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Borges, Gomes Lima Yuri. "Μοdélisatiοn atοmistique de la transfοrmatiοn de phase austénite-ferrite dans les aciers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR086.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis applies the Quasiparticle Approach (QA) to investigate the atomic scale mechanisms driving the phase transformation from FCC to BCC structures in iron. Initially, the study focuses on pure iron, providing detailed results into the nature and role of dislocations, at the FCC-BCC interface. It was shown that the FCC-BCC interface is semi-coherent and stepped, with two sets of transformations dislocations at the interface. The QA framework reveals how each orientation relationship (OR) influences the interface characteristics. Although the ORs displayed different interface structures, all were ultimately found to follow the same atomic transformation path, driven by the glide of transformation dislocations at the interface. It was concluded that the complete FCC to BCC phase transformation involves the action of the Kurdjumov-Sachs (KS) transformation mechanism in two variants along the two sets of dislocations, with the Kurdjumov-Sachs-Nishiyama (KSN) mechanism emerging as the average of the two KS mechanisms. This detailed description served as a basis for the study of Fe-C systems, where carbon segregation at the interface was observed. Moreover, it was shown that the carbon concentration profiles were consistent with local equilibrium conditions at the interface
Perevoshchikova, Nataliya. "Modeling of austenite to ferrite transformation in steels". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0342/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTransformation in steels focusing on the thermodynamic and kinetics conditions at the alpha/gamma interfaces during the ferrite growth. The first chapter deals with the determination of thermodynamic equilibria between alpha and gamma with CalPhad thermodynamic description. We have developed a new hybrid algorithm combining the construction of a convex hull to the more classical Newton-Raphson method to compute two phase equilibria in multicomponent alloys with two sublattices. Its capabilities are demonstrated on ternary Fe-C-Cr and quaternary Fe-C-Cr-Mo steels. In the second chapter, we present a thick interface model aiming to predict the whole spectrum of conditions at an alpha/gamma interface during ferrite growth, from full equilibrium to paraequilibrium with intermediate cases as the most interesting feature. The model, despite its numerous simplifying assumptions to facilitate its numerical implementation, allows to predict some peculiar kinetics in Fe-C-X systems with a minimum of fitting parameters, mainly the ratio between the diffusivities of the substitutional element inside the thick interface and in bulk austenite. The third chapter deals with the phase field model of austenite to ferrite transformation in steels. A thorough analysis on the conditions at the interface has been performed using the technique of matched asymptotic expansions. Special attention is given to clarify the role of the interface mobility on the growth regimes both in simple Fe-C alloys and in more complex Fe-C-Mn alloys
Thuillier, Olivier. "Transformation austénite-ferrite dans un alliage modèle Fe-C-Mn : modélisation et étude expérimentale à l'échelle nanométrique". Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES082.
Pełny tekst źródłaLiebaut, Christophe. "Rhéologie de la déformation plastique d'un acier Fe-C durant sa transformation de phase "austenite-->ferrite + perlite"". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10451.
Pełny tekst źródłaSchmidt, Marek Wojciech, i Marek Schmidt@rl ac uk. "Phase formation and structural transformation of strontium ferrite SrFeOx". The Australian National University. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20020708.190055.
Pełny tekst źródłaPariser, Gerhard Carolus. "Modeling the austenite to ferrite phase transformation for steel development /". Aachen : Shaker, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014913109&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuiheux, Romain. "Comportement d’aciers à transformation de phase austénite-martensite pour la simulation du grenaillage de précontrainte". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENAM0055/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaShot-peening is commonly used in mechanical industries to increase life duration of mechanical and structural parts: residual compressive stresses are developed at the sub-surface of the material by plastic stretching of the surface. In the case of TRIP-effect steels (TRansformation Induced Plasticity), the metastable austenite can transform into martensite during shot-peening. The final distribution of stress is then more complex than for “standard steels” as it results from the mechanical strain imposed by the process and the martensitic transformation leading to a stress redistribution between austenite, martensite and the other phases. This work aims to characterize experimentally the mechanical state, at phase scale, of different TRIP steels (AISI 301LN, TRIP 780 and 23MnCrMo5) as well as the fraction of each phase after shot-peening and to propose a numerical model by finite elements which could be used in the future by engineering offices. An elastoplastic model with phase transformation was developed in this thesis which permits to predict the evolution of mechanical variables, macroscopically and at the phase scale, as well as the evolution of austenite volume fraction
Pariser, Gerhard C. [Verfasser]. "Modeling the Austenite to Ferrite Phase Transformation for Steel Development / Gerhard C Pariser". Aachen : Shaker, 2006. http://d-nb.info/1170529216/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaRampelberg, Cécile. "Characterization and modeling of Carbide-Free Bainite transformations along isothermal and anisothermal heat treatments". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0202.
