Rozprawy doktorskie: „Transaction costs economics”

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Weiner, Scott M. "The effect of stochastic volatility on portfolio optimization with transaction costs". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324762.

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Klaes, Matthias. "The emergence of transaction costs in economics : a conceptual history". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527682.

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O'Kelly, Glen James. "Forest-mill Integration from a Transaction Costs Perspective". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1257.

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Fibre sourcing is a critical strategic question for all sawmills and pulpmills, but the degree of supply integration though long-term contracts and forest ownership varies widely. The purpose of this research was to investigate the extent to which forest-mill integration patterns can be explained by the transaction cost economics (TCE) theory. TCE theory holds that organizations will choose transaction governance forms that minimize transaction costs. The TCE factors expected to influence that choice can be grouped into three categories; transaction frequency, market uncertainty, and asset specificity. Interviews with various industry representatives suggested that factors from all three categories are relevant to the question of forest-mill integration. A survey was conducted of mills in New Zealand and Sweden, providing data on their supply mix and various TCE factors. Of an estimated population of approximately 450 mills, 136 mills were sampled and 88 responded to the survey. Fractional logit models were developed to explore the factors that may influence the integration decision. Considerable evidence was found for the importance of TCE factors in driving fibre supply integration. The evidence was strongest for factors related to asset specificity, including forest owner concentration and the specificity of a mill's fibre requirements. Transaction frequency appears less important; while integration was found to be significantly associated with the number of mills an organisation has within the supply basin, the influence of mill capacity was found to vary. There was weak evidence for the importance of uncertainty, and perhaps only through the impact of forest owner concentration on market conduct. Integration was found significantly higher for pulpmills than sawmills, and higher in Sweden than in New Zealand. The latter result is difficult to explain by TCE theory, and suggests that non-TCE factors play a significant role. Survey responses also indicated that non-TCE factors are important. Further research is required to enlarge the sample size and better understand the role of TCE factors in forest-mill integration.

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Kalbus, Jeffrey Huber. "Credit subsidies and transaction costs: a policy perspective for two agricultural credit programs in Ohio /". The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487857546386128.

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Krzeminska, Anna. "Determinants and management of make-and-buy an extension to transaction cost economics". Wiesbaden Gabler, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989809331/04.

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Newhouse, Herbert Steven. "The emergence of commodity money as a medium of exchange /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3144310.

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Pollitte, Wesley Alan. "The effect of vertical networks on channel governance adaptation a transaction cost economics approach /". Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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Yates, David John. "Conflict and disputes in the Hong Kong construction industry : a transaction cost economics perspective /". Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20002920.

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Magalhães, Matheus Albergaria de. "Fines, externalities, and transaction costs: essays in common-pool resources management". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-13122017-171553/.

