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Krische, Susan D. "Investors' Evaluations of Strategic Prior-Period Benchmark Disclosures in Earnings Announcements." Accounting Review 80, no. 1 (2005): 243–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2005.80.1.243.
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Schrand and Walther's (2000) archival evidence suggests that managers strategically disclose prior-period benchmarks in current earnings announcements, which, in turn, influences investors' judgments. Using a controlled experimental setting, I present evidence confirming that a transparent description of a transitory prior-period gain or loss affects how investors apply prior-period earnings when evaluating currentperiod earnings. I also provide evidence that this effect is likely to be unintentional on the part of investors, resulting from limitations in their memory for the prior-period event. Overall, the experimental results suggest that a quantitative description of the transitory prior-period gain or loss in a current earnings announcement helps investors to evaluate company performance. The results also highlight the need for consistency in reporting non-GAAP financial performance measures.
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Febriyanti, Galuh Artika. "Perbandingan Keakuratan Model Laba Permanen, Transitori Dan Agregat Dalam Memprediksi Laba Masa Depan." BIP's JURNAL BISNIS PERSPEKTIF 9, no. 1 (2017): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37477/bip.v9i1.38.
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Earnings represent information which very paid attention by users of financial statements. Some research was examined the ability of earnings to forecast future earnings which only focused to aggregate earnings. Some literature mention that reported earnings number contain permanent and transitory earnings component which can be used to forecast future earnings and future cash flow. Permanent earnings is earnings related to core activity of the firms which always happened each every period, while transitory earnings are earnings do not relate with core activity of the firms and is not expected to happened in next period. This research empirically examines the level of accuracy model with permanent, transitory, and aggregate earnings component to forecast future earnings of the firms
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Leisser, Christoph, and Oliver Findl. "Rate of strokes 1 year after retinal artery occlusion with analysis of risk groups." European Journal of Ophthalmology 30, no. 2 (2019): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672119830925.
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Background: The risk of developing stroke after retinal artery occlusion was reported to be increased. The aim of our study was to assess the rate of strokes/transitory ischemic attacks after retinal artery occlusion in a European population and to identify the risk groups. Methods: All patients, diagnosed with branch or central retinal artery occlusion at our outpatient department since 2014, were asked to participate in this prospective case–control study. At the initial examination, the medical history was documented and 1 year after retinal artery occlusion, patients were called by telephone interview for assessment of the rate of strokes/transitory ischemic attack in the follow-up period. Results: In all, 30 eyes of 30 patients could be included. Among these, six patients had a stroke, one a transitory ischemic attack, and one an amaurosis fugax in the medical history before retinal artery occlusion. In the period 1 year after retinal artery occlusion, one patient had a re-stroke and one patient had a transitory ischemic attack, with amaurosis fugax in the medical history. Rates of strokes/transitory ischemic attack before and after retinal artery occlusion did not show significant differences between branch and central artery occlusion. Conclusion: The number of strokes/transitory ischemic attacks within the first year is relatively low after retinal artery occlusion and patients that already had a previous stroke, transitory ischemic attack, and/or amaurosis fugax before retinal artery occlusion seem to have a higher risk for a cerebrovascular event after retinal artery occlusion.
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Kovalenko, T. V. "Neonatal transitory hypothyrosis: prediction for children’s health and development." Problems of Endocrinology 47, no. 6 (2001): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11733.
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A total of 105 children with neonatal transitory hypothyrosis were observed from birth till the age of 3-5 years. Control group consisted of 81 children with normal thyroid function during the neonatal period. Unfavorable perinatal factors (complications of pregnancy and labor, maternal chronic diseases) contributed to the development of transitory hypothyrosis. A history of neonatal transitory hypothyrosis has a negative impact on subsequent physical, nervous, mental, and speech development of children and their health status during the first year of life and in preschool age. An unfavorable individual prognosis as regards further nervous and mental development, made on the basis of an original table of prognostic coefficients, can be sufficient for prescribing thyroid hormone preparations to neonates with transitory hypothyrosis.
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Joos, Peter, and George A. Plesko. "Valuing Loss Firms." Accounting Review 80, no. 3 (2005): 847–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2005.80.3.847.
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We investigate whether investors price losses conditional on the likelihood of the firm's return to profitability, consistent with the abandonment option hypothesis (Hayn 1995). We first develop a loss-reversal model to define subsamples of persistent and transitory losses. We find that on average investors price transitory losses positively over the sample period, as if a transitory loss indicates a low likelihood of exercising the abandonment option. We also observe that early in the sample period investors do not price persistent losses, as predicted by the abandonment option hypothesis. By contrast, later in the sample period, larger persistent losses correspond to higher returns, inconsistent with the prediction of the abandonment option hypothesis. To understand why we observe a change in the valuation of persistent losses over the sample period, we study their components and establish the key role of R&D for their valuation. We find that investors do not price persistent losses without an R&D component, consistent with these losses indicating financial distress and a higher likelihood of exercising the abandonment option. However, when persistent losses contain R&D, investors separately value the R&D component as an asset and the non-R&D component as if it is a transitory loss. Thus, investors do not consider losses to be homogeneous, but consider the causes and nature of the loss to assess its long-term implications for firm value.
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Krane, Spencer D. "Professional Forecasters' Views of Permanent and Transitory Shocks to GDP." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 3, no. 1 (2011): 184–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.3.1.184.
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This paper examines how the professional forecasters comprising the Blue Chip Economic Consensus view shocks to GDP. I use an unobserved components model of the forecast revisions to identify forecasters' perceptions of permanent and transitory shocks to GDP. The model indicates forecasters: attribute about two-thirds of the variance in current-period revisions to permanent shocks; view the relative importance of permanent shocks similar to the estimates of some simple univariate econometric models; see high-frequency indicators of economic activity as being informative about both permanent and transitory shocks; and react to incoming data differently during periods of economic weakness. (JEL C51, C53, E23, E27, E32, E37)
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Veselinović, Petar, and Jelena Maslovara. "Foreign direct investment in the economic development of Serbia in the transitory period." Ekonomski pogledi 16, no. 4 (2014): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekopog1402089v.
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Calvo-Imirizaldu, M., A. Ezponda Casajús, I. Soriano Aguadero, A. Benito Boillos, and D. Cano Rafart. "Normal and transitory ultrasonography findings in the immediate postoperative period after liver transplantation." Radiología (English Edition) 62, no. 2 (2020): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rxeng.2020.02.001.
