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1

LARSON, PIER M. "ENSLAVED MALAGASY AND ‘LE TRAVAIL DE LA PAROLE’ IN THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY MASCARENES". Journal of African History 48, nr 3 (listopad 2007): 457–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853707002824.

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ABSTRACTMalagasy speakers probably formed the single largest native speech community among slaves dispersed into the western Indian Ocean between 1500 and 1900. In the eighteenth-century Mascarenes, Malagasy parlers (dialects) served as a contact language, understood both by persons born in Madagascar and by those with no direct ties to the island. Catholic missionaries working in Bourbon and Île de France frequently evangelized among sick and newly disembarked Malagasy slaves in their own tongues, employing servile interpreters and catechists from their ecclesiastical plantations as intermediaries in their ‘work of the word’. Evangelistic style was multilingual, in both French and Malagasy, and largely verbal, but was also informed by Malagasy vernacular manuscripts of Church doctrine set in Roman characters. The importance of Malagasy in the Mascarenes sets the linguistic environment of the islands off in distinctive ways from those of Atlantic slave societies and requires scholars to rethink the language and culture history of the western Indian Ocean islands, heretofore focused almost exclusively on studies of French and its creoles.
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Voronina, Kamilla. "Jabberwocky in French Translations". Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Series: Foreign Philology. Methods of Foreign Language Teaching, nr 94 (30.11.2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2227-8877-2021-94-04.

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This paper focuses on the specifics of rendering lexical nonsense into the target language. The research is done on the basis of one of the outstanding poems of all times belonging to the genre of nonsense, namely Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll and 12 translations into French. As a result of the research it was established that the interpretation of any nonsensical representation of the lexical level has a significant impact on its reproduction in the target language, but does not limit translators in their creative approaches. We claim that nonsense is an interesting, complex, and ambiguous phenomenon which implies a plurality of potential options for its interpretation, and reproduction in the target language. Lexical nonsense units are deprived of one single sense and thus one single variant of their interpretation due to their word formation. In most cases, Lewis Carroll chose blending, which resulted in coining new words with two or more meanings “packed up” into one word. To make interpretation easier, the author gave his commentaries on the pages of the literary work. In most cases, L. Carroll’s game with meanings is reproduced in French translations by means of calquing the word-formation pattern. In certain cases, translators are guided by the author’s commentary and they select the means of the French language as accurately as possible to reproduce Carroll’s intentions. In most cases, Carroll’s lexical nonsense units are reproduced in the French translations by means of blending and compounding. In some cases, the translators take a creative approach bringing new meanings into Carroll’s game, different from his initial intention. And their game becomes so specific that it goes beyond the reader’s imagination. The translators’ preference to use calque to coin their equivalents is a manifestation of the domestication strategy in most analyzed translations. Only one translator borrowed English nonsensical lexemes to name main characters in his French translation, which we consider to be the manifestation of foreignization strategy.
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3

Novospasskaya, Natalia V., Antsa Miangola Malala Raadraniriana i Olesya V. Lazareva. "IMAGE OF A WOMAN IN RUSSIAN, FRENCH, SPANISH AND MALAGASIAN LINGUO5CULTURES ON THE MATERIAL OF PAREMIA". RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 10, nr 2 (15.12.2019): 301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2019-10-2-301-322.

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The article offers an analysis of the paremias of Russian, French, Malagasy and Spanish, devoted to women. The research material was the paremiological units of these languages, obtained by continuous sampling from collections of paremias, works of art and bilingual dictionaries, the selection criterion is the presence of a woman’s lexical unit (French femme , Spanish mujer , Malagasy Vehivavy ) or a description of appearance, significance, behavior function as mother, wife, housewife, etc. in paremias in considered linguocultures. The purpose of the study is to reveal the universal and cultural-specific features of the concept of a woman in the considered corps of the Russian, French Malagasy and Spanish paremies. The tasks of the work also include consideration of the peculiarities of the paremiological and lexical units used in this fragment of the linguistic picture, as well as to describe the general and non-coinciding aspects of the origin and functioning of the antiparemia and the use of gradualness in the paremies. The selection and analysis of paremiological units showed that in the languages in question one can find paremic units characterizing a woman as ideal, intelligent, strong, etc. person, and also the importance of a woman as a housewife and her superiority over a man. A significant part of the analyzed linguistic material is made up of paradoxes in which a woman is compared with a female animal, a plant or object with which a certain quality of a woman is associated, and also a woman is presented as a stupid, talkative, unreliable, lazy, capricious person or unreasonable wife. The originality of the research is that the first time the analysis of the comparative consideration of the paremias about the woman on the material of the Russian, French, Malagasy and Spanish languages and the lexical and paremiological material of the Malagasy language introduced into the scientific circulation is made.
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4

Ibodulla Kamolovich, Mirzaev. "Translations from French literature in 60-70s". International Journal on Integrated Education 2, nr 5 (4.11.2019): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i5.159.

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This article deals with translation practice the French literature in the Uzbek language. The ways of translation some stories in 60-70s are given in it. Several examples of translations in Uzbek, Russian and French are presented in this article.
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5

Bollée, Annegret. "French on the Island of Bourbon (Réunion)". Journal of Language Contact 8, nr 1 (17.12.2015): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00801005.

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France first laid claim to the uninhabited Island of Bourbon in 1640 (the name was changed into La Réunion in 1848), but permanent settlement and colonisation did not start until 1665. The present study zooms in on the first 50 years of the French colony and examines the intricacies of who spoke which language to whom on the basis of sociodemographic data concerning colonial households in the société d’habitation (‘homestead society’). Interethnic marriages were frequent in the first years; many of the first French settlers had Malagasy spouses and servants, others married young women from India. Malagasy can be shown to have left an imprint on the variety of French spoken during the early years of the colony. It is assumed that the colonists and their slaves spoke varieties which can be classified as approximative French, sharing several features with other varieties of overseas French. These early approximative varieties of French became the basis from which Réunion Creole developed in the société de plantation (‘plantation society’) in the years after 1725.
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6

Kaufmann, Jeffrey C. "Archival Research in Antananarivo, Madagascar: The National Archives". History in Africa 24 (styczeń 1997): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172042.