Pełny tekst źródłaCarbide-Free Bainites are multiphase microstructures obtained from austenite decomposition at low temperatures (typically between 450 °C and 200 °C) in alloyed steels. These microstructures are very attractive owing to their high mechanical properties and good toughness especially for forged parts dedicated to the automotive market. They are made of a fine ferritic matrix without carbide thanks to a judicious chemical composition, retained austenite stabilized by carbon partitioning during the transformation and martensite. The high fraction of retained austenite may transform in martensite during further mechanical solicitations at room temperature (strain induced transformation). These microstructures have been studied since many years, but their formation mechanisms are still a subject that continues to divide the metallurgy community, between diffuse and diffusionless approaches. The incomplete transformation phenomenon encountered in this process is one of the bones of contention. One of the great novelties of this work was to elucidate the mechanisms of formation of these microstructures in continuous cooling conditions.In this work, we have investigated the evolution of microstructures along different thermal treatments (isothermal holdings, multistep and continuous cooling treatments) by in situ High Energy X-Ray Diffraction (HEXRD) on synchrotron beamlines. Such experiments make possible the simultaneous measurement of phase transformation kinetics, of the lattice parameters of the different phases and the detection of possible carbide precipitation processes. On this basis, very precise carbon mass balances between the constituting phases have been established for the first time leading to the conclusions that the ferritic bainite is even more supersaturated in carbon that expected. The multistep and continuous cooling experiments have also proved that the bainitic transformation doesn’t respect the additivity rule of purely diffusive transformations and is highly sensitive to the transformation sequences. The microstructures after thermal treatments have been systematically studied post mortem by Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD). It has served to explain the observed microstructures after continuous cooling which show large distributions of size, morphology and microtexture as they are formed progressively at different temperatures.A phase transformation model based on the diffusionless-type approach of Van Bohemen (2019) was finally developed and calibrated on available experimental data. This model is not only able to simulate bainite kinetics along isothermal holding and continuous cooling but also the respective compositions of the phases. The capabilities and limits of the new approach are analyzed and discussed
Liebaut, Christophe. "Rhéologie de la déformation plastique d'un acier Fe-C durant sa transformation de phase "austénite-ferrite + perlite"". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376152470.
Pełny tekst źródłaArlazarov, Artem. "Évolution des microstructures et lien avec les propriétés mécaniques dans les aciers 'Médium Mn'". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0086/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuring the intercritical annealing of fully martensitic Medium Mn steel, containing from 4 to 12 wt.% Mn, the formation of austenite happens through the so-called “Austenite Reverted Transformation” (ART) mechanism. In this PhD work, the evolution of both microstructure and tensile properties was studied as a function of holding time in the intercritical domain. The microstructure evolution was studied using a double experimental and modeling approach. The final microstructure contained phases of different natures (ferrite (annealed martensite), retained austenite and fresh martensite) and of different morphologies (lath-like and polygonal). A particular attention was paid to the kinetics of austenite formation in connection with cementite dissolution and to the morphology of the phases. A mechanism was proposed to describe the formation of such microstructure. The critical factors controlling thermal austenite stability, including both chemical and size effects, were determined and discussed, based on the analysis of the retained austenite time-evolution. At last, tensile properties of the steel were measured as a function of holding time and the relation between microstructure and mechanical behavior was analyzed. Advanced analysis of the individual behavior of the three major constituents was performed. As a final output of this work, a complete model for predicting the true-stress versus true-strain curves of medium Mn steels was proposed
Renaux, Jeoffrey. "Ιnfluence de l'austénite et des impuretés sur le vieillissement thermique de la ferrite des aciers inοxydables austénο-ferritiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR026.
Pełny tekst źródłaAusteno-ferritic steels used in the design of various cast components (valves, pump bodies, etc.) in the primary circuit of second-generation nuclear power plants exhibit changes in their mechanical properties at service temperatures between 285°C and 325°C. These two-phase alloys, which combine ferrite and austenite, exhibit a microstructural hardening that occurs within the ferrite. This hardening is associated with two phase transformations, including, firstly, spinodal decomposition into an α phase rich in Fe and an α' phase rich in Cr, and secondly, the formation of a G phase rich in alloying elements Ni, Si, Mn, Mo. While austeno-ferritic steels containing Mo present a greater hardening than steels without Mo, the observation of a purely ferritic steel containing Mo, on the contrary, showed less hardening due to the absence of G phase precipitation. The aim of this study was to understand the influence of austenite on the aging of ferrite, which was the main hypothesis put forward to explain the reason for the lesser hardening of purely ferritic steel. To confront this hypothesis, the use of an electrochemical method allowed for the selective dissolution of austenite to obtain austenite-free ferrite, with the same composition, morphology, and thermo-mechanical history as the ferrite with austenite. The study by atom probe tomography of the microstructural evolution of these two ferrites, as well as that of a purely ferritic steel under aging conditions of 1,000 hours at 400°C, allowed for the investigation and understanding of the following points:- The results showed that the presence of austenite induces residual compressive stresses on the ferrite, which are not the cause of the enhanced aging of austeno-ferritic steels, as no significant difference in microstructure was observable between ferrites with and without austenite.- The characterization of the effect of the Cr/Ni composition gradient near the α/γ interfaces on the microstructural evolution of ferrite was conducted. The evolution of Cr and Ni concentrations towards the α/γ interfaces does not impact the spinodal decomposition but affects the formation of the G phase, with the main effect being a significant decrease in nanoparticle density towards the α/γ interfaces.- As residual stresses are not the cause of the difference in aging between purely ferritic and austeno-ferritic steels, the hypothesis of a chemical composition effect was considered. The results showed that the number density of G phase particles is strongly correlated with the impurity concentration in the ferrite. The absence of impurities in the ferritic alloy appears to explain the absence of G phase nanoparticles at the α/α’ interdomains and thus the lesser aging of the ferritic alloy
