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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Transform fault boundary":
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Karson, Jeffrey A., Bryndís Brandsdóttir, Páll Einarsson, Kristján Sæmundsson, James A. Farrell i Andrew J. Horst. "Evolution of migrating transform faults in anisotropic oceanic crust: examples from Iceland". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, nr 12 (grudzień 2019): 1297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0260.
Streszczenie:
Major transform fault zones link extensional segments of the North American – Eurasian plate boundary as it transects the Iceland Hotspot. Changes in plate boundary geometry, involving ridge jumps, rift propagation, and related transform fault zone migration, have occurred as the boundary has moved relative to the hotspot. Reconfiguration of transform fault zones occurred at about 6 Ma in northern Iceland and began about 3 Ma in southern Iceland. These systems show a range of different types of transform fault zones, ranging from diffuse, oblique rift zones to narrower, well-defined, transform faults oriented parallel to current plate motions. Crustal deformation structures correlate with the inferred duration and magnitude of strike-slip displacements. Collectively, the different expressions of transform zones may represent different stages of development in an evolutionary sequence that may be relevant for understanding the tectonic history of plate boundaries in Iceland as well as the structure of transform fault zones on more typical parts of the mid-ocean ridge system.
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Guo, Zhenwei, Jiemei Huang, Yingcai Deng, Qian Huang, Yi Luo i Zebo Huang. "Boundary Protection Based on S-Transform Considering Fault Factors". Electronics 13, nr 8 (12.04.2024): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13081464.
Streszczenie:
Boundary protection is a protection that takes advantage of the characteristic that signals will be attenuated when passing through the “line boundary”. The location of the traps and current transformers in the structure of extra-high voltage (EHV) transmission lines makes it difficult to apply current-based travelling wave protection in engineering practice. If the protection is put into use, it is necessary to carry out a large number of engineering modifications to the existing transmission lines, which greatly increases the economic cost. And after simulation, the protection will be misjudged under weak fault conditions, and it has low reliability. After analyzing the influence of fault factors, a boundary protection method using high-frequency voltage component energy is proposed. The fault signal is processed by S-transform, and the transient voltage energy is normalized with the initial fault phase and transition resistance. The reduced characteristic quantity is used to construct a criterion to judge the fault condition of the protection line. This protection eliminates the influence of fault factors on transient protection. The ATP-Draw 6.0 simulation results based on the proposed protection scheme show that the protection scheme can distinguish internal and external faults, and can work normally under weak faults with high reliability.
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Le Pichon, Xavier, A. M. Celâl Şengör i Caner İmren. "A new approach to the opening of the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the origin of the Hellenic Subduction Zone. Part 1: The eastern Mediterranean Sea". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, nr 11 (listopad 2019): 1119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0128.
Streszczenie:
We identify long transform faults that frame the eastern Mediterranean Sea and that were active during Jurassic and probably the Early Cretaceous, during the opening of the central Atlantic Ocean. We show that the African margin of the eastern Mediterranean Sea is an 1800 km long transform fault that absorbed the Africa/Eurasia Jurassic left-lateral motion during the opening of the central Atlantic. We call this transform fault the Eastern Mediterranean South Transform fault (EMST). We identify two other transform faults that were active simultaneously and framed the eastern Mediterranean Sea during its formation. These are the Apulia Transform fault (AT) and the Eastern Mediterranean North Transform fault (EMNT). The AT, three hundred km north of the EMST, followed the southern boundary of the Apulia block. Still 300 km farther north, the EMNT formed the northern boundary of this eastern Mediterranean shear zone. This last fault has been destroyed over a large portion by the Hellenic subduction. We relate these transform faults to the kinematics of the Jurassic Africa/Eurasia motion. We conclude that the eastern Mediterranean Sea is a long pull-apart created by left-lateral shearing of the Adria block as it was structurally linked to Africa.
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Shi, Pengcheng, Meng (Matt) Wei i Robert A. Pockalny. "The ubiquitous creeping segments on oceanic transform faults". Geology 50, nr 2 (2.11.2021): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g49562.1.
Streszczenie:
ABSTRACT Oceanic transform faults are a significant component of the global plate boundary system and are well known for generating fewer and smaller earthquakes than expected. Detailed studies at a handful of sites support the hypothesis that an abundance of creeping segments is responsible for most of the observed deficiency of earthquakes on those faults. We test this hypothesis on a global scale. We relocate Mw ≥5 earthquakes on 138 oceanic transform faults around the world and identify creeping segments on these faults. We demonstrate that creeping segments occur on almost all oceanic transform faults, which could explain their deficiency of earthquakes. We also find that most of the creeping segments are not associated with any large-scale geological structure such as a fault step-over, indicating that along-strike variation of fault zone properties may be the main reason for their existence.
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Okojie, Daniel, Linus Idoko, Daniel Herbert i Agha Nnachi. "Study of Transmission Line Boundary Protection Using a Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network with Back Propagation and Wavelet Transform". Applied System Innovation 4, nr 4 (24.11.2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi4040095.