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The Malagasy proverb “You can't catch a locust if your armpit is not close to the ground” (Ny valala tsy azo raha tsy andrian'elika) perhaps characterizes archival research in Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar. There are at least eight research facilities with archival materials in town: the National Archives (Foiben'ny Arisivam-Pirenena Malagasy); the Academie Malgache; CIDST (Centre d'Information et de Documentation Scientifique et Technique); the National Library (Tranomboky-Pirenena); the University Library; and three church archives (American Lutheran, Norwegian Lutheran, and Catholic). In this paper I give some background information on the collections in the National Archives, outline how to use the facilities, provide an annotated bibliography of the finding aids there, and give some tips for one's stay in Antananarivo.Madagascar's National Archives inherited many documents from the monarchical period. At the beginning of the colonial administration, the French deposited royal documents at the Queen's Palace (Rova) in Antananarivo. During their occupation they added documents from the territorial and central administrations. The whole collection was transferred to French headquarters before the Malagasy direction of Civil Affairs was created. On 1 March 1958 the Service des Archives de Madagascar was instituted. From then on, the archives have been under the jurisdiction of the head of government.The National Archives are remarkable for their materials on the following topics: the history of the Malagasy people; their customs and practices; and their way of thinking that distinguishes them from the majority of other people. Moreover, the National Archives have collections that do not exist in other libraries, such as the Academie Malagasy and CIDST.
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7

Smith, Paul J. "Folly Goes French". Erasmus Studies 35, nr 1 (2015): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18749275-03501003.

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The early-modern French translations of Erasmus’ Praise of Folly show an astonishing adaptability to its ever changing readerships. Much attention has been paid recently to the two sixteenth-century translations (1518 and 1520) and their intended readers—royal and bourgeois respectively. The three French translations of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are less known but all the more intriguing. In 1642 Folly addresses herself to the French pre-classicist readers, adepts of Richelieu’s new Académie Française—although her translator, Hélie Poirier, was a Protestant refugee, recently settled in the Netherlands. In 1671 Folly seeks her readers in the Parisian salons, satirizing the same societal wrongs as her great contemporary Molière in Tartuffe and Les femmes savantes. The successful translation by Nicolas Gueudeville (22 editions from 1713 onward) is also a chameleon: originally translated and printed in Leiden, the text gradually becomes more Parisian with each passing edition. Folly’s language is bowdlerized according to the principles of bienséance, and Vianen’s illustrations, based on Holbein, are discarded as rude and old-fashioned. In 1751 they are replaced by Charles Eisen’s elegant, long-limbed, periwigged figures, dressed to the latest fashion. Although she changes her name (Moria/Stultitia—Dame Sottise—Dame Folie), her language (from humanist Latin to Parisian French), her appearance and attire (from Holbein to Eisen), Folly remains much the same through the ages—everlasting and omnipresent, just as the vices she laughs at.
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8

Karas, Hilla. "Intralingual intertemporal translation as a relevant category in translation studies". Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 28, nr 3 (19.09.2016): 445–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.28.3.05kar.

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Abstract This article argues for intralingual intertemporal translations as a separate category within the field of translation studies. Not only do these translations seem to have common characteristics and behaviors, but it is precisely their particularities that make them a key to understanding more ‘typical’ translations. Two main sets of examples will serve as demonstration: translations from Old French into Middle and Modern French, and a Modern Hebrew translation of the Old Testament, originally written in Biblical Hebrew, as well as the public discussion following its publication.
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9

Cole, Jennifer. "Working Mis/Understandings: The Tangled Relationship between Kinship, Franco-Malagasy Binational Marriages, and the French State". Cultural Anthropology 29, nr 3 (11.08.2014): 527–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14506/ca29.3.05.

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Marriage migration and family reunification have become one of the few ways for migrants from former French colonies to gain legal entry to France. As a result, love, marriage, and kinship have become central to the politics of contemporary border control. Based on extensive research with Franco-Malagasy families in southwestern France, this article examines how couples negotiate the complexities of their binational relationships in the context of state-fostered xenophobia and suspicion. I suggest the analytic of a working mis/understanding to capture how these marriages operate. While at one level the working mis/understanding enables Malagasy women and French men to bridge their different notions of kinship, at another level it naturalizes a long-standing colonial relationship between France and Madagascar. I further consider how the sociocultural dynamics of the working mis/understanding illuminate how state regulations produce the commodification of intimate relations allegedly intrinsic to these marriages.
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10

Cosme, Christelle. "Clause combining across languages". Languages in Contrast 6, nr 1 (23.06.2006): 71–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.6.1.04cos.

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This study explores clause combining in English and French, with special emphasis on the relationship between and/et-coordination and subordination. More precisely, the claim that English shows a strong preference for coordination while French makes more intensive use of subordination is tested against bilingual corpus data, viz. a comparable corpus of original texts and a bidirectional translation corpus. The study shows that the number of shifts from coordination to subordination is higher in translations from English into French than in translations from French into English. This finding lends strong support to the initial hypothesis.
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11

Haugen, Marius Warholm. "Traduire le Voyage comme acte politique". Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 55, nr 2 (7.08.2019): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.17016.hau.

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Abstract This article studies the discourse in the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century French periodical press on the topic of translations of travel writing. It reveals that travel reviews were arenas for discussing the political and ideological value of translating travelogues into French, notably from English. In the context of the Franco-British conflicts at the turn of the century, the French press perceived translations of British travel writing as potential patriotic tools that allowed different ways of countering or subverting British global influence. Paratextual elements of translations, the translator’s prefaces and notes, appeared to be particularly important in this respect. By analysing the periodical discourse on travel book translations, the article shows how travel writing was constructed as a politically invested genre.
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12

Cummins, Sarah, i Geneviève Parent. "Translating maman and papa: A corpus-based survey". Translation and Interpreting Studies 2, nr 1 (1.01.2007): 3–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tis.2.1.01cum.