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The present dissertation evaluates the internal dynamics of a specific type of common-pool resource, an information commons. Employing a novel dataset related to more than 800,000 transactions in distinct libraries during a 10-year period (2005-2015), I address distinct questions in the fields of organizational economics, law and economics, and public economics. This dissertation contains three chapters in the format of academic papers, besides the introduction and conclusion. The second chapter evaluates the behavioral responses of library users to monetary sanctions. I exploit variation in the timing of introduction of fines in a library, as well as differences among users, in terms of fine incidence. In the case of this chapter, I report two results: first, the introduction of fines reduces users\' delays, as predicted by standard models of law enforcement. Second, when evaluating the dynamic effects of such an introduction, I uncover a result in which fines lose efficacy over time since its nominal value remains the same after instauration. The third chapter measures externalities in an information commons. I estimate the magnitude of the impacts of actions of library users who were subject to a non-monetary sanction (professors and university employees) over users who were subject to a monetary sanction (students). Additionally, I estimate peer effects among users, considering the number of items they borrow from the library. When investigating external effects, I uncover a \"crowding-out\" effect: for an additional unity in professors and employees\' counts, there is an approximate one-to-one decrease in students\' counts. In the case of peer effects, I find that a rise in the borrowings of a user\'s peer group correlates with her own borrowings, an evidence of positive peer effects. Finally, the fourth chapter explores the interplay between common-pool resources and transaction costs. In particular, I try to answer the following question: what happens when transaction costs go down in a common-pool resource setting? I exploit variation in the timing of introduction of a cost-saving technology (return boxes) and its impacts on library performance measures. Contrarily to standard arguments based on transaction costs, I find a result in which the instauration of return boxes tend, on average, to raise the probability of delays and borrowings\' effective durations. The results reported in this dissertation have important implications for theories based on common-pool resources\' management, and constitute novel empirical evidence for the areas of law and economics, public economics, and organizational economics.
A presente tese avalia a dinâmica interna de um tipo específico de recurso comum, um \"information commons\". Utilizando uma nova base de dados contendo mais de 800.000 transações ocorridas em distintas bibliotecas, ao longo de um período superior a 10 anos (2005-2015), o trabalho busca responder distintas questões relacionadas às áreas de economia das organizações, direito econômico e economia do setor público. A tese contém três capítulos, em formato de artigos, além da introdução e conclusão. O segundo capítulo da tese avalia as respostas comportamentais de usuários de uma biblioteca a sanções monetárias, ao explorar variação no timing de introdução de multas, assim como diferenças entre usuários, em termos de incidência dessas multas. No caso deste capítulo, são reportados dois resultados: em primeiro lugar, a introdução da multa tende a reduzir atrasos dos usuários, conforme previsto por modelos convencionais de cumprimento da lei. Em segundo lugar, uma análise dos efeitos dinâmicos de instauração da multa sugere que ela perde eficácia ao longo do tempo, uma vez que seu valor nominal permanece o mesmo, desde a data de instauração. O terceiro capítulo da tese apresenta estimativas das magnitudes de externalidades em um recurso comum. Neste capítulo, são estimados os impactos das ações de usuários da biblioteca sujeitos a uma sanção não-monetária (professores e funcionários) sobre usuários sujeitos a uma sanção monetária (alunos). Adicionalmente, são estimados efeitos sobre pares (peereffects), considerando o número de itens emprestados por usuários da biblioteca. A análise da magnitude de efeitos externos leva à descoberta de um efeito \"crowding-out\": para cada unidade adicional emprestada por professores e funcionários, há uma redução, na escala de um por um, nos empréstimos de estudantes. No caso de estimações de efeitos sobre pares, um aumento nos empréstimos por parte do grupo ao qual um usuário pertence é correlacionado com seus próprios empréstimos, o que constitui evidência favorável à ocorrência de efeitos positivos sobre pares, no caso. Finalmente, no quarto capítulo, explora-se a interação entre recursos comuns e custos de transação. Especificamente, busca-se responder a seguinte questão: o que ocorre quando custos de transação são reduzidos em um contexto envolvendo recursos comuns? Para tanto, explora-se a variação no timing de introdução de uma tecnologia redutora de custos de transação (caixas de devolução), assim como seus impactos sobre medidas de desempenho na biblioteca. No caso deste capítulo, tem-se um resultado onde a instauração de caixas de devolução tende, em média, a aumentar a probabilidade de atrasos entre usuários da biblioteca, assim como a duração efetiva dos empréstimos, contrariamente a argumentos baseados em custos de transação. Os resultados reportados nesta tese têm importantes implicações para teorias baseadas no gerenciamento de recursos comuns, assim como correspondem a um novo conjunto de evidências empíricas relacionadas às áreas de direito econômico, economia do setor público e economia das organizações.

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Nalukenge, Imelda Kibirige. "Impact of lending relationships on transaction costs incurred by financial intermediaries: case study in Central Ohio". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1068473959.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 168 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Larry Libby, Dept. of Agricultural, Environmental & Development Economics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 161-168).

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Thresher, Valerie Anne. "The economics of artificial insemination regulations in the equine breeding industry: monopoly versus transaction costs explanations". Thesis, Montana State University, 1996. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/1996/thresher/ThresherV1996.pdf.

