.The aim of the task force was to provide technical recommendations regarding oscillometry measurement including hardware, software, testing protocols and quality control.The main changes in this update, compared with the 2003 ERS task force document are 1) new quality control procedures which reflect use of “within-breath” analysis, and methods of handling artefacts; 2) recommendation to disclose signal processing, quality control, artefact handling and breathing protocols (e.g. number and duration of acquisitions) in reports and publications to allow comparability and replication between devices and laboratories; 3) a summary review of new data to support threshold values for bronchodilator and bronchial challenge tests; and 4) updated list of predicted impedance values in adults and children.
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Pessolani, Pablo, Luis Santiago Re i Tomás Andrés Fleitas. "Service Migration in a Distributed Virtualization System". Journal of Computer Science and Technology 21, nr 2 (21.10.2021): e16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/16666038.21.e16.
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Cloud applications are usually formed by different components (microservices) that may be located in different virtual and/or physical computers. To achieve the desired level of performance, availability, scalability, and robustness in this kind of system developers are forced to maintain and configure complex sets of infrastructure, platforms and frameworks which are expensive to implement, operate and manage.
Another approach would be to use a Distributed Virtualization System (DVS) that provides a transparent mechanism that each component could use to communicate with others, regardless of their location and thus, avoiding the potential problems and complexity added by their distributed execution. This communication mechanism already has useful features for developing commercial-class distributed applications, such as replication support (active and passive) and process migration.
In general, process migration is used when a node in the cluster is overloaded, or it has been scheduled to be disconnected in order to save energy or to do maintenance tasks in it. When this occurs, it is very important that any application using a service running in that node does not end up being affected by the migration.
This article describes the mechanisms used for the migration of server processes between nodes of a DVS cluster in a transparent way for client and server processes, doing special focus on how to solve the problem of keeping client/server communications active even when the server process location has changed.
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Kpokiri, Eneyi E., Elizabeth Chen, Jingjing Li, Sarah Payne, Priyanka Shrestha, Kaosar Afsana, Uche Amazigo i in. "Social Innovation For Health Research (SIFHR): Development of the SIFHR Checklist". PLOS Medicine 18, nr 9 (13.09.2021): e1003788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003788.
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Background Social innovations in health are inclusive solutions to address the healthcare delivery gap that meet the needs of end users through a multi-stakeholder, community-engaged process. While social innovations in health have shown promise in closing the healthcare delivery gap, more research is needed to evaluate, scale up, and sustain social innovation. Research checklists can standardize and improve reporting of research findings, promote transparency, and increase replicability of study results and findings. Methods and findings The research checklist was developed through a 3-step community-engaged process, including a global open call for ideas, a scoping review, and a 3-round modified Delphi process. The call for entries solicited checklists and related items and was open between November 27, 2019 and February 1, 2020. In addition to the open call submissions and scoping review findings, a 17-item Social Innovation For Health Research (SIFHR) Checklist was developed based on the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) Checklist. The checklist was then refined during 3 rounds of Delphi surveys conducted between May and June 2020. The resulting checklist will facilitate more complete and transparent reporting, increase end-user engagement, and help assess social innovation projects. A limitation of the open call was requiring internet access, which likely discouraged participation of some subgroups. Conclusions The SIFHR Checklist will strengthen the reporting of social innovation in health research studies. More research is needed on social innovation for health.
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Kim, Seongmin, Hee Jae Hwang, Handong Cho, Dukhyun Choi i Woonbong Hwang. "Repeatable replication method with liquid infiltration to fabricate robust, flexible, and transparent, anti-reflective superhydrophobic polymer films on a large scale". Chemical Engineering Journal 350 (październik 2018): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.05.184.
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Crüwell, Sophia, Johnny van Doorn, Alexander Etz, Matthew C. Makel, Hannah Moshontz, Jesse C. Niebaum, Amy Orben, Sam Parsons i Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck. "Seven Easy Steps to Open Science". Zeitschrift für Psychologie 227, nr 4 (październik 2019): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387.