Streszczenie:
Protection schemes are usually implemented in the planning of transmission line operations. These schemes are expected to protect not only the network of transmission lines but also the entire power systems network during fault conditions. However, it is often a challenge for these schemes to differentiate accurately between various fault locations. This study analyses the deficiencies identified in existing protection schemes and investigates a different method that proposes to overcome these shortcomings. The proposed scheme operates by performing a wavelet transform on the fault-generated signal, which reduces the signal into frequency components. These components are then used as the input data for a multilayer perceptron neural network with backpropagation that can classify between different fault locations in the system. The study uses the transient signal generated during fault conditions to identify faults. The scientific research paradigm was adopted for the study. It also adopted the deduction research approach as it requires data collection via simulation using the Simscape electrical sub-program of Simulink within Matrix laboratory (MATLAB). The outcome of the study shows that the simulation correctly classifies 70.59% of the faults when tested. This implies that the majority of the faults can be detected and accurately isolated using boundary protection of transmission lines with the help of wavelet transforms and a neural network. The outcome also shows that more accurate fault identification and classification are achievable by using neural network than by the conventional system currently in use.
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Gomez, Francisco, William J. Cochran, Rayan Yassminh, Rani Jaafar, Robert Reilinger, Mike Floyd, Robert W. King i Muawia Barazangi. "Fragmentation of the Sinai Plate indicated by spatial variation in present-day slip rate along the Dead Sea Fault System". Geophysical Journal International 221, nr 3 (27.02.2020): 1913–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa095.
Streszczenie:
SUMMARY A comprehensive GPS velocity field along the Dead Sea Fault System (DSFS) provides new constraints on along-strike variations of near-transform crustal deformation along this plate boundary, and internal deformation of the Sinai and Arabian plates. In general, geodetically derived slip rates decrease northwards along the transform (5.0 ± 0.2 to 2.2 ± 0.5 mm yr−1) and are consistent with geological slip rates averaged over longer time periods. Localized reductions in slip rate occur where the Sinai Plate is in ∼N–S extension. Extension is confined to the Sinai side of the fault and is associated with prominent changes in transform geometry, and with NW–SE striking, left-lateral splay faults, including the Carmel Fault in Israel and the Roum Fault in Lebanon. The asymmetry of the extensional velocity gradients about the transform reflects active fragmentation of the Sinai Plate along the continental margin. Additionally, elastic block modelling of GPS velocities requires an additional structure off-shore the northern DSF segment, which may correspond with a fault located along the continental margin, suggested by prior geophysical studies.
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Duan, Lixiang, Yangshen Wang, Jinjiang Wang, Laibin Zhang i Jinglong Chen. "Undecimated Lifting Wavelet Packet Transform with Boundary Treatment for Machinery Incipient Fault Diagnosis". Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9792807.
Streszczenie:
Effective signal processing in fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) is an important measure to prevent failure and accidents of machinery. To address the end distortion and frequency aliasing issues in conventional lifting wavelet transform, a Volterra series assisted undecimated lifting wavelet packet transform (ULWPT) is investigated for machinery incipient fault diagnosis. Undecimated lifting wavelet packet transform is firstly formulated to eliminate the frequency aliasing issue in traditional lifting wavelet packet transform. Next, Volterra series, as a boundary treatment method, is used to preprocess the signal to suppress the end distortion in undecimated lifting wavelet packet transform. Finally, the decomposed wavelet coefficients are trimmed to the original length as the signal of interest for machinery incipient fault detection. Experimental study on a reciprocating compressor is performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented method. The results show that the presented method outperforms the conventional approach by dramatically enhancing the weak defect feature extraction for reciprocating compressor valve fault diagnosis.
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Hjartardóttir, Ásta Rut, Páll Einarsson i Bryndís Brandsdóttir. "The Kerlingar fault, Northeast Iceland: A Holocene normal fault east of the divergent plate boundary". Jökull 60, nr 1 (15.12.2010): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33799/jokull2010.60.103.
Streszczenie:
The Kerlingar fault is a ∼30 km long fault located at the boundary between the Northern Volcanic Rift Zone, and the Tertiary Eastern Fjords Block in Iceland. The fault has a throw of 2–9 m down to the east and is most likely a normal fault. It probably ruptured in several earthquakes over extended time, but assuming it ruptured in one event it would have a magnitude of about $M_w$ = 6.7. The Kerlingar fault forms a sharp offset in a flat moraine, showing that the fault was active in the Holocene. Several characteristics of the fault are different from that of the presently active fissure swarms of the NVZ. It is unusually long, straight and continuous, and it is parallel with the boundary between the NVZ and EFB not perpendicular to the plate spreading. We consider three possible explanations for the existence of the fault. It may be formed in a rifting event, by stress transfer in relation to the Húsavík transform, or by a stress field caused by rapid crustal unloading during the last deglaciation. We favour the third explanation but note that the other two cannot be excluded. Differential movements at the NVZ–EFB boundary during deglaciations can occur as the two crustal blocks have different density, Young’s modulus, thickness, and subcrustal viscosity. They therefore respond differently to the unloading. This may explain why the fault is parallel with the NVZ–EFB boundary and not with the Holocene fissure swarms in the NVZ. Other faults at the NVZ–EFB boundary may be formed in a similar manner. Magma may have intruded some of them to form the distinct arcuate pattern of hyaloclastite ridges at the boundary between the NVZ and the EFB. Future model calculations could constrain better the effects this process has on the formation of faults.
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Romanet, Pierre, i So Ozawa. "Fully Dynamic Earthquake Cycle Simulations on a Nonplanar Fault Using the Spectral Boundary Integral Element Method (sBIEM)". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 112, nr 1 (5.10.2021): 78–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120210178.
