Rozprawy doktorskie: „Transmission line model”

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KLAUSNER, JEREMIAS CORAL. "TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1992. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=8740@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para simulação de linhas de transmissão, geradores, interconexões e cargas por modelos baseados em filtragem digital. Estes modelos usam de maneira intensiva o conceito de redes digitais equivalentes, para resolver problemas aliados à responsabilidade dos filtros digitais em redes onde haja interconexão de elementos, desde simples cargas a subredes. O resultado deste trabalho é um sistema que representa de maneira quase que integral o espectro do sinal discretizado, em contraposição aos métodos tradicionalmente encontrados na simulação de sistemas deste tipo por computador digital. Por outro lado o processo é facilmente implementado por processadores digitais de sinal (DSPs), resultado em simulações em tempo rela comparáveis a simulações off-line por aplicativos
This thesis introduces a metodology for the simulation of transmission lines, power generators, interconnnections and loads, base don digital filtering models. These models make intensive use of digital equivalent network concepts in order to solve the computability problem of the digital filter. The result of this work is a system that represents the discrete-time signal on a bandwsiths covering up to the Nyquist frequency, in contraposition with traditional methods of computer simulation. The structure is easily implemented with Digital signal Processors (DSPs), resulting in real time simulations that compare to off-line circuit simulators in precision.

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DOMINGUES, LUIS ADRIANO DE MELO CABRAL. "MODEL FOR TRANSMISSION LINE CONDUCTORS TEMPERATURE FORECASTING". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2002. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=2748@1.

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CENTRO DE PESQUISA DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA
As linhas de transmissão têm um papel fundamental no funcionamento do sistema elétrico, efetuando a ligação entre as usinas geradoras e os centros de carga. Quando o sistema de transmissão atinge sua capacidade limite de transferência de potência torna-se necessário expandir o sistema, quer construindo novas linhas quer aumentando a capacidade das existentes. Entre os fatores que limitam a capacidade de transporte de uma linha destaca-se a sua temperatura limite de operação, estabelecida por questões econômicas e de segurança. Pela sua extensão geográfica, a construção de uma linha de transmissão envolve tanto um custo quanto um impacto ambiental elevados. Por estes motivos a recapacitação de linhas existentes, no sentido de aumentar sua capacidade de transporte, tornou-se um assunto prioritário e uma opção estratégica para expansão do sistema elétrico. Neste trabalho analisa-se o problema da temperatura de operação dos condutores de linhas aéreas de transmissão. Descreve-se a metodologia atualmente utilizada para definir o limite operativo das linhas, destacando-se a possibilidade de aumentar sua capacidade limite pelo conhecimento mais preciso da temperatura de operação dos seus condutores.Descreve-se o desenvolvimento de uma série de dois modelos para previsão da temperatura de operação de condutores, um modelo completo, baseado em previsões das diversas variáveis meteorológicas e um modelo direto de previsão que utiliza as séries de valores de temperatura. No desenvolvimento dos modelos de previsão foram utilizados modelos estocásticos, lineares, de amortecimento exponencial e Box-Jenkins e técnicas de Redes Neurais Artificiais. Apresenta-se uma série de testes de validação, que mostram um desempenho muito bom dos métodos de previsão, e ilustra-se as possibilidades de aplicação dos modelos desenvolvidos.
Transmission lines have a fundamental role in the electric system performance,connecting power sources to load centers. When the transmission system attains it`s transmission capability limit, the system must be expanded, either constructing new lines, or upgrading existing ones. Among the factors that can limit a transmission line transfer capability is the operating temperature limit, established for both economic and safety reasons. Due to its geographic extension the construction of a transmission line involves a big economic as well as environmental cost. For this reasons the upgrade of existing lines, in the sense of increasing it`s transmission capability, has become a priority to electric utilities and a main option for system expansion. In this work the problem of transmission line conductors` operational temperature is analised and the methodology presently used to establish it`s operational limit is described. Two models to forecast transmission line conductors` temperature are developped:a complete model which uses forecasts of the relevant metheorological variables,and a direct model using univariate methods on temperature series. In the development of forecasting models, linear stochastic methods such as exponential smoothing and Box-Jenkins, as well as Artificial Neural Networks techniques were used.Finally model validation is presented, showing very good performance of the proposed forecasting models, and some potential applications are suggested.

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Zhang, Jiefu. "Characterization of carbon nanostructures based on transmission line model". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/9102.

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In the past two decades carbon nanotubes and graphene have attracted a lot of research attention due to their exceptional electronic properties. The research focus on improving the synthesising techniques will eventually lead to their applications in terahertz wave, millimetre wave and microwave frequencies. In this thesis, a modelling technique based on the transmission line theory is proposed to calculate the 2-port S-parameters of vertically aligned CNT arrays with finite sizes and arbitrary cross sections. The process takes into account all the coupling in the array and gives the analytical solution of S-parameters. The simulation results from the proposed technique are compared with results obtained by effective single conductor model and shows a good matching for small arrays and an increasing difference with the increase of array sizes. From the S-parameters, the fundamental properties of CNT arrays such as input impedance and absorption are obtained and compared with measurement results in microwave frequencies. The dependence of these properties on ambient temperature and host medium are also presented to explore the tunability of CNT arrays. From the Fabry-Perot the wave propagating velocity is also calculated for arrays with different sizes and fitted with a power function. The S-parameters allows the extraction of the complex permittivity, permeability and conductivity of the CNT array. The extracted permittivity and absorption are compared with measurement results. The graphene nanoribbons are simulated in the same manner. The graphene sheet on top of a microstrip gap is simulated using transmission line model at microwave frequencies to show the impact of parasitics and contact resistances. Finally, a graphene based microwave absorber is proposed and modelled under both electric and magnetic bias. The absorber shows good broadband absorption rate and a potential for turning transparent and opaque to microwaves under both electric and magnetic bias.

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John, Lester Ryan. "An inverse transmission line model of the lower limb arterial system". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3254.

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Gao, Youxin. "Interconnect optimization in deep sub-micron design under the transmission line model". Digital version:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p9992795.

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Beeks, Kyle A. "Arterial blood pressure estimation using ultrasound technology and transmission line arterial model". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121663.

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This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 67-69).
This thesis describes the application of a transmission line model to arterial measurements in order to derive useful cardiovascular parameters. Non-invasive ultrasound techniques are used to make these measurements, which has several benefits over invasive methods such as arterial catheterization. However, invasive methods are seen as the "gold standard" measurements and therefore the most accurate. Having accurate measurements that can be done non-invasively would be very desirable for cardiologists to determine their patients' risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This work details how to obtain the blood flow and pulse pressure waveforms using ultrasound transducers. Two transducers, one for imaging and one for Doppler, can be used together to derive these waveforms from distension and blood flow velocity measurements. Unfortunately, the only blood pressure waveform that can be obtained is the pulse pressure, which does not contain diastolic information. By decomposing the backward and forward pulse and flow waves and using the transmission line model, the diastolic pressure can be determined and the complete arterial blood pressure waveform can be obtained.
by Kyle A. Beeks.
M. Eng.
M.Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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Hoxha, Neriton. "Ultra-fast line protection relay algorithm based on a Gamma model of line". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/313348/6/contratNH.pdf.

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The relay protections of the transmission lines play a fundamental role in the electrical power systems. They permit to ensure the security and the reliability of the electricity transmission from the generators to the final consumers. The objective of a relay protection is to provide a corrective action as quickly as possible when an abnormal condition of the power system is detected. The quickness of the response permits to limit the stress on the equipments of the power system and the consumers, to ensure the security of the people, to improve the power quality and to maintain the stability of the power system.The protective relaying systems have evolved a lot since their first implementation in the 1900’s. However, the electrical power systems are in constant evolution and the reliability of the protective relaying systems becomes more and more challenging. The three main characteristics of the relay protections which are security, dependability and speed must be continuously improved to achieve these objectives. The major relay protections implemented nowadays are based on frequency-domain methods. These methods are intrinsically limited in speed by the phasor estimation of the voltage and current signals. More recent methods based on incremental quantities permitted to break this limitation by working directly in time-domain. Despite the speed of these methods, the dependability is usually limited in order to ensure the security.In this work, it is proposed to develop a time-domain ultra-fast non-pilot distance protection based on a Gamma model of line to improve the security, the dependability and the speed, even for long lines and weak power systems. This protection is composed of a loop selection element, a directional element and a distance element. The target tripping time is 4 ms or less.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Uzelac, Lawrence Stevan. "A Multiple Coupled Microstrip Transmission Line Model for High-Speed VLSI Interconnect Simulation". PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4526.

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A model is presented which incorporates the advantages of a mixed mode simulation to characterize transmission line behavior in multiple coupled Transmission line systems. The model is intended for use by digital circuit designers who wish to be able to obtain accurate transmission line behavior for complex digital systems for which continuous time simulation tools such as SPICE would time prohibitive. The model uses a transverse electromagnetic wave approximation to obtain solutions to the basic transmission line equations. A modal analysis technique is used to solve for the attenuation and propagation constants for the transmission lines. Modal analysis done in the frequency domain after a Fast Fourier Transform of the time-domain input signals. Boundary conditions are obtained from the Thevinized transmission line input equivalent circuit and the transmission line output load impedance. The model uses a unique solution queue system that allows n-line coupled transmission lines to be solved without resorting to large order matrix methods or the need to diagonals larger matrices using linear transformations. This solution queue system is based on the method of solution superposition. As a result, the CPU time required for the model is primarily a function of the number of transitions and not the number of lines modeled. Incorporation of the model into event driven circuit simulators such as Network C is discussed. It will be shown that the solution queue methods used in this model make it ideally suited for incorporation into a event-driven simulation network. The model presented in this thesis can be scaled to incorporate direct electromagnetic coupling between first, second, or third lines adjacent to the line transitioning. It is shown that modeling strictly adjacent line coupling is adequate for typical digital technologies. It is shown that the model accurately reproduces the transmission line behavior of systems modeled by previous authors. Example transitions on a 8-line system are reviewed. Finally, future model improvements are discussed.

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Tavighi, Arash. "A frequency-dependent multiconductor transmission line model with collocated voltage and current propagation". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60791.