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Abstract. The open science movement is rapidly changing the scientific landscape. Because exact definitions are often lacking and reforms are constantly evolving, accessible guides to open science are needed. This paper provides an introduction to open science and related reforms in the form of an annotated reading list of seven peer-reviewed articles, following the format of Etz, Gronau, Dablander, Edelsbrunner, and Baribault (2018) . Written for researchers and students – particularly in psychological science – it highlights and introduces seven topics: understanding open science; open access; open data, materials, and code; reproducible analyses; preregistration and registered reports; replication research; and teaching open science. For each topic, we provide a detailed summary of one particularly informative and actionable article and suggest several further resources. Supporting a broader understanding of open science issues, this overview should enable researchers to engage with, improve, and implement current open, transparent, reproducible, replicable, and cumulative scientific practices.
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Ariska, Ova, Bahlina Mohd Nur i Yuliani Aisyah. "Karakteristik Mutu, Organoleptik Dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Sabun Padat Transparan Dengan Penambahan Minyak Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon nardus L)". Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 6, nr 1 (1.02.2021): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v6i1.16691.
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Abstrak. Tanaman serai wangi (Cymbopogon nardus L) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman wewangian yang memiliki kandungan minyak atsiri yang dapat digunakan sebagai agen antibakteri. Melihat potensi antibakteri yang dimiliki minyak serai wangi, menarik untuk diformulasikan dalam suatu sediaan seperti sabun mandi sehingga dapat membantu meningkatkan nilai guna dari sabun. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan pola non faktorial yang terdiri dari 7 taraf dan 3 ulangan, yaitu konsentrasi minyak serai wangi 0 (M1), 0,5% (M2), 1% (M3), 1,5% (M4), 2% (M5), 2,5% (M6) dan 3% (M7). Analisis terhadap sabun padat transparan yang dilakukan meliputi analisis kimia (kadar air, alkali bebas dan pH), uji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus serta uji organoleptik secara hedonik (warna, aroma, kekerasan, transparansi, banyak busa dan after used). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada pembuatan sabun padat transparan dengan penambahan konsentrasi minyak serai wangi bepengaruh sangat nyata (P≤0,01) terhadap nilai kadar air, alkali bebas dan pH. Sabun padat transparan tersebut memiliki nilai kadar air 5,78%, kadar alkali bebas 0,36% dan nilai pH 11,42. Sedangkan uji efektivitas antibakteri pada sabun padat transparan minyak serai wangi mampu menghambat bakteri Staphylococcus aureus sebesar 1,64 mm pada konsentrasi 2,5%. Uji organoleptik pada sabun padat transparan minyak serai wangi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap warna, aroma, kekerasan, transparansi, banyak busa dan after used. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sabun padat transparan dengan penambahan minyak serai wangi 2,5% adalah perlakuan terbaik.Quality Characteristic, Organoleptic and Antibacterial Activity Transparent Solid Soap with Addition Citronella Oil Abstract. Citronella plant (Cymbopogon nardus L) is a type of fragrance plant that contains essential oils that can be used as antibacterial agents. Seeing the antibacterial potential of lemongrass oil, it is interesting to formulate it in a preparation such as bath soap so that it can help increase the useful value of soap. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with a non-factorial pattern consisting of 7 levels and 3 replications, namely the concentration of citronella oil 0 (M1), 0.5% (M2), 1% (M3), 1.5%. (M4), 2% (M5), 2.5% (M6) and 3% (M7). The analysis of transparent solid soap includes chemical analysis (moisture content, free alkali and pH), antibacterial activity test against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and hedonic organoleptic tests (color, aroma, hardness, transparency, lots of foam and after use). The results showed that the making of transparent solid soap with the addition of citronella oil concentration had a very significant effect (P≤0.01) on the value of water content, free alkali and pH. The transparent solid soap has a moisture content value of 5.78%, free alkaline content of 0.36% and a pH value of 11.42. While the antibacterial effectiveness test on the transparent solid soap of citronella oil was able to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by 1.64 mm at a concentration of 2.5%. Organoleptic test on transparent solid soap of citronella oil had no significant effect on color, aroma, hardness, transparency, amount of foam and after use. The results showed that the transparent solid soap with the addition of 2.5% citronella oil was the best treatment.