Martinez, Ostormujof Tomas. "Apport des approches avancées en microscopie d’orientation pour l'analyse des microstructures de transformation de phase dans les aciers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0358.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis focuses on some of the latest progress in EBSD-based orientation microscopy to improve the analysis of complex steel microstructures and to contribute to a better understanding of the genesis of phase transformation induced microstructures. This is of key importance to optimize the thermomechanical processing route of steels and to improve mechanical properties. The first issue to progress in the understanding of phase transformation induced microstructures in steels was to capture the formation of high temperature austenite before complete ferrite/bainite or martensite transformation during cooling. For this purpose, in-situ EBSD heat treatments have been implemented in a SEM in complement with the well-known indirect crystallographic reconstruction. A heating module with an optimized design for the EBSD set-up has been coupled with a state-of-art EBSD camera. The result shows that high quality patterns can be acquired at temperatures around 1000°C with an indexing speed of more than 1000Hz. This allows to capture the dynamic microstructure evolution induced by phase transformation and austenite grain growth. Different cases of studies carried out with different industrial partners illustrate the performance of HT EBSD analysis, with a special focus on the analysis of the austenite grain refinement due to austempering treatments. The second issue was to apply advanced EBSD pattern analysis to complex and multiphase steel microstructures to improve the acquired orientation data in terms of indexing rate and phase discrimination (especially for phases with cubic crystal symmetry). For the classical Hough Transform (HT) based indexing approach, optimizing the reflector list per phase is the most important feature for reliable phase discrimination. The recently proposed “Refined Accuracy” (RA) approach is sensitive to difference in Kikuchi Band Width and is found to be able to discriminate cubic phases with a difference in the lattice parameter of 0.73Å. Finally, Pattern Matching approaches that compare experimental patterns to a dictionary of dynamically simulated patterns was found to offer the best performance to (1) index poor quality patterns often found in martensite/austenite islands and (2) discriminate cubic-based phases corresponding to inclusions or minor precipitates in a ferrite/austenite matrix. The best metric to compare experimental and simulated patterns is the Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC). Finally, the last issue was to progress in the automated EBSD-based discrimination of ferrite/bainite/martensite transformation products. Those phases are all indexed as ferrite-cubic phase in an EBSD map. Additional EBSD-based parameters like pattern quality and/or KAM can be leveraged to highlight differences between those phases. However, user defined threshold criteria to identify those phases is often subjective and the procedure can be time consuming. In the search of an objective and effortless approach, we have implemented Artificial Intelligence models to discriminate the phase transformation products based on pattern quality and KAM. A supervised learning method was developed using the U-Net CNN architecture to separate ferrite/upper bainite/martensite. High accuracies were reached for microstructures with similar features to those shown to the model during training, thus it is a good option for repetitive tasks. To avoid labeling, unsupervised approaches were also tested. A k-means clustering approach demonstrated a relatively good ability to discriminate upper and lower bainite using features extracted from indirect crystallographic reconstruction. On the other hand, a method called unsupervised CNN showed an excellent ability to discriminate ferrite and martensite from DP steels but it struggled with multiphase microstructures. Both unsupervised approaches provided promising results and may be used as a pre-labeling step to ease the process
Saied, Mahmoud. "Experimental and numerical modeling of the dissolution of delta ferrite in the Fe-Cr-Ni system : application to the austenitic stainless steels". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI016/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaResidual δ-ferrite is widely encountered in the as-cast microstructure of austenitic stainless steels. It stems from the incomplete high temperature solid-state δ→γ transformation occurring upon the solidification stage. Its presence has a detrimental effect the hot workability of stainless steels, leading to the formation of edge cracks and sliver defects during slabs hot rolling. This PhD work aims at bringing more understanding of the kinetics of high temperature δ→γ transformation in austenitic stainless steels via experimental and numerical modeling. The transformation was studied in a ternary Fe-Cr-Ni ingot-cast alloy with composition close to the industrial alloys. Three ferrite morphologies were identified: lathy at the edge of the ingot, vermicular and lathy at the center. Their dissolution kinetics were established at temperatures ranging from 1140°C to 1340°C and characterized in terms of ferrite fraction and Cr and Ni diffusion. The vermicular ferrite undergoes a transient growth followed by a high then a low rate dissolution regimes. On the other hand, ferrite dissolution was also studied in the multilayered microstructures. such microstructures were elaborated by alternating ferrite and austenite sheets of the Fe-Cr-Ni system, diffusion-bonded by Hot isostatic Pressing and reduced in thickness by successive rollings. Dissolution is easier to handle in such microstructures thanks to the initial planar δ/γ interfaces. Analysis of the experimental results were carried out with a numerical moving-boundary model of diffusion-controlled δ→γ transformation. Diffusion can be treated in the planar, cylindrical and spherical geometries. As a preliminary validation, the model was used to analyze kinetics of ferrite dissolution in the multilayered microstructures. It was then applied to the cast alloy using an original descriptive approach combining spheres and cylinders as equivalent morphology of dendritic ferrite. Although based on simplifying assumptions, the model was able to reproduce experimental results with satisfactory agreement. Mechanisms underlying the initial growth of vermicular ferrite and the transition in dissolution regimes were outlined. The effect of a wide range of input parameters has been considered and relevant parameters for quantitative calculations were brought to light, such as thermodynamical descriptions of the Fe-Cr-Ni system, composition gradients and distribution of ferrite's radii