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This research contributes to developing a time domain and a frequency domain formulations to solve electromagnetic transients in power system with multiconductor overhead transmission lines. The time domain solution introduces a frequency dependent transmission line model “FDLM”. For the development of the FDLM a fundamental constraint is added to the classical line equations to maintain the symmetry between electric and magnetic fields. As a result, voltage waves and current waves travel together and the characteristic impedance remains uniform along the line. With this premise, a constant real transformation matrix can be obtained to diagonalize the line functions with high accuracy. This feature can greatly facilitate the line modelling as opposed to the existing line models which require complex frequency dependent transformation matrices for their diagonalization. The use of a single constant real transformation matrix for the voltage and current waves which is exact over the frequency range enables FDLM to provide higher accuracy and numerical efficiency than the existing line models while it complies with the physical system. The accuracy of the FDLM is assessed through comparisons with a newly developed Discrete Time Fourier Series frequency domain solution. This methodology is based on the correct specification of the time window and frequency window widths. Guidelines are provided for this set up which avoids the typical Gibbs and aliasing errors related to the classical frequency domain solutions. The proposed frequency domain solution is simpler to implement than the most commonly used numerical Laplace transform solution while it does not require further considerations to use damping factors or windowing functions.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Beyers, Ryno Dawid. "Circuit model design of conical transmission line power combiners and isolation of reactive combiners". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96976.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation presents a circuit-based design technique that leads to benefits in terms of the physical size, manufacturability, and exibility in the design of N-way conical line power combiners. An equivalent circuit model for the peripheral input ports of conical line power combiners is extracted, as well as empirical equations that allow the circuit element values to be calculated directly from the physical dimensions of the combiner, and vice versa. This allows for rapid optimization of various dimensions of the combiner at a significantly reduced computational cost compared to full-wave simulations. A design procedure is presented and a conical combiner designed with a measured reflection coefficient of better than -18 dB over a 46 % bandwidth around 10 GHz. The designed prototype is much smaller compared to previous designs while exhibiting similar performance. Design procedures for single-section and multi-section impedance tapered conical to coaxial line transitions are also presented, which can be used to simplify the design of conical combiners and reduce the manufacturing effort. Two combiners are designed, one with a single-section and one with a multi-section transition, and output port reflection coefficients of -23 dB and -17 dB over bandwidths of 20 % and 43 % around 10 GHz are measured, respectively. This dissertation additionally presents a method that can be used in general to improve the input port isolation of N-way power combiners without affecting their reciprocity. A simple S-parameter proof is presented, followed by a derivation of equations that can be used to estimate the worst-case performance. Some design examples are presented, showing that terminations can be used for isolation loads. A prototype based on microstrip transmission lines is manufactured and a much improved input port reflection and isolation performance of -15 dB and 20 dB is measured, respectively, compared to a simulated input port reflection coefficient of -2:5 dB and isolation of 2:5 dB before the method was applied. ii
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif stel 'n stroombaangebaseerde ontwerpsmetode voor wat lei tot voordele in terme van die fisiese grootte, vervaardigbaarheid, en vryheid in die ontwerp van koniese lyn kombineerders. 'n Ekwivalente stroombaanmodel vir die voerpoorte word onttrek, asook empiriese vergelykings wat gebruik kan word om die stroombaanelement waardes vanaf die afmetings van die kombineerder te bepaal. Dit laat die ontwerper toe om verskeie afmetings van die kombineerder te optimeer teen 'n beduidende laer koste in vergelyking met volgolf simulasies. 'n Ontwerpsprosedure word voorgestel en gebruik om 'n koniese kombineerder te ontwerp en 'n weerkaatskoëffisient van beter as -18 dB met 'n bandwydte van 46 % om 10 GHz word gemeet. Die prototipe is aansienlik kleiner as vorige ontwerpe, maar toon soortgelyke werkverrigting. Ontwerpsprosedures vir enkel en veelvoudige deel koniese na koaksiale lyn oorgange word ook voorgestel, wat gebruik kan word om die ontwerp en vervaardiging van koniese kombineerders te vereenvoudig. Twee kombineerders word ontwerp, een met 'n enkel deel oorgang en een met veelvoudige dele, en onderskeidelike uittree weerkaatskoëffisiente van -23 dB en -17 dB oor bandwydtes van 20 % en 43 % word gemeet. Hierdie proefskrif stel ook 'n metode voor wat gebruik kan word om die intree poort isolasie van N-rigting kombineerders in die algemeen te verbeter, sonder om die wederkerigheid daarvan te beïnvloed. 'n Bewys van die metode word gelewer, gevolg deur 'n afleiding van vergelykings wat gebruik kan word om die slegste-geval werkverrigting af te skat. Verskillende voorbeelde van kombineerders word getoon waarop die metode toegepas is, en wys dat terminasies gebruik kan word vir die isolasie laste. 'n Prototipe gebaseer op mikrostrook transmissielyne word vervaardig en 'n verbeterde intreepoort weerkaatskoëffisient en isolasie van onderskeidelik -15 dB en 20 dB word gemeet, in vergelyking met 'n weerkaatskoëffisient van -2:5 dB en isolasie van 2:5 dB voordat die metode toegepas is.

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De, Lauretis Maria. "Transmission line theory for cable modeling: a delay-rational model based on Green's functions". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, EISLAB, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26517.

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At present, induction motors are controlled via the so-called variable-frequency drives (VFD) that allow to control the speed for the motors. The purpose of this PhD thesis is to improve electromagnetic modeling techniques for the study of conducted electromagnetic emissions in variable-frequency drives, with the aim of enhancing their reliability in energy production plants. Pulse-width-modulated voltage converters are used to feed an AC motor, and they are considered to be the primary reason for high-frequency effects in both the motor and the supply grid. In particular, high-frequency currents, known as common mode currents, flow between all energized components and the ground and travel via low-resistance and low-inductance interconnects such as the power cable between the inverter and the motor.Electrically long power cables are commonly used in VFD installations, and require particular attention. Accurate models can be obtained using the theory of multiconductor transmission lines. In the case of nonlinear terminations, such as an inverter, only time-domain analysis is possible. In recent years, several techniques have been proposed. Some of these techniques include the lumped-element equivalent circuit method, the method of characteristics (MoC) and its generalizations, and the Pad´e approach. In this context, a modeling technique based on Green’s functions has been proposed. The input/output impedance matrix is expressed as a rational series, whose poles and their residues are identified by solving algebraic equations. The primary disadvantage of this method lies in the large number of poles that is typically necessary to model the dynamics of the system, especially when electrically long interconnectsare considered. To overcome this limitation, we have proposed the Delay-Rational Green’s-Function-based Method, abbreviated as DeRaG. In this method, the line delay is extracted and, by virtue of suitable mathematical manipulation of the rational series, is incorporated through hyperbolic functions. The delay extraction enables the use of a reduced number of poles and improves the accuracy of the model in general, avoiding any ringing effects in the time-domain response. The primary advantage of the proposed method compared with other well-known techniques lies in the delayed state-space representation. The obtained model can be computed regardless of the terminations and/or sources, and the terminal conditions can be immediately and essentially incorporated.The next step will be to simulate the entire inverter-cable-motor system. The partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) technique will be used to model the interconnects as well as the discontinuities in the power cable that can be caused, for example, by switch disconnectors. The theoretical results will be verified against experimental measurements. The final objective is to provide new techniques for modeling the electrodynamics of variable-frequency drives to allow their complete EMC assessment as early as the design stage and to enable the planning of corrective actions in advance.

Godkänd; 2016; 20160318 (mardel); Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Maria De Lauretis Ämne: Industriell Elektronik/Industrial Electronics Uppsats: Transmission Line Theory for Cable Modeling: A delay-rational model based on Green’s functions Examinator: Professor Jonas Ekman, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik, Avdelning: EISLAB, Luleå tekniska universitet. Diskutant: Professor Sven Nordebo, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik, Linnéuniversitetet, Växjö. Tid: Tisdag 3 maj, 2016 kl 10.30 Plats: A1547, Luleå tekniska universitet

Frekvensomriktares funktion i beredskapskritiska system

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Torrez, Caballero Pablo. "Inclusão do efeito da frequência no modelo de Bergeron : representação de linhas de transmissão curtas e longas considerando transitórios eletromagnéticos resultantes de operações de manobras e de descargas atmosféricas /". Ilha Solteira, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/180446.

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Orientador: Sérgio Kurokawa
Resumo: O objetivo deste projeto é desenvolver um modelo de linha de transmissão que leva em conta as principais características exigidas de um modelo deste componente do sistema elétrico, ou seja, ser desenvolvido diretamente no domínio do tempo, considerar que os parâmetros da linha são distribuídos ao longo de seu comprimento e levar em conta que os parâmetros longitudinais variam em função da frequência. O modelo proposto é baseado no modelo de Bergeron, que é um modelo de linha de transmissão desenvolvido diretamente no domínio do tempo e que leva em conta que os parâmetros de uma linha de transmissão são distribuídos ao longo de seu comprimento. No modelo proposto será levado em consideração que, devido aos efeitos solo e pelicular, os parâmetros longitudinais da linha (resistência longitudinal e indutância longitudinal) são variáveis em relação à frequência. Estes parâmetros serão aproximados por funções racionais e inseridos no modelo de Bergeron. O modelo desenvolvido será utilizado para representar linhas curtas e longas em simulações de transitórios eletromagnéticos resultantes de operações de manobras e de incidências de descargas atmosféricas. Por ser desenvolvido diretamente no domínio do tempo, o modelo proposto pode ser facilmente inserido em aplicativos do tipo ATP (Alternative Transients Program) e será uma ferramenta útil em simulações e análises de transitórios eletromagnéticos em sistemas de energia elétrica.
Abstract: The main objective of our project is to develop a transmission line model that takes into account the main characteristics demanded by a model of this electrical system component, i.e., be developed directly in the time-domain, consider the distributed nature of the line parameters and take into account the frequency dependence of the longitudinal parameters. The proposed model is based on the Bergeron model, which is a transmission line model directly developed in the time domain that takes into account that the transmission line parameters are distributed along its length. In the proposed model it will be taken into account that, due to earth-return effect and skin impedance, the longitudinal parameters (longitudinal resistance and longitudinal inductance) vary in relation to the frequency. These parameters will be approximated by rational functions and will be added to the Bergeron model. The developed model will be used to represent short and long transmission lines in simulations resulting from switching operations and lightning strikes. Because of the model being directly developed in the time-domain, the proposed model can be easily implemented in programs ATP-like (Alternative Transients Program) and will be a useful tool in power system transient analysis.
Doutor

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Siegel, Thomas A. "Magnetic fields of an underground coaxial cable caused by return currents in the earth". Ohio : Ohio University, 1989. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1182517321.