Streszczenie:
ABSTRACT One of the most suitable methods for modeling fully dynamic earthquake cycle simulations is the spectral boundary integral element method (sBIEM), which takes advantage of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to make a complex numerical dynamic rupture tractable. However, this method has the serious drawback of requiring a flat fault geometry due to the FFT approach. Here, we present an analytical formulation that extends the sBIEM to a mildly nonplanar fault. We start from a regularized boundary element method and apply a small-slope approximation of the fault geometry. Making this assumption, it is possible to show that the main effect of nonplanar fault geometry is to change the normal traction along the fault, which is controlled by the local curvature along the fault. We then convert this space–time boundary integral equation of the normal traction into a spectral-time formulation and incorporate this change in normal traction into the existing sBIEM methodology. This approach allows us to model fully dynamic seismic cycle simulations on nonplanar faults in a particularly efficient way. We then test this method against a regular BIEM for both rough-fault and seamount-fault geometries and demonstrate that this sBIEM maintains the scaling between the fault geometry and slip distribution.
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Qin, Chaoren, Dongdong Wang, Zhi Xu i Gang Tang. "Improved Empirical Wavelet Transform for Compound Weak Bearing Fault Diagnosis with Acoustic Signals". Applied Sciences 10, nr 2 (18.01.2020): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020682.
Streszczenie:
Most of the current research on the diagnosis of rolling bearing faults is based on vibration signals. However, the location and number of sensors are often limited in some special cases. Thus, a small number of non-contact microphone sensors are a suboptimal choice, but it will result in some problems, e.g., underdetermined compound fault detection from a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) acoustic signal. Empirical wavelet transform (EWT) is a signal processing algorithm that has a dimension-increasing characteristic, and is beneficial for solving the underdetermined problem with few microphone sensors. However, there remain some critical problems to be solved for EWT, especially the determination of signal mode numbers, high-frequency modulation and boundary detection. To solve these problems, this paper proposes an improved empirical wavelet transform strategy for compound weak bearing fault diagnosis with acoustic signals. First, a novel envelope demodulation-based EWT (DEWT) is developed to overcome the high frequency modulation, based on which a source number estimation method with singular value decomposition (SVD) is then presented for the extraction of the correct boundary from a low SNR acoustic signal. Finally, the new fault diagnosis scheme that utilizes DEWT and SVD is compared with traditional methods, and the advantages of the proposed method in weak bearing compound fault diagnosis with a single-channel, low SNR, variable speed acoustic signal, are verified.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Transform fault boundary":
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Aizprua, Carlos. "Structure et développement du bassin d'avant-arc du sud-ouest des Andes du Nord". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUR001.
Streszczenie:
La région la plus méridionale des Andes du Nord a été sujette à la collision et à l'accrétion des terrains océaniques de la plaque Caraïbe au cours du Crétacé supérieur. Ces processus a conduit au piégeage d'un fragment de la croûte océanique, le soi-disant Bloc Nord-Andin, entre une fosse nouvellement formée et la marge sud-américaine. Cette étude examine les rémanents du processus collisionnel à l’aide d'une analyse intégrée de la gravité, du magnétisme, de la sismique et des observations à la surface.Le modèle crustal résultant de ce travail suggère l’existence d'un arc insulaire bissecté par un bassin marginal, ces deux éléments transférés (presque sans déformation) à la marge continentale lors du processus d’accrétion. L’analyse des anomalies magnétiques et gravimétriques met en évidence l’existence d’un coin mantellique serpentinisé très probablement lié à l’arc magmatique formé entre l’Eocène moyen et le Miocène inferieur.Le bord sud du bloc accrété et son interaction avec la marge continentale sont étudiés ici avec plus de détail, indiquant que le développement local du haut structural externe (outer wedge) de Santa Elena peut être en relation étroite avec un processus de subduction oblique le long d’une jonction triple des plaques. La configuration qui en a résulté a conduit au développement de deux types de bassins génétiquement liés 1) série d'avant-bras s.s. contrôlé par le développement d'un avant-bras externe haut, et 2) un bassin limite de transformation qui enregistre les périodes de transtension et d’échappement tectoniqueThe SW Ecuador‐NW Peru forearc region is the southernmost location, where the Caribbean large igneous province (CLIP) interacted with the South American margin since the Late Cretaceous. The accretion of the CLIP to the margin led to the entrapment of the North Andean crustal Sliver, conforming the underlying basement of the forearc region in Ecuador, whereas in NW Peru, forearc depocenters involve rocks of continental affinity. Many existing tectonic reconstructions have treated these two areas independently, largely based on their crustal affinities. In contrast, this study integrates previous studies into an analysis of unpublished seismic profiles, potential field data, outcrop stratigraphy, and recent studies dealing with the dynamics of allochthonous terrane accretion along continental margins. Our integrated approach shows that SW Ecuador was dominated by a Late Cretaceous deforming outer wedge, which may have constituted a remnant of a northeast or northwest dipping obliquely obducted oceanic block at the edge of the CLIP. This tectonic phase was governed by plate instability, affecting NW Peru and SW Ecuador, followed by reestablishment of the margin by early Eocene. The resulting margin configuration and the spatial distribution of the different tectonic elements seem to have played a key role in the further Cenozoic development of the forearc region. The model presented in this study proposes that the accretion of buoyant oceanic terranes may have had a profound impact on the early margin configuration of SW Ecuador and NW Peru and led to the development of localized but genetically related forearc depocenters
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Smith, Patrick Eugene. "Tectonic geomorphology of coastal mountain ranges along a transform plate boundary geomorphic evolution of fluvial terraces with implications for defining rates of crustal displacement and earthquake recurrence intervals /". Diss., UC access only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=152&did=1907173991&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=7&retrieveGroup=0&VType=PQD&VInst=PROD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270496015&clientId=48051.