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Yeo, L. P., L. Wang, Zhi Ping Wang i Yee Cheong Lam. "Flexible Micro-Structured Mold for UV Micro-Casting of Polymeric Microdevices". Advanced Materials Research 74 (czerwiec 2009): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.74.7.
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UV micro-casting is a promising mass production method for replication of polymeric microdevices due to the non-stringent process conditions and fast curing time. This paper describes a potential method to mass produce polymeric microdevices. The first generation mold for UV micro-casting was fabricated by using chemically micro-etched copper clad laminate (CCL) base substrate. Subsequently a two part silicone rubber was cast over the CCL micro-feature mold. Photosensitive resin was dispensed onto the silicone rubber mold and a transparent Mylar thin film was placed on top of the UV curable prepolymer. After the silicone rubber mold-resin-Mylar assembly was UV irradiated for tens of seconds, the crosslinked polymer, together with the Mylar film was peeled off from the mold. The cross-linked polymer was placed on top of a second layer of Mylar film dispensed with the similar UV curable resin. In this way, a complete polymeric micro device could be efficiently produced.
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van der Bles, Anne Marthe, Sander van der Linden, Alexandra L. J. Freeman i David J. Spiegelhalter. "The effects of communicating uncertainty on public trust in facts and numbers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, nr 14 (23.03.2020): 7672–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913678117.
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Uncertainty is inherent to our knowledge about the state of the world yet often not communicated alongside scientific facts and numbers. In the “posttruth” era where facts are increasingly contested, a common assumption is that communicating uncertainty will reduce public trust. However, a lack of systematic research makes it difficult to evaluate such claims. We conducted five experiments—including one preregistered replication with a national sample and one field experiment on theBBC Newswebsite (totaln= 5,780)—to examine whether communicating epistemic uncertainty about facts across different topics (e.g., global warming, immigration), formats (verbal vs. numeric), and magnitudes (high vs. low) influences public trust. Results show that whereas people do perceive greater uncertainty when it is communicated, we observed only a small decrease in trust in numbers and trustworthiness of the source, and mostly for verbal uncertainty communication. These results could help reassure all communicators of facts and science that they can be more open and transparent about the limits of human knowledge.
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Wróbel, Bogdan, i Elżbieta Bednarska. "Nuclear DNA content and ultrastructure of secretory cells of Vicia faba L. stigma". Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 63, nr 2 (2014): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1994.018.
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The object of study was the level of nuclear DNA and the ultrastructural transformations in the secretory cells of the stigma in <i>Vicia faba</i> L. It has been found that the stigmal cells which are active in biogenesis and exudate secretion are diploid cells whose differentiation starts from 2C DNA level. The presence of a population of nuclei with an amount DNA of about 2.5 C suggests that the metabolic activity of those cells may be regulated through supplementary incomplete replication. The ultrastructural transformations of secretory cells point to three stages of biogenesis and secretion of exudate. Stage I, before the start of the cell's secretory functions, is characterized by the development of the protein synthesizing apparatus and the activity of dictyosomes. In development stage II vesicular electron-transparent exudate is secreted. Stage III of exudate biogenesis is production of lipids. They form mainly in the plastids and are secreted with the involvement of the cell's vacuolar system.
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Khandker, Shahidur R. "Grameen Bank: Impact, Costs, and Program Sustainability". Asian Development Review 14, nr 01 (styczeń 1996): 97–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110596000048.
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Grameen Bank of Bangladesh is known worldwide for its innovative credit delivery to the rural poor. By incorporating group-based lending, mandatory savings and insurance, repayment rescheduling in case of disasters, and similar other schemes, it has been able to minimize both behavioral and material risks of lending. By 1994, Grameen’s coverage had increased to include 50 percent of villages of Bangladesh with more than 2 million members (94 percent of whom are women), with a loan recovery rate steadily above 90 percent. It also has noticeable positive impacts on participants’ economic and social well-being, and on the overall income growth and poverty reduction in the village level. To become cost-effective, Grameen Bank should not only expand its outreach, but also diversify its loan portfolio with more growth-oriented activities. This also requires sound macroeconomic policies from the government. Replication of Grameen’s financial model is possible with necessary modifications as long as it is social-conscience-driven and its operations are transparent.
