Artykuły w czasopismach: „Transdermal Drug Delivery System”

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K Purushotham i K Anie Vijetha. "A review on transdermal drug delivery system". GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 22, nr 2 (28.02.2023): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2023.22.2.0053.

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In order to produce systemic effects, transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), commonly referred to as "patches," are dosage forms that are intended to spread a therapeutically active amount of medicine across the skin of a patient. Drugs that are applied topically are delivered using transdermal drug delivery devices. These are pharmaceutical preparations of varying sizes, containing one or more active ingredients, intended to be applied to the unbroken skin in order to deliver the active ingredient after passing through the skin barriers, and these avoid first pass metabolism. Today about 74% of drugs are taken orally and are not found effective as desired. To improve efficacy transdermal drug delivery system was emerged. In TDDS the drug easily penetrates into the skin and easily reaches the target site. To get around the problems with medicine delivery via oral route, transdermal drug delivery systems were developed. These systems have been utilized as secure and reliable drug delivery systems since 1981.

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Sadab, Sadab, Sarad Sahu, Shubham Patel, Rubeena Khan, Basant Khare, Bhupendra Singh Thakur, Anushree Jain i Prateek Kumar Jain. "A Comprehensive Review: Transdermal Drug Delivery System: A Tool For Novel Drug Delivery System". Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 2, nr 4 (15.12.2022): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v2i4.24.

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In the recent decade, skin delivery (topical and transdermal) has gained an unprecedented popularity, especially due to increased incidences of chronic skin diseases, demand for targeted and patient compliant delivery and interest in life cycle management strategies among pharmaceutical companies. Transdermal drug delivery system was presented to overcome the difficulties of drug delivery especially oral route. Transdermal drug delivery refers to a means of delivering drugs through the surface of the skin for local or systemic treatment. The drug functions after absorption through the skin into the systemic circulation via capillary action at a certain rate. Transdermal patches are now widely used as cosmetic, topical and transdermal delivery systems. These patches represent a key outcome from the growth in skin science, technology and expertise developed through trial and error, clinical observation and evidence-based studies that date back to the first existing human records. A transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through skin and into the bloodstream. An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types of delivery system such as oral, topical, intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), etc. is that the patch provides a controlled release of the medication into the patient, usually through either a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or through body heat melting thin layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. The main disadvantage to transdermal delivery systems stems from the fact that the skin composition offers very effective barrier that allow only small molecule based drugs to penetrate the skin and pass through the barrier. Sildenafil citrate (SLD) is a selective cyclic guanosine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor used for the oral treatment of erectile dysfunction and more recently, it has been used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension and the enhancement of uteroplacental perfusion in case of fetal growth retardation. The challenges facing the oral administration of the drug include poor bioavailability and short duration of action that requires frequent administration. The main objective of transdermal drug delivery system is to deliver drugs into systemic circulation through skin at predetermined rate with minimal inter and intrapatient variations. Keyword: Skin delivery, Transdermal drug delivery, Oral rout, Sildenafil citrate, Pulmonary arterial hypertension

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Alam, Aftab, Manjunath U. Machale, Rajkumar Prasad Yadav, Mukesh Sharma i Akshay Kumar Patel. "Role of Transdermal Drug Delivery System". Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 9, nr 3 (15.06.2021): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i3.976.

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For several decades, many drug types, including tablets, capsules, pills, creams, ointments, liquids, injectables, have been used for the treatment of disease. These dosage forms must be taken multiple times a day to maintain the concentration of the medication. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), also known as “patches,” are dosage forms Built to deliver a therapeutically efficient quantity of medicine through the skin of a patient. By increasing patient compliance and preventing first pass metabolism, transdermal delivery offers a leading edge over injectables and oral routes. Transdermal drug delivery provides the patient with controlled release of the drug, allowing for a stable blood level profile, leading to decreased systemic side effects and often increased effectiveness over other types of dosage. The primary objective of the transdermal drug delivery system is to deliver drugs with minimal inter-and intrapatient variations into systemic circulation via the skin at a fixed rate.To address the difficulties of drug distribution, primarily oral routes, the transdermal drug delivery system was implemented. Modifications of the materials used were mainly limited to refinements. The present review paper discusses the overall research on the transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) leading to the current drug delivery system (NDDS). We used convectional dosage method earlier, but we are now using a novel system of drug delivery. The transdermal patch is one of the biggest advances in the delivery of new medicines. The value of the transdermal drug delivery system is that it is a painless drug administration procedure. There are variables that influence the bioavailability of transdermal products. Such as physiochemical and biological factors. Iontophoresis, phonophoresis, electroporation and micro needles, etc, are many new techniques that have drawn interest due to technological development.

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Mali, Audumbar Digambar, Ritesh Bathe i Manojkumar Patil. "An updated review on transdermal drug delivery systems". International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research 1, nr 6 (30.07.2015): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijasr.v1i6.2243.

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Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), also known as patches, are dosage forms designed to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug across a patients skin. In order to deliver therapeutic agents through the human skin for systemic effects, the comprehensive morphological, biophysical and physicochemical properties of the skin are to be considered. Transdermal delivery provides a leading edge over injectables and oral routes by increasing patient compliance and avoiding first pass metabolism respectively. Transdermal delivery not only provides controlled, constant administration of the drug, but also allows continuous input of drugs with short biological half-lives and eliminates pulsed entry into systemic circulation, which often causes undesirable side effects. The TDDS review articles provide valuable information regarding the transdermal drug delivery systems and its evaluation process details as a ready reference for the research scientist who is involved in TDDS. With the advancement in technology Pharma industries have trendified all its resources. Earlier we use convectional dosage form but now we use novel drug delivery system. One of greatest innovation of novel drug delivery is transdermal patch. The advantage of transdermal drug delivery system is that it is painless technique of administration of drugs.

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Patel, Gayatri, Kantilal Narkhede, Anuradha Prajapati i Sachin Narkhede. "A Comprehensive Review Article on Transdermal Patch". International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine 8, nr 3 (30.03.2023): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijpsm.2023.v08i03.006.