Streszczenie:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009.Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-120). Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.
Książki na temat "Transform fault boundary":
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Legg, Mark R. Evolution of a Continental Margin Transform Plate Boundary: The San Clemente Fault System Offshore Southern California. Elsevier, 2022.
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Legg, Mark R. Evolution of a Continental Margin Transform Plate Boundary: The San Clemente Fault System Offshore Southern California. Elsevier, 2022.
Części książek na temat "Transform fault boundary":
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Mcguire, Jeffrey J., Thomas H. Jordan i Jian Lin. "Complexities of Transform Fault Plate Boundaries in the Oceans". W Plate Boundary Zones, 219–41. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gd030p0219.
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Bird, Peter, Yan Y. Kagan i David D. Jackson. "Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Potential of Spreading Ridges and Oceanic Transform Faults". W Plate Boundary Zones, 203–18. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gd030p0203.
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Yan, Xiaodong, i Cong Zhou. "Ascent Predictive Guidance for Thrust Drop Fault of Launch Vehicles Using Improved GS-MPSP". W Autonomous Trajectory Planning and Guidance Control for Launch Vehicles, 75–98. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0613-0_3.
Streszczenie:
AbstractIncreasing complex space missions require launch vehicles to be with greater load-carrying capacity, better orbit injection accuracy and higher reliability. Such demands also cause the increased complexity of the vehicle, leading to a higher probability of fault, especially for the propulsion system. To remedy this issue, an advanced and robust ascent guidance capable of fault-tolerant is critical for the success of mission. Iterative guidance method [1] (IGM) and powered explicit guidance [2] (PEG) are two commonly used methods for the ascent phase of launch vehicles. These two guidance methods work well in the nominal condition and can adapt to many off-nominal conditions [3]. However, they lack of strong adaptive capacity, which cannot guarantee the reliability when the dynamic model or parameters change significantly. Alternatively, numerical approaches based on the optimal control theory may be the better choice. The existing algorithms can be divided into direct methods and indirect methods. Using the indirect methods, the guidance problem is transformed into Hamilton two-point boundary value problems [4] (TPBVP), but the solving process of this Hamilton two-point boundary value problem is complicated and highly sensitive to the initial guess. Using the direct method, the guidance problem is transformed into a nonlinear programming problem [5] (NLP). However, solving such problem is extremely computational intensive, which is difficult to meet the real-time requirement for online application.
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Wessels, Richard J. F. "Strike-Slip Fault Systems Along the Northern Caribbean Plate Boundary". W Transform Plate Boundaries and Fracture Zones, 375–95. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812064-4.00015-3.
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K. Biswas, Sanjib, i Gaurav D. Chauhan. "Intra-Plate Dynamics and Active Tectonic Zones of the Indian Plate". W Advances in Plate Tectonics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105647.
Streszczenie:
The tectonic framework of the Indian Plate started to evolve since the break-up of Gondwanaland in the Late Triassic. It evolved mainly during the time between its separation from the African plate in the Early-Cretaceous and its collision with the Eurasian plate on the north in Late-Middle Eocene and with the Burmese plate in the northeast in Late-Oligocene. Present active tectonic zones, responsible for earthquake generation, were created by the collision pattern and subsequent plate motion. Continued subduction and plate motion due to ridge push and slab pull are responsible for the activation of primordial faults in the inherent structural fabric of the craton depending on the related stress field. Major tectonic zones of the Indian continental plate are related to the collision fronts and the reactivated intra-cratonic faults along the resurgent paleo-sutures between the proto-cratons. Major Tectonic Zones (TZ) are Himalayan TZ, Assam-Arakan TZ, Baluchistan- Karakoram TZ, Andaman-Nicobar TZ, and Stable Continental Region (SCR) earthquake zone. The structure of the continental margins developed during the break-up of Gondwana continental fragments. Western margin evolved during the sequential separation of Africa, Madagascar, and Seychelles since the Late-Triassic to Late Cretaceous time. The Eastern margin structure evolved during the separation of Antarctica in Mid Cretaceous. The orogenic belt circumscribing the northern margin of Indian plate is highly tectonised as the subduction of the plate continues due to northerly push from the Carlsberg Ridge in the SW and slab-pull towards northeast and east along the orogenic and island arc fronts in the NE. This stress pattern induced an anticlockwise rotatory plate motion. The back thrust from the collision front in the direction opposite to the ridge push put the plate under an overall compressive stress. This stress pattern and the plate motion are responsible for the reactivation of the major intra-cratonic faults. While the tectonised orogenic belts are the zones for earthquake nucleation, the reactivated faults are also the strained mega shear zones across the plate for earthquake generation in SCR. These faults trending WNW-ESE are apparently the transform faults that extend across the continent from Carlsberg ridge in the west to the collision zones in the northeast. As such, they are described here as the ‘trans-continental transform faults’. Three such major fault zones from north to south are (i) North Kathiawar fault - Great Boundary fault (along the Aravalli belt) zone, (ii) South Saurashtra fault (extension of Narmada fault) – SONATA-Dauki-Naga fault zone, and (iii) Tellichery-Cauvery-Eastern Ghat-T3-Hail Hakalula-Naga thrust zone. All these trans-continental faults, which are mega-shear zones, are traceable from western offshore to the northeastern orogenic belts along mega tectonic lineaments across the continent. The neotectonic movements along these faults, their relative motion, and displacement are the architect of the present geomorphic pattern and shape of the Indian craton. The overall compressive stress is responsible for strain build-up within these fault zones and consequent earthquake nucleation. The mid-continental Sonata-Dauki shear zone follows the Central Indian Suture Zone between Bundelkhand Proto Continent (BPC) and Deccan Proto Continent (DPC). With the reactivation of this shear zone, the two proto-cratonic blocks are subjected to relative movement as the plate rotates anticlockwise. The kinematics of these movements and their implications are discussed here with a special reference to the recent 2001 Bhuj earthquake.