Boucard, Élodie. "Étude de l’influence de l’état métallurgique de l’austénite sur la microstructure de transformation de phase dans les aciers bas carbone". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0245/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe thesis aims to understand the influence of the metallurgical state of austenite at high temperature on the phase transformation mechanisms in two model grades of low carbon steel: 0.06%C-2.4%Mn-0.3%Si (CMn-1) and 0.2%C-2.4%Mn-0.3%Si (CMn-2). A series of heat treatments enabled a thorough crystallographic analysis of the transformation products according to the γ grain size. According to the numerous microstructures obtained, the advantages and limits of the crystallographic reconstruction of austenite from EBSD data are defined according the type of inherited microstructures. Finally, hot compression tests at 800°C (Ar3+100°C) are performed on the grade CMn-1 to follow the evolution of the austenitic microstructures and microtextures based on strain conditions. The characteristics obtained by crystallographic reconstruction are confirmed by an analysis of the 30%Fe-70%Ni hot-rolled model alloy. We identified high misorientations in the vicinity of grain boundaries and two characteristics deformation substructures: grains homogeneously deformed by planar slip mechanism and grains with deformation microbands. These structures depend on the components of texture developed in the austenite. It was found that the bainitic laths are promoted as the deformation increases to the detriment of the martensite formed by quenching, resulting in a decrease of the hardness. Moreover a granular structure also grows along prior [gamma] grains boundaries and spreads across the grain during isothermal bainite transformation at 525°C. Lamellar microstructures are aligned along the most active slip plans {111} [gamma] in homogeneously deformed grains, while the nucleation of small bainitic areas with different orientations is promoted in the microbands
Diawara, Bandiougou. "Caractérisation quantitative de la microstructure de l'acier 16MND5 des cuves de réacteurs nucléaires à eau pressurisée". Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENI063.
Pełny tekst źródłaReactor pressure vessel is the second security barrier of the nuclear reactor and it is elaboratedwith a low carbon steel ( C-0.16%). Due to the large size of the ferrule there is temperatureand cooling rate gradient, which lead to microstructure gradient. To develop predictive modelit is necessary to well describe the microstructure which depend to the processing parameters.We focuse our work in investigating the effect of the processing parameters (cooling rate,chemical composition...) on the final microstructure during phase transformation.To get these informations and better describe the microstructure, we have used someexperimental technics like SEM, EBSD, TEM and Optical Microscopy. The steel used is alow carbon steel with a composition of C-0.16%, Mn-1.32%, Ni-0.72%, Mo-0.49%, Si-0.23%, Cr-0.23%, P-0.010%, S-0.004%. The material has been tempered in the range 635°C-660°C after cooling. Three positions have been chosen for examinations, because the coolingrate is not the same between the center and the edge of the material. The results of theobservations made in the different scale, indicate that the microstructure is mainly baniticwith bainitic ferrite and cementite precipitates. Examinations of the precipitates withextractive replicas in TEM reveal that morphology of cementite particles is complex they arecylinder-shaped particles, short bars particles and skeletal particles. OrientationsRelationships (OR) have been determined between ferrite and cementite particles with thinfoils in TEM by using Selected Area Diffraction, in a large number areas the Isaichev andBagaryatskii OR have been observed, a little Pitsch Petch OR have been obtained. The EBSDmap shows that the bainitic ferrite morphologies are both lath like and polygon. Themisorientations inside the laths are very small (0.5° misorientation point to point) andbetween laths we have the range 49-60° misorientation. The profile of misorientationsbetween point to point indicates higher frequency for the range 49-60°. Charpy test have beenperformed to analyze the effect of the microstructure on the fracture energy at lowtemperature. The results show that the fracture energy decreases when the content ofproeutectoid ferrite is high
Mathevon, Alexandre. "Characterization and modelling of microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties during the thermal treatments of Dual-Phase steels". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI120.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this thesis was to contribute to the development and understanding of the physical phenomena driving the microstructural evolutions and the mechanical properties of Dual-Phase steels. In a concern of use on industrial production lines, the development of physics-based mean-field numerical tools was retained, usable for a wide range of chemical composition and thermal cycle parameters. A calibration of the models on ternary steels from laboratory castings was carried out before their validation on two industrial grades. A model for predicting recrystallization kinetics (MiReX) was developed based on the chemical composition, the reduction ratio by cold rolling and their predicted precipitation state using a coupling with a software for predicting precipitation kinetics (Preciso). A model for the phase transformation between ferrite and austenite, based on the minimization of the global system energy (GEM), has been proposed for isothermal and anisothermal treatments. It reproduces the kinetics of austenite formation on an industrial thermal cycle including a heating ramp and holding for quaternary systems taking into account the dissolution of the cementite. A model for predicting the temperature of the beginning of martensitic transformation has also been developed for two-phase steels, taking into account austenitic grain size and carbon and manganese enrichment at the interface. Finally, a new interaction law based on observations during an ex-situ tensile test has allowed the improvement of a prediction model of the mechanical properties of DP steels. A consideration of the tempering step of martensite on the mechanical properties of DP steels has been proposed after the analysis of metallurgical mechanisms involved in tempering bythermoelectric power and hardness measurements