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Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) established itself as an integral part of novel drug delivery systems. In a broad sense, the term transdermal delivery system includes all topically administered drug formulations intended to deliver the active ingredient into the general circulation. Transdermal drug delivery systems are polymeric formulations which when applied to skin deliver the drug at a predetermined rate across dermis to achieve systemic effects. A transdermal patch is medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. Often, this promotes healing to an injured area of the body. An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types of medication delivery such as oral, topical, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. is that the patch provides a controlled release of the medication into the patient, usually through either a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or through body heat melting thin layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. The main disadvantage to transdermal delivery systems stems from the fact that the skin is a very effective barrier; as a result, only medications whose molecules are small enough to penetrate the skin can be delivered in this method.

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Dubey, Rupal, i Umadoss Pothuvan. "Transdermal patches: an emerging mode of drug delivery system in pulmonary arterial hypertension". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, nr 4-S (15.08.2021): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i4-s.4925.

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Transdermal Patches have been contributing important part to the pharmaceutical industry and medical practice by providing advances in delivery of treatment with existing and novel drugs. Transdermal drug delivery system has made great contribution in the medical practices but many researches are undergoing to achieve its full potential. Transdermal drug delivery system was came into existence to overcome difficulties of drug delivery especially oral route. Transdermal drug delivery refers to means of delivering drugs through the surface of the skin for local or systemic treatment. The drug functions after absorption through skin into the systemic circulation via capillary action at certain rate. Transdermal patches are now widely used as topical and transdermal delivery systems. These patches are a significant result of advancements in skin science, technology, and knowledge, which have been created via trial and error, clinical observation, and evidence-based investigations dating back to the earliest human records. A transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is applied to the skin and used to deliver a precise amount of medicine into the bloodstream via the skin. A benefit of transdermal medication administration over other forms of delivery systems such as oral, topical, intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), and so on is that it is non-invasive. Transdermal patches provide medication to the patient in a regulated manner, either by a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or by body heat melting tiny layers of drug contained in the adhesive. This review article covers the basics of transdermal patches, such as the many types of patches, how they're made, and what factors influence them, among other things. Keyword: Skin Delivery, Transdermal Drug Delivery System, Transdermal Excipients, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Sildenafil Citrate.

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heir, Mandeep Kaur, i Sachin Sharma. "Transdermal Drug Delivery System". Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 09, nr 02 (2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.35652/igjps.2019.92s53.

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Yamahara, Hiroshi. "Transdermal Drug Delivery System". MEMBRANE 31, nr 1 (2006): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.31.40.

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Latif, Muhammad Shahid, Asif Nawaz, Muhammad Khursheed Alam Shah i Asif Iqbal. "A Review on Transdermal Drug Delivery: Design, Evaluation and Approach towards Painless Drug Delivery System". Pharmaceutical Communications 1, nr 01 (31.12.2022): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.55627/pharma.001.001.0196.

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Transdermal drug delivery systems were developed in order to overcome the difficulties associated with oral drug delivery. Through an adhesive patch affixed to the skin, transdermal patches deliver medications into the bloodstream. This treatment may benefit damaged areas of the body. Unlike oral, topical, intramuscular, and intravenous drug delivery methods, transdermal drug delivery enables controlled drug release into the body. Body heat is used to melt thin layers of medication embedded in the adhesive through the transdermal patch's porous membrane. As a barrier against foreign invaders, the skin serves as a protective layer. A medication with a molecular weight less than 500 Da can penetrate the stratum corneum through the outermost layer of the skin. An overview of transdermal patches is provided in this review article, including matrix patches, reservoir patches, membrane patches, micro reservoir patches, and patches that contain drugs in adhesive forms. These dosage forms have also been evaluated using various methods.

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Bajpai, Sharad, Kanchan Butola i Vijaylaxmi Bisht. "Recent Advancement on TDDS (Transdermal Drug Delivery System)". Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, nr 5 (7.12.2022): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.1.5.6.

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The creation of a transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) has been one of the most sophisticated and innovative approaches to drug delivery. The transdermal drug delivery system has attracted considerable attention because of its many potential advantages, including better patient compliance, avoidance of gastrointestinal disturbances, hepatic first-pass metabolism, and sustained delivery of drugs to provide steady plasma profiles, particularly for drugs with short half-lives, reduction in systemic side effects and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This review article covers a brief outline of the transdermal drug delivery system; Highlight the restrictions, drawbacks, shortcomings, and Versatile benefits of delivery systems.

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K., Mounika, Praneetha P. i Srinivas N. "TRANSFERSOMES AS NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM". International Journal of Advanced Research 11, nr 04 (30.04.2023): 877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16737.

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Transdermal drug delivery appears to be most vital drug delivery system because of its merit over conventional systems. Transferosomes & the fundamental concept of transfersomes were launched by Gregor Cevc in the year 1991. The name means carrying body and is derived from the Latin word transferre, meaning to carry across and the Greek word soma, meaning a body. Novel drug delivery system aims to deliver the drug at a rate directed by need of body during the period of treatment and channel the active entity to the site of action. Transferosome is one of the novel vesicular drug delivery system which consists of phospholipids, surfactant and water for enhanced transdermal delivery. Transferosomes are able to reach intact deeper regions of the skin after topical drug administration while delivering higher concentrations of active substances making them a successful carrier for transdermal applications. These vesicular systems can deliver low as well as high molecular weight compounds. Targeted and controlled release formulations can also be prepared by transferosomes as it can accommodate drug molecules with wide range of solubility. Various strategies can be used to augment the transdermal delivery which includes iontophoresis, electrophoresis, sonophoresis, chemical permeation enhancers, microneedles, & vesicular system (liposomes, niosomes, elastic liposomes such as ethosomes & transfersomes). It exists as an ultra-deformable complex having a hydrated core surrounded by a complex layer of lipid. It penetrates the stratum corneum by either intracellular route or the transcellular route by the generation of osmotic gradient. Advantages of Transferosomes are wide range of solubilities, better penetration, biocompatible and biodegradable etc. Disadvantages of Transferosomes are oxidative degradation, expensive, etc. The transfersomes were formulated by the conventional rotary evaporation sonication method. Transferosomes can be applied in controlled release, transportation of large molecular weight compounds, target delivery to peripheral subcutaneous tissues, transdermal immunization etc.