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This study examines the translation of the French terms maman and papa by English-language translators from the nineteenth century to the present. Following a comparative analysis of the semantics of the French terms and of their most typical English translations, the authors of the study isolate trends in the translation of these terms through analysis of corpora of French and Quebecois literary texts and their translations.
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13

HATİPOĞLU, Recep. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE MANIPULATION ON THE PREFACES IN TERMS OF PARATEXTS: THE FIRST FRENCH AND ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE HOLY QUR’AN". SOCIAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 8, nr 37 (15.05.2023): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31567/ssd.915.

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The manipulation in translation is a fact that can sometimes be seen through history. The statements such as, “All translations imply that the source text is manipulated in some way for a specific purpose”, and “Translation cannot be thought differently from ideology” are partly correct especially in the sacred texts, social media translations and translations related to politics because the translation of a sacred text related to a religion to which you are not connected is very difficult and it necessitates precision, and also the manipulation in translations of social media and political texts is a way sometimes used to manipulate. When the translations of the Qur’an examined, the strategies such as addition, omission, modulation are seen to be used very often. However,even though the manipulation is not usually deliberate, the using of prefaces is a way sometimes used to manipulate the readers. In the first Qur’an translation in French done by André du Ryer in 1647 and the first translation in English directly from the French version by du Ryer, it can be seen that the readers are manipulated through the section “Au lecteur” in French translation and “To the reader” in English version. In this study, the first French and English translations of the Qur’an will be examined with regards to the manipulation in the prefaces in terms of paratextes.
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14

Cappelle, Bert, i Rudy Loock. "Is there interference of usage constraints?" Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 25, nr 2 (17.05.2013): 252–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.25.2.05cap.

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We examine the possible impact of frequency differences between a construction in L1 and its equivalent in L2 on translations. Our case is that of existential there in English and existential il y a in French. Using corpus evidence, we first confirm previous claims that existential there is used more freely in English than existential il y a is in French. Drawing on extensive counts conducted in available corpora and self-compiled samples of translated English and French, intra-language comparisons of translated and non-translated language use show that existential there is under-represented in English translated from French while existential il y a is over-represented in French translated from English. It is suggested that source-language interference is responsible for these differences. In addition, counts of existentials in individual novels and their translations show that inter-language frequency shifts systematically occur in the direction of target-language norms, most clearly so for translations into French, which suggests that the observed usage constraint on il y a still applies to a noticeable extent in translated French. Methodologically, we argue the need for a large corpus of translated French.
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Boginskaya, Anastasia. "French translations of “Eugene Onegin”: on the conveyance of stylistic patterns". Litera, nr 11 (listopad 2021): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2021.11.36632.

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This research is dedicated to the topic of multivariate translations. Leaning on the text corpus that contains 16 French translations of A. S. Pushkin's novel “Eugene Onegin”, analysis is conducted on the peculiarities of conveying certain characteristic stylistic patterns in French texts alongside other stylistic techniques of the original, as well as changes in translations depending on the poetic form chosen by the translator. The selected extensive material trace traces the evolution of translators’ approach towards the stylistics of Pushkin's text over time. The article focuses on the chapters III and VIII of the novel. Comparative analysis demonstrates the dependence of the stylistic aspect of translation on the poetic form chosen by the translator. Prose translations provide more accurate stylistic equivalents than translations of the verses. Poetry translations are divided into two groups: 1) accurate compliance with the of Onegin’s verse; 2) departure from the rhyme pattern of the original. The frequency of transmitting stylistic techniques of the original in both groups does not demonstrated significant systematic differences. The author determines the consistencies in conveying certain stylistic patterns in various French translations. Periphrases, comparisons, inversions, and metaphors most of the time receive stylistically accurate equivalents in all translations; while metonymy and polysyndeton with conjunction “and” do not. The scientific novelty lies in examination of the text corpus that contains virtually all existing full translations of the novel “Eugene Onegin”.
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16

McIlfatrick-Ksenofontov, Miriam. "Fetching Poems from Elsewhere: Ciaran Carson’s Translations of French Poetry". Interlitteraria 21, nr 1 (4.07.2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2016.21.1.5.

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Ciaran Carson is a renowned Northern Irish poet with a distinguished record of translating poetry from Irish, Italian and French. This article focuses on his translation practice as evidenced in his three volumes of French poetry in translation: sonnets by Baudelaire, Mallarmé and Rimbaud; prose poems by Rimbaud; and poems by Jean Follain. Guided by the music, the matter, and the linguistic and ontological going-beyond of the originals, Carson variously ‘adapts’ prose poems to a rhyming alexandrine format, makes explicit use of derivation, shifts spatio-temporal perspective, and ‘doubles’ his French translations with English originals. Carson’s approach of ‘fetching’ poems from ‘elsewhere’ is assessed in the light of Meschonnic’s poetics of translation, which would define the overarching objective as producing new poems in English which do in English what the originals do in French. The analysis of Carson’s new poems is also informed by conceptualizations of creativity and originality arising from research in cognitive science, literary studies and critical theory. Carson’s practice of working under constraints suggested by the original poems and exploiting possibilities offered by and between the two languages leads to an expressive plurality that unsettles notions of source and target language. His translation artefacts and commentaries are examined for the light they shed on originality and derivation; writing and translating; the subjectivity of the translator; and the relationship between original poem and new poem.
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Thiébaut, Rafaël. "Rituals and coutumes in the European slave trade on Madagascar in the 17th and 18th centuries". Afrika Focus 29, nr 2 (26.02.2016): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02902006.

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In this text, we will retrace the commercial interactions linked to the slave trade between Europeans and Malagasy in the 17th and 18th centuries. As is often the case, this commerce was much more than a simple exchange of products, it can be termed a ritual, created by Malagasy sovereigns to which the Dutch and French merchants had to adhere. This ranged from presenting courtesy gifts up to the delivery of oral and written venerations, and represented an important confirmation of power. The monarch often kept the upper hand over the Europeans who found themselves on hostile terrain, though the latter were not completely stripped of power as they effectively controlled the volume of this external commerce.
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Dumestre, Gérard. "Syntactic borrowings from Bambara to French: a first account". Language in Africa 1, nr 4 (30.12.2020): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2686-8946-2020-1-4-9-26.