Boulnat, Xavier. "FAST high-temperature consolidation of Oxide-Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steels : Process, microstructure, precipitation, properties". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0139/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work aims to lighten the understanding of the behavior of a class of metallic materials called Oxide-Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels. ODS steels are produced by powder metallurgy with various steps including atomization, mechanical alloying and high-temperature consolidation. The consolidation involves the formation of nanoparticles in the steel and various evolutions of the microstructure of the material that are not fully understood. In this thesis, a novel consolidation technique assisted by electric field called "Spark Plasma Sintering" (SPS) or "Field-Assisted Sintering Technique" (FAST) was assessed. Excellent mechanical properties were obtained by SPS, comparable to those of conventional hot isostatic pressed (HIP) materials but with much shorter processing time. Also, a broad range of microstructures and thus of tensile strength and ductility were obtained by performing SPS on either milled or atomized powder at different temperatures. However, SPS consolidation failed to avoid heterogeneous microstructure composed of ultrafine-grained regions surrounded by micronic grains despite of the rapid consolidation kinetics. A multiscale characterization allowed to understand and model the evolution of this complex microstructure. An analytical evaluation of the contributing mechanisms can explain the appearance of the complex grain structure and its thermal stability during further heat treatments. Inhomogeneous distribution of plastic deformation in the powder is argued to be the major cause of heterogeneous recrystallization and further grain growth during hot consolidation. Even if increasing the solute content of yttrium, titanium and oxygen does not impede abnormal growth, it permits to control the fraction and the size of the retained ultrafine grains, which is a key-factor to tailor the mechanical properties. Since precipitation through grain boundary pinning plays a significant role on grain growth, a careful characterization of the precipitation state was performed on consolidated ODS steels. The experimental data obtained by transmission electron microscopy, small angle neutron scattering and atom-probe tomography evidenced the presence of dense and nanosized particles in SPS ODS steels, similarly to what is observed in conventional ODS steels. This is of great importance since it proves that the precipitation is very rapid and mainly occurs during the heating stage of the consolidation process. Using a thermodynamic model, the precipitation kinetics of Y2O3 and Y2Ti2O7 were successfully reproduced at various consolidation temperatures. Both experimental and numerical findings agree with the rapid precipitation of nanoparticles that are then extremely stable, even at high temperature. Consequently, this model can be an efficient tool to design ODS steelsby the optimization of the precipitation state
Philippot, Clément. "Etude des mécanismes de précipitation, de recristallisation et de transformation de phases dans les aciers Dual Phase microalliés au titane niobium lors du recuit". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4342.
Pełny tekst źródłaLightening the weight of vehicles is one of the main challenging objectives of the automotive industry to reach the environmental regulation in term of CO2 emissions. The development of multiphase high strength steels is a common solution to reduce the thickness of sheet steel used in vehicles while keeping the same level of passenger’s safety requirements. The present study deals with the optimization of industrial process parameters applied to obtain one of these steels: the high strength microalloyed Dual Phase steels; i.e. with ultimate tensile strength superior to 800MPa.From an initial cold rolled microstructure made of bainite + martensite, the phenomena occurring during the annealing are characterized since the heating up to the end of the intercritical holding. The influence of process parameters as the heating rate, the holding temperature and the holding time are studied. The triple interactions system between the precipitation of microalloying elements, the recrystallization and the austenite formation is the core of the problem. A scenario of microstructural evolutions has been established based on the characterized phenomena. The studied fine microstructure (sub-microns) requires the combination of multiscale characterization techniques: SEM, TEM, atom probe tomography, nano-SIMS
Graux, Alexis. "Evolutions microstructurales au cours du laminage à chaud d’aciers bas carbone microalliés". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI120.
Pełny tekst źródłaThere are nowadays major driving forces for the development of Advanced High Strength steels presenting enhanced formability properties for automotive applications. This PhD-work is part of a research project that aims at producing complex phase (CP) steels by hot rolling, seeking for an enhanced combination of strength and stretch flangeability. Thus, this PhD-work focused on the description and the understanding of the microstructural evolutions during the various steps of the hot rolling process of low carbon microalloyed steels. First, the evolution of the precipitation state and austenite grain sizes during the reheating stage of hot rolling were studied. A precipitation model was developed and coupled to a simple grain growth model based on Zener pinning to describe microstructural evolutions that occurs during reheating. Then, the microstructural evolutions occurring after the hot rolling deformation passes were analyzed. The kinetics of austenite recrystallization and strain-induced precipitation were determined by stress relaxation and direct microstructural observations. Models were also developed for describing these microstructural evolutions. A final chapter focused on establishing the relationships between the hot rolling parameters, the microstructures, and the mechanical properties obtained. The phase transformation during continuous cooling was established, including the effect of austenite deformation. Then, six different hot rolling processes were applied, and the resulting microstructures and mechanical properties were extensively characterized. This PhD-work provided a better understanding of the microstructural evolutions taking place during hot rolling and of the resulting microstructures and mechanical properties. The modeling work presented could extended to the study of other alloys. Several strategies for improving the combination of strength and stretch flangeability were proposed
Cabus, Christelle. "Etude et modélisation des textures de transformations de phases dans les aciers destinés à l'emboutissage". Paris 13, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA132024.