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Kapoor, Anupriya, Shashi Kiran Mishra, Dharmesh Kumar Verma i Prashant Pandey. "CHEMICAL PENETRATION ENHANCERS FOR TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, nr 5-s (15.10.2018): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5-s.1952.

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In present scenario more than 70% of the drugs that are taken by oral route are found to be less effective as desired, to overcome this constraint Transdermal drug delivery system has emerged as an innovative area of research, this system helps in delivering the drugs and macromolecules through skin into systemic circulation. At present, the worldwide market of Transdermal patch has reached 2 billion pounds. Many drugs like Estrogen, Progestrone, Nitroglycerine, Clonodine etc. are fabricated in form of Transdermal patches due to its ability to deliver the drug in non-invasive manner and also to overcome the problems associated with oral route. Although the Transdermal patches deliver the drug at predetermined rate1, the partitioning of drug from the system to the skin and then penetration through different layers of skin can be altered by adding penetration enhancers that can be physical or chemical in nature. This article deals with the role of different chemicals that can be used as penetration enhancer. Keywords: Penetration enhancer, Layer of skin, Fatty alcohol and glycol

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Pradhananga, S. P. "Variational FEM Approach to the Study of Drug Distribution in Dermal Layers in Transdermal Drug Delivery System". SCITECH Nepal 15, nr 1 (28.12.2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/scitech.v15i1.49096.

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Today about 75% of drugs are taken orally and are found not to be as effective as desired. To improve this, transdermal drug delivery system was emerged. Transdermal drug delivery is self-contained continuous dosage forms which, when applied to the intact skin, delivers the drug through the skin at controlled rate to the systemic circulation. The present model describes the diffusion of drugs in transdermal drug delivery system. The tissue absorption rate and drug intake rate by blood are taken in an account. The Finite Element Method (FEM) approach is used for the solution with four layers of skin which are taken as discretized elements. The numerical calculation and plotting graphs have been done by using MATLAB.

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Das, Asha, i Abdul Baquee Ahmed. "NATURAL PERMEATION ENHANCER FOR TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM AND PERMEATION EVALUATION: A REVIEW". Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, nr 9 (1.09.2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i9.19389.

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The transdermal drug delivery route is evolving as a potential route due to its advantages of bypassing the hepatic first pass metabolism, decreased side effects and gastrointestinal effects, improve patience compliance as it is a pain-free self-administration for patients, etc. The major setback appearing in this route is the difficulty of the drugs to penetrate through the skin as the stratum corneum (outermost layer of the skin) forms a protective barrier for the underlying tissues from the outer environment. A transdermally delivered drug can only show its action when it can cross the transdermal barrier to reach the systemic circulation and for helping on doing that the penetration enhancer are the agents which increase the permeability of the skin which on return maintains the drug level in the blood. Permeation enhancers can be of a chemical type, natural type, and physical type. The present review describes the natural permeation enhancers can be which be employed for transdermal permeation of drugs.

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Li, Jingyuan, Hong Xiang, Qian Zhang i Xiaoqing Miao. "Polysaccharide-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery". Pharmaceuticals 15, nr 5 (14.05.2022): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15050602.

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Materials derived from natural plants and animals have great potential for transdermal drug delivery. Polysaccharides are widely derived from marine, herbal, and microbial sources. Compared with synthetic polymers, polysaccharides have the advantages of non-toxicity and biodegradability, ease of modification, biocompatibility, targeting, and antibacterial properties. Currently, polysaccharide-based transdermal drug delivery vehicles, such as hydrogel, film, microneedle (MN), and tissue scaffolds are being developed. The addition of polysaccharides allows these vehicles to exhibit better-swelling properties, mechanical strength, tensile strength, etc. Due to the stratum corneum’s resistance, the transdermal drug delivery system cannot deliver drugs as efficiently as desired. The charge and hydration of polysaccharides allow them to react with the skin and promote drug penetration. In addition, polysaccharide-based nanotechnology enhances drug utilization efficiency. Various diseases are currently treated by polysaccharide-based transdermal drug delivery devices and exhibit promising futures. The most current knowledge on these excellent materials will be thoroughly discussed by reviewing polysaccharide-based transdermal drug delivery strategies.

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Soni, Ankita, J. S. Dua i D. N. Prasad. "Article Reviewing Transdermal Drug Delivery System". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, nr 1 (15.01.2022): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i1.5159.

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Topically applied pharmaceuticals in the form of patches that distribute medications for systemic effects at predefined and controlled rates are known as "transdermal drug delivery systems." The main function of TDDS is penetration of drug through skin. It works extremely simple, with the medicine being put within the patch and is placed on the skin. As a result, a consistent concentration of medication remains in the bloodstream for an extended period. They come in variety of forms, including single-layer drugs in adhesives; inter drugs in adhesives, buffers, and matrix systems. The market price of TDDS products is rapidly expanding. More than 35 items have now been authorized for sale in the United States, and roughly 16 active substances have been approved for usage as a TDDS globally. It is a drug delivery system that has a bright future. It helps in reducing use of syringes for administering a wide range of drugs, but the price is an essential aspect to consider because developing countries like India have the world's second-largest population, but TDDS is a secret part of treatment used for the general population due to rising costs. This review article on transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) contains information on the transdermal drug delivery system, Advanced development and the evaluation procedure. Keywords: TDDS, Drug penetration, Bright future, Rising costs, Evaluation procedure.

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Akash Tekawade i Tanaji Nandgude. "Transdermal drug delivery an emerging approach for antipsychotics". International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, nr 4 (28.09.2020): 5615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3200.