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Unlike lexical borrowings, syntactic borrowings from Bambara to French have never been studied. This first identification, from the study of various oral and written texts, makes it possible to highlight a dozen cases of contamination, the frequency of which appears to be all the more important as these are translations from French, or texts whose content is of the “modern” type. On the other hand, in traditional texts, syntactic borrowings from French are almost absent.
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Ewell, Barbara C. "THE KATE CHOPIN COMPANION: WITH CHOPIN'S TRANSLATIONS FROM FRENCH FICTION". Resources for American Literary Study 18, nr 2 (1.01.1992): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26366822.

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Ewell, Barbara C. "THE KATE CHOPIN COMPANION: WITH CHOPIN'S TRANSLATIONS FROM FRENCH FICTION". Resources for American Literary Study 18, nr 2 (1.01.1992): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/resoamerlitestud.18.2.0241.

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Orsini, Francesca. "From Eastern Love to Eastern Song: Re-translating Asian Poetry". Comparative Critical Studies 17, nr 2 (czerwiec 2020): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2020.0358.

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This essay explores the loop of translations and re-translations of ‘Eastern poetry’ from Asia into Europe and back into (South) Asia at the hands of ‘Oriental translators’, translators of poetry who typically used existing translations as their original texts for their ambitious and voluminous enterprises. If ‘Eastern’ stood in all cases for a kind of exotic (in the etymological sense of ‘from the outside’) poetic exploration, for Adolphe Thalasso in French and E. Powys Mathers in English, Eastern love poetry could shade into prurient ethno-eroticism. For the Urdu poet and translator Miraji, instead, what counted in Eastern poetry was oral, rhythmic and visual richness – song.
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Meyer, Yvonne, Céline Lemay i Claire de Labrusse. "From Midwifery to Maïeutique: Lost in Translation". International Journal of Childbirth 8, nr 3 (1.02.2018): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2156-5287.8.3.177.

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AIMTo understand the meaning and impact of translating “midwifery” into “maïeutique” as proposed in The Lancet Series on Midwifery.METHODSLinguistic change in terminology was analyzed by comparing English/French translations, reviewing the French literature, and analyzing the results of a survey among French-speaking midwives' associations.FINDINGSTranslation comparisons and French literature showed that the use of “maïeutique” was far from the definition given in The Lancet Series. Results of the survey conducted by the Swiss Federation of Midwives showed that the terms “maïeuticien” and “maïeutique” gained little acceptance.CONCLUSIONIt is important that the chosen term is meaningful to the French-speaking population, midwives, and stakeholders. Such a name change deserves a consultation with the French-speaking midwives and careful consideration of all the possible implications.
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Pérez Aparicio, José Miguel. "La música de las traducciones de teatro francés en el Madrid dieciochesco". Çédille, nr 24 (2023): 389–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.cedille.2023.24.21.

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"The reception of French theatre on the stages of Madrid took place in the last third of the eighteenth century. This paper documents the musical sources that accompanied the theatrical translations from French, determining whether they were accompanied by the original French music or whether new music was written for them. The catalogue generated will be analysed quantitatively to present a series of graphs and tables that allow us to visualize the volume of translations accompanied by music, in which theatres they were performed, what typology of music accompanied them, and how these aspects evolve chronologically. The major trend change that can be observed, consolidated in 1800, is the shift from composing new connaturalized music to importing original French music."
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Sivilova, Yana. "Calques from French in Bulgarian Phraseology". Chuzhdoezikovo Obuchenie-Foreign Language Teaching 49, nr 2 (25.04.2022): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/for22.202kalk.

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The paper traces the long-term influence of the French language on the formation of Bulgarian phraseology. Distinct periods during which the French influence on Bulgarian is especially strong are analyzed. Hypotheses of individual scholars about the calquing of French phrasemes both in Bulgarian and internationally are commented on. Idioms, conventional metaphors and metonymies, loan translations of verb paraphrases, and other types of collocations are discussed. Since the French influence is both literary and oral in Bulgarian from the National Revival Period to the present day, both slang and colloquial expressions based on the French model are used. Through a comparative study of a translation done during the Revival, an attempt is made to outline the specifics of borrowing in the field of phraseology in the years before the Liberation.
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Migeon-Lambert, Camile. "Translations, adaptations, quotations from Baudelaire’s poetry into metal music: an anti-alchemy?" Punctum. International Journal of Semiotics 06, nr 01 (16.10.2020): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18680/hss.2020.0011.

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This study examines how metal musicians appropriate Baudelaire’s poetry, one of the favorite sources of metal lyrics’ intersemiosis. We will consider several levels of intersemiosis, from the reference to the literal quotation, including the music inspired by Baudelaire’s life, inquiring what metal music, which is both counter-cultural and popular, does to a great classic of French poetry. Moreover, we intend to look closer at Baudelairean intersemiosis in the work of non-French-speaking metal musicians. When they retain the original French text, the lyrics reflect the vocalist’s relation to the foreign language. Eventually, the translation processes are all brought together in those cases involving an adaptation into the band’s own language. Some of the songs we analyze belong to the most extreme genres of metal. Given the French post-Romantic poet’s controversial reception and his sense of scandal, this partiality is far from being surprising. We propose using Baudelaire’s theory of correspondences to explain the adaptation of his verses into weighty, violent notes, and sounds. Finally, the case of Baudelaire’s reception allows us to analyze the many translations at stake when a contemporary music genre such as metal incorporates literary works into its lyrical material.
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Benati, Chiara, i Marialuisa Caparrini. "The German Translations of Lanfranc of Milan’s Chirurgia parva: from Latin to Vernacular or from One Vernacular to the Other?*". Mediaevistik 35, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 265–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2022.01.10.