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Wagner, J. Ross, Alan Deino, Stephen W. Edwards, Andrei M. Sarna-Wojcicki i Elmira Wan. "Miocene stratigraphy and structure of the East Bay Hills, California". W Regional Geology of Mount Diablo, California: Its Tectonic Evolution on the North America Plate Boundary. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.1217(15).
Streszczenie:
ABSTRACT The structure and stratigraphy of the Miocene formations east of San Francisco Bay have been described in multiple studies for over a century. We integrated the results of past investigations and provide new data that improve understanding of formation age, the timing of deformation, and the amount of dextral displacement on selected faults. New geologic mapping and better age control show that formations previously inferred to be separate units of different ages are correlative, and new names are proposed for these units. Miocene structures associated with the development of the San Andreas transform system exerted significant control on Miocene deposition in the East Bay area. The developing structure created five distinct stratigraphic sections that are differentiated on the basis of differences in the stratigraphic sequence, lithology, and age. The stratigraphic changes are attributed to significant dextral displacement, syndepositional faulting, and distal interfingering of sediment from tectonically elevated source areas. New stratigraphic evaluations and age control show that prior to ca. 6 Ma, the developing fault system created local tectonically induced uplift as well as spatially restricted subbasins. Regional folding did not occur until after 6 Ma. Past evaluations have inferred significant dextral displacement on some of the faults in the East Bay. The spatial relationships between unique conglomerate clasts and known source areas, as well as the distribution of well-dated and unique tuffs, suggest that dextral displacement on some faults in the East Bay is less than previously reported.
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Sullivan, Raymond, Morgan D. Sullivan, Stephen W. Edwards, Andrei M. Sarna-Wojcicki, Rebecca A. Hackworth i Alan L. Deino. "Mid-Cenozoic succession on the northeast limb of the Mount Diablo anticline, California—A stratigraphic record of tectonic events in the forearc basin". W Regional Geology of Mount Diablo, California: Its Tectonic Evolution on the North America Plate Boundary. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.1217(13).
Streszczenie:
ABSTRACT The mid-Cenozoic succession in the northeast limb of the Mount Diablo anticline records the evolution of plate interactions at the leading edge of the North America plate. Subduction of the Kula plate and later Farallon plate beneath the North America plate created a marine forearc basin that existed from late Mesozoic to mid-Cenozoic times. In the early Cenozoic, extension on north-south faults formed a graben depocenter on the west side of the basin. Deposition of the Markley Formation of middle to late? Eocene age took place in the late stages of the marine forearc basin. In the Oligocene, the marine forearc basin changed to a primarily nonmarine basin, and the depocenter of the basin shifted eastward of the Midland fault to a south-central location for the remainder of the Cenozoic. The causes of these changes may have included slowing in the rate of subduction, resulting in slowing subsidence, and they might also have been related to the initiation of transform motion far to the south. Two unconformities in the mid-Cenozoic succession record the changing events on the plate boundary. The first hiatus is between the Markley Formation and the overlying Kirker Formation of Oligocene age. The succession above the unconformity records the widespread appearance of nonmarine rocks and the first abundant appearance of silicic volcanic detritus due to slab rollback, which reversed the northeastward migration of the volcanic arc to a more proximal location. A second regional unconformity separates the Kirker/Valley Springs formations from the overlying Cierbo/Mehrten formations of late Miocene age. This late Miocene unconformity may reflect readjustment of stresses in the North America plate that occurred when subduction was replaced by transform motion at the plate boundary. The Cierbo and Neroly formations above the unconformity contain abundant andesitic detritus due to proto-Cascade volcanism. In the late Cenozoic, the northward-migrating triple junction produced volcanic eruptive centers in the Coast Ranges. Tephra from these local sources produced time markers in the late Cenozoic succession.
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Rassios, Anne Ewing, Dina Ghikas, Anna Batsi, Petros Koutsovitis, Evangelos Tzamos i Yildirim Dilek. "Internal lithospheric rotation at the initiation of intra-oceanic rift-drift: An example of proto-transform tectonics from the Vourinos Ophiolite, Greece". W Plate Tectonics, Ophiolites, and Societal Significance of Geology: A Celebration of the Career of Eldridge Moores. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.2552(04).