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Transdermal drug delivery system is one of the leading technology which gives extensive benefits compared to other dosage forms. In the case of drugs having a first-pass metabolism problem, small doses of drugs can be delivered. Oral drug delivery is associated with several problems like pain interrelated with the use of injections,needles, and the researchers mainly focus on the development of the transdermal route. The aim is to provide a rationale for improvement of the transdermal system of antipsychotics by highlighting the antipsychotic formulation and safely delivering medications across the skin.The present review emphasis on the latest advances in a transdermal delivery system which acts as a platform for effective transdermal delivery of antipsychotic. By using this technique, the pharmacotherapy of patients who have psychosis can be improved. There are numeral physical methods, and the skin penetration enhancement techniques have been developed that helps in delivering drugs through the skin.This technique helps to alter the barrier properties of skin and improves the penetration of the drug.It majorly highlights the possible role of microneedle in the transdermal system and acts as a different carrier in delivering several therapeutic agents effectively. This article summarizes thenovel transdermal delivery approaches, advantages, and the choice of antipsychotropic drugs.

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Yang, Meng, Jianxia Meng, Lu Han, Xiaoyan Yu, Zhimin Fan i Yongfang Yuan. "Pharmacokinetic Study of Triptolide Nanocarrier in Transdermal Drug Delivery System—Combination of Experiment and Mathematical Modeling". Molecules 28, nr 2 (5.01.2023): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020553.

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Compared with traditional oral and injection administration, the transdermal administration of traditional Chinese medicine has distinctive characteristics and advantages, which can avoid the “first pass effect” of the liver and the destruction of the gastrointestinal tract, maintain a stable blood concentration, and prolong drug action time. However, the basic theory and technology research in transdermal drug delivery are relatively limited at present, especially regarding research on new carriers of transdermal drug delivery and pharmacokinetic studies of the skin, which has become a bottleneck of transdermal drug delivery development. Triptolide is one of the main active components of Tripterygium wilfordii, which displays activities against mouse models of polycystic kidney disease and pancreatic cancer but its physical properties and severe toxicity limit its therapeutic potential. Due to the previously mentioned advantages of transdermal administration, in this study, we performed a detail analysis of the pharmacokinetics of a new transdermal triptolide delivery system. Triptolide nanoemulsion gels were prepared and served as new delivery systems, and the ex vivo characteristics were described. The metabolic characteristics of the different triptolide transdermal drug delivery formulations were investigated via skin–blood synchronous microdialysis combined with LC/MS. A multiscale modeling framework, molecular dynamics and finite element modeling were adopted to simulate the transport process of triptolide in the skin and to explore the pharmacokinetics and mathematical patterns. This study shows that the three−layer model can be used for transdermal drug delivery system drug diffusion research. Therefore, it is profitable for transdermal drug delivery system design and the optimization of the dosage form. Based on the drug concentration of the in vivo microdialysis measurement technology, the diffusion coefficient of drugs in the skin can be more accurately measured, and the numerical results can be verified. Therefore, the microdialysis technique combined with mathematical modeling provides a very good platform for the further study of transdermal delivery systems. This research will provide a new technology and method for the study of the pharmacokinetics of traditional Chinese medicine transdermal drug delivery. It has important theoretical and practical significance in clarifying the metabolic transformation of percutaneous drug absorption and screening for appropriate drugs and dosage forms of transdermal drug delivery.

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Asija, Rajesh, Avinash Gupta i Bhagwan Swaroop Maheshwari. "Formulation and evalution of Transdermal patches of torasemide". International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research 1, nr 1 (1.03.2015): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijasr.v1i1.1734.

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The main advantage of Transdermal drug delivery system is to bypass the first pass metabolism, avertance of the risk and annoyance of intravenous therapy and of the varied conditions of absorption, like pH changes, gastric emptying time and presence of enzyme. The Transdermal drug delivery scheme is generally used where the others system of drug administration fails or it is mainly used in edema associates congestive heart failure. The transdermal drug delivery has advantage to deliver medicines via skin to systemic circulation at a predetermined rate and maintain therapeutic concentration for prolong period of time. This review describes the assorted formulation aspects, a variety of excipients, evaluation tests, challenges and drugs explored in the pasture of topical drug delivery.

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Verma, Sushma, i Abhishek Ojha. "TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A REVIEW". International Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research 4, nr 1 (15.02.2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v4i1.21.

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Skin is considered as the largest organ of the body and it has many different functions. The skin functions occur in thermoregulation, protection, metabolic functions and sensation. The skin is divided into two main regions, the epidermis, and the dermis, one of each providing a distinct overall role function of the skin. The dermis is mainly attached to an underlying hypodermis, which is also called subcutaneous connective tissue, which generally stores adipose tissue and also recognized as the superficial fascia of gross anatomy. Basically it is composed of three layers. The outer-most layer is called the epidermis, which serves as a barrier and protects the body from any infection. The second layer is called the dermis and consists of connective tissues which cushion the body from stress and strain. Now a day's the transdermal drug delivery system is the most prominent method for the drug delivery. Transdermal drug delivery system is basically the topically administered drug which are generally in the form of patches for the controlled and pre-determined effects of drug. These devices allow the drug to be delivered through the skin barrier or the outer most layer of the skin. Polymers are called backbone for the transdermal drug delivery system

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Ferreira, Davi Azevedo, Ângelo Gabriel Caminha de Sousa, José Guilherme da Silva Santos, Lara Luzia do Vale Alves i Toshiyuki Nagashima Júnior. "Drug delivery systems in oral and transdermal hormone therapies". Research, Society and Development 11, nr 6 (18.04.2022): e2411628700. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i6.28700.

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The purpose of any drug delivery system is to deliver appropriate therapeutic amounts of drugs to the body in order to achieve and maintain the desired concentration of the administered substance. The aim of this work to analyze innovations in drug delivery systems by oral and transdermal route by the pharmaceutical industry. It is integrative review of literature, analyzing studies in some databases such as in PubMed, SciELO and LILACS, with the descriptors: drug delivery systems, pharmaceutical industry, hormones, oral and transdermal. The papers selected for the study range from 2000 to 2021, excluding duplicate studies and those that were not related to the topic. The research initially identified 5360 studies, being 5336 of those papers excluded after the application of exclusion criteria. A greater number of studies with the descriptor hormones was observed, substantially greater in the range from 2006 to 2011. There was a greater predominance of transdermals than oral in which concerns selected studies. This information reinforces, therefore, the great advantage of treatments with these types of systems, as they improve the patient's therapy bringing an adequate cure or palliative. In addition, it is also noted that a greater incentive is needed to study these systems orally, providing new insulin therapies, for example, orally, bringing more adherence, without the routine stings.