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Artificial insemination is a technological development that lowers the cost of producing livestock while providing a means for accelerating the development of genetic characteristics. The adoption of artificial insemination by the equine industry has been inconsistent across breed registries and varied over time. The question arises as to why any registry would resist the introduction of a technology that lowers the cost of production. Identification of the characteristics that influence the decision by a breed registry to place restrictions on the use of artificial insemination will provide economic reasons to explain why the restrictions exist. Various explanations are hypothesized to provide a basis for empirical models. Regression analysis is run to test for the significance of the following factors; opportunistic behavior, monopoly power, and the importance of relative versus absolute performance. It is established that all three factors contribute to a registry's decision whether or not to impose restrictions on the use of artificial insemination. There are two separate conclusions drawn from the results. Where opportunistic behavior (i.e. cheating) generates rewards not otherwise attainable, artificial insemination will be restricted. Where relative performance matters and a breed is able to exert monopoly power, artificial insemination will be restricted.

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NEVES, LINCOLN WOLF DE ALMEIDA. "MAKE OR BUY: ANALYSIS UNDER THE PERSPECTIVE OF TRANSACTION COSTS ECONOMICS AND RESOURCE BASED VIEW THEORIES". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15503@1.

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As firmas enfrentam hoje um cenário altamente volátil e competitivo e muito mais complexo que 10 ou 20 anos atrás. Para enfrentar este cenário, as firmas têm usado a terceirização de atividades da sua cadeia de valores para reduzir custos, melhorar o desempenho e manter o foco nas atividades que propiciam vantagens competitivas. As teorias da Economia dos Custos de Transação (TCE) e Visão Baseada em Recursos (RBV) têm sido usadas nos estudos sobre fazer ou comprar (terceirização). Na TCE, o foco da questão são as transações internas da firma e desta com o mercado, analisando as dimensões de risco, ativos idiossincráticos e freqüência de trocas. Na RBV, o centro da questão está associado aos recursos que compõem a firma, analisando os atributos desses em relação à vantagem competitiva e desempenho comparado com o mercado. O objetivo central desta tese é compreender o porquê das firmas terceirizarem atividades da sua cadeia de valores. Para este fim, uma extensa revisão das teorias TCE e RBV foi feita, com o foco de aprofundar a compreensão das questões relacionadas com a terceirização. A pesquisa examina o entendimento de seis firmas da indústria de café solúvel em relação aos fundamentos dos processos de terceirização. A pesquisa foi qualitativa, através de múltiplos estudos de casos, onde entrevistas com altos executivos das firmas foram realizadas para elucidar e avaliar os casos. A indústria de café solúvel foi escolhida pela disponibilidade de acesso aos seus dados e integrantes, bem como pelo uso da terceirização em todas as firmas. Nos casos, buscou-se observar as vantagens competitivas particulares, os motivadores e variáveis das terceirizações e quais atividades foram terceirizadas. Na análise dos casos foi encontrado que quanto maior o risco que envolve a transação, maior a tendência das firmas internalizarem atividades. Competências internas fracas aumentam a probabilidade de terceirização, enquanto que quanto maior a possibilidade de vazamento de conhecimento estratégico proprietário, menor a probabilidade de terceirização. Esta tese afirma que as teorias TCE e RBV devem ser usadas de forma conjunta para determinar as fronteiras de uma firma, fundamentando a análise se uma atividade deve ser terceirizada ou mantida internamente. Adicionalmente, este trabalho sustenta que os custos de oportunidade são relevantes para a definição da terceirização de atividades e devem ser comparados aos custos de transação.
Today, firms are submitted to a highly volatile and competitive scenario, far more complex than that of ten or twenty years ago. In order to face this, firms have outsourced some of their value chain activities, in an attempt to reduce costs, enhance performance and focus on activities that result in competitive advantages. Both the Transaction Costs Economics (TCE) and Resource-Based View (RBV) theories have been applied in outsourcing studies. TCE focuses on the firm’s internal transactions and transactions with the market, by evaluating risk dimensions, idiosyncratic assets and frequency of exchanges. The core issue for RBV is related to the firm’s resources; the theory evaluates their attributes in terms of competitive advantage and performance as compared with the market. The fundamental objective here is to understand why firms outsource their value chain activities. A thorough review of the TCE and RBV theories has been performed, aimed at deepening the understanding of outsourcing related issues. The present research assesses how six instant coffee firms perceive the outsourcing process rationale. The survey was qualitative and based on multiple case studies, and high executives of these firms were interviewed for clarification and evaluation of each case. Instant coffee industry was selected due to the availability of information and access to their members, and because all firms are engaged in outsourcing. In these cases, we have attempted to observe the particular competitive advantages, motivating factors and variables of outsourcing, and which activities had been outsourced. Case study analysis has shown that the higher the risk involved in a transaction, the more firms will tend to internalize activities. Weak competences increase the probability of outsourcing, while high risk of leak of strategic proprietary knowledge reduces the probability of outsourcing. This thesis asserts that both TCE and RBV theories shall be used in conjunction in order to determine the frontiers of a firm, and underlie the evaluation of whether an activity should be outsourced or performed internally. Additionally, this paper affirms that opportunity costs are relevant in defining the outsourcing of activities, and ought to be considered and compared with transaction costs.