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Abstract Lanfranc of Milan is considered as one of the most influential surgeons of the late Middle Ages and his Latin works – the Chirurgia parva and the Chirurgia magna – have informed surgical practice until the 16th century. The importance of his works (1293/1294 and 1296) is witnessed by the large number of vernacular translations produced after their original compilation. Overall, three High German translations of Lanfranc’s Chirurgia parva have come down to us: 1. the significantly shortened version transmitted in Vatican City, MS Pal. Lat, 1117; 2. the integral version preserved in Kalocsa, Cathedral Library, MS 376 and in Erlangen, University Library, MS B 3; and 3. the early modern printed translation by Otto Brunfels. Even though the Latin source of these translations has never been identified precisely, it has been traditionally taken for granted that they were based on a Latin model. Nevertheless, a series of correspondences between the two manuscript versions and the French translation transmitted in Bern, Burgerbi­bliothek, MS A 85.2 seem to indicate that a vernacular source is also possible. In this study, the two German manuscript translations of Lanfranc’s Chirurgia parva will be taken into consideration with respect to the problems connected with the identification of their source(s), trying to ascertain whether they are really based on a Latin model, or, as suggested by Claude De Tovar, they are rather connected with the French vernacularization of the text witnessed by the Bern manuscript.
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TIMOTIN, EMANUELA, i ADINA DRAGOMIRESCU. "Din nou despre o veche traducere din franceză în română: Toaca împăraților". Studii și cercetări lingvistice 2022, nr 2 (lipiec 2022): 312–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/scl.2022.2.13.

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"The article focuses on Voltaire’s Le tocsin des rois, composed at Catherine the Great’s request, during the Russian-Turkish War, at the end of 1771. In 1772–1774, the text was translated into Romanian by Toma Dimitriu, a Greek from Kastoria who had established in Moldova in 1758 and who authored numerous translations, mostly from Greek, but also from French. Dimitriu’s still unedited rendition of Le tocsin des rois is one of the oldest translations from French into Romanian. This research presents the morpho-syntactic and lexical features of the text, discusses the methodological difficulties raised by Dimitriu’s translation techniques, and sheds light onto an unknown part of the history of the influence of the French literature onto the Romanian one."
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Mörte Alling, Annika. "Fransk litteratur i Sverige 1830–1900". Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap 40, nr 3-4 (1.01.2010): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54797/tfl.v40i3-4.11941.

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French Literature in Sweden 1830–1900. Translation, Reception and Circulation The article presents some results from an international project on the introduction of French literature in Scandinavia during the 19th century. A point of departure is the database BREFS (Bibliographie du Réalisme Français en Scandinavie), containing the translations of novels, short stories, poetic works and theatre plays that were published in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden in book form from 1830 to 1900. The Swedish part of the bibliography is in focus, consisting of as many as 1 500 translations, and a list of the seemingly most popular French writers in Sweden during the period is presented. With some exceptions, these writers are probably unknown to most Swedes, and not even mentioned in historical surveys of Swedish literature: Eugène Scribe, Eugène Sue, Charles Perrault, Anne H. J. Duveyrier, Henri Meilhac, Olivier Gloux, Michel Carré, Alice Durand and Jean F. A. Bayard. In fact, when it comes to the number or translations published, these authors by far exceed the wellknown representations of the French realist period, Stendhal, Balzac, Flaubert and Maupassant. I try, briefly, to relate these results to research that has been done by others on translation in the nineteenth century, the working conditions of the translators, the reception of French authors and the role of French theatre in Sweden, which was so successful at the time.
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D’hulst, Lieven, i Michael Schreiber. "Vers une historiographie des politiques des traductions en Belgique durant la période française". Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 26, nr 1 (7.03.2014): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.26.1.01hul.

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The language policy of the French Revolution is known today especially for the imposition of the national language and the oppression of dialects and regional languages in France. This pilot study focuses on a less-known phenomenon of that period: translation policy. From 1790 on, several decrees stipulated the translation of national laws and decrees into the regional languages of France and some languages of other European countries. We will illustrate this translation policy focusing on translations of political and administrative texts from French into Flemish in Belgium (which was annexed by the French Republic in 1795 and remained French until the end of the Napoleonic era). We will not only try to shed some light on the conditions under which the translations published in Belgium were produced, but also analyze some typical examples drawn from different genres.
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Diachuk, Liudmyla, i Iryna Nichaenko. "THE PECULIARITIES OF LANGUAGE AND STYLE OF ANNA GAVALDA’S NOVEL “LA CONSOLANTE” AND THEIR REPRODUCTION IN SPANISH AND UKRAINIAN TRANSLATIONS". Folia linguistica et litteraria XIII, nr 39 (luty 2022): 227–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.39.2022.12.

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The article investigates lexical, semantic and grammatical peculiarities of the language and style of Anna Gavalda’s novel “La Consolante” and their reproduction in the Spanish and Ukrainian translations. The objective of the research focuses on the translation of the French novel into Spanish and Ukrainian, taking into account that French and Spanish are closely related languages from the group of Romance languages, and French and Ukrainian are distant languages that belong to a different language group, having different grammatical structures. The paper identifies the fragments, which present difficulties for the translation, and provides options for correct and adequate translation. In this article, the results of an exploratory study (contextual, contrastive, qualitative, and descriptive) carried out on the novel “La Consolante” by Anna Gavalda and two translations into Ukrainian and Spanish. Famous translator, winner of Hryhoriy Skovoroda and Maksym Rylskiy Prices, Petro Tarashchuk, translated it into Ukrainian. “La Consolante” was edited by the Kharkiv publishing house “Folio” in 2015. This novel, in Spanish translation, was translated by Isabel González-Gallarza and published in 2008 by the publishing house “Seix Barral” in Barcelona. We studied the procedures and transformations of translation from related and distant languages, to demonstrate how to overcome the difficulties of translation and to achieve the equal pragmatic effect of translated text as that of the original. The analysis clearly indicates that the translations of Anna Gavalda’s novel “La Consolante” by Petro Taraschuk and Isabel González-Gallarza are perceived as holistic works that convey French culture and the realities of French life and reproduce them adequately in the Spanish and Ukrainian translations.
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Brisset, Annie, i Lynda Davey. "In Search of a Target Language". Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 1, nr 1 (1.01.1989): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.1.1.03bri.