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Antony, Dr Reena. "Improvement of Bioavailability of Valsartan through Novel Transdermal Drug Delivery System". International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-1, Issue-6 (31.10.2017): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd2508.

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Wang, Ye, Yongsheng Wei, Hui Liao, Hongwei Fu, Xiaobin Yang, Qi Xiang i Shu Zhang. "Plant Exosome-like Nanoparticles as Biological Shuttles for Transdermal Drug Delivery". Bioengineering 10, nr 1 (12.01.2023): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10010104.

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Exosomes act as emerging transdermal drug delivery vehicles with high deformability and excellent permeability, which can be used to deliver various small-molecule drugs and macromolecular drugs and increase the transdermal and dermal retention of drugs, improving the local efficacy and drug delivery compliance. At present, there are many studies on the use of plant exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNVs) as drug carriers. In this review, the source, extraction, isolation, and chemical composition of plant exosomes are reviewed, and the research progress on PELNVs as drug delivery systems in transdermal drug delivery systems in recent years has elucidated the broad application prospect of PELNVs.

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Noor, A. M., Z. Zakaria, S. Johari, N. Sabani, Y. Wahab i A. A. Manaf. "Numerical Simulation of Transdermal Iontophoretic Drug Delivery System". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2071, nr 1 (1.10.2021): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2071/1/012026.

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Abstract Transdermal Iontophoretic Drug Delivery System (TIDDS) is a non-invasive method of systemic drug delivery that involves by applying a drug formulation to the skin. The drug penetrates through the stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis layers. Once the drug reaches the dermal layer, it is available for systemic absorption via dermal microcirculation. However, clinical testing of new drug developed for the iontophoretic system is a long and complex process. Recently, most of those major pharmaceutical companies have attempted to consider computer-based bio-simulation strategies as a means of generating the data necessary to help make a better decision. In this work, we used computational modelling to investigate the TIDDS behaviour. Our interest is to study the efficacy of drug diffusion through transdermal delivery, including the thermal effect on the skin. We found that drug will be delivered more efficiently if the electrical potential and the position of electrodes are optimum. We analysed the drug diffusion time of the system using 1,3 and 5 mA DC source. In addition, we also modify the electrode distance from 10 mm to 30 mm long and analysed the effect of delivery time and d effect to the skin thermal. We conclude that, a high electrical current, as instance, a 5 mA DC, delivered the drug faster into the skin but increased the skin temperature because of skin joule heating effect. However, a 30 mm electrodes distance setting decreased the skin temperature significantly than the 10 mm distance with more than 9.7 °C under 5 mA DC and 60 minutes of operation. TIDDS enhanced drug delivery compared to oral consumption and might be suitable used for localizing treatments such as chronic disease. This work provides great potential and is useful to efficiently design of iontophoretic drug delivery system including new drugs delivery applications.

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Pasupuleti, Prakash, Kishore Bandarapalle, Cherlopalli Sandhya, Gundam Neeraja, Chilakala Afzal, Chithrala Venkataramana i Golla VenkatSai. "Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 13, nr 2 (15.02.2023): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v13i2.5735.

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A transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is applied to the skin that contains medication that is intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream. This frequently encourages the healing of a body part that has been hurt. Transdermal medication delivery allows for regulated drug release into the patient, resulting in less systemic side effects and, in certain cases, increased efficacy over other dose forms. This is an advantage of transdermal drug delivery over other types of medication delivery such as oral, topical, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. Transdermal medication delivery allows for a constant blood level profile, a regulated drug release into the patient, fewer systemic side effects, and other benefits. Keywords: Transdermal patch, Blood stream, Systemic side effects.

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Devaki, Jorapur, Satish Pavuluri i Naduvinamani Suma. "Ethosomes: A Vesicular Carrier as a Novel Tool for Transdermal Drug Delivery System". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 13, nr 4 (15.04.2023): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v13i4.5796.

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In recent years, nanotechnology has a new era of drug delivery for many drug systems. Transdermal drug delivery is one of the few systems that have recently become a major focal point of research. When compared to traditional drug delivery systems, the Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) has various advantages. Due to the barrier properties of the Stratum Corneum, TDDS has had limited market success. The introduction of ethosomes, which are soft, malleable vesicular carriers containing ethanol and are tailored for enhanced delivery of active agents, has opened up a new area of vesicular research for transdermal drug delivery. According to various reports, ethosomes have a promising future in improving the efficacy of transdermal delivery of various agents. Ethosomes are also useful for the non-invasive delivery of small, medium and large drug molecules. Ethosome preparation is simple, requires no complicated equipment, and can thus be scaled up to industrial levels. The review emphasises introduction to ethosomes, their composition and preparation methods, evaluation, and their efficiency in penetrating the skin and the use of ethosomes in transdermal medication delivery as being more effective than liposomes or hydroalcoholic solution in terms of quantity and depth. Keywords: Ethosomes, Novel carriers, Transdermal Drug Delivery System

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Unnisa, Syeda Jabeen, Swarupa Arvapalli, B. Karunakar, PS Rishika Reddy, A. Vaishnavi i J. V. C. Sharma. "A NARRATIVE REVIEW ON TRANSFERSOMES: VESICULAR TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR ENHANCED DRUG PERMEATION". International Research Journal of Pharmacy 12, nr 2 (27.02.2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.1202118.