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Larsen, Conor M., and Edward F. Guinan. "Stars on the Verge: From Days to Decades, Studying the Photometric Variations of the Red Supergiant W Persei." Research Notes of the AAS 6, no. 10 (2022): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/ac9676.
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Abstract W Persei is a massive, luminous and large red supergiant located relatively nearby. W Persei is a probable SN-II progenitor. We analyzed ∼120 yr of photometry from the AAVSO database. The analysis was conducted in the period analysis software Peranso where the CLEANest power spectrum and WWZ-wavelet programs were utilized. Two dominant periods of P = 532 ± 68 days and P = 2922 ± 140 days are found. Intermediate and transitory periods are also uncovered along with period events such as a significant increase in the long-period, period-merging and period-splitting. Using Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite observations, stochastic ∼0.3–0.8 mmag light variability on timescales of ∼0.3 day appears present. The physical causes of these variations is discussed.
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Gee, Kevin A. "Growing Up With A Food Insecure Adult: The Cognitive Consequences of Recurrent Versus Transitory Food Insecurity Across the Early Elementary Years." Journal of Family Issues 39, no. 8 (2018): 2437–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x18755199.
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To investigate how kindergarteners cognitively developed in a family with an adult who experienced recurrent versus transitory food insecurity, a sample of 1,040 kindergarteners (mean age = 5.6 years) from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010-2011 was analyzed using multilevel growth modeling. Results indicated that kindergarteners from homes with an adult who experienced recurrent food insecurity (twice within a 24-month period; n = 490) initially had slower growth in reading relative to their counterparts who were in homes with an adult who was food insecure only once over the same time period ( n = 550). However, this initial disadvantage diminished over time. As a result, the recurrent group’s reading trajectory converged with that of their transitory peers by second grade. These findings highlight the value of adopting more temporal view of food insecurity and its developmental consequences.
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Narayan, Seema Wati. "ASIAN CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCES AND SPILLOVERS FROM A FOREIGN COUNTRY, A REGION AND THE UNITED STATES." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 23, no. 1 (2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v23i1.1207.
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This paper provides an overall picture on the influence of domestic and foreign shockson the current account of selected Asian countries over the period 1978 to 2012. Thepresent value model of the current account theory states that forward looking andconsumption smoothing behaviour of economic agents can promote sustainablecurrent account balances, as long as these are maintained by transitory unanticipatedshocks to the current account. The unexpected transitory domestic and foreign shocksare sourced, respectively, from the domestic and foreign current account. Foreignshocks are developed from an Asian country, a region, and the US. Our empiricalanalysis of the impact of foreign and domestic current account shocks shows thatunexpected domestic shocks, rather than unexpected foreign shocks, matter for thecurrent accounts of Asian countries.
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PALHETA, Michel Santos, José Ronaldo Vasconcelos da GRAÇA, Armênio Aguiar dos SANTOS, Liziane Hermógenes LOPES, Raimundo Campos PALHETA JÚNIOR, and Miguel Ângelo NOBRE E SOUZA. "THE PARTICIPATION OF THE NITRERGIC PATHWAY IN INCREASED RATE OF TRANSITORY RELAXATION OF LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER INDUCED BY RECTAL DISTENSION IN DOGS." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 51, no. 2 (2014): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032014000200006.
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ContextThe rectal distension in dogs increases the rate of transitory lower esophageal sphincter relaxation considered the main factor causing gastroesophageal reflux.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was evaluate the participation of the nitrergic pathway in the increased transitory lower esophageal sphincter relaxation rate induced by rectal distension in anesthetized dogs.MethodsMale mongrel dogs (n = 21), weighing 10-15 kg, were fasted for 12 hours, with water ad libitum. Thereafter, they were anesthetized (ketamine 10 mg.Kg-1+ xylazine 20 mg.Kg-1), so as to carry out the esophageal motility evaluation protocol during 120 min. After a 30-minute basal period, the animals were randomly intravenous treated whith: saline solution 0.15M (1ml.Kg-1), L-NAME (3 mg.Kg-1), L-NAME (3 mg.Kg-1) + L-Arginine (200 mg.Kg-1), glibenclamide (1 mg.Kg-1) or methylene blue (3 mg.Kg-1). Forty-five min after these pre-treatments, the rectum was distended (rectal distension, 5 mL.Kg-1) or not (control) with a latex balloon, with changes in the esophageal motility recorded over 45 min. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Student Newman-Keuls test.ResultsIn comparison to the respective control group, rectal distension induces an increase in transitory lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Pre-treatment with L-NAME or methylene blue prevents (P<0.05) this phenomenon, which is reversible by L-Arginine plus L-NAME. However, pretreating with glibenclamide failed to abolish this process.ConclusionsTherefore, these experiments suggested, that rectal distension increases transitory lower esophageal sphincter relaxation in dogs via through nitrergic pathways.
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Basea, Erato. "Review of Masculinity and Gender in Greek Cinema." CINEJ Cinema Journal 3, no. 2 (2014): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cinej.2014.102.
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This is a historical-sociological study based on the premise that cinema is a social institution that is ‘interactively changing along with the society in which it is produced and viewed’. As such, the representation of masculinity in the Greek films produced in this transitory period ‘becomes obscured, uncertain and problematic’.
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Zharikova, Vera V. "Representation of Youth in Soviet Cinema of the 1950s." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 7, no. 3 (2015): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik7340-49.
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The 1950s in the history of our cinema became a transitory stage from the grand style aesthetics to humanistic realism of the Thaw period. One of the most significant traits of this transition was the appearance of young characters on screen (school pupils, students) who were striving to fulfill themselves and find their own way in life. The article analyzes the images of the young people as they were represented in films of that period.
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Detka, Karolina, Jakub Gruszka, Anna Zwierzyńska, Magdalena Dolecka-Ślusarczyk, and Olga Adamczyk-Gruszka. "Parents' knowledge of neonatal transitory conditions and their expectations of the midwife." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 12 (2021): 210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.12.015.