Pełny tekst źródłaBenrabah, Imed-Eddine. "Développement d’alliages métalliques à gradient de composition pour l’exploration combinatoire des microstructures". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021GRALI005.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe transformation of austenite into ferrite in steels is of considerable interest in controlling the final properties of steels, in particular Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSS) such as Dual Phase (DP) steel. Despite tremendous efforts in understanding the mechanisms controlling ferrite formation, the role of substitutional elements during ferrite growth and their interaction with the migrating α/γ interface remain unclear. Several models have been developed to describe ferrite growth kinetics in ternary and higher systems. The solute drag based models have been successfully used to predict kinetics for multiple substitutional solutes, compositions and temperatures in ternary systems. However, the extension of this model to higher order systems highlighted a complex behavior of the interaction between the different interstitial and substitutional elements at the interface. Validation of the developed models requires an experimental study of the effect of both composition and temperature on growth kinetics. The aim of this contribution is to present a complete combinatorial high-throughput methodology to accelerate the investigation of the dependency of ferrite growth kinetics on substitutional composition in alloy steels. It is noteworthy, however, that this new methodology could be used to study any other phase transformation in any other metallic alloy. The essence of the methodology is to fabricate materials with macroscopic composition gradients, and to perform time- and space-resolved in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction experiments to gather the austenite-to-ferrite phase transformation kinetics in many points of the compositional space. Diffusion couples containing millimeter-scale solute gradients and an almost constant carbon content were generated using the present methodology and used to study ferrite growth kinetics at inter-critical temperatures using in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction experiments. During 4 days of experiments, more than 1500 kinetics were gathered for different compositions and at different temperatures. This dataset of unprecedented size was used validate a modified version of the three-jump solute drag model for both ternary and quaternary systems. The model calculations matched experimental transformation kinetics at all investigated temperatures and over almost all the investigated composition ranges of Si, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Mo, contrary to results from para-equilibrium (PE) and local equilibrium negligible partitioning (LENP) models. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the calibration of thermodynamic parameters in ternary systems held true in quaternary systems, paving the way towards modeling of the transformation in higher-order systems
Badyka, Romain. "Influence des éléments d'alliage sur la cinétique de vieillissement de la ferrite d'aciers inoxydables austéno-ferritiques moulés". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR072/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaCast austenitic-ferritic stainless steels are used in primary circuit of 2nd generation nuclearpower plants. At operating temperature (285 °C - 325 °C), evolution of mechanical properties isobserved due to the phase transformations occurring within the ferrite: spinodal decomposition (SD)leading to the formation on a Fe rich phase (α) and a Cr rich phase (α ') and the precipitation of the G-phase at α/α' interfaces. This evolution of the mechanical properties can be prohibitive for thecomponents. If it is well known that the steel composition plays an important role on the evolution ofthe properties (steels less rich in Ni and Mo are less sensitive to aging), the role of solute elements asNi, Mo and Mn on the aging kinetics is not yet known so as the contribution of the G-phase on thehardening during the thermal aging. In this study, the aging kinetics of the ferrite of some austenitic-ferritic stainless steels with or without Mo and model alloys with tuned compositions have been studied by atom probe tomography (APT) and by micro hardness measurements. This works answered the three following questions: - Quantification of the contribution of both spinodal decomposition and G-phase precipitation on hardening of the ferrite: combination of hardening models and data obtained with APT permitted to show that G-phase precipitation is clearly the main contributor to ferrite hardness increase at early stage of ageing in Mo-bearing steels. This is due to the high number density of G-phase particles. In Mo-free steels which have ten times less G-phase particles, contributions of both spinodal decomposition and G-phase precipitation are similar. In both cases, when coarsening of G-phase particles occurs and SD is well developed, SD contribution becomes larger. - Influence of Ni, Mo and Mn on aging kinetics: The study of model alloys with tuned composition has shown that only Ni plays a role on SD by enhancing the decomposition. Mn is a key element for the precipitation of G-phase particles at α/α' interfaces. - Efficiency of regeneration heat treatment at 550 °C: an alternative to component replacement is to perform a heat treatment at higher temperature in order to restore the properties of the components. The heat treatments performed permitted to entirely restore the mechanical properties of Mo free steels and partially the properties of Mo bearing ones. This is due to the presence of undissolved G-phase particles in the case of Mo bearing alloys. In each case, SD was totally dissolved
Nasri, Ridha. "Conception et réalisation d'un adaptateur haute impédance programmable : epplication à la caractérisation de liquides magnétiques". Saint-Etienne, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STET4014.
Pełny tekst źródłaWang, Li. "Effects of niobium on phase transformations from austenite to ferrite in low carbon steels". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12012.
Pełny tekst źródłaKim, Yoon-Jun. "Phase Transformations in Cast Duplex Stainless Steels". Ames, Iowa : Oak Ridge, Tenn. : Ames Laboratory ; distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2004. http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/837274-V0QAJQ/webviewable/.
Pełny tekst źródłaPublished through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "IS-T 2322" Yoon-Jun Kim. US Department of Energy 12/19/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.
Bellavoine, Marion. "Transformations de phases et recristallisation dans les aciers Dual Phase microalliés au titane niobium : étude expérimentale et modélisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0262.