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Abstract In nationalist Quebec, French is rejected as the bearer of a foreign culture in the same way that the Québécois' native land, despoiled by the English, has become the country of the Other. Theatre, more than anything else, lent itself to the task of differentiation allotted to language. As of 1968 the vernacular has become the language of the stage as well as of theatre translation such as the exchange value of both foreign works and French translations from France increasingly erodes. Translating "into Québécois" consists in marking out the difference which opposes French in Quebec and so-called French from France. Since, however, the special quality of Québécois French is truly noticeable only among the working classes, Québécois theatre translations are almost always marked by proletarization of language and lowering the social status of the protagonists, thereby increasing the translation possibilities first and foremost of American sociolects.
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Stefurak, Olena, i Nataliia Yakubovska. "THE OBLIGATORY EXPLICITATIONS IN THE UKRAINIAN-FRENCH TRANSLATIONS". Studia Linguistica, nr 18 (2021): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2021.18.119-131.

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This article deals with the obligatory explicitation in the translations of Ukrainian-French literary texts. In the light of previous work, we have highlighted a typology of so-called obligatory, specific and variable explicitations depending on the source-language and the target-language. These include, in particular, the explicitations implied by linguistic asymmetry, which obliges the translator to express more explicitly in the target-language linguistic and textual components implicit or missing in the source-language. Thus, we have proposed a range of explanations attributable to the differences between the linguistic systems of Ukrainian and French which belong to the structural, syntactic and semantic level. Contextual explanations, which we have also examined in the context of the phenomenon of obligatory explicitation, are necessary because of the differences in textual strategies of structuring information and stylistic preferences between languages. They appear especially at the level of elliptical structures resulting from grammatical and semantic constraints.
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Łapiński, Paweł. "Local Genre – Universal Reception? Polish Literary Reportage from the First Two Decades of the 20th Century Read by a French-Speaking Audience". Przekładaniec, Special issue 1/2022 (30.12.2022): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/16891864epc.22.008.16522.

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The article examines the reception of Polish contemporary authors associated with the genre of “literary reportage” among the readers of their French translations. The analysis starts with the assumption taken from the thoughts of Tzvetan Todorov, who claimed that genre – shaping both the author’s writing model and the reader’s horizon of expectations – can be an important mechanism of mediation driving the literary communication. The analysis includes translations of books by Wojciech Tochman, Jacek Hugo- Bader, Mariusz Wilk and Mariusz Szczygieł. In the first part, the publishing peritext is examined, through which French publishers create the perception of Polish authors and the literary genre they can be associated with. The second part of the analysis is devoted to the reception of translations of the above-mentioned authors – both among professional critics and amateur reviewers or readers – with particular emphasis put on the genre classification made by the audience. The summary attempts to determine whether French-speaking readers perceive Polish authors in accordance with the specific rules of “literary reportage” and what role the publishing peritext may play in this process. The issue of marketing potential of the literary genre as an important tool in creating the publisher’s offer is also discussed.
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34

Palomo Berjaga, Vanessa. "Translations and original". Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 66, nr 6 (30.11.2020): 973–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00200.ber.

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Abstract In 1989 and 1990, Kitty van Leuven-Zwart published two articles on the similarities and dissimilarities between a translation and its original. My research is based on a classification model which derives primarily from Van Leuven-Zwart’s comparative method, although I also work with concepts from other authors. The major difference to Van Leuven-Zwart’s research is that the main aim of the model I propose is not to indicate the differences between a translation and the original, but to detect whether previous translations have had any influence upon the studied translation. The goal of this article is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the shift approach to find out the relationship between different translations. I explain and illustrate the classification model by comparing the Catalan translation of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth by Josep M. de Sagarra (1959) with previous French, Spanish and Catalan translations in order to ascertain whether these texts had any influence upon Sagarra’s translation.
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Yakubovskaya, Ksenia A. "French Translations and Lifetime Publications of Nikolai Goumilev: А Dialogue with the French reader. Part One". RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 27, nr 2 (6.07.2022): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2022-27-2-323-344.

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This article examines in detail the circumstances of the creation of all Gumilev’s French texts known today. The research focuses on Russian-French literary relations at the beginning of the 20th century, the chronological order of Gumilev’s Russian poems and their French versions, the textual features and particularities of the translations attributed to Gumilev and the history of their publication. Particular attention is paid to Gumilev’s desire to enter the circle of French writers, thanks to his acquaintance with René Ghil, and then to determine the perception of his work in France through his acquaintance, correspondence and subsequent cooperation with Jean Chuzeville. The article presents an analysis of the selection principle of poems, both those translated for the “Anthology” and those featured in Gumilev’s notebooks, as well as the approach to the translation of poems in verse or prose. In conclusion, possible explanations of why Nikolai Gumilev combined his (alleged) self-translations in a notebook just before his return from France to Russia are given.
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36

Taylor, Gary. "Transeditions: Shakespeare’s two french english lessons". Letras, nr 67 (22.03.2024): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2176148586123.

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Editions translate. Translations edit. Although these principles apply to all editions and translations, they are particularly conspicuous in some transeditions, like Jerome’s Latin Bible, or Shakespeare’s Henry V. Shakespeare’s play survives in two very different versions: a quarto text published in 1600 (The Chronicle History of Henry the fift) and the posthumous 1623 folio Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies (The Life of Henry the Fift). Both texts contain a comic scene in which a French princess, with the help of her French attendant, begins to learn English. But of the 697 words of this scene in The Life, only three appear together in the same order in the same speech in The Chronicle History. Nevertheless, in both texts the scene dramatizes translation—and mistranslation. Both Katherine and Alice make comic mistakes; but both texts also contain other mistakes that cannot be plausibly attributed to the characters, seeming instead to have been introduced by compositors in the printing house or by copyists preparing the manuscripts those compositors were given. Can we distinguish the deliberate mistranslations from the accidental ones? Abridgement from expansion? Shakespeare’s own mistakes in French from the mistakes made by those who transmitted his texts? If so, how?
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DeNipoti, Cláudio. "“The Vile Gallicisms, which Today Make Ugly Many Translations”: The Influence of the French Language on Iberian Translations from the Turn of the Eighteenth to the Nineteenth Century". Revista Brasileira de História 43, nr 92 (kwiecień 2023): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93472023v43n92-07-i.