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Parvulescu, Catalin, Elena Manea, Paul Schiopu i Raluca Gavrila. "Fabrication of Micro-Lens Array Obtained by Anisotropic Wet Etching of Silicon". Defect and Diffusion Forum 369 (lipiec 2016): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.369.71.
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This paper presents the fabrication of a micro-lens array surface with a single-mask process and two etching steps with KOH water solution. Numerical analysis of optics was used to determine the optimal design parameters such as curvature sagitta and radius. The dimension of each lens is 20μm x 20μm. We used anisotropic etching of <100> silicon through a circular and squar mask to produce a pyramidal pit formed by four (111) planes. The oxide mask is stripped and the immersion of the sample in the etchant solution favors the etching of (411) plane transforming the pit into a smooth hemispherical cavity. An intermediate stage exists when a wider 19.470 <411> - face pyramid replaces the initial 54.740 inverted pyramid. The dependence of surface roughness on concentration and temperature of KOH is investigated in the range of 25%-40% and 60°C-80°C, respectively, and compared between them. The surface profiles and roughness was characterized by AFM. The etching depth and radius of micro-lens array was obtained from the SEM images and AFM data. Also, the array of concave depressions was directly used as a mould for replication of KER-2500 transparent polymeric silicon from Shin-Etsu with a refractive index n=1.41. The perfectly matched array of micro-lenses can be detached from substrate and used as a local solar concentrator. Optical properties such as the focal length of the plano-convex micro-lens array, obtained by replication, are measured and analyzed.
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Yi, P., i Y. Chan. "Bifurcation and Disaggregation in Lowry—Garin Derivative Models: Theory, Calibration, and Case Study". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 20, nr 9 (wrzesień 1988): 1253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a201253.
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The classic Lowry—Garin model is reexamined in light of advances in bifurcation theory and disaggregate model calibration techniques. A procedure for disaggregate calibration of the multipliers used in the economic-base component of the model is presented. Also given is an endogenous calibration procedure to include zonal constraints into the spatial interaction part of the unconstrained Lowry—Garin model. This is accomplished through the use of only two simple parameters which have important physical interpretations regarding the sensitivity of transportation improvements. Bifurcation conditions are then specified for the constrained model in both the aggregate and disaggregate cases. Through a case study of a medium-size city, the disaggregate calibration approach was found to produce better replication of the observed development pattern. Also the endogenous way of embedding zonal constraints in the two aforementioned parameters was found to be extremely efficient computationally. Most importantly, the analytical framework offers a transparent way of explaining urban development, including the prediction of precipitous developments, thus relieving much of the burden of traditional simulation approaches which tend to be cumbersome and analytically intractable.
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Ward, Lesley, Daryl Nault, Holger Cramer i Steffany Moonaz. "Development of the CLARIFY (CheckList stAndardising the Reporting of Interventions For Yoga) guidelines: a Delphi study". BMJ Open 12, nr 1 (styczeń 2022): e054585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054585.
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BackgroundThe use of yoga as a therapeutic modality is increasing; however, a lack of transparent intervention reporting is restricting the dissemination and implementation of yoga research into clinical and community practice. The aim of this study was to develop a yoga-specific reporting guideline as an extension to existing reporting guidelines for randomised controlled trials, observational studies and case reports.MethodsRecognised international stakeholders in the design and conduct of yoga research were invited to contribute to the electronic Delphi survey. A four-round Delphi was conducted, whereby panellists rated selected items for their importance in the inclusion of yoga reporting guidelines, according to a 5-step Likert scale. A priori consensus for item inclusion was agreement of items as ‘Very important’ or ‘Extremely important’ by ≥80% of panellists. Non-consensus items were forwarded to subsequent rounds for re-rating.Results53 experts in yoga research from 11 countries, primarily identifying as researchers (50%), allied health professionals (18.8%) and yoga professionals (12.5%), consented to participate in the Delphi. Of these, 48 completed Round 1 (91%), 43 completed Round 2 (81%), 39 completed Round 3 (74%) and 32 completed Round 4 (60%). Panellists reached consensus for inclusion on 21 items, grouped under 10 domains reflective of more generic intervention-based guidelines.ConclusionsThe consensus-based 21-item CLARIFY (CheckList stAndardising the Reporting of Interventions For Yoga) checklist provides a minimum reporting template for researchers across a range of methodology designs. Use of these yoga-specific guidelines, in conjunction with the CLARIFY explanation and elaboration guidelines, will standardise the minimum level of detail required for transparent yoga intervention, facilitating the replication, dissemination and implementation of yoga research. Ongoing research will assess the uptake and impact of CLARIFY, to ensure these guidelines retain their relevance to the internationally growing field of yoga research.