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ABSTRACT The “petrological Moho” recognized in the Jurassic Vourinos Ophiolite (northern Greece) was the first “crust-mantle” boundary described within a fossil oceanic lithosphere. Early observations suggested a Cenozoic brittle-field block rotation of the petrological Moho transition area resulting in an oblique clockwise rotation of ∼100°, but a brittle fault system responsible for the mechanism of this rotation was never located. A modern interpretation of research dating from the 1960s to the present documents the occurrence of a diverse set of ductile structures overprinting this primary intra-oceanic feature. The following observations from our original “Moho” studies in the Vourinos complex are still pertinent: the contact between the upper mantle units and the magmatic crustal sequence is in situ and intrusional in nature; high-temperature intragranular ductile deformation (mantle creep at temperatures from around 1200 °C down to ∼900 °C) fabrics terminate at the crust-mantle boundary; the overlying oceanic crustal rocks display geochemical fractionation patterns analogous to crustal rocks in the in situ oceanic lithosphere. Since these original studies, however, understanding the mechanisms of ductile deformation and ridge crest processes have advanced, and hence we can now interpret the older data and recent observations in a new paradigm of oceanic lithosphere formation. Our major interpretational breakthrough includes the following phenomena: lower temperature, intergranular deformation of ∼900 °C to 700 °C extends from the upper mantle tectonites up into the lower crustal cumulate section; the origin of mineral lineations within adcumulate crustal rocks as remnants of ductile deformation during early phases of magmatic crystallization; syn-magmatic folding and rotation of the cumulate section; the tectonic significance of flaser gabbro and late gabbroic intrusions in the crustal sequence; and the relevance and significance of a cumulate troctolite unit within the crustal sequence. These observations collectively point to an important process of a ductile-field, syn-magmatic rotation of the Moho transition area. The most plausible mechanism explaining such a rotation is proto-transform faulting deformation near the ridge crest. By recognizing and distinguishing structures that resulted from such initial rotational deformation in the upper mantle peridotites of ophiolites, future field-based structural, petrographic, and petrological studies can better document the mode of the initiation of oceanic transform faults.
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Faulds, James E., Christopher D. Henry, Nicholas H. Hinz, Peter S. Drakos i Benjamin Delwiche. "Transect across the northern Walker Lane, northwest Nevada and northeast California: An incipient transform fault along the Pacific–North American plate boundary". W GSA Field Guide 6: Interior Western United States, 129–50. Geological Society of America, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2005.fld006(06).
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Medwedeff, Donald A. "Interaction of extensional, contractional, and strike-slip elements at Mount Diablo and the surrounding eastern Coast Ranges, San Francisco Bay area, California: A model-based analysis". W Regional Geology of Mount Diablo, California: Its Tectonic Evolution on the North America Plate Boundary. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.1217(08).
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ABSTRACT This study presents three regional cross sections, a structural map analysis, and a schematic map restoration. The sections are constrained by surface geology and petroleum wells and were developed using model-based methods to be consistent with the regional tectonic context and balancing concepts. Together, these products depict the geometry and kinematics of the major fault systems. Insights from this research include the following. Franciscan complex blueschist-facies rocks in the Mount Diablo region were unroofed west of their current location and subsequently thrust beneath the Great Valley sequence in the mid-Eocene. East Bay structures are complicated by overprinting of Neogene compression and dextral strike-slip motion on a Paleogene graben system. Net lateral displacement between the Hayward fault and the Central Valley varies from 26 km toward 341° to 29 km toward 010° in the southern and northern East Bay Hills, respectively. Uplift above a wedge thrust generates the principal Neogene structural high, which extends from Vallejo through Mount Diablo to the Altamont Ridge. Anomalous structural relief at Mount Diablo is due to strike-parallel thrusting on the crest of a fault-propagation fold formed on the west-verging roof thrust. Uplift that exposes the Coast Range ophiolite in the East Bay Hills is formed by oblique thrusting generated by slip transfer at the northern termination of the Calaveras fault. The Paleogene extensional fault system likely extends farther west than previously documented. An east-dipping branch of that system may underlie the Walnut Creek Valley. Three-dimensional restoration should be applied to constrain geologic frameworks to be used for seismic velocity modeling.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Transform fault boundary":
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Wakabayashi, John. "INITIATION AND EVOLUTION OF A TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY: ONE SLAB WINDOW BECOMES TWO, MIGRATING TRANSPRESSION-TRANSFORM PROGRESSION, SHUFFLING BY MULTIPLE FAULT STRANDS". W GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-339829.
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Liu, Zhiliang, Yaqiang Jin i Ming J. Zuo. "Time-Frequency Representation Based on Robust Local Mean Decomposition". W ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65184.
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Fourier transform based frequency representation makes an underlying assumption of stationarity and linearity for the target signal whose spectrum is to be computed, and thus it is unable to track time varying characteristics of non-stationary signals that also widely exist in the physical world. Time-frequency representation (TFR) is a technique to reveal useful information included in the signals, and thus the TFR methods are very attractive to the scientific and engineering world. Local mean decomposition (LMD) is a TFR technique used in many fields, e.g. machinery fault diagnosis. Similar to Hilbert-Huang transform, it is an alternative approach to demodulate amplitude-modulation (AM) and frequency-modulation (FM) signals into a set of components, each of which is the product of an instantaneous envelope signal and a pure FM signal. TFR can then be derived by the instantaneous envelope signal and the pure FM signal. However, LMD based TFR technique still has two limitations, i.e. the end effect and the mode mixing problems. Solutions for the two limitations greatly depend on three critical parameters of LMD that are boundary condition, envelope estimation, and sifting stopping criterion. Most reported studies aiming to improve performance of LMD have focused on only one parameter a time, and thus they ignore the fact that the three parameters are not independent to each other, and all of them are needed to address the end effect and the mode mixing problems in LMD. In this paper, a robust optimization approach is proposed to improve performance of LMD through an integrated framework of parameter selection in terms of boundary condition, envelope estimation, and sifting stopping criterion. The proposed optimization approach includes three components. First, the mirror extending method is employed to deal with the boundary condition problem. Second, moving average is used as the smooth algorithm for envelope estimation of local mean and local magnitude in LMD. The fixed subset size is the only parameter that usually needs to be predefined with a prior knowledge. In this step, a self-adaptive method based on the statistics theory is proposed to automatically determine a fixed subset size of moving average for accurate envelope estimation. Third, based on the first and the second steps, a soft sifting stopping criterion is proposed to enable LMD to achieve a self-adaptive stop for each sifting process. In this last step, we define an objective function that considers both global and local characteristics of a target signal. Based on the objective function, a heuristic mechanism is proposed to automatically determine the optimal number of sifting iterations in the sifting process. Finally, numerical simulation results show the effectiveness of the robust LMD in terms of mining time-frequency representation information.