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Mazloom, Ziya. "Multi-conductor transmission line model for electrified railways: A method for including responses of lumped devices". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elektroteknisk teori och konstruktion, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11964.

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For studying the response to transients caused by lightning and other electromagnetic disturbance sources, electrified railway systems can be represented as a system of multiconductor transmission lines (MTL) above a finitely conducting ground. The conductors present in this system would be wires for traction power supply, auxiliary power, return conductors for traction current, the tracks, and finitely conducting ground. In contrast to conventional power systems, where the MTL system is usually only terminated at the line ends, there are lumped devices connected in series and as shunt along the railway network, for example, booster and auto transformers, track circuits, and various interconnections between conductors, influencing surge propagation. In this doctorial thesis a new method for incorporating lumped series and shunt connected devices along MTL systems is presented. Telegrapher’s equations, using the finite difference time domain method, are adopted for finding surge pulse propagations along the MTL systems, simultaneously solving for the lumped devices connected along the lines by means of Kirchoff’s laws for nodal currents and voltages using a circuit solver. As part of this work, case studies are carried out to determine voltages appearing across devices connected along MTL systems representative of a typical Swedish single-track electrified railway system, in cases of direct and indirect lightning strikes. The influence of soil ionization at the grounding points and the nonlinear phenomenon of flashovers between overhead wires and the poles are also investigated. The calculations made show that the devices connected along this system, which are needed for normal and safe operation of the railway system, and nonlinearities are affecting the surge current and voltage distribution and peaks appearing along the MTL system and across devices.

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Chaiwan, Pramote. "NEW ACCURATE FAULT LOCATION ALGORITHM FOR PARALLEL TRANSMISSION LINES". UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/813.

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Electric power systems have been in existence for over a century. Electric power transmission line systems play an important role in carrying electrical power to customers everywhere. The number of transmission lines in power systems is increasing as global demand for power has increased. Parallel transmission lines are widely used in the modern transmission system for higher reliability. The parallel lines method has economic and environmental advantages over single circuit. A fault that occurs on a power transmission line will cause long outage time if the fault location is not located as quickly as possible. The faster the fault location is found, the sooner the system can be restored and outage time can be reduced. The main focus of this research is to develop a new accurate fault location algorithm for parallel transmission lines to identify the fault location for long double-circuit transmission lines, taking into consideration mutual coupling impedance, mutual coupling admittance, and shunt capacitance of the line. In this research, the equivalent PI circuit based on a distributed parameter line model for positive, negative, and zero sequence networks have been constructed for system analysis during the fault. The new method uses only the voltage and current from one end of parallel lines to calculate the fault distance. This research approaches the problem by derivation all equations from positive sequence, negative sequence, and zero sequence network by using KVL and KCL. Then, the fault location is obtained by solving these equations. EMTP has been utilized to generate fault cases under various fault conditions with different fault locations, fault types and fault resistances. Then the algorithm is evaluated using the simulated data. The results have shown that the developed algorithm can achieve highly accurate estimates and is promising for practical applications.

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Chen, Yuan. "A Fast, Passive and Accurate Model Generation Algorithm for RLCG Transmission Lines with Skin Effects". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1116250638.

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Zhao, Lingyin. "Generalized Frequency Plane Model of Integrated Electromagnetic Power Passives". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27692.

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The challenge to put power electronics on the same cost reduction spiral as integrated signal electronics has yet to be met. In the ongoing work for achieving complete power electronic converter integration, it has proven to be essential to develop a technology for integration of electromagnetic power passives. This integration will enable the incorporation of resonant circuits, transformers, EMI filters and the like into the integrated power electronics modules. These integrated electromagnetic power passives have been realized in terms of distributed structures, utilizing magnetic layers, conductive layers and dielectric layers. Because of the compact structures and the special implementation techniques of these integrated modules, the high frequency parasitic resonance are normally significant and may have negative impact on the performance and EMI characteristics. However, the existing modeling technique can only predict the fundamental resonant frequency and showed neither the causes of the high frequency resonance nor how to calculate those accurately. In this dissertation, comprehensive research work towards higher order electromagnetic modeling of integrated passive components is presented. Firstly, an L-C cell is identified as the basic building block of integrated passives such as an integrated series resonator. As an essential mistake in the structure evolution process of the original resonant transmission line primitive, the well-known conventional transmission line equivalent circuit as well as the equations are not applicable for the unbalanced current in an integrated passive module. For this particular application, a generalized transmission structure theory that applies to both balanced and unbalanced current has to be developed. The impedances of a generalized transmission structure with various loads and interconnections have been studied. An open-circuited load and a short-circuited load lead to series resonance and parallel resonance, respectively. The equations are substantiated with experimental results. Some preliminary study indicates the advantages of this unbalanced current passives integration technique. Since the existing integrated passive components are no other than some combination of this generalized transmission line primitive, the theoretical analysis may be applied to the further modeling of all integrated passive components. As the extension of the generalized two-conductor transmission structure model developed for the two-conductor approach, the generalized multi-conductor transmission structure theory has been proposed. As multiple L-C cells are putting in parallel, magnetic and capacitive coupling between cells cannot be neglected. To determine the capacitance between two adjacent conductors on top of the same dielectric substrate, Schwarz-Christoffel transformation and its inverse transformation have been applied with the calculation results verified by measurement. Based on the original voltage and current equations written in matrix form, modal analysis has been conducted to solve the equations. All these provide the basis for any further modeling of an integrated passive structure. Based on the basic L-C cell structure, this dissertation proposes an alternative multi-cell approach to the integration of reactive components and establishes the principles for its design and operation. It achieves the 3-D integration and has a PCB-mount chip-like structure which may have the potential to be more manufacturable, modularizable and mechanically robust. Different functional equivalents can be obtained by different PCB interconnections. The experimental results confirm the functionality as integrated reactive components for applications such as high frequency resonators. To apply the multi-conductor generalized transmission structure model to practical integrated passives structures, three typical cases have been studied: spiral-winding structure integrated series resonator, multi-cell structure integrated series resonator and integrated RF EMI filter. All these structures can be treated as one or more multi-conductor transmission structures connected in certain patterns. Different connection patterns only determine the voltage and current boundary conditions with which the equations can be solved. After obtaining the voltages and currents at each point, the impedance or transfer gain of a structure can be obtained. The MATLAB calculation results correlate well with the measurement results. The calculation sensitivities with respect to variation of various parameters are also discussed and causes of resonance at different frequency range are identified. The proposed generalized transmission structure model based on matrix modal analysis is rather complex and takes a lot of computer time especially when the number of turns is large. Furthermore, the operating frequency of an integrated resonant module is normally around its 1st resonant frequency and up to the 2nd resonant frequency. Therefore, a more simplistic higher order lumped element model which covers the operating range up to the 2nd resonant frequency may be good enough for the general design purpose. A higher order equivalent circuit model for integrated series resonant modules as an example of integrated power passives is presented in this dissertation. Inter-winding capacitance is also considered compared to the conventional 1st order approximation model. This model has been verified by small-signal test results and can be easily implemented into the design algorithm as part of the high frequency design considerations. The wide band modeling and proposed new structure mentioned above provide a comprehensive basis for better design of integrated passive components. As a general frequency plane modeling approach, the work presented in this dissertation may be extended to other passive structures, such as multi-layer capacitors, planar magnetics, etc..
Ph. D.

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Filipovic-Gledja, Visnja. "A probability based unified model for predicting electrical, mechanical and thermal characteristics of stranded overhead-line conductors". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ30086.pdf.

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Niu, Jiani. "A Study on Damage Evolution Mechanism of Hex-Chrome Free Coating/Aluminum System and a Proposed 2D Transmission Line Model Based on Experimental Results". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1415641540.

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Monteiro, José Humberto Araújo 1981. "Resposta transitória no domínio do tempo de uma linha de transmissão trifásica considerando uma nova implementação do efeito pelicular = Time domain transient response analysis of three-phase transmission line considering a new skin effect model". [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/260915.

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Orientadores: José Pissolato Filho, Eduardo Coelho Marques da Costa
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T04:23:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monteiro_JoseHumbertoAraujo_D.pdf: 2599049 bytes, checksum: 247f68cef0523b44c3d1e9c69dc48119 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo de linha de transmissão trifásica utilizando uma nova implementação do efeito pelicular, além do estudo da resposta transitória obtida a partir do referido modelo quando surtos de manobra são simulados. A metodologia tradicionalmente utilizada para o cálculo da impedância interna de cabos sólidos cilíndricos faz uso das funções de Bessel, o que a torna complexa. A metodologia descrita por Gatous é tão precisa quanto a metodologia que utiliza as funções de Bessel e possui a vantagem de ser mais simples, visto que a solução final é um somatório cuja precisão depende da frequência estudada. O modelo desenvolvido neste trabalho emprega a metodologia de Gatous em uma linha de transmissão trifásica, cujos modos de propagação independentes são obtidos a partir da aplicação da matriz de Clarke. Para validar a metodologia de Gatous, foram calculadas a resistência e a indutância interna de cabos com raios variados em uma ampla faixa de frequências. Os resultados foram comparados aos obtidos a partir da metodologia tradicional. A metodologia de Gatous reproduziu com precisão a variação da impedância interna com a frequência. Para avaliar o funcionamento do modelo de linha de transmissão trifásico no domínio do tempo, um caso base foi estabelecido. Uma linha de transmissão trifásica de 69kV, circuito simples, foi submetida a chaveamentos de carga em duas situações distintas: chaveamento sendo executado no ponto de cruzamento com o zero da tensão e; chaveamento no ponto de 90° da tensão. Os transitórios de tensão e corrente foram obtidos a partir do modelo elaborado e comparados com os resultantes do software de análise de transitórios ATP. Os resultados alcançados reproduzem com fidelidade o comportamento transiente descrito pelo software supracitado
Abstract: This paper presents the development of a three-phase transmission line model using a new skin effect calculation and its transient response when some switching surges are applied to it. The methodology commonly used to calculate the internal impedance of solid conductors with cylindrical cross sectional area employs Bessel functions, which makes it a hard task to accomplish. Gatous, in his doctoral work, presented a new method to calculate skin effect impedance as accurate as Bessel¿s methodology with advantage of simplicity, whereas that final solution is an algebraic sum whose precision depends of frequency studied. The transmission line model developed in this work utilizes Gatous¿s method for skin effect impedance calculation in a three-phase transmission line, whose independent modes of propagation are obtained from the application of Clarke's matrix. In order to validate the mentioned methodology, internal resistances and inductances of cables with different size radii were calculated for a wide range of frequencies. The results were compared with those obtained through the traditional method, reproducing correctly the variation of the internal impedance with frequency. A base case was established to evaluate the operation of the three-phase transmission line in the time-domain model. A 69kV three-phase transmission line, single circuit, was subjected to switching load in two distinct situations: switching at zero crossing voltage and switching at voltage peak. Voltage and current transients were obtained from the developed model and compared with those derived from transient analysis software ATP. The results faithfully reproduced the transient behavior described by the above software
Doutorado
Energia Eletrica
Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

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Kim, Woopoung. "Development of Measurement-based Time-domain Models and its Application to Wafer Level Packaging". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5012.