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Introduction The neonatal period is the period of the child's adaptation to life outside the mother's body. The child has to adapt to the changes taking place in its body. After delivery, the new-born baby is assessed according to the Apgar scale. Objective of the study The objective of the study was to assess the parents' knowledge of the transitory conditions of neonates and to identify their expectations towards medical personnel. Material and methods 248 women participated in the study. Inhabitants of large cities accounted for 64.5% of the respondents and 16.2% of the respondents were inhabitants of rural areas. Women aged over 35 accounted for 46.8% of patients, 19.3% were patients between the ages of 26 and 30. Patients between the ages of 30 and 35 also accounted for 19.3%. Patients under 25 years of age accounted for 14.6%. The Bioethics Committee approved the project. Statistical analysis was performed with the use of the Statistica computer program. Results 81% of women displayed knowledge about the duration of the neonatal period. 62% of the respondents knew the effect of vitamin K in preventing the occurrence of haemorrhagic disease in the neonate. Half of the women prefer to feed on demand. A big problem among women in childbed is the lack of access to a psychologist. Conclusions Parents cannot recognize transitory conditions in a neonate. Antenatal education of future mothers influences their pro-health behaviour. Parents source their knowledge from their family, friends, guides and books.
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Pezzoni, Nausicaa. "An alternative image of the city: maps by migrants to explore contemporary urban landscape." Ciudades, no. 23 (May 29, 2020): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24197/ciudades.23.2020.159-184.
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This paper presents the result of an empirical study on mapping three Italian cities from the point of view of migrants during the first period of their stay. It aims at exploring an emerging issue in the contemporary government of a city that is increasingly inhabited by transitory populations: the relationship of its new inhabitants to the urban landscape. Drawing upon a method introduced by Kevin Lynch, 150 maps of the ‘landfall city’ came to life; in the first part the research method and its first application in Milan are presented; in the second part other two surveys, in Rovereto and Bologna, are introduced within the project “Migrants Mapping Europe”, aimed at incrementally building an European map of the present that brings to surface the meaning and forms of the transitory living conditions in the territories of contemporaneity.
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Marfatia, Hardik. "What do foreign flows tell us about stock market movements in the presence of permanent and transitory shocks?" Studies in Economics and Finance 39, no. 2 (2021): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-05-2021-0213.
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Purpose There is no research on understanding the difference in the nature of volatility and what it entails for the underlying relationship between foreign institutional investors (FII) flows and stock market movements. The purpose of this paper is to explore how permanent and transitory shocks dominate the common movement between FII flows and the stock market returns. As emerging markets are a major destination of international portfolio investments, the author uses India as a perfect case study to this end. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses the permanent-transitory as well as a trend-cycle decomposition approach to gain further insights into the common movement between foreign institutional investors (FII) flows and the stock market. Findings When the author identifies innovations based on their degree of persistence, transitory shocks dominate stock returns, whereas permanent shocks explain movements in foreign institutional investors (FII) flows. Also, stock returns have a larger cyclical component compared to cycles in foreign flows. The authors find the sharp downward (upward) movement in the stock market (FII flows) cycle in the initial period of the COIVD-19 pandemic was quickly reversed and currently, the stock market (FII flows) is historically above (below) the long-term trend, hinting at a correction in months ahead. The authors find strikingly similar stock market cycles during the global financial crisis and COVID-19 period. Research limitations/implications Evidence suggests the presence of long stock market cycles – substantial and persistent deviations of actual price from its fundamental (trend) value determined by the shared relationship with foreign flows. This refutes the efficient market hypothesis and makes a case favoring diversification gains from investing in India. Further, transitory shocks dominate the forecast error of stock market movements. Thus, the Indian market provides profit opportunities to foreign investors who use a momentum-based strategy. The author also finds support for the positive feedback trading strategy used by foreign investors. Practical implications There is a need for policymakers to account for the foreign undercurrents while formulating economic policies, given the findings that it is the permanent shocks that mostly explain movements in foreign institutional flows. Further, the author finds only stock markets error-correct in response to any short-term shocks to the shared long-term relationship, highlighting the disruptive (though transitory) role of FII flows. Originality/value Unlike existing studies, the author models the relationship between stock market returns and foreign institutional investors (FII) flows by distinguishing between the permanent and transitory movements in these two variables. Ignoring this distinction, as done in existing literature, can affect the soundness of the estimated parameter that captures the nexus between these two variables. In addition, while it may be common to find that stock market returns and FII flows move together, the paper further contributes by decomposing each variable into a trend and a cycle using this shared relationship. The paper also contributes to understanding the impact of COVID-19 on this relationship.
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Espinosa, J. A., M. Giroux, K. Johnston, T. Kirkham, and J. G. Villemure. "Abducens Palsy Following Shunting for Hydrocephalus." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 20, no. 2 (1993): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100047673.
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ABSTRACT:Over a period of 12 years, 80 patients underwent ventricular shunting for normal pressure hydrocephalus. Three developed sixth cranial nerve palsy in the first two weeks after surgery. This uncommon complication is usually transitory following the same pattern of abducens palsy after lumbar puncture or spinal anesthesia. Traction on the nerve with local ischemia has been involved as the responsible mechanism in both instances.
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De Jager, Phillip. "For banks, fair value adjustments do influence dividend policy." Southern African Business Review 19 (February 26, 2019): 157–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/5812.
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5Most researchers who investigate the interplay between fair value accounting (FVA) and the financial crisis look at the time period during the crisis. This paper investigates a potential role for FVA prior to the crisis: If FVA led to increased accounting profits with the recognition of transitory gains through profit and loss during the boom, and if those increased profits provided the rationale for increased dividends, then bank capital became riskier prior to the crisis, and this would have made the system more prone to failure. A study by Goncharov and Van Triest (2011) found no empirical support for an increase in dividends in response to unrealised positive fair value adjustments to income. In contrast, when the setting is limited to only South African banks, this paper finds that South African banks did pay dividends from unrealised transitory gains. This finding is based on a combination of three strands of evidence: a panel regression of the annual dividends declared by the large South African universal banks that showed that those banks probably ignored the unrealised nature of FVA profits when dividends were determined; monthly data from the total South African bank system in a co-integrated regression that showed that unrealised fair value profits from the banking book raised the average level of bank profits materially; and simple descriptive statistics on distributions that showed that South African banks distributed a greater proportion of profits during the critical period of 2004 to 2008 when unrealised fair value profits from the banking book raised the level of bank profits. The finding that South African banks did pay dividends from unrealised transitory gains was also confirmed by bank representatives and the post-financial crisis disclosure of one of the South African banks.
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Vucicevic, Ivana, Dragisa Trailovic, Horea Samanc, and Milan Adamovic. "Effect of zeolite on health condition of canines." Veterinarski glasnik 62, no. 3-4 (2008): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0804189v.