Pełny tekst źródłaTo meet the need for weight reductions in the automotive industry, new advanced high-strength steels are being developed. The achievement of a better balance between high strength and high formability requires a deep understanding of both the effect of chemical composition and processing parameters on the formation of microstructures. The present work contributes to such an objective and deals with the mechanisms occurring during annealing of Dual Phase steels microalloyed with Ti and Nb. Microstructural changes during this stage include precipitation of microalloying elements, ferrite recrystallization and austenite formation. These mechanisms are investigated using complementary experimental techniques at different scales such as in situ XRD, SEM, TEM and APT in various Dual Phase steel grades having the same bainite-martensite initial cold-rolled microstructure. Using combined experimental and modeling approaches, the present work clarifies the separate influence of microalloying elements Ti, Nb and Mo and heating rate on the mechanisms occurring during annealing and their interactions
Hell, Jean-Christophe. "Aciers bainitiques sans carbure : caractérisations microstructurale multi-échelle et in situ de la transformation austénite-bainite et relations entre microstructure et comportement mécanique". Thesis, Metz, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011METZ031S/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaCarbide-free bainitic steels are part of the 3rd generation of advanced high strength steels, which exhibit high yield strength and an excellent compromise between tensile strength and ductility. These ground – breaking properties are achieved thanks to the characteristics of their microstructure which is constituted of different phases (bainite, austenite and martensite) organized in a specific way (typical bainitic colonies and residual islands). However, relationships between microstructural features and mechanical properties are yet to be thoroughly established. In the frame of this PhD, we investigated these relationships in carbide-free bainitic steels elaborated by an austempering process. Various means of characterization were used in situ and post mortem to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively microstructures elaborated by the decomposition of the austenite in isothermal conditions. The influence of the austempering temperature and the carbon content on the microstructures has been highlighted. Moreover, austempering under Ms allowed elaborating a microstructure constituted of tempered martensite, bainitic ferrite and residual austenite. Tensile and shear tests were performed in order to evaluate their mechanical properties and to estimate the kinematical and isotropic contributions of the workhardening. Results were analyzed in the light of the microstructural characterizations and the effects of some microstructural features have been highlighted. The mechanical behavior of the bainite elaborated under Ms was estimated by a micromechanical approach based on a law of mixtures between the tempered martensite and the compound made of bainitic ferrite and residual austenite
Stritch, Kyle B. "Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties in Simulated Heat Affected Zone Regions of Grade 91 Steel Welds". The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1471444438.
Pełny tekst źródłaEmo, Jonathan. "Etude expérimentale et par simulation Monte Carlo des transformations de phase dans la ferrite des aciers austéno-ferritiques et de leurs alliages modèles". Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES054.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuplex stainless steels used in primary circuit of 2nd generation nuclear power plant endure thermal ageing at service temperatures (285°C-323°C). This leads to an increase of their hardness and to a decrease of their Charpy toughness. The evolution of these properties is due to the phase transformations which occur in ferrite. Even if it is well known that the steel composition plays a role on the mechanical properties evolution (steels with low Ni and Mo contents are less sensitive to thermal ageing), the origin of this difference of behaviour has not been clearly identified yet. In this study, the kinetics of the phase transformations in the ferrite of a duplex stainless steel with low Ni and Mo contents and duplex model alloys with specific compositions have been studied by atom probe tomography. This work showed that: i) G phase precipitation is less intense and the kinetic of the spinodal decomposition is slower for this steel than for steels with higher Ni and Mo contents, ii) the synergy between spinodal decomposition and G phase precipitation is also observed in this steel, iii) the Mo does not affect the early stages of the G phase precipitation, iv) the formation mechanism of G phase precipitates is at least a two steps mechanism, v) when the number density of G phase precipitates is low, hardening is mainly controlled by the amplitude and the mean wavelength of the spinodal decomposition, vi) when the number density of G phase precipitates is high, the hardening due to G phase precipitates may not be negligible. A kinetic Monte Carlo model has been developed to explain the synergy observed experimentally between the spinodal decomposition and the G phase precipitation. This model allowed us to show that the coarsening of G phase precipitates is driven by a diffusion mechanism along α/α’ interfaces, and not by a bulk diffusion mechanism
Chen, Meng-Yang. "Précipitations de carbure de vanadium (fibre, interphase) dans des aciers". Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENI016/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe present thesis gives an overview of carbide aggregates (interphase precipitation and carbide fiber) in vanadium-alloyed steels, covering the aspects of microstructure, modeling, and mechanical properties. The microstructural features of different carbide aggregates by the use of microscopies, and the transition of carbide morphologies is discussed. A new model considering the ledge mechanism as well as austenite decomposition is subsequently proposed according to the observed microstructure. The sheet spacing, particle spacing, and interface velocity, can be calculated and show good agreements with experimental data. Finally, the effect of interphase-precipitated carbide distribution (sheet spacing, particle spacing, and carbide radius) on Orowan strengthening contribution is examined by nano-indentation. By the virtue of small indenter, the mechanical properties of single ferrite grain are able to be extracted.Keyword:
Bellavoine, Marion. "Transformations de phases et recristallisation dans les aciers Dual Phase microalliés au titane niobium : étude expérimentale et modélisation". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0262.
Pełny tekst źródłaTo meet the need for weight reductions in the automotive industry, new advanced high-strength steels are being developed. The achievement of a better balance between high strength and high formability requires a deep understanding of both the effect of chemical composition and processing parameters on the formation of microstructures. The present work contributes to such an objective and deals with the mechanisms occurring during annealing of Dual Phase steels microalloyed with Ti and Nb. Microstructural changes during this stage include precipitation of microalloying elements, ferrite recrystallization and austenite formation. These mechanisms are investigated using complementary experimental techniques at different scales such as in situ XRD, SEM, TEM and APT in various Dual Phase steel grades having the same bainite-martensite initial cold-rolled microstructure. Using combined experimental and modeling approaches, the present work clarifies the separate influence of microalloying elements Ti, Nb and Mo and heating rate on the mechanisms occurring during annealing and their interactions
Dalton, John Christian. "Surface Hardening of Duplex Stainless Steel 2205". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1480696856644048.