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Transdermal administration of drug is generally limited by the barrier function of the skin vascular system are one of the most controversial method for transdermal delivery of active substance. transdermal drug delivery system is designed to deliver biological active agents through the skin, principally by diffusion for local internal if not systemic effects. The transdermal delivery system was relaunched after the discovery of elastic vesicles like transfersome, ethosome, cubosome, phytosome etc. Transfersomes are a form of elastic or deformable vesicle, which were introduced in the early 1990s. Elasticity is generated by incorporation of edge activator in lipid bilayer structure. Drug absorbed and distributed into organs and tissue and eliminated from the body it must pass through one or more biological membranes at various locations such movement of drug across the membrane is called as drug transport for the drug delivery to cross the body it should pass through the membrane barrier. This concept of drug delivery system was designed in attempt to concentrate the amount of drug in the remaining drug; therefore, the phospholipid-based carrier system is of considerable interest in the era.

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Alkilani, Ahlam Zaid, Jehad Nasereddin, Rania Hamed, Sukaina Nimrawi, Ghaid Hussein, Hadeel Abo-Zour i Ryan F. Donnelly. "Beneath the Skin: A Review of Current Trends and Future Prospects of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems". Pharmaceutics 14, nr 6 (28.05.2022): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14061152.

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The ideal drug delivery system has a bioavailability comparable to parenteral dosage forms but is as convenient and easy to use for the patient as oral solid dosage forms. In recent years, there has been increased interest in transdermal drug delivery (TDD) as a non-invasive delivery approach that is generally regarded as being easy to administer to more vulnerable age groups, such as paediatric and geriatric patients, while avoiding certain bioavailability concerns that arise from oral drug delivery due to poor absorbability and metabolism concerns. However, despite its many merits, TDD remains restricted to a select few drugs. The physiology of the skin poses a barrier against the feasible delivery of many drugs, limiting its applicability to only those drugs that possess physicochemical properties allowing them to be successfully delivered transdermally. Several techniques have been developed to enhance the transdermal permeability of drugs. Both chemical (e.g., thermal and mechanical) and passive (vesicle, nanoparticle, nanoemulsion, solid dispersion, and nanocrystal) techniques have been investigated to enhance the permeability of drug substances across the skin. Furthermore, hybrid approaches combining chemical penetration enhancement technologies with physical technologies are being intensively researched to improve the skin permeation of drug substances. This review aims to summarize recent trends in TDD approaches and discuss the merits and drawbacks of the various chemical, physical, and hybrid approaches currently being investigated for improving drug permeability across the skin.

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Ghume, V. K., A. R. Golhar, A. N. Merekar, M. D. Dokhe i S. K. Parjane. "Transdermal Drug Delivery System: A Review". American Journal of PharmTech Research 10, nr 2 (7.04.2020): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.004.

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Veerapaneni, Dange. "Advances in Transdermal Drug Delivery System". Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica 91, nr 3-4 (15.11.2021): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.33892/aph.2021.91.130.

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Choudhary, Neha, i Ajeet Pal Singh. "Transdermal drug delivery system: A review". Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 8, nr 1 (15.04.2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpp.2021.002.

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., A. Arunachalam, M. Karthikeyan ., D. Vinay Kumar ., Prathap M. ., S. Sethuraman ., S. Ashutoshkumar . i S. Manidipa . "Transdermal Drug Delivery System: A Review". Journal of Current Pharma Research 1, nr 1 (15.11.2010): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33786/jcpr.2010.v01i01.015.

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Samad, Abdus, Zabih Ullah, Mohammad Alam, Mohd Wais i Mohammad Shams. "Transdermal Drug Delivery System: Patent Reviews". Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation 3, nr 2 (1.06.2009): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187221109788452294.

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Rastogi, Vaibhav, i Pragya Yadav. "Transdermal drug delivery system: An overview". Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics 6, nr 3 (2012): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-8398.104828.

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Brijesh, S., i Amruta Parmar. "Niosomes as Transdermal Drug Delivery System". Biomedical Research Journal 5, nr 2 (2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2349-3666.244767.

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Roberge, Raymond J., Edward P. Krenzelok i Rita Mrvos. "Transdermal drug delivery system exposure outcomes". Journal of Emergency Medicine 18, nr 2 (luty 2000): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0736-4679(99)00185-7.

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Ranade, Vasant V. "Drug Delivery Systems. 6. Transdermal Drug Delivery". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 31, nr 5 (maj 1991): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1991.tb01895.x.

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Das, Sudip, i Koushik Sen Gupta. "A Comprehensive Review on Natural Products as Chemical Penetration Enhancer". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, nr 5-S (15.10.2021): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i5-s.5077.

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The drug delivery within the stratum corneum of the skin prevails a challenging area for the pharmaceutical field, especially to the formulation scientists. Several investigations revealed that the lipid domain, which is the integral component of the transport barrier, must be breached if it is to be delivered transdermally at an appropriate rate. In particular, transdermal drug delivery has intrigued researchers with multiple suggestions because multiple dosing or insufficient drug delivery or characteristics of various drugs often results in low therapeutic effects. The application of permeation or penetration enhancers may prolong the number of drugs that can be offered topically. The application of any natural permeation enhancer is innoxious over the artificial permeation enhancers. The natural permeation enhancers are investigated, so notably include essential oils, terpenes, terpenoids, fatty acid esters, etc., have a certain effect in the transdermal drug delivery system. Despite decades of investigation on the natural chemical penetration enhancer, the researchers could not establish the effectiveness of natural penetration enhancers clinically due to the lack of in vivo models. Several factors, like solubility, solvent selection, experimental models, etc., has restricted the application and development of natural penetration enhancers in topical drug delivery systems, especially in the patches. Therefore, further investigation needs to do on skin irritation to decide natural penetration enhancers controlling optimum enhancement effects with minimal skin irritation. This review gives a comprehensive literature survey on naturally obtained chemical penetration enhancers and their future possibilities. Keywords: Topical Drug delivery system, Natural products, Penetration enhancer, Stratum corneum, In vivo models.

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Sharma, Neha, Tarun Kumar Sharma, Vinay Pandit i M. S. Ashawat. "A Smart and Potential approach for Transdermal Drug Delivery using Microneedles: A Review". Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, nr 2 (10.05.2021): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52711/2231-5659.2021-11-2-4.