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The paper shows the results of investigations of elementary hematological and biochemical blood parameters of German Shepherd dogs administered zeolite through feed daily for a period of 50 days. No undesired effects were established during the period of observation, and in fact there was a full normalization of the condition of the dogs that previously exhibited transitory symptoms of gastrointestinal tract disorders. No significant digressions were observed in the examined biochemical parameters of blood, either, that could indicate any harmful effects of zeolite, with the exception of the tendency toward a reduction in the concentrations of phosphorus and calcium, which was not manifest clinically as well during this period.
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Vides, José, Antonio Golpe, and Jesús Iglesias. "The role of Eonia in the dynamics of short-term interbank rates." Panoeconomicus 67, no. 2 (2020): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan171004018c.
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To signal monetary policies and market expectations, we apply a fractionally cointegrated vector autoregressive (FCVAR) model, aiming to analyse the expectations hypothesis of term structure (EHTS), persistence in the Euro OverNight Index Average (Eonia) spread and permanent-transitory decomposition using a novel approach. We use a monthly frequency sample for the 3- month Euribor rate and Eonia rate, covering the period from January 1999 to February 2019. The results obtained confirm the EHTS and show evidence of a high persistence of the spread, which means that shocks may impede effectiveness in monetary policy and that the European Central Bank (ECB) loses control over interest rates. Additionally, according to permanent-transitory decomposition, we determine that the Eonia rate has a permanent component and thus dominates the common trend in the cointegration system. In sum, if the ECB wants to keep the interbank market interest rates under control, it must contemplate the evolution of the Eonia rate.
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Biewen, Martin. "The Covariance Structure of East and West German Incomes and its Implications for the Persistence of Poverty and Inequality." German Economic Review 6, no. 4 (2005): 445–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2005.00141.x.
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Abstract Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), this paper analyzes the dynamics of equivalent income in East and West Germany in the years following reunification. Special emphasis is given to the separation of permanent and transitory components, the persistence of transitory shocks and their implications for the persistence of poverty and inequality. The results suggest that in West Germany, between 52 and 69 per cent of cross-sectional income inequality was permanent, and that poor individuals stayed in poverty for two years on average. In East Germany, the share of the permanent component in overall income inequality rose continuously from 20 per cent in 1990 to 72 per cent in 1998, reaching a level near the one that prevailed in West Germany during the same period. The rising importance of time-invariant components in East German incomes was also reflected in expected poverty durations which slightly increased from 1.47 years in 1990 to 1.67 years in 1998.
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Souaiaia, Ahmed. "From Transitory Status to Perpetual Sententiae: Rethinking Polygamy in Islamic Traditions." Hawwa 2, no. 3 (2004): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569208043077323.
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AbstractPolygamy and inequity in inheritance rights are two fundamental concerns that continue to challenge the logic and practice concerning the way women are treated in Islamic society. These two subjects remain beyond the scope of critical analysis due in part to the explicit legal proof (dalīl) that is found in the Qur'ān. How explicit are such legal proofs in general and is there any scope for an alternative interpretation? The consensus that emerged on these two matters would suggest that there is none. However, in this paper, I would argue that the perceived consensus is guided and dictated by the fact that during the formative period of Islamic law, interpretive and normative disciplines were dominated by men; hence, the male bias. It can be argued, based on historical and linguistic evidence, that there is a very plausible alternative understanding that is radically different from any of those proposed by traditionalists.
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Lafuente, Juan Ángel, Mercedes Monfort, Rafaela Pérez, and Jesús Ruiz. "Disentangling Permanent and Transitory Monetary Shocks with a Nonlinear Taylor Rule." Economics 15, no. 1 (2021): 150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/econ-2021-0010.
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Abstract This article provides an estimation method to decompose monetary policy innovations into persistent and transitory components using the nonlinear Taylor rule proposed in Andolfatto, Hendry, and Moran (2008) [Are inflation expectations rational? Journal of Monetary Economics, 55, 406–422]. To use the Kalman filter as the optimal signal extraction technique, we use a convenient reformulation for the state equation by allowing expectations to play a significant role in explaining the future time evolution of monetary shocks. This alternative formulation allows us to perform the maximum likelihood estimation for all the parameters involved in the monetary policy as well as to recover conditional probabilities of regime change. Empirical evidence on the US monetary policy making is provided for the period covering 1986-Q1 to 2021-Q2. We compare our empirical estimates with those obtained based on the particle filter. While both procedures lead to similar quantitative and qualitative findings, our approach has much less computational cost.
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Erlat, Haluk, and Guzin Erlat. "Permanent and transitory shocks on real and nominal exchange rates in Turkey during the post-1980 period." Atlantic Economic Journal 26, no. 4 (1998): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02299451.
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Tsuboi, Kumiko, and Hannah Matoba. "Asymptomatic thyroiditis; a few typical cases and the prevalence of this disease." Problems of Endocrinology 46, no. 3 (2000): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11847.
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Although asymptomatic thyroiditis (АГ) is well known by the present time, the prevalence of this disease is still disputed. We evaluated the incidence of A T at Thyroidology Department of Omori Hospital. Asymptomatic thyroiditis was detected in 61 out of 1113 patients (5.5%) during the period of July 1993 to June 1996. On admission, high levels of free thyroxin in the blood (hyperthyroxinemia) were detected in 306 patients. Asymptomatic thyroiditis was the cause of this condition in 38 (12.4%) patients. By the moment of examination of patients with A T, thyrotoxicosis was revealed in 38 patients, euthyroid status in 17, and hypothyrosis in 6 patients. Patients with euor hypothyrosis had complaints and presented with clinical signs of thyrotoxicosis 1-2 months before examination. Antibodies to thyroperoxidase and/or thyroglobulin were detected in 51 out of 61 (84%) patients with A T. Sometimes A T is regarded as diffuse toxic goiter (DTG), but a patient with this condition can develop A T. We should always remember about the possibility of AT but not DTG even in cases with pronounced thyrotoxicosis or with a history of DTG. Regular check-ups of thyroid function will help diagnose the condition without resorting to 1221. If a patient has symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, e. g. palpitation, thyroid function should be examined.