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Maravilla Herrera, Cristhian, Sergiy Yepifanov i Igor Loboda. "Improved Turbine Blade Lifetime Prediction". W ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43046.
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Algorithms for predicting the remaining lifetime of an engine play an important role in gas turbine monitoring systems. This paper addresses the improvement of models to determine the thermal boundary conditions that are necessary to calculate engine lifetime in critical hot components. Two methods for model development are compared. The first method uses physics-based models. The second method formulates the models based on a similarity concept. The object of analysis is a cooled blade of a high-pressure turbine. Two unmeasured thermal boundary conditions are considered: the heating temperature and the heat transfer coefficient. Instrumental and truncation errors are estimated for each model and 10 faulty conditions are considered to take into account the existing engine-to-engine differences and performance deterioration. The blade temperature and the thermal stress at the critical points are calculated using the results obtained by the developed models as boundary conditions. The results of the comparison show that the physics-based models are more robust to power plant faults. The best models for the heating temperature and the heat transfer coefficient were chosen. It is shown that the accuracy of the heating temperature model is more important for reliable lifetime prediction.
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Milsom, John, Phil Roach, Chris Toland, Don Riaroh, Chris Budden i Naoildine Houmadi. "Comoros – New Evidence and Arguments for Continental Crust". W SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2572434-ms.
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ABSTRACT As part of an ongoing exploration effort, approximately 4000 line-km of seismic data have recently been acquired and interpreted within the Comoros Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Magnetic and gravity values were recorded along the seismic lines and have been integrated with pre-existing regional data. The combined data sets provide new constraints on the nature of the crust beneath the West Somali Basin (WSB), which was created when Africa broke away from Gondwanaland and began to move north. Despite the absence of clear sea-floor spreading magnetic anomalies or gravity anomalies defining a fracture zone pattern, the crust beneath the WSB has been generally assumed to be oceanic, based largely on regional reconstructions. However, inappropriate use of regional magnetic data has led to conclusions being drawn that are not supported by evidence. The identification of the exact location of the continent-ocean boundary (COB) is less simple than would at first sight appear and, in particular, recent studies have cast doubt on a direct correlation between the COB and the Davie Fracture Zone (DFZ). The new high-quality reflection seismic data have imaged fault patterns east of the DFZ more consistent with extended continental crust, and the accompanying gravity and magnetic surveys have shown that the crust in this area is considerably thicker than normal oceanic and that linear magnetic anomalies typical of sea-floor spreading are absent. Rifting in the basin was probably initiated in Karoo times but the generation of new oceanic crust may have been delayed until about 154 Ma, when there was a switch in extension direction from NW-SE to N-S. From then until about 120 Ma relative movement between Africa and Madagascar was accommodated by extension in the West Somali and Mozambique basins and transform motion along the DFZ that linked them. A new understanding of the WSB can be achieved by taking note of newly-emerging concepts and new data from adjacent areas. The better-studied Mozambique Basin, where comprehensive recent surveys have revealed an unexpectedly complex spreading history, may provide important analogues for some stages in WSB evolution. At the same time the importance of wide continent-ocean transition zones marked by the presence of hyper-extended continental crust has become widely recognised. We make use of these new insights in explaining the anomalous results from the southern WSB and in assessing the prospectivity of the Comoros EEZ.
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Chaiwan, P., J. E. J. Burtonshaw, R. N. Thomas, A. Paluszny i R. W. Zimmerman. "A Three-Dimensional, Finite Element-Based Study of the Effect of Heterogeneities on Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Deformation During Cold Fluid Injection". W 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0485.
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ABSTRACT This paper investigates the effects of the injection of (relatively) cold CO2 into a saline aquifer, focusing on the effects that local heterogeneities may have on the geomechanical changes observed during injection. Representative properties of the Smeaheia site, a full-scale carbon storage site in the North Sea, are used in the simulation. The geometry of the Smeaheia site is represented by a simplified three-dimensional geometric model containing four rock layers, and a fault that spans multiple layers. Thermo-poro-elastic deformation is modeled using a finite element approach, with the coupled solution of fluid flow, heat transfer, and mechanical deformation of the Smeaheia site. The boundary conditions are based on in situ conditions at the Smeaheia site, along with fixed injection temperature and flow rate. The effects of injection rates, injection periods, injection temperatures, heterogeneities, fault, and fracture properties are investigated. The results show that the changes in temperature, pressure, and stresses are concentrated in the vicinity of the injection point, with a limited effect on the caprock away from the injection well. Thermal stresses dominate the overall stress reduction, shifting the stress state towards the failure condition. The flow rate causes a localized effect on the pressure field, due to the high permeability of the reservoir. Heterogeneity in the Young's modulus yields variations in deformation which are of comparable magnitude to the effects of cold injection. INTRODUCTION Cold fluid injection is a topic of interest in future sustainable technology for both geological carbon storage and geothermal energy. Fluids injected into the subsurface often have lower temperatures than in situ reservoirs (Li et al., 2021; Salimzadeh et al., 2018a). The temperature difference can induce thermal stresses, thermally driven fracture, and contraction of the rock caused by heat transfer between the fluid and reservoir fractures and rock matrix (Celia et al., 2015; Jeanne et al., 2014; Rutqvist, 2012; Taylor & Bryant, 2014).