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Transdermal drug delivery system used to transport the drug across the skin deep into systemic circulation. The main advantages of Transdermal drug delivery system improved patient compliance, sustained release, avoidance of gastric irritation, as well as elimination of pre-systemic first-pass effect. But most of therapeutic agents is limited due to thickness of stratum corneum, which act as a barrier for the delivery of various drug molecules and only few molecules are able to reach the action site. Microneedles are the new form of delivery system, which are used to increase the delivery of drug through this route and overcoming the number of problems related to conventional drug delivery system the main aim of this review to focus on new innovation in transdermal drug delivery systems. In the microneedle drug delivery system, the skin is temporarily broken, that creating micron size pathways that deliver the sufficient amount of drug directly into the stratum corneum from which the drug can directly go into the systemic circulation. In this review, we describe different type of microneedles can be solid, coated, dissolving and biodegradable microneedles and their method of fabrication. Microneedles can be manufactured in different forms like hollow, solid, and dissolving. Also describe materials used for fabrication, fabrication techniques, methodology of drug delivery such as Poke and patch, Coat and poke, Poke and release, Poke and flow and evaluation parameters.

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Chien, Yie W., i Jue-Chen Liu. "Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems". Journal of Biomaterials Applications 1, nr 2 (kwiecień 1986): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088532828600100202.

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Gul, Rabia, Faryal Jahan i Faiza Naseer. "Emerging role of chondroitin sulfate based nanocarriers in improving the therapeutic outcome of NSAIDs in the treatment of osteoarthritis through the TDDDS". Journal of Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University 4, nr 1 (1.08.2021): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32593/jstmu/vol4.iss1.133.

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Osteoarthritis is characterized by joint destruction followed by severe inflammation caused by variety of proinflammatory mediators released due to upregulation of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF-kB). Current treatment involves chronic administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that is associated with bewildering array of systemic adverse effects. Transdermal drug delivery system address challenges of systemic toxicities but toxic chemical penetration enhancers limit its utility. Novel drug delivery system explores the potential of bio-inspired materials for designing of safe and effective carriers that specifically deliver drug to site of action with enhanced transdermal penetration of the drug. Chondroitin sulfate, a biopolymer that mimic extracellular matrix, binds specifically with its overexpressed receptors (CD44, RHAMM and ICAM-I) at inflammatory site, biodegradable and possess intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties. These attributes render chondroitin sulfate an ideal carrier for the drug delivery in osteoarthritis. Chondroitin sulfate based nanocarriers serve as a potential drug delivery system that not only deliver anti-arthritis drug through the skin but also produce synergistic effect to improve therapeutic outcome. In this review, molecular mechanism of intrinsic anti-inflammatory effects of chondroitin sulfate in osteoarthritis is discussed in detail. Moreover, potential of chondroitin sulfate to perform dual role of therapeutic agent as well as serve as nanocarrier in transdermal drug delivery for the treatment of osteoarthritis is elaborated.

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van Staden, Daniélle, Jeanetta du Plessis i Joe Viljoen. "Development of Topical/Transdermal Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems, Not as Simple as Expected". Scientia Pharmaceutica 88, nr 2 (27.03.2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/scipharm88020017.

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Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) originated as an oral lipid-based drug delivery system with the sole purpose of improving delivery of highly lipophilic drugs. However, the revolutionary drug delivery possibilities presented by these uniquely simplified systems in terms of muco-adhesiveness and zeta-potential changing capacity lead the way forward to ground-breaking research. Contrarily, SEDDSs destined for topical/transdermal drug delivery have received limited attention. Therefore, this review is focused at utilising principles, established during development of oral SEDDSs, and tailoring them to fit evaluation strategies for an optimised topical/transdermal drug delivery vehicle. This includes a detailed discussion of how the authentic pseudo-ternary phase diagram is employed to predict phase behaviour to find the self-emulsification region most suitable for formulating topical/transdermal SEDDSs. Additionally, special attention is given to the manner of characterising oral SEDDSs compared to topical/transdermal SEDDSs, since absorption within the gastrointestinal tract and the multi-layered nature of the skin are two completely diverse drug delivery territories. Despite the advantages of the topical/transdermal drug administration route, certain challenges such as the relatively undiscovered field of skin metabolomics as well as the obstacles of choosing excipients wisely to establish skin penetration enhancement might prevail. Therefore, development of topical/transdermal SEDDSs might be more complicated than expected.

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Parhi, Rabinarayan, i Suryakanta Swain. "Transdermal Evaporation Drug Delivery System: Concept to Commercial Products". Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 8, nr 4 (29.11.2018): 535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/apb.2018.063.

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Since two decades or so transdermal route established itself as better alternative to traditional oral route. This is possible due to continuous innovations in transdermal drug delivery (TDD), which not only enables researchers from academia and industry to successfully develop and launch many new pharmaceuticals but also allow to include new classes of drugs that can be developed into transdermal formulations. These successes are achieved due to the use of novel techniques based on either physical or chemical approaches. However, both of these techniques suffer due to their own disadvantages. Comparatively, a simple method of supersaturation to enhance drug permeation across skin has created a new wave of interest. Even though the application supersaturated principle in topical and TDD has been used from 1960s, but proper control of drug release and formation of stable supersaturated states has been the core of intense research in the last decade. Out of various methods used to get supersaturated system, evaporation method is considered as most efficient and practically feasible for TDD. Therefore, in this review concept of supersaturation, selection of solvent system and the mechanism of inhibition of crystallization are discussed. Application of evaporation systems in the development of transdermal formulations such as solutions, semisolids and metered dose therapeutic systems (MDTS) and the commercial evaporative systems are also discussed in this review.

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Jayaprakash, Reshmi, Jahnara Hameed i Anupriya Anupriya. "AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY SYSTEM". Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, nr 10 (1.09.2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.19909.

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Recently, most widely using conventional dosage form such as tablet, capsules, and injections but due to some case we are preferable to choose transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) because conventional oral dosage form undergo first pass metabolism. In TDDS, skin is the effective medium for the penetration of drug into systemic circulation. This system required very low dose for the effective result or action. One of the major disadvantages of TDDS is penetration rate is very low through the stratum corneum. Nowadays, different types of skin penetration enhancement techniques are used for increasing the penetration. These types of techniques can be also increase the bioavailability. The patients have more preferable to choose this type of drug delivery system because it has more advantages than conventional dosage form. This article is discuses about the anatomy and physiology of skin and its drug penetration capacity, polymers used in transdermal drug delivery and different types of TDDS.