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In today's semiconductor-based computer and communication technology, system performance is determined primarily by two factors, namely on-chip and off-chip operating frequency. In this dissertation, time-domain measurement-based methods that enable gigabit data transmission in both the IC and package have been proposed using Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR) equipment. For the evaluation of the time-domain measurement-based method, a wafer level package test vehicle was designed, fabricated and characterized using the proposed measurement-based methods. Electrical issues associated with gigabit data transmission using the wafer-level package test vehicle were investigated. The test vehicle consisted of two board transmission lines, one silicon transmission line, and solder bumps with 50um diameter and 100um pitch. In this dissertation, 1) the frequency-dependent characteristic impedance and propagation constant of the transmission lines were extracted from TDR measurements. 2) Non-physical RLGC models for transmission lines were developed from the transient behavior for the simulation of the extracted characteristic impedance and propagation constant. 3) the solder bumps with 50um diameter and 100um pitch were analytically modeled. Then, the effect of the assembled wafer-level package, silicon substrate and board material, and material interfaces on gigabit data transmission were discussed using the wafer-level package test vehicle. Finally, design recommendations for the wafer-level package on integrated board were proposed for gigabit data transmission in both the IC and package.

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Tröltzsch, Uwe, i Olfa Kanoun. "Standardization of diffusion and porosity models for electrochemical systems". Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-62777.

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For example for battery diagnosis it is essential to understand mechanisms during discharge and because of aging to optimize cell design and operating conditions. Therefore the overall battery behavior can be modeled by combining models of relevant mechanisms like porosity, charge transfer reaction and diffusion. The aim of this contribution is to define one transmission line model for modeling several of these mechanisms. Thereby a sophisticated normalization strategy allows to eliminate ambiguity and to quantify the influence of each model parameter. The results allow a better understanding of impedance measurements and can for example be used for battery diagnosis and simplified simulations of electrochemical systems. Fitting derived impedance models to measurement data by nonlinear parameter extraction techniques allows to monitor battery parameters during discharge and because of aging. Thereby a sophisticated normalization strategy is essential for unambiguous parameter extraction and useful to quantify the influence of each model parameter.

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23

Li, Ximing. "Damage Evolution of Pipeline API X52 Steel with Different Coating Conditions under Cathodic Protection in Soil and NS4 Solutions". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1406291563.

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Alaya, Oussama, i Maik Fiedler. "Optimal pressure control using switching solenoid valves". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-200545.

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This paper presents the mathematical modeling and the design of an optimal pressure tracking controller for an often used setup in pneumatic applications. Two pneumatic chambers are connected with a pneumatic tube. The pressure in the second chamber is to be controlled using two switching valves connected to the first chamber and based on the pressure measurement in the first chamber. The optimal control problem is formulated and solved using the MPC framework. The designed controller shows good tracking quality, while fulfilling hard constraints, like maintaining the pressure below a given upper bound.

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Rager, David, Rüdiger Neumann i Hubertus Murrenhoff. "Remote Pressure Control - Considering Pneumatic Tubes in Controller Design". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-200510.

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In pneumatic pressure control applications the influence of tubes that connect the valve with the control volume ist mainly neglected. This can lead to stability and robustness issues and limit either control performance or tube length. Modeling and considering tube behavior in controller design procedure allows longer tubes while maintaining the required performance and robustness properties without need for manual tuning. The author\'s previously published Simplified Fluid Transmission Line Model and the proposed model-based controller design enable the specification of a desired pressure trajectory in the control volume while the pressure sensor is mounted directly at the valve. Thus wiring effort is reduced as well as cost and the chance of cable break or sensor disturbance. In order to validate the simulated results the proposed control scheme is implemented on a real-time system and compared to a state-of-the-art pressure regulating valve

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Shi, Lei Photovoltaics &amp Renewable Energy Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Contact resistance study on polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Photovoltaics & Renewable Energy Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41425.

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Thin-film solar cells are widely recognised to have the potential to compete with fossil fuels in the electricity market due to their low cost per peak Watt. The Thin-Film Group at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) is engaged in developing polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) thin-film solar cells on glass using e-beam evaporation technology. We believe our solar cells have the potential of significantly lowering the manufacturing cost compared to conventional, PECVD-fabricated thin-film solar cells. After years of materials research, the focus of the Group??s work is now moving to the metallisation of evaporated solar cells. Minimising various kinds of losses is the main challenge of the cell metallisation procedure, within which the contact resistance is always a big issue. In this thesis, the contact resistance of aluminium contacts on poly-Si thin-film solar cells on glass is investigated. To the best of the author??s knowledge, this is the first ever contact resistance investigation of Al contacts on evaporated poly-Si material for photovoltaic applications. Various transmission line models (TLM) are employed to measure the contact resistance. An improved TLM model is developed to increase the measurement precision and, simultaneously, to simplify the TLM pattern fabrication process. In order to accommodate the particular requirements of poly-Si coated glass substrates, a TLM pattern fabrication process using photolithography is established. Furthermore, a Kelvin sense tester is set up to ensure an accurate measurement of the contact resistance. After establishment of the TLM technique at UNSW, it is successfully tested on singlecrystalline silicon wafer samples. The thermal annealing process of the contacts is also optimised. Then, the general behaviour of Al contacts on uniformly doped poly-Si films (i.e., no p-n junction) is investigated using the verified TLM technique. The long-term stability of the contacts is also studied. This is followed by an investigation of the contact resistance of the back surface field and emitter layers of different types of poly-Si thin-film solar cells. Finally, a novel contact resistance measurement model is proposed that is believed to be able to overcome the measurement bottleneck of the transmission line models.

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Franek, Lešek. "Vícevodičový model komunikace po venkovním elektrickém vedení". Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-256566.

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PLC - power line communication is not new. It has been known for many years. But It never be used in massive scale. There were only sporadic applications, for example ripple control system HDO used in the Czechoslovakia. PLC currently experiencing a renaissance thanks to the advent of Smart Grid. PLC offering relatively low bit rates and relatively unreliable transmission, but these disadvantages compensates very low costs to build a communication infrastructure and it offers specific functionalities for Smart Grid. The question is whether the declared parameters will be met in the real world. This thesis tries to find an answer.

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Schoene, Jens. "Analysis of parameters of rocket-triggered lightning measured during the 1999 and 2000 Camp Blanding experiment and modeling of electric and magnetic field derivatives using the transmission line model". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2002. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE1000160.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Florida, 2002.
Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 184 p.; also contains graphics. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Jayasankaran, Kathik. "STRUCTURE-BORNE NOISE MODEL OF A SPUR GEAR PAIR WITH SURFACE UNDULATION AND SLIDING FRICTION AS EXCITATIONS". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269451200.

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Wang, Chen. "Renewable Energy Integrated Power System Stability Assessment with Validated System Model Based on PMU Measurements". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101015.

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Renewable energy is playing an increasingly significant role in power system operation and stability assessment with its numerous penetration expansion. This is not only brought by its uncertain power output and inverter-based equipment structures but also its operation characteristics like Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT). It is thus necessary to take these characteristics into consideration and further to find more adaptive schemes to implement them for more effective analysis and safer power system operation. All the aforementioned is based on the accurate identification of the system fundamental information. In this dissertation, a systematic approach is proposed to find the valid system model by estimating the transmission line parameters in the system with PMU measurements. The system transient stability assessment is conducted based on this validated model. The constrained stability region is estimated with Lyapunov functions family based method in the center of angles reference frame considering renewables LVRT as operation limits. In order to integrate the LVRT constraints, a polytopic inner approximation mechanism is introduced to linearize and organize the transformed constraints in state space, which brings much scalability to the whole process. From the voltage stability perspective, an approach to adaptively adjust LVRT settings of the renewable energy sources in the system is formulated to guarantee the system load margin and thus the voltage security. A voltage prediction method is introduced for critical renewable energy sources identification. Estimation methods based on interpolation and sensitivities are developed and conducted for saving computation effort brought by continuation power flows. Multiple test cases are studied utilizing the proposed approaches and results are demonstrated.
Doctor of Philosophy

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Kaminski, Junior Joao. "Incertezas de modelo na análise de torres metálicas treliçadas de linhas de transmissão". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/10804.