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Lall, Pradeep, Prakriti Choudhary, Sameep Gupte, Prashant Gupta, Jeff Suhling i James Hofmeister. "Transient-Response Spectral Analysis Based Feature Extraction for Built-In Reliability Test of Electronics Under Shock Loads". W ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33872.
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The built-in stress test (BIST) is extensively used for diagnostics or identification of failure. The current version of BIST approach is focused on reactive failure detection and provides limited insight into reliability and residual life. A new approach has been developed to monitor product-level damage during shock and vibration. The approach focuses on the pre-failure space and methodologies for quantification of failure in electronic equipment subjected to shock and vibration loads using the dynamic response of the electronic equipment. Presented methodologies are applicable at the system-level for identification of impending failures to trigger repair or replacement significantly prior to failure. Leading indicators of shock-damage have been developed to correlate with the damage initiation and progression in shock and drop of electronic assemblies. Three methodologies have been investigated for feature extraction and health monitoring including development of a new solder-interconnect built-in reliability test, FFT based statistical-pattern recognition, and time-frequency moments based statistical pattern recognition. The solder-joint built-in-reliability-test has been developed for detecting high-resistance and intermittent faults in operational, fully programmed field programmable gate arrays. Frequency band energy is computed using FFT and utilized as the classification feature to check for damage and failure in the assembly. In addition, the Time Frequency Analysis has been used to study of the energy densities of the signal in both time and frequency domain, and provide information about the time-evolution of frequency content of transient-strain signal. Closed-form models have been developed for the eigen-frequencies and mode-shapes of electronic assemblies with various boundary conditions and component placement configurations. Model predictions have been validated with experimental data from modal analysis. Pristine configurations have been perturbed to quantify the degradation in confidence values with progression of damage. Sensitivity of leading indicators of shock-damage to subtle changes in boundary conditions, effective flexural rigidity, and transient strain response have been quantified. Explicit finite element models have been developed and various kinds of failure modes have been simulated such as solder ball cracking, package falloff and solder ball failure. This allows the physical quantification of solder ball crack damage in the form of confidence values and provides a damage index that can be utilized for the health monitoring of solder interconnects in an electronic assembly.
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Garafolo, Nicholas G., i Rachel J. Wischt. "A Continuum Approach to Permeation With Interfacial Leakage: A Space Seal Approach". W ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21130.
Streszczenie:
Prior analyses in elastomer space-seals thrived on the assumption that mass flow over/through a seal was due to permeation. In fact, the state-of-the-art space-seal leakage prediction method relies on this assumption. Well-documented efforts have shown that the aforementioned prediction method is versatile in its ability to predict leak rates in nominal operational conditions. Its merits, however, fall short in the application of low seal contact loading and in applications with substantial space environmental exposure (e.g., ultraviolet radiation, atomic oxygen). In response to this shortfall, a unique method and analysis was recently developed to parse total leakage into interfacial leakage and permeation, with the intent of capturing the effects of surficial degradation; results highlighted that while permeation dominated interfacial leakage for high contact seal loading, the interfacial component was not negligible. Furthermore, the interfacial component was shown to dominate permeation for low contact pressure, as would be the case with a faulty docking mechanism. Presented herein is a novel continuum approach to seal leakage that retains the compressible permeation approach previously developed and enhances the overall fidelity by incorporating interfacial leakage with entrainment terms which describe the movement of mass orthogonal to the seal-counter face boundary (i.e., mass transfer from the elastomer to the interfacial zone). Integral to the proposed model, the interfacial leakage component is a function of seal contact pressure, pressure gradient, and, ultimately, space environmental exposure. Also presented is an application of the model to a candidate, elastomer space seal. Results showed an improved prediction and provide a measure of verification and validation to the proposed seal leakage model.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Transform fault boundary":
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Hayward, N., i S. Paradis. Geophysical reassessment of the role of ancient lineaments on the development of the western margin of Laurentia and its sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits, Yukon and Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330038.
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The role of crustal lineaments in the development of the western margin of Laurentia, Selwyn basin and associated sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits (clastic-dominated, Mississippi-Valley-type) in Yukon and NWT, are reassessed through a new 3-D inversion strategy applied to new compilations of gravity and magnetic data. Regionally continuous, broadly NE-trending crustal lineaments including the Liard line, Fort Norman structure, and Leith Ridge fault, were interpreted as having had long-standing influence on craton, margin, and sedimentary basin development. However, multiple tectonic overprints including terrane accretion, thrust faulting, and plutonism obscure the region's history. The Liard line, related to a transfer fault that bounds the Macdonald Platform promontory, is refined from the integration of the new geophysical models with published geological data. The geophysical models support the continuity of the Fort Norman structure below the Selwyn basin, but the presence of Leith Ridge fault is not supported in this area. The ENE-trending Mackenzie River lineament, traced from the Misty Creek Embayment to Great Bear Lake, is interpreted to mark the southern edge of a cratonic promontory. The North American craton is bounded by a NW-trending lineament interpreted as a crustal manifestation of lithospheric thinning of the Laurentian margin, as echoed by a change in the depth of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. The structure is straddled by Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb occurrences, following their palinspastic restoration, and also defines the eastern limit of mid-Late Cretaceous granitic intrusions. Another NW-trending lineament, interpreted to be associated with a shallowing of lower crustal rocks, is coincident with clastic-dominated Zn-Pb occurrences.