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Roy, Chandrani, i Arijit Gandhi. "FORMULATION ASPECTS, APPROACHES AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A CONCISE REVIEW". INDIAN RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND SCIENCE 4, nr 2 (czerwiec 2017): 963–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/irjps.2017.4.2.3.

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Tiwari, Chanchal, Mahima Choudhary, Princy Malik, PANKAJ KUMAR JAISWAL i Reetu Chauhan. "Transdermal Patch: A Novel Approach for Transdermal Drug Delivery". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, nr 6 (15.11.2022): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i6.5779.

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A self-contained, covert, medicated adhesive patch known as a transdermal patch offers a practical mode of delivery for a range of skin and body problems. Multiple drug administration has several disadvantages including inconvenient administration, the risk of overdose, lack of patient compliance, and drug plasma level fluctuations. Transdermal medication delivery has emerged as a creative means of achieving systemic drug absorption at a predefined rate over an extended period. Its primary benefits are reduced dose frequency, avoiding first-pass metabolism by entering directly into the systemic circulation, suitability for elderly patients who cannot take pharmaceuticals orally, and ability to be self-administered with fewer adverse effects. This review covers general aspects like drug absorption pathways through the skin, the kinetics of drug absorption, different factors affecting the transdermal permeability, various types of transdermal patches, their components, and evaluation parameters. Additionally, some marketed transdermal patches and therapeutic applications of transdermal drug delivery systems have been discussed. Moreover, the article includes various generations of advancements in the transdermal drug delivery system and its future aspect. Keywords- Transdermal patch, Permeability, Polymer Matrix, Rate Controlling Membrane, Permeation Enhancers.

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Mancini, Shelby L., Peter J. Early, Bethany O. Pastina, Natasha J. Olby, Christopher L. Mariani i Karen R. Munana. "The bioavailability of cytarabine in dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology through iontophoresis and rectal delivery". Open Veterinary Journal 11, nr 1 (21.03.2021): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v11i1.6.

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Background: Cytarabine (CA) is used to treat dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (MUE) by subcutaneous or intravenous administration. Aim: The objective was to investigate transdermal iontophoresis and rectal administration as alternative routes of CA delivery. Methods: Two client-owned dogs with MUE were studied. The ActivaPatch® IONTOGOTM 12.0 iontophoresis drug delivery system delivered 200 mg/m2 CA transdermally. Blood samples were collected by sparse sampling technique after initiation of the device. At another visit, 100 mg/m2 CA was administered rectally. Blood samples were collected by sparse sampling technique after administration. Plasma CA concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Results: The concentration of plasma CA after transdermal and rectal administration was below the limits of quantification (0.1 μg/ml) in all samples suggesting inadequate bioavailability with transdermal and rectal administration. Conclusion: Transdermal and rectal CA administration are not reasonable alternative routes of delivery.

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Sharma, Nikhi, Bharat Parashar, Shalini Sharma i Uday Mahajan. "Blooming Pharma Industry with Transdermal Drug Delivery System". Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 02, nr 03 (2012): 262–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35652/igjps.2012.33.

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The human skin is a readily accessible surface for drug delivery.It is one of the most readily accessible organs of the human body. The potential of using the intact skin as the port of drug administration to the human body has been recognized for several decades, but skin is a very difficult barrier to the ingress of materials allowing only small quantities of a drug to penetrate over a period of time. During the past decade, the number of drugs formulated in the patches has hardly increased, and there has been little change in the composition of the patch systems. Modifications have been mostly limited to refinements of the materials used. The present article reviews the selection of drug candidates suitable to be formulated as Transdermal system and the methods of evaluation are also stated. © 2011 IGJPS. All rights reserved.

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Haranath, Chinthaginjala. "Recent advances in lipid based nanovesicles for transdermal drug delivery". Journal of medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences 11, nr 6 (31.12.2022): 5375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.55522/jmpas.v11i6.4273.

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Lipid based nanovesicles are the formulations which are used for the delivery of hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic drugs or compounds. They are very helpful for the drugs which are hydrophilic and irritant drugs that can be encapsulated and delivered to the target site. They are very advantageous over conventional formulations. Lipid based nanovesicular systems will efficaciously help the drugs addressing the issues of solubility and penetration thereby promotes bioavailability. Now a days lipid based nanovesicles for transdermal delivery of drug has become very useful especially for hydrophilic drugs. The use of the nanovesicles for transdermal drug delivery will overcome the drawbacks associated with the route of drug delivery, such as oral and parenteral. Lipid based nanocarriers includes liposomes, transferosomes, ethosomes, niosomes, ufasomes, spinghosomes, pharmacosomes etc., This review article describes the types, formulation methods, evaluation and the research works done on lipid based nanovesicles for transdermal delivery of the drug.

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Fong Yen, Woo, Mahiran Basri, Mansor Ahmad i Maznah Ismail. "Formulation and Evaluation of Galantamine Gel as Drug Reservoir in Transdermal Patch Delivery System". Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/495271.

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Galantamine hydrobromide is formulated in tablets and capsules prescribed through oral delivery for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. However, oral delivery of drugs can cause severe side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal disturbance. Transdermal delivery of galantamine hydrobromide could avoid these unwanted side effects. In this work, galantamine hydrobromide was formulated in gel drug reservoir which was then fabricated in the transdermal patch. The in vitro drug release studies revealed that the drug release from the donor chamber to receptor chamber of Franz diffusion cell was affected by the amount of polymer, amount of neutralizer, amount of drug, types of permeation enhancer, and amount of permeation enhancer. Visual observations of the gels showed that all formulated gels are translucent, homogeneous, smooth, and stable. These gels have pH in the suitable range for skin. The gel also showed high drug content uniformity. Hence, this formulation can be further used in the preparation of transdermal patch drug delivery system.

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