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Incertezas de modelo invadem todos os estágios de uma análise de confiabilidade estrutural, desde a determinação das ações e do próprio sistema estrutural, até o processo pelo qual o efeito destas ações é avaliado. Neste trabalho, o enfoque é dado nesse último tópico, mais especificamente na avaliação das incertezas de modelo mecânico em torres metálicas treliçadas de linhas de transmissão (LT), o qual tem permanecido ignorado nas estimativas de confiabilidade até então, em parte devido a sua natureza elusiva. Logo, o problema consiste em avaliar as incertezas na predição da resposta estrutural, uma vez que todos os parâmetros que definem as ações externas e o próprio sistema são claramente definidos. A principal motivação deste trabalho partiu de um estudo conduzido pela CIGRÉ sobre torres metálicas treliçadas de LT submetidas a cargas estáticas, o qual sugere que as incertezas de modelo neste tipo de estrutura são relevantes e não podem ser desprezadas, podendo influenciar significativamente na estimativa da confiabilidade. Neste trabalho, são avaliados diferentes modelos mecânicos de torres de LT sujeitos a ações estáticas, além de modelos de torres e trechos de LT submetidos à ação dinâmica de ruptura de cabo, adotada por ser um carregamento dinâmico “bem definido”. Na análise estática, são estudados desde modelos simplificados de torres autoportantes, adotados na prática usual de projeto, até modelos mais aprimorados. A dispersão nos resultados numéricos entre os modelos é usada para quantificar as incertezas relacionadas ao modelo mecânico, e os resultados disponíveis de ensaios estáticos em protótipos são utilizados para encontrar os modelos cuja resposta mais se aproxima dos valores experimentais. A resposta dinâmica de torres metálicas treliçadas de LT submetidas à ruptura de cabo, é comparada entre vários modelos, com diferentes graus de sofisticação e detalhe. São estudados desde o modelo usual de análise e projeto de torres para este tipo de carregamento, passando por modelos relativamente simples, com uma única torre sujeita a uma carga variável no tempo, simulando o efeito da ruptura de um cabo, até modelos mais complexos de trechos de LT, os quais incluem várias torres, cabos e cadeias de isoladores. Diversas fontes de incerteza são avaliadas, considerando a influência de fatores relevantes tais como: a discretização dos elementos de cabo, as condições de contorno dos elementos de cabo das extremidades, as leis constitutivas dos elementos de barra e de cabo e o amortecimento estrutural. Por fim, são discutidas e apresentadas possíveis maneiras de considerar explicitamente a incerteza de modelo na estimativa da confiabilidade e em códigos de projeto de estruturas de linhas de transmissão.
Model uncertainties pervade all stages of a structural reliability analysis, from the description of loads and the system itself, to the process by which the effect of loads on the system is evaluated. In this study, attention is focused on the last issue, specifically in the evaluation of model uncertainties on transmission lines (TL) latticed steel towers, which has remained largely ignored in previous developments of structural reliability, in part due to its elusive nature. In essence, the problem consists of evaluating the uncertainty in response predictions, once all parameters that define the external actions and the system itself have been unequivocally prescribed. The main motivation of this thesis was a study conducted by CIGRÉ on TL latticed steel towers subjected to static loads, among other exploratory assessments, which suggests that model uncertainty is a relevant factor and cannot be disregarded, could significantly influence the outcome of reliability assessments. Herein, different mechanical models of TL self-supporting towers subjected to static loads are evaluated, besides the models of towers and TL segments submitted to dynamic load due to cable rupture, adopted by being a “well defined” loading. In the static analysis, from simplified models of self-supporting towers, like adopted in usual practice of project, to more refined models are studied. The dispersion in the numeric results among the models, together with the data of static prototype tests, are used to quantify model uncertainties. The dynamic response of latticed TL steel towers subjected to cable rupture is predicted by use of various models with different degrees of sophistication or detailing. The predictions of the various models are compared with the aim of quantifying model uncertainty. Several uncertainty sources are evaluated, considering the influence of relevant factors such as: the discretization of the cable elements, the boundary conditions of the end cable elements, the constitutive laws of cables and tower members and the structural damping. Finally, possible ways to explicitly consider model uncertainty in reliability assessments and in code formulations are discussed.

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Bovadilla, Robert Aleksander Gavidia. "Defasador baseado em MEMS distribuídos para aplicações em ondas milimétricas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3140/tde-23092014-100330/.

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Atualmente existe uma demanda por sistemas de comunicação com altas taxas de transferência de dados, trabalhando em ondas milimétricas (mmW). Além disso, os sistemas devem ser cada vez menores, apresentando um baixo consumo de potência e baixo custo para poderem ser utilizados em aplicações sem fio direcionadas ao mercado do consumidor. Neste trabalho, é proposto um defasador passivo miniaturizado de baixas perdas para aplicações em mmW baseado em um conceito inovador utilizando sistemas micro-eletromecânicos (MEMS) distribuídos e linhas de transmissão coplanares de ondas lentas (S-CPW). Assim, a defasagem é conseguida pela liberação das fitadas da camada de blindagem da S-CPW utilizando um processo de corrosão com vapor de HF. As fitas liberadas podem ser movimentadas quando uma tensão DC é aplicada, o que muda a fase do sinal propagado. É apresentado também um modelo eletromecânico e RF do defasador, compostos de elementos concentrados, permitindo a simulação do comportamento dinâmico do dispositivos e a mudança da fase. O defasador foi fabricado utilizando um processo realizado integralmente no Laboratório de Microeletrônica da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Alguns testes elétricos de atuação, demonstram que o processo de fabricação é viável e permitiu a liberação e atuação do plano de blindagem.
There is a demand for millimeter-wave (mmW) high data-rate communication systems. Systems should have small area as well as low power consumption and low cost in order to address wireless consumer applications. In this work, a low-loss distributed microelectromechanical (MEMS) phase shifter for mmW applications based on an innovative concept using distributed MEMS and slow-wave coplanar transmission lines (S-CPW) is proposed. The phase shift is achieved by releasing the ribbons of the shielding layer of the S-CPW with a HF vapor etching process. In this way the ribbons can be allows actuated when a DC voltage is applied, which changes the phase of the propagating signal. An electromechanical model and a RF model were developed using lumped elements, allowing the simulation of the dynamic behavior of the distributed MEMS and the phase shift. The phase shifter was entirely fabricated at the Laboratory of Microelectronics of the Polytechnic School from the University of São Paulo. Some electrical tests showed that the fabrication process is viable and allowed the correct release of the shielding layer of the phase shifter.

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Sjödin, Mattias. "Investigating Particle Cracking in Single- and Polycrystalline Nickel-Rich Cathodes using In Situ Impedance Spectroscopy". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Strukturkemi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-449968.

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State-of-the-art Li-ion cathode materials are based on LiMO2 (M=Ni, Mn, Co) layered transition metal oxides (denoted NMC) with Ni-rich composition because of their high specific capacity. Yet, these materials suffer from poor capacity retention due to crack formation during de-/lithiation cycling. Particle cracking leads to exposure of new electrode surface which leads to Li-inventory loss, increased side reactions, and electric disconnection. Quantification of the extent of cracking is therefore desirable, especially during in situ whilst cycling of the Li-ion cell. Herein, we evaluate and improve an analytical methodology based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in order to estimate the changes in electrochemically active surface area of both poly- and single-crystalline Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1(NMC811) active materials. A transmission-line model (TLM) applied to both non-blocking and blocking electrode condition was utilized in order to deconvolute and interpret the acquired experimental data. Fits of the complex TLM equivalent-circuits to the impedance spectra was facilitated by developing a global stochastic iterative function based on local multivariate optimization. Impedance analysis during short- term cycling showed that the single-crystalline NMC811 suffered from less particle cracking and side reactions compared to polycrystalline NMC811, which was also confirmed from post-mortem gas adsorption analysis. A novel approach to estimate the extent of particle cracking in commercial Li-ion cells by utilizing an empirically strong positive correlation between the charge-transfer capacitance and resistance was proposed. The work presented herein demonstrates the unique prospects of the EIS methodology in the development and research of future rechargeable batteries

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Mohamed, Imran. "The application of negative refractive index metamaterials to mm and sub-mm wavelength instrumentation". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-application-of-negative-refractive-index-metamaterials-to-mm-and-submm-wavelength-instrumentation(2f650eb9-27bb-4865-81a5-d7f086c6cf22).html.

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The manipulation of electromagnetic radiation via the use of periodic arrays of sub-wavelength metallic structures (unit cells), nowadays named "metamaterials", has been known of in the microwave engineering community for over fifty years. In the last decade interest in such sub-wavelength structures grew, mainly due to their ability to interact with radiation in ways natural materials could not e.g. by producing a negative refractive index (NRI). This project sought to see whether NRI metamaterials could provide benefits to the mm and sub-mm wavelength astronomical instrumentation currently in use. To aid rapid design and optimisation of devices made from a cascaded set of metamaterial unit cells, a hybridised Transmission Line (TL) model was developed where the matrix components used in the TL model were "seeded" with data taken from a Finite Element Method (FEM) model of a simpler structure. A comparison between the two found that the TL model was capable of providing results that differed from the FEM model by no more than ~10E−4 for the transmitted intensity, |S21|^2, and <1° for transmitted phase, arg(S21). A slab of material with a refractive index, n = −1, can exhibit an effect known as "superlensing". A three unit cell thick NRI slab was designed, manufactured and experimentally tested. It was found to be capable of producing an NRI across a fractional band of at least 21%, producing a refractive index value of n = −1 at around 90 GHz. The experimental and simulated transmission and reflection data show good match with each other. A highly birefringent air gap Half Wave Plate (HWP) was designed, manufactured and experimentally tested. Defining its useful bandwidth as the region where the phase difference, is equal to (−180 ± 3)° a single HWP had a fractional bandwidth of 0.3%. The bandwidth was extended by using the Pancharatnam method, developed in the 1950's to produce highly achromatic optical wave plates. The method however is applicable to other frequencies and polarisation control technologies. Optimising a three HWP TL-based Pancharatnam model, the HWP's modelled fractional bandwidth increased to 6.6%. Experimental data agrees with the model showing a plateauing of the phase difference at −180°. A highly birefringent polypropylene embedded Quarter Wave Plate (QWP) was also designed, manufactured and tested. Defining its useful bandwidth as the region where the differential phase is (90 ± 2)° a single QWP produced a fractional bandwidth of 0.6%. By optimising a four QWP TL-based Pancharatnam model, the QWP's performance was improved to 7.8%. Experimental data, whilst not in complete agreement with the model does show a reduction in the gradient of phase difference where it crossed 90°. It was found that current designs for NRI metamaterials fall short of the standards required to be used in quasi-optical astronomical instrumentation due to high dispersion and absorption. The high dispersion limits NRI metamaterials to uses in instruments built for narrowband applications. Whilst the Pancharatnam method can increase bandwidths where a flat differential phase response is required, this comes at the cost of increased absorption. To reach their full potential, NRI metamaterials' lossiness must be reduced e.g. possibly by cryogenic means or the use of "active" metamaterials.

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35

Lefort, Romain. "Contribution des technologies CPL et sans fil à la supervision des réseaux de distribution d'électricité". Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2253/document.