 Неге аге 4 typical cases with AT to illustrate this. Patient No. 1 is a classical case of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Previously she developed an euthyroid status, and later thyroid destruction and dysfunction (transitory thyrotoxicosis followed by hypothyrosis) developed spontaneously without pregnancies or deliveries. Patient No. 2 had transitory thyrotoxicosis which was not followed by hypothyrosis, but with a transitory slight increase in TTH. She might have had AT3years before. Patient No. 3 aged 63years complained of angina pectoris and arrhythmia; later she was prescribed substitute therapy with L thyroxin for pronounced hypothyrosis (TTH 90.9 microunits/ml). In patient No. 4 DTG was erroneously diagnosed and she was prescribed therapy for this condition. Thyroid dysfunction was transitory in all patients, and the function recovered later.
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DiNardo, Richard L. "A transitory phenomenon: German commanders and chiefs of staff, 1866–1918." War in History 29, no. 1 (2022): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344520937138.
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This article examines the relationship between commanders and chiefs of staff during the period of the Wars of German Unification and the entirety of the Kaiserreich. The practice of pairing up a commander and a chief of staff was one that was specific to Germany. Traditional scholarship holds that in many cases, it was really the chief of staff who did all the thinking, while the commander was nothing more than a front man. The primary example of this was the relationship between Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff. The problem is that unthinking historians have projected relationship of this particular duo on the rest of the imperial German army. One of the reasons for this was the presence of members of German royal families in high command positions. This article suggests that first, commanders, including royal family members, were far more influential than their chiefs of staff. In addition, the power wielded by chiefs of staff also reflected the nagging problem of battlefield communications, especially given the limitations of telephone and early wireless radio. Once these difficulties were eliminated by the collapse of the imperial regime, and the development of radio, the power of chiefs of staff was severely curbed by 1939. Thus, the relationship between commanders and chiefs of staff was at best a transitory phenomenon.
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Keating, John W., and Victor J. Valcarcel. "THE TIME-VARYING EFFECTS OF PERMANENT AND TRANSITORY SHOCKS TO REAL OUTPUT." Macroeconomic Dynamics 19, no. 3 (2014): 477–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100514000595.
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A time-varying-parameter VAR for real output growth and inflation is estimated with annual U.S. series dating back to 1870. Volatility for both variables rises quickly with World War I and its aftermath, stays high until the end of World War II, and drops rapidly until the 1960s. This Postwar Moderation yields the largest decline in volatilities, surpassing the Great Moderation. Conditional on temporary shocks, inflation and output growth are positively correlated. Our model implies that aggregate demand played a key role in inflation volatility fluctuations. Conversely, the two variables are negatively correlated conditional on permanent shocks. Our model suggests that aggregate supply played an important role in output volatility fluctuations. Most impulse responses support an aggregate supply interpretation for permanent shocks. However, before World War I, a permanent increase in output raised the price level at longer horizons, and these responses are frequently statistically significant. This evidence supports the hypothesis that aggregate demand had a long-run positive effect on output during the pre–World War I period.
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Bradley, Michael D., Dennis W. Jansen, and Tara M. Sinclair. "HOW WELL DOES “CORE” INFLATION CAPTURE PERMANENT PRICE CHANGES?" Macroeconomic Dynamics 19, no. 4 (2014): 791–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100513000618.
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Does excluding food and energy prices from the Consumer Price Index (CPI) produce a measure that better captures permanent price changes? To examine this question, we decompose CPI inflation and “core” inflation into their permanent and transitory components, using a correlated unobserved-components model. The stationarity of inflation may be time-varying, so we examine the performance of the core measure of inflation separately for periods in which inflation isI(1) andI(0). For a period in which inflation appears to beI(1), we find that core inflation and the permanent component of overall inflation are closely related, but there are some caveats. For a period in which inflation appears to beI(0), we decompose the core and overall price levels and find that the permanent component of the core CPI is much more volatile than the actual core series and that the core excludes volatile permanent shocks to the overall price level.
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Jusot, Jean-François. "The change in Beethoven’s music composition: Is there a role of his mental distress?" 4open 5 (2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fopen/2022015.
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Background: During his life, Beethoven faced a lot of personal problems and diseases that could lead to a prolonged period of serious mental disorder. The aim of this work is to study the link between the distribution of pitch frequencies observed in 101 movements of 32 sonatas and four periods of his compositional style. Methods: The 32 sonatas for piano were chosen because they were composed during the three periods usually considered to reflect Beethoven’s career. A hierarchical generalized additive model was performed to regress the frequency of pitches with Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) pitches, periods of composition, degrees, rests, and length of the sonata’s movements. Results: The median frequency of pitches was higher during Beethoven’s time of mental distress. This period appeared as transitory between the bright Promethean period and the fullness of the final Ethereal period. This change in the expression of Beethoven’s creativity could well have played the role of a self-therapy. Conclusion: From this singular account of Beethoven’s history of mental problems and his way of dealing with them, it could be concluded that the stimulation of their musical creativity could be beneficial for psychiatrically patients with mental health issues. It also suggests that some mechanisms such as the application of hysteresis to cognitive function at a time of mental distress, may indicate new research avenues in the treatment of mental diseases.
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Khalil., Mona. "The dynamics of religious and cultural situation in the post-revolutionary Egypt." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(27) (December 28, 2012): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2012-6-27-187-189.
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In the present article the issue of transformation of religious situation in Egypt after the 2011 revolution is being analyzed. Throughout centuries religion used to and continues to play tremendous role in the Egyptian society. However at the current transitory period conflict between secularly and religiously oriented forces has intensified. Abolishing the prohibition for religiously marked parties and movements to participate in political life of the country has questioned the future of Egypt as the conflict between secularists and religious conservatives has shifted to the political area.
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Ellis, Clare, Anne Crone, Eileen Reilly, and Paul Hughes. "Excavation of a Neolithic Wooden Platform, Stirlingshire." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 68 (2002): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00001523.
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Parks of Garden, a Neolithic site in southern Scotland, is located within a thin wedge of peat which abuts a ridge of glacial moraine that stretches across the Upper Forth river valley. The site comprises a rapidly constructed small wooden platform dating to 3340–2920 cal BC, within the Early Neolithic period of Scotland. The platform may have functioned as a transitory hunting hide and as a preparation area for hunting and gathering expeditions across the fen and into the salt-marshes of the local environment.
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Hennecke, Peter. "The ECB’s New Monetary Policy Strategy." Intereconomics 56, no. 5 (2021): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-021-1002-9.