Pełny tekst źródłaChen, Meng-Yang. "Étude de la Précipitation Interphase dans le système Fe-V-C : La Microstructure et La Modélisation". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00956583.
Pełny tekst źródłaBarreto-Phan, Hoang Maria Luisa. "Transformations structurales dans des aciers contenant douze pour cent de chrome et cinq ou sept pour cent de nickel : incidence de l'austénité de réversion sur les propriétés mécaniques". Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112322.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe production of austenite by the reverse martensitic transformation has been studied. The alloys concerned by this study are two 12 % chromium low carbon steels containing respectively 5 and 7% nickel. Thermal treatments have been done in the temperature range of (Acd – Acf) called intercritical range. The kinetic of the a' → Y transformation, the volumic fraction of reversed austenite and its stability after a subsequent cooling have been investigated as a function of the intercritical temperature. The purpose of such treatments is to develop on optimal mixture of tempered martensite and reversed austenite structure, which should improve the studied alloys mechanical properties and especially their high temperature properties. This seems to be tightly related to the high dislocations density observed in the reversed austenite which -besides- is dispersed as thin islands in the matrix
Kuper, Michael W. "Investigations Near the Fusion Boundary of Grade 91 Steel Dissimilar Metal Welds with Nickel Based Filler Metals". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1543505600533312.
Pełny tekst źródłaGALIZIA, PIETRO. "Production and morphological and microstructural characterization of bulk composites or thick films for the study of multiphysics interactions". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2674672.
Pełny tekst źródłaSchmidt, Marek Wojciech. "Phase formation and structural transformation of strontium ferrite SrFeOx". Phd thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/48187.
Pełny tekst źródłaLin, Ying Chung, i 林英俊. "Phase Transformation, Microstructure and Properties of ZrO2- MnZn-ferrite Composite". Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97055621670276751450.
Pełny tekst źródłaWu, Chun-Lin, i 吳俊霖. "Effect of Silicon and Aluminum Addition on Precipitation Behaviors of carbides and Phase Transformation Kinetics of Ferrite in Interphase Precipitation Strengthened Steels". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8yse7x.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺灣大學
材料科學與工程學研究所
105
In steel, it will be added some alloy elements to improve its strength, toughness. mechanical properties. Silicon and Aluminum are the common alloy elements in it. They both are ferrite stabilizer elements. In this study, there are titanium and molybdenum which precipitate nanometer carbides to interphase-precipitated strengthen in materials. Consequently, the goal of this study is to discuss the interaction of interphase precipitation strengthened steels with the addition of silicon and aluminum. Through the different heat treatment, we also can observe different characteristics of steel. By dual-phase holding temperature lowing, the grain size becomes small and harder; by increasing austenitization temperature, grain size generally increases but the values of hardness also increases. Through transmission electron microscope, there are intense interphase-precipitated carbides in steel at the higher austenitization temperature, and it contributes more strength to steel, becomes stronger. Replacing some silicon by aluminum can give rise to different effect. The aluminum can accelerate the growth of the ferrite. It is not only can be observed by optical microscope but also in TTT curve. The TTT curve will move to the left when adding aluminum to steel. The aluminum can make the whole phase transformation earlier. On the other hand, the silicon has an outstanding influence of solid solution strengthening and makes the phase region of ferrite bigger. However, it tends to precipitate big size carbides at high temperature and to weaken the mechanism of interphase precipitation strengthening.
Chen, San-Ho, i 陳申賀. "A study on Characterizations on Microstructure of Coarse Grain HAZ and Phase Transformation Mechanism of Acicular Ferrite in High Heat Input Steel Plates". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40405542333326445858.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺灣大學
材料科學與工程學研究所
99
To improve the welding efficiency and to reduce economic cost, the advanced steel plates for the high-heat-input welding have been developed from the conventional ferrite–pearlite steel plates with a yield strength of about 460 MPa for shipbuilding and construction industries. The newly developed steel plates, after high-heat-input welding, have a novel microstructure in HAZ, where great amounts of coarse acicular ferrite are enveloped by the networks of allotrimorphic ferrite forming around the prior austenite boundaries. Such a novel microstructure improves the toughness in HAZ and enables the high heat input welding to be a pratical application for join steel thick plates. In fact, different from the conventional idea that the refinement of microstructure could improve the toughness in HAZ, the coarse acicular ferrite formed in HAZ during the high-heat-input welding in the present steel plates also provides required mechanical properties. The present study attempts to explore the mechanism to form coarse acicular ferrite in steels during the high-heat-input welding. The transformation of coarse acicular ferrite was studied via the simulated heat treatments using a dilatometer to control several parameters: prior austenite grain size, transformation temperature, transformation interval, and nucleation sites. The corresponding microstructure of acicular ferrite and the nanoscaled carbonitrides (as the nucleation sites for acicular ferrite) were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). More attention has been paid to the morphology of acicular ferrite. The effect of the grain size of prior austenite on acicular ferrite transformation has also been studied. Moreover, the macrostructure and the corresponding crystallography were analyzed by electron back scattering pattern (EBSD) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results have been compared with the microstructure in the real HAZ of weld plates. It is believed that understanding the transformation of coarse acicular ferrite facilitates the development of higher grades of steel plates for the high-heat-input welding.