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Le déploiement d'une infrastructure de supervision permet une gestion plus intelligente des réseaux de distribution d'électricité comparé à un renforcement traditionnel pour répondre aux nouveaux enjeux de la maitrise de l'énergie (Consommations, EnR, VE, ...). Pour acheminer les données, les Courants Porteurs en Ligne (CPL) possèdent un atout majeur. En effet, cette technologie permet de superposer un signal de plus haute fréquence au signal électrique 50/60 Hz. Toutefois, le support de transmission est difficile et non maîtrisable. Ces travaux de recherche ont pour objectif d'apporter une contribution à cette problématique par l'élaboration d'une plateforme de simulation des réseaux pour des fréquences allant jusqu'à 1 MHz dans un but de transmission de données. Des éléments clés des réseaux sont traités de façon séparés puis assemblés pour estimer les performances des CPL « Outdoor » actuels. La variation du comportement des réseaux en fonction du temps et de la fréquence, en particulier des perturbations en tête d'installation clients sur 24h est étudiée. Les transformateurs entre les réseaux HTA et BT sont modélisés sous la forme d'un « modèle à constantes localisées » et d'un « modèle boite noire ». Les deux modèles sont appliqués sur un transformateur H61 100 kVA. Par la suite, une modélisation des câbles de distribution est proposée sous forme d'un « modèle cascadé ». Celle-ci est appliquée sur un câble souterrain BT. Chaque modèle est obtenu à l'aide de mesures d'impédances, et validé par des mesures de transmissions. Pour compléter, une étude préliminaire sur les communications radio mobile est réalisée pour la supervision des réseaux de distribution
Establishing a supervisory infrastructure allows a better smart management than an expensive strengthening of distribution network to respond to new constraints at the energies control (Consumption, REN, EV ...). To transmit data, Power Line Communication (PLC) technologies present an advantage in this context. In fact, it enables a superposition of High Frequency (HF) signals on electrical signal 50/60 Hz. However, electric networks have not been developed to this application because of difficult propagation conditions. This research work makes a contribution to develop a simulation platform in objective to transmit data to 1 MHz. In first time, each network element is studied singly and in second time, together, to estimate "Outdoor PLC" transmission performance. The first element studied is the networks variation in function of frequency and time. Several 24h disturbance measurements on LV customers are presented. The second element is the transformers which established connection between Medium Voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV). The proposed modeling method is based on a "lumped model" and a "black box model". These models are applied to a 100 kVA H61 transformer most commonly used by French distribution system operator in rural and suburban networks. The third element is the power line used in MV and LV networks. The proposed modeling method is based on a "cascaded model" from the theory of transmission line. This model is applied to one power line used in LV underground network. Each model is obtained from various impedance measurements. To complete, an introductory study on mobile radio communication is performed to remote network distribution

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Satheeskumar, Aravind. "Open Source Model of the Nordic Power System for EU Project Spine". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286815.

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Decision problems in operation and planning of power systems often rely on large-scale models and data sets. Lack of historical power flow data due to regulatory restrictions often limits researchers to study the system with aggregated network models. Aggregated data from the electricity market operators (Nordpool in the Nordics) and the Transmission System Operator (TSO) (from ENTSO-E) are openly available, and can be used to study the power flow and exchanges between different regions but do not directly provide information about intra-region flows. This project builds upon the Nordic 490 system, a previously built model of the Nordic power system. The main objective of this work is to improve the existing open source power flow model of the Nordic power system, in order to become in turn available for the multi-energy modelling and simulation software Spine. The N490 model generates a model of the Nordic power system consisting of various nodes/buses which represent substations at different voltage levels. Then, it distributes the aggregated production, consumption and power exchange data from Nordpool to the various buses. In this project, different possible improvements are evaluated for the model, aiming at estimating a set of network parameters that minimize the errors between the calculated inter-region flows and the ones from the open data repositories. The different improvements which are evaluated are the following. Firstly, the load distribution is modified and reassigned to match the regional electricity consumption. The generators and wind farms are then reallocated to different bus based on their bidding region and proximity to the bus. The databases are improved and the power balance relation modified. Transmission line parameters are then investigated, first to standard recommended values and then by solving an optimisation problem formulated to extract the parameters from the market data. Finally, the model is also tested with wind and solar generation modelled as a generator rather than as a negative load.
Beslutsproblem gällande drift och planering av kraftsystemet baseras ofta på storskaliga modeller och datamängder. Bristen på historiska data gällande effektflöden beror på säkerhetsrestriktioner vilket begränsar forskare till att enbart studera aggregerade nätverksmodeller. Det finns tillgängliga aggregerade data från den nordiska elmarknadsplatsen Nordpool och organisationen ENTSO-E som kan användas för att studera effektflöden mellan olika regioner, dock finns det inte direkta data för flöden inom regionerna. Det här projektet bygger på det nordiska 490-systemet, en tidigare byggd modell av det nordiska kraftsystemet. Huvudsyftet med detta arbete är att förbättra den existerande effektflödesmodellen av det nordiska kraftsystemet, för att i sin tur bli tillgänglig för multienergimodelleringar och simuleringsprogramvaran Spine. N490-modellen genererar en modell för det nordiska kraftsystemet som innehåller olika noder som presenterar ställverk med olika spänningsnivåer och modellen ger också aggregerade data för produktion, konsumtion och effektutbyte mellan de olika noderna från Nordpool. I detta projekt utvärderades olika möjliga förbättringar för modellen som syftar till att uppskatta nätverkets parametrar som kan minimera felen mellan beräkningar av flöde inom regionen och data från öppna datalagringskällor. Följande förbättringar gjordes: Först har lastens fördelning modifierats och ändrats för att matcha den regionala elkonsumtionen. Generatorer och vindkraftsparker allokerades till olika noder baserad på elhandelsområden och närhet till noderna. Databasen förbättrades för att erhålla en bättre effektbalans per område. Kraftledningarnas parametrar ändrades först till rekommenderade standardvärden, vilka sedan förbättrades genom att formulera ett optimeringsproblem för att extrahera parametrarna från markandsdata. Slutligen testades modellen genom att presentera vind- och sol-produktion som generatorer istället för som negativ förbrukning.

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37

Cokkinides, George J. "Frequency dependent transmission line modeling with grounding representation". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15494.

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Seixas, Claudiner Mendes de. "Uma proposta de representação de sistemas de aterramento diretamente no domínio do tempo /". Ilha Solteira, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151976.

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Orientador: Sérgio Kurokawa
Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de representação de sistemas de aterramento elétrico diretamente no domínio do tempo, tendo como vantagem os benefícios da modelagem realizada no domínio da frequência, com os resultados fornecidos diretamente no domínio do tempo, sem passar por transformadas inversas (Laplace ou Fourier). Os modelos no domínio do tempo são facilmente inseridos nos softwares convencionais de análise transitória, onde as tensões e correntes são melhor compreendidas. A maior contribuição deste trabalho está no desenvolvimento de uma técnica capaz de representar o aterramento com elementos discretos e positivos de circuitos (resistores-R, capacitores-C e indutores-L). Assim, o circuito equivalente representativo do aterramento será sempre um circuito possível de ser implementado fisicamente. Nesta proposta o aterramento é inicialmente modelado no domínio da frequência, sua impedância harmônica é obtida e representada por meio de elementos discretos de circuitos (RLC) associados em série e/ou paralelo. Aterramentos constituídos por um eletrodo horizontal ou uma haste vertical foram representados por meio de aproximação usando o método dos mínimos quadrados (vector fitting), que permite obter a função racional equivalente à admitância do aterramento, a partir da qual são extraídos os ramos de circuitos e consequentemente o circuito equivalente. Apesar de ser possível representar uma infinidade de aterramentos, dependendo do comprimento e diâmetro do eletrodo/ha... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor

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Muot, Nathanaël. "Stratégies d’hybridation de méthodes de simulation électromagnétique FDTD/MTL : Application à l’étude de grands systèmes complexes". Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ESAE0019/document.

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Dans ce mémoire, nous présentons une stratégie basée sur une approche hybridedans le domaine temporel, couplant une méthode de résolution des équations de Maxwelldans le domaine 3D (FDTD) avec une méthode de résolution des équations de ligne detransmission, afin de pouvoir simuler des problèmes électromagnétiques de grande échelle. Lemémoire donne les éléments d’hybridation pour deux cadres d’utilisation de cette approche :une approche multi-domaine et une approche multi-résolution ou d’échelle.L’approche multi-domaine est une extension de la méthode FDTD 3D à plusieurs sousdomainesreliés par des structures filaires sur lesquelles on résout une équation de lignes detransmission par un formalisme FDTD 1D. La difficulté est d’abord d’avoir une définitionimplicite du champ électromagnétique dans la théorie des lignes de transmission, et d’autrepart de prendre en compte les effets du sol sur les courants induits au niveau des lignes etsur les champs électromagnétiques.L’approche multi-résolution ou d’échelle est conçue pour étendre les capacités de la méthodeFDTD au traitement du routage de câbles complexes ayant une section plus petite quela taille de la cellule. Ce mémoire présente différentes techniques pour évaluer les paramètresde la ligne, basées sur la résolution d’un problème de Laplace 2D, ainsi qu’une méthode decouplage champs/câbles basée sur le courant de mode commun.L’ensemble de ce travail nous a permis de proposer une méthode numérique efficace pourcalculer les effets électromagnétiques induits par une source (type onde plane ou dipolaire)sur des sites de grande dimension, composés de plusieurs bâtiments reliés entre eux par unréseau de câbles. Dans ce cadre une application à la foudre a été réalisée
In this thesis, we present a strategy based on a hybrid approach in the timedomain, by coupling 3D method (FDTD) with a multi-conductors transmission line (MTL)method, in order to simulate complex large scale electromagnetic problems. This reportgives the theoretical and numerical elements for coupling these approaches for two kindof problems, which are the multi domains approach and the multi scale approach. Themultiple domains approach is an extension of the classical FDTD method taking into accountseveral 3D subdomains, interconnected by a wire network, on which a 1D transmission lineformalism is used. The main issues are, on one hand to have an implicit expression ofthe electromagnetic field in the transmission line approach, and on the other hand to beable to take into account the ground effects on the induced currents, on the transmissionline parameters and on the electromagnetic field. The multi scale approach is developed toextend the capabilities of FDTD to deal with complex cables routing. We assume that thecross section of the cables are smallest than the cell size, and in these problems, the 1Dtransmission line problem is physically included in the 3D global computational domain.The work done in this thesis leaded to a new field to transmission line coupling based onthe common mode current, and an evaluation of the transmission. line parameters basedon a Laplace equation resolution in 2D. In this work, we have elaborated and proposedefficient numerical strategies for the computation of electromagnetic induced effects on largeand complex sites, composed of several interconnected distant buildings. An application tolightning problems have been done

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Robinson, Robert Allen. "An Electroacoustic Analysis of Transmission Line Loudspeakers". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14579.