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AbstractThe ECB updated its monetary policy strategy for the first time in 18 years in July 2021. Therein, the ECB announced that it is willing to accept a transitory period of moderate inflation overshoot in its efforts to push inflation upwards after a long period of undershooting its target. This study explores whether such an overshoot can be economically justified employing a simple Phillips curve model. The results point to the conclusion that the average inflation rate over the business cycle consolidated about one percentage point below the ECB’s target rate. A temporary asymmetry of the ECB’s monetary strategy seems therefore justified to realign inflation and inflation expectations with the target rate.
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Hennecke, Peter. "The ECB’s New Monetary Policy Strategy." Intereconomics 56, no. 5 (2021): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-021-1002-9.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractThe ECB updated its monetary policy strategy for the first time in 18 years in July 2021. Therein, the ECB announced that it is willing to accept a transitory period of moderate inflation overshoot in its efforts to push inflation upwards after a long period of undershooting its target. This study explores whether such an overshoot can be economically justified employing a simple Phillips curve model. The results point to the conclusion that the average inflation rate over the business cycle consolidated about one percentage point below the ECB’s target rate. A temporary asymmetry of the ECB’s monetary strategy seems therefore justified to realign inflation and inflation expectations with the target rate.
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Raigorodskaya, N. Yu, N. V. Bolotova, D. A. Morozov, and N. B. Zakharova. "The state of the testis in the boys presenting with cryptorchism during the mini-pubertal period." Problems of Endocrinology 60, no. 2 (2014): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl20146024-7.
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The period of transitory postnatal activation of the hypotalamo-pitutary-gonadal axis (mini-puberty) plays an important role in the testicular maturation and the development of the reproductive system. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the functional condition of the testicles in the boys at the age of 2-3 months born with cryptorchism. A total of 32 boys presenting with inguinal retention of the testes (group 1), 10 patients with unilateral abdominal criptorchism (group 2), and 40 healthy boys ages 2-3 month (control group) were available for the clinical examination and hormonal analysis. The methods employed in the study included orchidometry and genitometry, meagurement of serum gonadotropin, testosterone, and inhibin B levels by immunoenzyme assays. The results investigations made it possible to diagnose gonadal pathology in 80% of the examinad children presenting with unilateral abdominal cryptorchism and subclinical disorders of the testicular function in 40% of the patients with inguinal retention of a testicle.
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Arif, G. M., and Shujaat Farooq. "Rural Poverty Dynamics in Pakistan: Evidence from Three Waves of the Panel Survey." Pakistan Development Review 53, no. 2 (2014): 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v53i2pp.71-98.
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Poverty analysis in developing countries including Pakistan has in general focused on poverty trends based on cross-sectional datasets, with very little attention being paid to dynamics—of transitory or chronic poverty. Transitory poor are those who move out or fall into poverty between two or more points of time whereas the chronic poor remain in the poverty trap for a significant period of their lives. The static measures of households’ standard of living do not necessarily provide a good insight into their likely stability over time. For instance, a high mobility into or out of poverty may suggest that a higher proportion of a population experiences poverty over time than what the cross-sectional data might show. 1 It also implies that a much smaller proportion of the population experiences chronic poverty contrary to the results of cross-sectional datasets in a particular year [Hossain and Bayes (2010)]. Thus, the analysis of poverty dynamics is important to uncover the true nature of wellbeing of population. Both the micro and macro level socio-demographic and economic factors are likely to affect poverty movements and intergenerational poverty transmission [Krishna (2011)].
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Digonnet, Antoine, Esther Willemse, Cécile Dekeyser, Nicolas de Saint Aubain, Moreau Michel, and Guy Andry. "Surgical Management of Toxic Multinodular Goiter." World Journal of Endocrine Surgery 3, no. 2 (2011): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10002-1060.
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ABSTRACT Management of toxic multinodular goiter (TMNG) is still debated. We report our current experience with thyroidectomy for toxic multinodular goiter at a tertiary center. A retrospective database of 141 patients who underwent surgery for TMNG disease from January 1985 to December 2008. During that period, six patients underwent subtotal thyroidectomy and 135 patients underwent near total thyroidectomy. Around 53 patients (38%) underwent surgery for recurrent disease after medical therapy; 88 patients (62%) had surgery as a primary treatment, the indications were large goiter size in 58 (66%), associated cold nodule in 16 (18%), patient preference in 14 (16%). The incidence of cancer was 6.4%. Permanent hypoparathyroidism was observed in two patients. Unilateral transitory vocal cord palsy was observed in 11 patients (8%), no bilateral transitory vocal cord palsy was observed. One unilateral definitive vocal cord palsy was observed and was provoked by a mediastinal compression. Two patients (1.5%) experienced postoperative hemorrhagia requiring surgical revision. Near total thyroidectomy for TMNG provide an immediate and definitive treatment with a low complication rate. Near total thyroidectomy offers an appropriate treatment for coexisting malignancy. Only NTT can alleviate compressive symptoms. This procedure can be safely recommended even as a primary treatment.
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Yuditskiy, Anton D., Tatyana V. Kovalenko, and Irina N. Petrova. "Characteristic features of perinatal period in newborns with intrauterine growth retardation of different gestation age." Perm Medical Journal 36, no. 4 (2019): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pmj36421-26.
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Aim. To study the perinatal features and sickness rate of newborns of different gestation age with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).
 Materials and methods. Group 1 (n = 82) included newborns with gestation age boarders 3236 weeks, group 2 (n = 120) full-term newborns with gestation age 3740 weeks. Characteristic features of anamnesis, gestation period and labor were evaluated; clinical and laboratory-instrumental investigations were performed.
 Results. Early hypoglycemia during the first hours of life was registered in 46.3% of premature newborns with IUGR and in 26.7 % of full-term newborns (p 0.01), transitory hypocalcaemia in 13.4 and 20.0 %, respectively. In patients of group 1 chronic intrauterine fetal hypoxia (25.7 %) (p 0.05), intranatal asphyxia (40.2 %) (p 0.05), respiratory distress-syndrome at early neonatal period (34.1 %) (p 0.01) were registered more often. During the neonatal period, no differences in frequency and character of perinatal nervous system lesions were detected in the examined groups.
 Conclusions. Thus, there were obtained the proofs of significant influence of gestation age on the course of perinatal period, character and severity of pathological states in newborns with IUGR.
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Dondelinger, R. F., and J. C. Kurdziel. "Percutaneous Phenol Block of the Upper Thoracic Sympathetic Chain with Computed Tomography Guidance." Acta Radiologica 28, no. 5 (1987): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518702800503.