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ABSTRACT From the final decades of the Eighteenth century, in the speeches of Iberian literate elites, we can notice a systematic effort to diminish or avoid the influence of the French language on texts written in Portuguese and Spanish, originals or translations from French, particularly what is defined as “Gallicism”. Considering the enormous editorial volume of written, printed or translated books into French in the second half of the century, Iberian censors, translators, editors and commentators point to the presence of “French” words and constructions in the Portuguese and Castilian printed word. This study tries to see this issue in the light of the use of Gallicisms as part of the neologisms necessary to understand the advances in science and the arts in the Iberian Peninsula of the period.
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Valiukienė, Vita. "From a Lexical Verb to a Pragmatic Marker: The Case of the French falloir ‘have to/must’". Verbum 13 (14.06.2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.29.

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The paper seeks to present a semantico-functional analysis of the French verb falloir. The empirical data are obtained from a parallel corpus – the Corpus Parallèle de Textes Littéraires (CTLFR-LT), which is composed of French literary texts and their translations into Lithuanian. The paper uses quantitative, qualitative and comparative methods. It is based on the studies focusing on the polysemy of modal verbs (Chu 2010; Dendale 1994; Kronning 1988; Le Querler 2001; Rossari 2012) as well as on the development of discourse markers in language (Dostie 2004; Vold 2008). The findings show that the verb falloir, while maintaining its core meaning of necessity, can express conjecture. When it is used in patterns together with verbs of saying (verba cogitandi and dicendi) and verbs of visual perception, falloir no longer functions as a marker of necessity and becomes a pragmatic marker of connection and argumentation. The analysis of the translations of the French verb falloir into a typologically different language, Lithuanian, has also confirmed the entrenched use of the verb in question in the modal field of necessity and its rich functional potential in the French literary texts. The paper contributes to the existing contrastive studies between the French and Lithuanian languages, which are not numerous. The findings of the research could serve didactic purposes as well as add to the field of translation studies.
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Belavina, E. M. "An unknown Voltaire and Maya Kvyatkovskaya’s other French translations". Voprosy literatury, nr 1 (5.02.2024): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2024-1-192-197.

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Kvyatkovskaya has published an anthology of her poetic translations from French: her book covers works by 23 authors written in the period from the 16th to 20th cc. The collection is divided into three different genres: ‘Poems,’ ‘Fables,’ and the first ever Russian translation of Voltaire’s tragedy Les Guêbres. The latter is supplied with texts related to the play’s reception and the polemic it incited (Voisenon’s remark in verse). Voltaire’s play is devoted to the ever-relevant topic of tolerance and castigation of hate-mongering against cultural or religious diversity. In her anthology, Kvyatkovskaya demonstrates a profound understanding of the original, and a poetic skill in perfect keeping with the principles of the Leningrad school of poetic translation. The choice of authors and their works is guided by the translator’s personal taste and the strategy of discovery: the book features relatively unknown pursuits of renowned authors, such as Racine’s epigrams and Les Cantiques Spirituels, Perrault’s fables, and Artaud’s Sonnets Mystique.
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40

Smecca, Paola Daniela. "Cultural Migrations in France and Italy: Travel Literature from Translation to Genre". TTR : traduction, terminologie, rédaction 16, nr 2 (15.04.2005): 45–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/010715ar.

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Abstract This is a study on the role played by translations in the establishment of travel writing as a literary genre in Italy and partly in France. In fact, through translations, this heterogeneous production eventually defined its own characteristics and norms. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries most works were known to the Italian public through their French versions, often full of interpolations altering the original standpoints of the authors. As a consequence, the content of the texts and the cultural perceptions of travel writers ran the risk of being deeply modified and detached from the reality of the country visited.
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41

Wu, Kan. "Reception of Jin Yong’s Wuxia Novels in English and French: A Sentiment Analysis with Reflection". International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, nr 3 (30.03.2021): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.3.13.

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This research investigates the reception of English and French translations of Jin Yong’s Wuxia novels through sentiment analysis --- a text mining technique which helps uncover readers’ opinions of these translated literary works from their online reviews. The findings show that almost all of the published English/French versions of Jin Yong’s Wuxia novels are well received by readers in both languages in terms of fictional details like “character”, “plot” and “narratives”, despite there are some minor complains. These findings lead us to reflect on the current literary position of Wuxia translations in the English and French-speaking countries, where translated Wuxia works positioning as “Chinese literary classics” may partly help facilitate further reception of this type of traditional Chinese literature in the West.
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42

Ekman, Gabriella. "Gifts from Utopia: The Travels of Toru Dutt's Poetry". Victoriographies 3, nr 1 (maj 2013): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2013.0104.

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Born in Calcutta in 1856 and dying only twenty-one years later of tuberculosis, the young Bengali writer Toru Dutt wrote novels and poems in English and French, translated French poetry into English, and toward the end of her life revisited Bengali myths and tales from the Ramayana in her poetry. Her multilingual poems and translations have traditionally been interpreted as seeking to dissolve or fragment cultural differences. This essay instead argues for Dutt seeking to consolidate difference, reconceived as possibility: by distributing her poems to friends in England and receiving gifts of poems in return, Dutt sought to create a transnational friendship economy involving the material exchange of poetic texts. She then theorises this exchange in the work itself, arguing in novels, poems and inexact translations for regarding the resistant materiality of poetry and language both as imperfect tools that can nonetheless be utilised to forge community and understanding – however utopian, however fragile and temporary – across seemingly incommensurable cultural differences, perhaps even across the inequities of imperial history.
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43

Galtsova, Elena D. "How to Translate Dostoevsky from French into French? “L’homme de la nature et de la vérité” and “animaux domestiques” in Notes from Underground". RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 26, nr 3 (15.12.2021): 466–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2021-26-3-466-478.