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The concept of mounting a loudspeaker on one end of a sound-absorbing tube has existed since at least 1936. Surprisingly, a detailed mathematical analysis of the configuration has not been performed, nor has a design method been established. This configuration, known as a transmission line loudspeaker, has received little consideration in the reviewed literature. Instead, it has become frequently featured in magazines for audio hobbyists, where it is experimentally designed with rules seemingly derived from hearsay and described with terms of high praise. In this dissertation, an electro-acoustical model of a fiberglass-filled transmission line is presented. This model represents the transmission line as two separate lines -- a mechanical line that models the mechanical motion of the fiberglass and an acoustical line that models the motion of the air. The lines are linked by the flow resistance of the fiberglass. From the model, solutions for the acoustic pressure, acoustical volume velocity of the air, mechanical velocity of the fiberglass fibers, and mechanical force on the fiberglass in the line are obtained. The fiberglass is characterized and empirical formulas that describe its characteristics are found. It is shown that the modeled input impedance to the transmission line is a good fit to measured data. The performance of the system is assessed by comparing it with the performances of typical loudspeaker mountings, i.e., the infinite baffle, the closed box, and the vented box. Finally, an example is shown of how the equations derived from the model can be used to evaluate the design of a transmission line loudspeaker system.

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41

Venkateswaran, Ajay. "Analysis of planar EBG structures using transmission line models". Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40812.

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The transmission line based analytical solutions have simplified engineering of complex microwave circuits like electromagnetic bandgap structures (EBGs). In this thesis, planar EBG structures are studied by derivation of lumped element and transmission line equivalent circuits followed by utilizing analytical formulations. Based on this approach, a code is developed that predicts the dispersion characteristics of these periodic structures in a matter of few seconds. Planar EBG structures containing meander sections are investigated and a method for development of an equivalent circuit for the meander line portion is presented. The analysis of the studied EBG structures begins from a simple 1D geometry and is extended to more complex 2D geometries. The analytical simulation results are evaluated against full-wave simulations. Inclusion of the meander sections reduces the beginning of the bandgap to below 1GHz resulting in a more attractive structure for low frequency omni-directional filtering.
Les solutions analytiques basées sur des lignes de transmission ont simplifié l'ingénierie de circuits micro-ondes complexes, tel que les EBG. La présente thèse étudie les structures coplanaires EBG à partir d'éléments discrets et de modèles de lignes de transmission, auxquels sont ensuite appliquées des formules analytiques. Grâce à cette approche, un logiciel a été développé permettant de prédire les caractéristiques de dispersion de ces structures périodiques en quelques secondes seulement. Les structures coplanaires EBG contenant des sections courbes sont étudiées et un modèle de circuit équivalent à la portion courbe est proposé. L'analyse des structures EBG commence par une simple géométrie 1D, puis est étendue à des géométries 2D plus complexes. Le résultat des simulations analytiques est évalué par rapport au résultat des simulations analogues. Lorsque les sections courbes sont incluses, le début de la bande interdite est porté en deçà de 1GHz, rendant la structure plus intéressante pour le filtrage basse fréquence omni- directionnel.

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Seixas, Claudiner Mendes de [UNESP]. "Uma proposta de representação de sistemas de aterramento diretamente no domínio do tempo". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151976.

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Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de representação de sistemas de aterramento elétrico diretamente no domínio do tempo, tendo como vantagem os benefícios da modelagem realizada no domínio da frequência, com os resultados fornecidos diretamente no domínio do tempo, sem passar por transformadas inversas (Laplace ou Fourier). Os modelos no domínio do tempo são facilmente inseridos nos softwares convencionais de análise transitória, onde as tensões e correntes são melhor compreendidas. A maior contribuição deste trabalho está no desenvolvimento de uma técnica capaz de representar o aterramento com elementos discretos e positivos de circuitos (resistores-R, capacitores-C e indutores-L). Assim, o circuito equivalente representativo do aterramento será sempre um circuito possível de ser implementado fisicamente. Nesta proposta o aterramento é inicialmente modelado no domínio da frequência, sua impedância harmônica é obtida e representada por meio de elementos discretos de circuitos (RLC) associados em série e/ou paralelo. Aterramentos constituídos por um eletrodo horizontal ou uma haste vertical foram representados por meio de aproximação usando o método dos mínimos quadrados (vector fitting), que permite obter a função racional equivalente à admitância do aterramento, a partir da qual são extraídos os ramos de circuitos e consequentemente o circuito equivalente. Apesar de ser possível representar uma infinidade de aterramentos, dependendo do comprimento e diâmetro do eletrodo/haste combinado com determinadas resistividade e permissividade elétricas do solo, esse método pode não garantir que todos os elementos RLC sejam positivos. Por isso foi desenvolvido uma nova técnica e testada em aplicações com configurações de aterramento mais complexas (malhas). Essa técnica fornece resultados precisos e garante que todos os elementos RLC serão positivos. Sua validação foi realizada comparando os resultados propostos com os resultados obtidos pelo modelo de linha de transmissão (no caso de eletrodo/haste) e pelo modelo eletromagnético híbrido HEM (no caso das malhas). Essa técnica permite o uso de qualquer modelo capaz de fornecer a impedância harmônica, podendo ser aplicada a configurações genéricas de aterramento, o que a torna muito versátil e atrativa.
This work presents a proposal to represent of electrical grounding systems directly in time domain, taking into account the benefits in frequency domain modelling, without employing inverse Laplace or Fourier transforms. The time domain models are easily inserted in conventional electromagnetic transient software, where voltages and currents are better understood. The main contribution of this work is the development of a technique that can represent grounding by discrete and positive circuits elements (R-resistors, C-capacitors and L-inductors). The representation of the grounding is an electric circuit, possible to be implemented physically. Grounding systems is initially modelled in the frequency domain, where its harmonic impedance is obtained and then represented by elements of circuit (RLC) made in series and/or parallel association. Grounding systems constituted by a horizontal electrode or a vertical rod were represented by means of an approximation using the method of the least squares (vector fitting). It reproduces the rational function equivalent to the admittance of the grounding, which branches of circuits are extracted, forming an equivalent circuit. Although it is possible to represent an infinity of groundings, depending on the length and diameter of the electrode / rod combined with certain electrical resistivity and permittivity of the soil, this technique may not guarantee that all RLC elements are positive. However, a new technique was developed and tested in more complex grounding systems (grids). This technique provides accurate results and ensures that all RLC elements will be positive. Its validation was performed comparing the proposed results with the results obtained by the TLM (Transmission Line Model) employed for the horizontal electrodes and vertical rods and by the HEM (Hybrid Electromagnetic Model) employed for grounding grids. This technique allows the use of any model capable of providing harmonic impedance, and can be applied to generic ground configurations, making it very attractive to electromagnetics transient analyses.

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Choong, Yew Kwan. "Advanced modal expansion techniques for the transmission line modelling method". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403698.

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Birget, Philip Laurent Guillaume. "Evolutionary ecology of parasites : life-history traits, phenotypic plasticity, and reproductive strategies". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28805.

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Adaptive phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a genotype to give rise to different phenotypes in different environments, evolves to allow organisms to fine-tune their life-history traits according to the varying conditions they encounter during their lives. Reproductive investment - the manner in which organisms divide their resources between survival and reproduction - is well studied in evolutionary ecology because it is a key determinant of fitness. However, whilst plasticity in reproductive effort is well understood for free-living multicellular taxa (such as insects, birds, and mammals), the application of evolutionary theory for plasticity and life history strategies to unicellular parasites and pathogens is lacking. In this thesis, I use empirical and theoretical approaches to uncover how differential resource allocation to non-replicating, sexual stages (gametocytes) versus asexually replicating stages can be harnessed by the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi to maximise its fitness across the often very variable conditions it encounters during infections. Differential allocation between those stages is equivalent to the fundamental life-history trade-off between survival and reproduction because gametocytes are responsible for between-host transmission (i.e. reproduction of the infection) whereas asexual parasites mediate host exploitation and within-host survival. A suite of within-host models reveal that malaria parasites could gain considerable fitness benefits in the face of low levels of drug treatment if they reduce their investment into gametocyte production ("reproductive restraint"), thereby assuring the continuity of the infection and capitalising on opportunities for future transmission. In contrast, high levels of drug treatment typically select parasites to commit all of their resources to gametocyte production ("terminal investment"), to escape a host that does not offer much opportunity for future transmission. My experiments reveal that P. chabaudi increases both its reproductive investment and its asexual replication rate in anaemic hosts (i.e. host that have a low density of red blood cells), suggesting that parasites profit from host anaemia and can afford high investment in gametocytes ("affluent investment"). I also uncover plasticity in a number of traits that underpin asexual replication rate, including invasion preference for different ages of red blood cells, but it is plasticity in the number of progeny (merozoites) per infected cell that is the main contributor to asexual replication rate. My experiments also reveal genetic variance in plasticity of the life-history traits investigated, which has profound implications for their evolution. Furthermore, plastic modification of these traits is associated with minimal costs or constraints, so that parasites can rapidly match life-history traits appropriately to the within-host environment. Severe anaemia is one of the deadliest symptoms of malaria, so observing that virulence and infectiousness increases in anaemic hosts has also fundamental clinical implications. Finally, the empirical and theoretical observations of affluent investment, reproductive restraint and terminal investment match theoretical predictions of how organisms should behave in varying environments, confirming P. chabaudi as a useful model system to test life-history theory.

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Neto, Acácio Silva. "O modelo SLIM (\"Self-Consistently Interception Model\") para estimativa da incidência de descargas atmosféricas em estruturas - avaliação e aplicação na análise do desempenho de linhas de transmissão de energia". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-24052012-170058/.