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Twenty-one percutaneous neurolyses of the upper thoracic sympathetic chain were performed in 12 patients with CT guidance by a single injection of 1 to 3 ml of phenol at the level of Th3. Results were assessed after a follow-up period varying from 4 to 33 months. Three patients with hyperhidrosis had immediate and complete disappearance of symptoms, but only one patient remained dry. In 7/14 procedures done for Raynaud's disease symptoms disappeared or diminished. These long term results are competitive with surgery. Three transitory Horner syndromes and one pneumothorax occurred.
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Carter-Su, C., F. W. Rozsa, X. Wang, and J. R. Stubbart. "Rapid and transitory stimulation of 3-O-methylglucose transport by growth hormone." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 255, no. 5 (1988): E723—E729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1988.255.5.e723.
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The regulation of hexose transport by growth hormone (GH) was investigated using isolated rat adipocytes. GH caused a rapid (less than 3 min) rise in rates of 3-O-methylglucose transport that reached a maximum of two to six times the basal rates in 10-30 min. The stimulation of transport was transitory, and rates of transport started to decline 15-30 min after GH was added. Transport stimulation required a period of preincubation; no stimulation was observed in freshly isolated cells. GH stimulated hexose transport between 100 and 5,000 ng/ml, with a 50% effective dose between 200 and 300 ng/ml. Depletion of cellular ATP by 2,4-dinitrophenol blocked the ability of GH to stimulate transport but not the decline of transport rates following stimulation by GH. In contrast, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, actinomycin D, had no effect on either the initial stimulation by GH or the initial subsequent decline of transport when added simultaneously or 15 min prior to GH. Actinomycin D did, however, cause a second rise in hexose transport at approximately 120 min that was blocked by 2,4-dinitrophenol. These results suggest that changes in glucose transport contribute to the effects of GH on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue. These changes are rapid, of substantial magnitude, and of a complex nature, suggesting that regulation of glucose transport by GH most likely involves multiple mechanisms.
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Kapamadžija, Borislav. "The problems of psychiatric expert witness by pathological reaction to alcohol." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 70, no. 9 (1998): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv9801013k.
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We presented a case of brutal murder in the condition of pathological reaction to alcohol. The author also gives a brief view of forensic-psychiatric literature data on this problem. The conclusion is that clinical descriptions are not precise in details which makes certain unsecurity and confusion in expert witness. The problem is more complicated with the fact that these conditions mostly last for a short period o f time and are transitory, so that expert witness see a man of normal psychic condition. Diagnosis of pathological reaction to alcohol automatically includes the judgement of total inaccountability which is seldom accepted both in criminal law and in public. In that situation expert witness feels insecure, being aware of the reaction of jurisdiction and public to such an expertise. That is the reason why they often are not precisly defined in literature data and have not enough professional and social sourage to make the diagnosis of total inaccountability. Inspite of all these imprécisions, such conditions have some things in common: they are not common and well known condition of "drunkeness" but they present conditions of true psychosis (mental illness) with transitory character. Although we know that alcohol is only the provocative factor, the real cause of these conditions still remains unknown.
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Carroll, Stefanie, Pierluigi Nicotera, and Dirk Pette. "Calcium transients in single fibers of low-frequency stimulated fast-twitch muscle of rat." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 277, no. 6 (1999): C1122—C1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.6.c1122.
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Ca2+transients were investigated in single fibers isolated from rat extensor digitorum longus muscles exposed to chronic low-frequency stimulation for different time periods up to 10 days. Approximately 2.5-fold increases in resting Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]) were observed 2 h after stimulation onset and persisted throughout the stimulation period. The elevated [Ca2+] levels were in the range characteristic of slow-twitch fibers from soleus muscle. In addition, we noticed a transitory elevation of the integral [Ca2+] per pulse with a maximum (∼5-fold) after 1 day. Steep decreases in rate constant of [Ca2+] decay could be explained by an immediate impairment of Ca2+ uptake and, with longer stimulation periods, by an additional loss of cytosolic Ca2+ binding capacity resulting from a decay in parvalbumin content. A partial recovery of the rate constant of [Ca2+] decay in 10-day stimulated muscle could be explained by an increasing mitochondrial contribution to Ca2+ sequestration.
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Martins, Maria Julia Avelino Silva, and ,. Fabrícia Dias da Cunha de Moraes Fernandes. "A IMPORTÂNCIA DA ARQUITETURA SACRA NACIONAL ATRAVÉS DOS TEMPOS: UM COMPARATIVO ACERCA DAS IGREJAS DE SÃO FRANCISCO DE ASSIS EM MINAS GERAIS." Colloquium Socialis 6, no. 1 (2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/cs.2022.v6.s149.
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The present work aims to analyze the relationship between sacred architecture and its relationship with place and time, demonstrating that even though the works are from different periods and authors, both have similar characteristics, which allows creating an opinion about the importance of religious architecture. As the sacred architecture had existed since the colonial period, it is intended to highlight its articulation with the national conjuncture, to then trace the history of the architects as well as the architectural styles. It is intended, after a bibliographical review, to compare the architecture between the styles as well as to identify religious architectural elements of a transitory or permanent character, the messages consolidated and perpetuated in time. As a solution, it is possible to diagnose that, despite different periods and authors, sacred architecture maintains its importance even in the face of the different architectural particularities located in time and space and that the essences of its message are sacred in people's lives.
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Wolters, Jürgen. "Persistence and Seasonality in Output and Employment of the Federal Republic of Germany." Recherches économiques de Louvain 58, no. 3-4 (1992): 420–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800044146.
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SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to investigate whether shocks to output and employment had permanent or transitory effects during the period from 1961 to 1990 in the Federal Republic of Germany. There are a lot of parametric and non-parametric approaches which can be used for data generating processes which are difference-stationary or trend-stationary. But especially output and employment time series show very strong seasonal movements. Before employing usual persistence measures one has to test for seasonal integration. The application of seasonal adjustment procedures which are typically used in practice lead to different degrees of persistence, so one has to be very careful in interpreting the results.
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Iswahyudi, Heru. "THE PERSISTENT EFFECTS OF COVID-19 ON THE ECONOMY AND FISCAL CAPACITY OF INDONESIA." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 29, no. 2 (2021): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jep.29.2.2021.113-130.