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Riordan, Fiona, Geoffrey M. Curran, Cara C. Lewis, Byron J. Powell, Justin Presseau, Luke Wolfenden i Sheena M. McHugh. "Characterising processes and outcomes of tailoring implementation strategies in healthcare: a protocol for a scoping review". HRB Open Research 5 (3.03.2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13507.1.
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Background: Tailoring strategies to target the salient barriers to and enablers of implementation is considered a critical step in supporting successful delivery of evidence based interventions in healthcare. Theory, evidence, and stakeholder engagement are considered key ingredients in the process however, these ingredients can be combined in different ways. There is no consensus on the definition of tailoring or single method for tailoring strategies to optimize impact, ensure transparency, and facilitate replication. Aim: The purpose of this scoping review is to describe how tailoring has been undertaken within healthcare to answer questions about how it has been conceptualised, described, and conducted in practice, and to identify research gaps. Methods: The review will be conducted in accordance with best practice guidelines and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) will be used to guide the reporting. Searches will be conducted of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, from 2005 to present. Reference lists of included articles will be searched. Grey literature will be searched on Google Scholar. Screening and data extraction will be conducted by two or more members of the research team, with any discrepancies resolved by consensus discussion with a third reviewer. Initial analysis will be quantitative involving a descriptive numerical summary of the characteristics of the studies and the tailoring process. Qualitative content analysis aligned to the research questions will also be conducted, and data managed using NVivo where applicable. This scoping review is pre-registered with the Open Science Framework. Conclusions: The findings will serve a resource for implementation researchers and practitioners to guide future research in this field and facilitate systematic, transparent, and replicable development of tailored implementation strategies.
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Riordan, Fiona, Claire Kerins, Nickola Pallin, Bianca Albers, Lauren Clack, Eimear Morrissey, Geoffrey M. Curran i in. "Characterising processes and outcomes of tailoring implementation strategies in healthcare: a protocol for a scoping review". HRB Open Research 5 (20.09.2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13507.2.
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Background: Tailoring strategies to target the salient barriers to and enablers of implementation is considered a critical step in supporting successful delivery of evidence based interventions in healthcare. Theory, evidence, and stakeholder engagement are considered key ingredients in the process however, these ingredients can be combined in different ways. There is no consensus on the definition of tailoring or single method for tailoring strategies to optimize impact, ensure transparency, and facilitate replication. Aim: The purpose of this scoping review is to describe how tailoring has been undertaken within healthcare to answer questions about how it has been conceptualised, described, and conducted in practice, and to identify research gaps. Methods: The review will be conducted in accordance with best practice guidelines and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) will be used to guide the reporting. Searches will be conducted of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, from 2005 to present. Reference lists of included articles will be searched. Grey literature will be searched on Google Scholar. Screening and data extraction will be conducted by two or more members of the research team, with any discrepancies resolved by consensus discussion with a third reviewer. Initial analysis will be quantitative involving a descriptive numerical summary of the characteristics of the studies and the tailoring process. Qualitative content analysis aligned to the research questions will also be conducted, and data managed using NVivo where applicable. This scoping review is pre-registered with the Open Science Framework. Conclusions: The findings will serve a resource for implementation researchers and practitioners to guide future research in this field and facilitate systematic, transparent, and replicable development of tailored implementation strategies.