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O desempenho de uma linha de transmissão de energia está diretamente ligado ao número médio anual de descargas que nela incidem, o qual depende da densidade média de descargas ao solo na região e também do grau de exposição da linha. Modelos com diferentes graus de complexidade são encontrados na literatura para a estimativa da área de atração de estruturas a descargas atmosféricas. Entretanto, além das grandes simplificações sobre a física das descargas nas quais a maioria desses modelos se baseia, até recentemente não era possível considerar a configuração tridimensional das estruturas. Essa é uma limitação importante, pois detalhes do objeto afetam o campo elétrico e, consequentemente, o processo de formação do líder ascendente. Nesse contexto, o modelo desenvolvido em 2006 por Becerra e Cooray - SLIM (\"self-consistently interception model\") utiliza os conceitos mais recentes da física das descargas para a análise dos processos de formação e propagação do líder. Ao contrário dos demais modelos, o SLIM possibilita que se leve em conta a geometria tridimensional da estrutura. O modelo foi validado com base em comparações entre valores de campo elétrico para estabilização do líder em função da altura calculados e medidos em experimentos utilizando a técnica de descargas provocadas por foguetes, tendo-se obtido excelente concordância entre os resultados. Este trabalho destaca os aspectos mais importantes do SLIM e apresenta uma análise comparativa do mesmo com outros modelos bastante conhecidos, como o Modelo Eletrogeométrico, o Modelo de Eriksson e o Modelo de Rizk, além do procedimento simplificado recomendado pelo Guia IEEE Std. 1243. A análise é feita em termos da distância e do raio de atração, do número de descargas incidentes em uma linha de transmissão e do desempenho da mesma frente a descargas atmosféricas, discriminando as taxas de falhas causadas por falha de blindagem e por \"backflashover\".
In general, about 20 % to 60 % of the electric power service interruptions of distribution lines are attributed to lightning. For transmission lines, a typical figure is 70 %. The appraisal of the lightning performance of a power line is related to its mean flash collection rate, which depends on the mean ground flash density of the region and on the line exposure to direct lightning strokes. Models of different degrees of complexity are found in the literature for the estimation of lightning striking distances of objects and structures. However, besides the oversimplifications of the physical nature of the lightning discharge on which most of the models are based, till recently the tridimensional structure configuration could not be considered. This is an important limitation, as edges and other details of the object affect the electric field and, consequently, the upward leader initiation. Within this context, the self-consistently interception model (SLIM) proposed in 2006 by Becerra and Cooray is state-of-the-art leader inception and propagation leader model based on the physics of leader discharges which, unlike the other existing models, enables the tridimensional geometry of the structure to be taken into account. For the validation of the model, data obtained in rocket-triggered lightning experiments were used and an excellent agreement was found between measured and calculated leader stabilization electric fields as a function of the height of the rocket. This work describes the most important aspects of the new model and presents a comparative analysis of SLIM and other well-known model such as the Electrogeometric Model (EGM), Erikssons Model, and Rizks Model, as well as the simplified procedure recommended by IEEE Std. 1243. The analysis is done in terms of the striking distance, attractive radius, and the flash collection rate of a transmission line, as well as on its lightning performance, discriminating between the failure rates caused by shielding failure and backflashover.

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Daltin, Rodrigo Serra. "Representação modal alternativa de linhas de transmissão trifásicas simétricas não idealmente transpostas /". Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87221.

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Orientador: Sérgio Kurokawa
Banca: Luiz Fernando Bovolato
Banca: Afonso José do Prado
Resumo: Esta dissertação descreve um processo alternativo para decompor uma linha de transmissão trifásica, simétrica e não transposta nos seus modos exatos por meio da utilização de duas matrizes de transformação. A primeira é a matriz de Clarke que desacopla a linha em suas componentes a, ß e zero. A componente ß é um modo exato enquanto que as componentes a e zero são acopladas. Em seguida, as componentes a e zero são representadas por uma linha bifásica que pode ser decomposta em seus modos exatos por meio de uma matriz de transformação adequada, cujos elementos podem ser sintetizados, no domínio do tempo, por técnicas de aproximações por curvas. O método pretende unir as vantagens da matriz de transformação exata (que produz modos exatos) com as vantagens da matriz de Clarke, que é real, independente da freqüência e facilmente representável em programas que realizam simulações de transitórios, como é o caso do EMTP. Assim, o método pode ser utilizado em situações em que o acoplamento entre as componentes a e zero não possa ser desconsiderado. O processo foi utilizado para simular a energização de uma linha trifásica, sem transposição, com um plano de simetria vertical, 440 kV e comprimento de 500 km que foi representada no domínio modal por meio do método proposto e também por meio do uso da matriz de autovetores (como sendo a matriz de decomposição modal). O método é coerente, pois foram obtidos resultados semelhantes com os dois métodos de decomposição modal, enquanto que com o uso somente da matriz de Clarke, verificou- se certa diferença em relação aos valores esperados.
Abstract: This dissertation describes an alternative procedure to decompose a non-transposed threephase transmission line into exact modes, by using two transformation matrices. The first one is Clarke's matrix, which separates the line into quasi-modes a, ß e zero. The ß component is an exact mode while a and zero are coupled. After that, the coupled components are represented by using a two-phase transmission line without a vertical symmetry plane that can be decomposed with a modal transformation matrix whose elements can be achieved, in timedomain, through standard curve-fitting techniques. The method intends to join the Clarke's matrix advantages which crucial aspect is being real, frequency-independent and easily represented in computational transient programs (EMTP) with eigenvector's matrix used in situations where the coupling between a and zero components cannot be disconsidered. The process was used to energize a three-phase transmission line with a vertical symmetry plane, which nominal voltage is 440kV and its length, 500km. It was represented in the modal domain by considered method and, on the other hand, by using eigenvector's matrix (as being the decomposition matrix). In fact, the obtained results had shown that the method is coherent, because it is obtained similar results with the application of the two mentioned modal decomposition methods, whereas with the use of Clarke's matrix, a perceptible difference in relation to the expected values was verified.
Mestre

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Jin, Won Tae. "Circuit models for a millimeter-wave suspended-microstrip line discontinuity". Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA240906.

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Thesis (M.S. in Systems Engineering (Electronic Warfare))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 1990.
Thesis Advisor(s): Atwater, Harry A. Second Reader: Janaswamy, Rama. "September 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on December 29, 2009. DTIC Identifier(s): Suspended striplines, microstrip lines, equivalent circuits, program listings, theses. Author(s) subject terms: Suspended-microstrip line, step discontinuity, equivalent circuit model, step-change. Includes bibliographical references (p. 60). Also available in print.

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Wang, Xi. "Corrosion Protection of Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3 by Al-Rich Primer". The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1557143060015145.

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Sun, Fengyuan. "Analyse et caractérisation des couplages substrat et de la connectique dans les circuits 3D : Vers des modèles compacts". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0073/document.

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L’intégration 3D est la solution technologique la plus prometteuse pour suivre le niveau d’intégration dictée par la loi de Moore (cf. more than Moore, versus more Moore). Elle entraine des travaux de recherche importants depuis une douzaine d’années. Elle permet de superposer différents circuits et composants dans un seul boitier. Son principal avantage est de permettre une association de technologies hétérogènes et très spécialisées pour la constitution d’un système complet, tout en préservant un très haut niveau de performance grâce à des connexions très courtes entre ces différents circuits. L’objectif de ce travail est de fournir des modélisations cohérentes de via traversant, ou/et de contacts dans le substrat, avec plusieurs degrés de finesse/précision, pour permettre au concepteur de haut niveau de gérer et surtout d’optimiser le partitionnement entre les différentes strates. Cette modélisation passe par le développement de plusieurs vues à différents niveaux d’abstraction: du modèle physique au modèle « haut niveau ». Elle devait permettre de répondre à différentes questions rencontrées dans le processus de conception :- le modèle physique de via basé sur une simulation électromagnétique 2D ou 3D (solveur « éléments finis ») est utilisé pour optimiser l’architecture du via (matériaux, dimensions etc.) Il permet de déterminer les performances électriques des via, notamment en haute fréquence. Les simulations électromagnétiques permettent également de quantifier le couplage entre via adjacents. - le modèle compact analytique de via et de leur couplage, basé sur une description de type ligne de transmission ou noyaux de Green, est utilisé pour les simulations au niveau bloc, ainsi que des simulations de type Spice. Les modèles analytiques sont souvent validés par rapport à des mesures et/ou des modèles physiques
The 3D integration is the most promising technological solution to track the level of integration dictated by Moore's Law (see more than Moore, Moore versus more). It leads to important research for a dozen years. It can superimpose different circuits and components in one box. Its main advantage is to allow a combination of heterogeneous and highly specialized technologies for the establishment of a complete system, while maintaining a high level of performance with very short connections between the different circuits. The objective of this work is to provide consistent modeling via crossing, and / or contacts in the substrate, with various degrees of finesse / precision to allow the high-level designer to manage and especially to optimize the partitioning between the different strata. This modelization involves the development of multiple views at different levels of abstraction: the physical model to "high level" model. This would allow to address various issues faced in the design process: - The physical model using an electromagnetic simulation based on 2D or 3D ( finite element solver ) is used to optimize the via (materials, dimensions etc..) It determines the electrical performance of the via, including high frequency. Electromagnetic simulations also quantify the coupling between adjacent via. - The analytical compact of via their coupling model, based on a description of transmission line or Green cores is used for the simulations at the block level and Spice type simulations. Analytical models are often validated against measurements and / or physical models

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Asti, Gislaine Aparecida [UNESP]. "Um procedimento de estimação de parâmetros de linhas de transmissão baseado na teoria de decomposição modal". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87128.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:29:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 asti_ga_me_ilha.pdf: 793466 bytes, checksum: de9dfe6a0e865851e180ff428252c9a2 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar uma metodologia para estimar os parâmetros de linhas de transmissão. O método é baseado na teoria de decomposição modal de linhas de transmissão e é desenvolvido a partir das medições das correntes e tensões nos terminais da linha. Conforme testes realizados por Kurokawa, et al., (2006), o método de estimação de parâmetros é exato se a matriz de decomposição modal é conhecida. Desse modo, neste trabalho, o método será aplicado em uma linha de transmissão trifásica de 440 kV não transposta, em uma frequência de 60 Hz, para vários comprimentos de linhas, onde será utilizada a matriz de Clarke como sendo uma matriz de decomposição modal
The objective of this work is to show a methodology to estimate the transmission lines parameters. The method is based the theory of modal decomposition of transmission lines and is developed from measurements of currents and voltages at the terminals of the line. According to tests realized by Kurokawa, et al. (2006), the method of parameter estimation is exact if the modal transformation matrix is known. Thus, in this work, the method will be apllied in three phase transmission line of 440 kV non transposed, in a frequency of 60 Hz, for various lengths of lines, were the matrix will be used Clarke as a modal decomposition matrix

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