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The article deals with the use of French expressions in the text of F. Dostoevskys Notes from Underground . On the one hand, various semantic nuances of bilingualism and associations with some cultural contexts are revealed. On the other hand, translations and explanations of these expressions given by translators of the novella are analyzed. While lhomme de lа nature et de la vrit is a citation which shows that it is impossible to render French character into Russian culture, aux animaux domestiques carries this idea to the point of absurdity.
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Larson, Pier M. "Malagasy at the Mascarenes: Publishing in a Servile Vernacular before the French Revolution". Comparative Studies in Society and History 49, nr 3 (29.06.2007): 582–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417507000631.

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European expansion from the fifteenth century produced much writing on, and sometimes in, non-European languages that served a broad array of imperial interests. Most European ventures into what one scholar has termed “colonial linguistics” were based on investigations among speakers of native tongues in the regions in which those speakers normally resided, twining language studies with observed “native” cultural qualities and setting out territories of colonial interest defined by local language and culture. Fewer colonial linguists ventured into plural societies to study the linguae francae of trade and labor that enabled communication across broad cultural and language differences, in part because such zones were considered dangerous and unstable, or lacking in mother tongues. Fewer still elected destinations of forced migration such as slave societies or freedmen's towns and villages to examine the mother tongues of persons who had come coercively from afar, though many such settings in certain periods offered a rich menu of languages for study. Those interested in the linguistic characteristics of slave societies tended to concern themselves more with the emerging European creoles, languages they could more easily understand than the native tongues of slaves or the contact languages of non-European provenance that sometimes coexisted with or preceded widespread use of European creole speeches in such locations. Today, most linguistic studies in the former slave colonies are focused exclusively on European creoles. Even recent monographs on African culture in the Americas only mention the speaking of African languages in passing, though language is a fundamental element of culture and linked in key ways to the continuity of ethnic ideas and practices. Together with the relative paucity of colonial documentation on slaves' lives and languages, the sited and topical hierarchy of colonial linguistics continues to powerfully structure historical studies of language in the former slave colonies.
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45

Łapiński, Paweł. "Lokalny gatunek – uniwersalny odbiór? Polski reportaż literacki dwóch pierwszych dekad XXI wieku w oczach francuskojęzycznego odbiorcy". Przekładaniec, nr 40 (2020): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/16891864pc.20.008.13171.

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Local Genre – Universal Reception? Polish Literary Reportage from the Two First Decades of the 20th Century Read by the French-Speaking Audience The article examines the reception of Polish contemporary authors associated with the genre of “literary reportage” among the readers of their French translations. The analysis starts with the assumption taken from the thoughts of Tzvetan Todorov, who claimed that genre – shaping both the author’s writing model and the reader’s horizon of expectations – can be an important mechanism of mediation driving the literary communication. The analysis includes translations of books by Wojciech Tochman, Jacek Hugo- Bader, Mariusz Wilk and Mariusz Szczygieł. In the first part, the publishing peritext is examined, through which French publishers create the perception of Polish authors and the literary genre they can be associated with. The second part of the analysis is devoted to the reception of translations of the above-mentioned authors – both among professional critics and amateur reviewers or readers – with particular emphasis put on the genre classification made by the audience. The summary attempts to determine whether French-speaking readers perceive Polish authors in accordance with the specific rules of “literary reportage” and what role the publishing peritext may play in this process. The issue of marketing potential of the literary genre as an important tool in creating the publisher’s offer is also discussed.
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46

Loveland, Jeff. "Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon's Histoire naturelle in English, 1775–1815". Archives of Natural History 31, nr 2 (październik 2004): 214–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2004.31.2.214.

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Published in French to considerable acclaim between 1749 and 1767, the 15-volume opening sub-series of Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon's Histoire naturelle was first translated into English in near entirety in 1775–1776. Over the next 40 years, two further comprehensive English-language translations were prepared and published in four editions each. This paper describes the three major English translations of Buffon's Histoire naturelle and compares their coverage, order, style, accuracy and footnotes. Supplemented with information from reviews, advertisements and partial translations and adaptations, the history of the large-scale English-language translations of Histoire naturelle provides clues about Buffon's reception in the Anglophone world.
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47

Lamprou, Effrosyni, i Freiderikos Valetopoulos. "Traduire la peur : une étude contrastive". Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature 44, nr 1 (1.05.2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/lsmll.2020.44.1.135-145.

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<p>In this paper, we examine the question of the verbalization of fear and its translation from modern Greek into French. The target texts of our analysis are of two types: translations of experienced translators and translations of Cypriot learners. We study data from the analysis of our translation corpus and we question the conceptualisation of the emotion of <em>fear</em>.</p>
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48

Radusin-Bardic, Natasa T. "Rhetorical Question in Literary Translations from French into Serbian and Vice Versa". Филолог – часопис за језик књижевност и културу 19, nr 19 (30.06.2019): 191–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.21618/fil1919191r.

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49

Smith, Andy. "Studying Multi-level Governance. Examples from French Translations of the Structural Funds". Public Administration 75, nr 4 (styczeń 1997): 711–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00083.

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Alsop, D. K. "Textual Variants inCascando: An Argument for a Scholarly Edition". Journal of Beckett Studies 22, nr 1 (kwiecień 2013): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jobs.2013.0056.

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The article argues for a scholarly approach to editions of Beckett, taking the radio play Cascando as its example. Since the first English editions of this play, there have been two distinct and different translations from Beckett's original French. Though the Faber edition (originally with a series of obvious errors) has become the more established of the two, there remain fascinating variants between editions. The French original offers a basis for comparison between the translations. Readers should at least have access to the textual history of the play, and to its variants. There should also be a commitment to making the original music available.
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