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Does the pandemic of COVID-19 have persistent or transitory effects on Indonesia’s economy and fiscal capacity? This article addresses empirical answer to this question by conducting unit root tests on time series data of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), income tax revenue, Value-Added Tax (VAT) revenue, the ratio of income tax revenue to GDP, and the ratio of VAT revenue to GDP covering the period from 1984 to 2019. The results find the presence of unit root process in these time series which imply that the shock from the pandemic may persistently lower the path of economic output and fiscal capacity of Indonesia.
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Roden, Peyton F., and Imre Karafaith. "In-Substance Defeasance And Shareholders Wealth." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 4, no. 1 (2011): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v4i1.6448.
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In November, 1983, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement No. 76: Extinguishment of Debt. The Statement permitted corporations completing an in-substance defeasance to recognize an increase in earnings and earnings per share. High interest rates in 1984 and the Statement encouraged corporate managers to in-substance defeasance debt and show the associated increase in earnings per share. In our examination of 19 companies defeasing bonds during the period 1983-1985, we found no impact on stock price. Although the process led to an accounting profit for each company, investors interpreted the change in capital structure to be transitory and/or too small to require altering their investment portfolios.
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Walsted, Alice, Ole Amtoft Nielsen, and Peter Borum. "Hearing loss after neurosurgery. The influence of low cerebrospinal fluid pressure." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 108, no. 8 (1994): 637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100127719.
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AbstractA prospective study was performed to investigate the effect of neurosurgery on hearing. Thirty-two patients underwent neurosurgery while 32 patients who had surgical procedures not involving puncture or drainage of the subdural space, served as a control group. In the neurosurgical group, a significant loss of hearing was observed in the immediate post-operative period, with recovery over one week. No average threshold shift was observed in the control group. It is suggested that following neurosurgery the mechanism of hearing loss results directly from a decrease in pressure and/or volume of the cerebrospinal fluid, which is reflected within the perilymphatic fluid, comparable to a transitory endolymphatic hydrops.
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Al ODAT, Shatha Mahmoud, and Nabeel Al KURDI. "Lively Streets: The Role of Streetscape Elements in Improving the Experience of Commercial Street Users in Amman, Jordan." Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning 12, no. 1 (2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jssp.2021.1.01.
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Nowadays, planners and designers manage streets, not only as a channel for movement but also as a place for socialising. However, streets in Amman city are still growing into highways that serve vehicles rather than social interaction. Hence, this situation brings more problems for both the liveliness of Amman’s streets and their users’ experience. This study examines the characteristics of streetscape elements that particularly affect users’ experience to improve social and sustained activities on commercial streets. To achieve this aim, structured and semi-structured observations were used to investigate the stationary and transitory activities and measure their duration time. Also, a questionnaire for street users was distributed, and a simple regression test was used to reveal the most preferable characteristics for streetscape elements to improve users’ experience on commercial streets, so that it attracts more users to participate with social and sustained activities for a longer period. The findings reveal that poor and inadequate streetscapes on commercial streets affect users’ experience; hence, only transitory and necessary stationary activities are available. Therefore, well-designed shopping streets, with comfortable and suitable seating, shelters along the street, lighting devices all over the street, walkable and accessible sidewalks, and green cover, would become much livelier. Finally, the research highlighted the importance of public participation in creating lively cities and suggesting the best practices to be implemented by the local governments.
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Delgado-Téllez, Mar, Enrique Moral-Benito, and Francesca Viani. "An anatomy of the Spanish current account adjustment: the role of permanent and transitory factors." SERIEs 11, no. 4 (2020): 501–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13209-020-00220-6.
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AbstractThis paper investigates how much of the current account adjustment after the global financial crisis in Spain can be explained by cyclical factors. For this purpose, we extend the IMF’s external balance assessment methodology to allow for country-specific slopes and intercepts. The good fit of these cross-country regressions implies negligible residuals for most countries, and, as a result, the positive analysis of current account decompositions provides a more informative assessment of the external balance drivers. According to our findings, around 60% of the 11 pp. adjustment of the Spanish external imbalance over the years 2008–2015 can be explained by transitory factors such as the output gap, the oil balance, and the financial cycle—a share that diminished down to 50% during the more recent recovery period. The remaining adjustment of the Spanish external balance is explained by factors such as the cyclically adjusted fiscal consolidation, population ageing, lower growth expectations, or competitiveness gains, which can all be considered as more permanent phenomena.
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Cowley, S. W. H., and G. Provan. "Planetary period oscillations in Saturn's magnetosphere: comments on the relation between post-equinox periods determined from magnetic field and SKR emission data." Annales Geophysicae 33, no. 7 (2015): 901–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-901-2015.
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Abstract. We discuss the properties of Saturn planetary period oscillations (PPOs) deduced from analysis of Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR) modulations by Fischer et al. (2014), and from prior analysis of magnetic field oscillations data by Andrews et al. (2012) and Provan et al. (2013), with emphasis on the post-equinox interval from early 2010 to early 2013. Fischer et al. (2014) characterize this interval as showing single phase-locked periods in the northern and southern SKR modulations observed in polarization-separated data, while the magnetic data generally show the presence of separated dual periods, northern remaining shorter than southern. We show that the single SKR period corresponds to the southern magnetic period early in 2010, segues into the northern period in late 2010, and returns to the southern period in mid-2012, approximately in line with changes in the dominant magnetic oscillation. An exception occurs in mid-February to late August 2011 when two periods are again discerned in SKR data, in good agreement with the ongoing dual periods in the magnetic data. Fischer et al. (2014) discuss this change in terms of a large jump in the southern SKR period related to the Great White Spot storm, which the magnetic data show is primarily due instead to a reappearance in the SKR data of the ongoing southern modulation in a transitory interval of resumed southern dominance. In the earlier interval from early April 2010 to mid-February 2011 when Fischer et al. (2014) deduce single phase-locked periods, we show unequivocal evidence in the magnetic data for the presence of separated dual oscillations of approximately equal amplitude. We suggest that the apparent single SKR periods result from a previously reported phenomenon in which modulations associated with one hemisphere appear in polarization-separated data associated with the other. In the following interval, mid-August 2011 to early April 2012, when Fischer et al. (2014) again report phase-locked northern and southern oscillations, no ongoing southern oscillation of separate period is discerned in the magnetic data. However, the magnetic amplitude data show that if a phase-locked southern oscillation is indeed present, its amplitude must be less than ~ 5–10 % of the northern oscillation.