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Banerjee, Haimanti. "Consumption commitments and precautionary savings". Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1200.

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In incomplete market models, agents with homothetic preferences over one non-durable consumption good and exposed to idiosyncratic income shocks use precautionary savings as an instrument to smooth consumption across different contingencies. The magnitude and role of precautionary savings is therefore essential in the understanding of savings behavior of agents in such an economy. In this dissertation, I study the effects of consumption commitments on aggregate savings behavior within an otherwise standard incomplete market framework. In the first chapter, I explore the impact of a consumption commitment good like housing in an incomplete market framework (Aiyagari(1994), Huggett(1997)). Conceptually, I concentrate on the argument whether consumption of housing is associated with changes in risk aversion and therefore reflected in precautionary savings behavior of agents. I study an analytical framework that captures key elements in the data like (i) heterogeneity in earnings through fixed effects and uninsurable idiosyncratic shocks, (ii) fraction of income spent on housing, (iii) magnitude of moving costs. In the second chapter, I present a dynamic incomplete market model with a key feature: a commitment good (housing) with positive transaction (moving) costs. I focus on a stationary recursive equilibrium for agents in the benchmark economy. I calibrate the benchmark model to the US economy. I find that the benchmark economy replicates (i) the fraction of income spent on housing services, (ii) the fraction of people moving in each period. In the third chapter, I quantitatively evaluate the magnitude of precautionary savings in the presence of housing consumption in the benchmark economy and compare it to the standard incomplete market model. Results indicate that the presence of housing leads to higher aggregate precautionary savings by nearly 13% when compared to the Aiyagari specification. I find transaction costs to have significant impact on aggregate savings behavior.

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Mahamed, Mahamed Rage. "A comparative study of the transaction costs of doing business in formal urban vs informal settlement areas: a case study of microenterprises in Joe Slovo and Maitland, Western Cape, South Africa". University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4213.

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Magister Economicae - MEcon
The main objective of this research was to measure and compare the influence of institutions (government laws, rules, regulations) on the transaction cost of establishing microenterprises in informal/township areas and suburbs. The research target area was Maitland (a suburb) and Joe Slovo (a township area). A research framework was developed using the theories of institutions and the TACE. In order to achieve the research objectives, both quantitative and qualitative research designs were used. A total research sample of 40 microenterprise owners were selected from these two areas. A random sampling technique was used to select half (twenty) microenterprise traders in Maitland and the other half (twenty) from Joe Slovo. The research also applied non-random sampling technique to select relevant government institutions that regulate microenterprises in these two areas. The research has collected both primary and secondary data. To collect the primary data, face-to-face interviews were held with the shop owners in the two research sites and government (City) officials. A questionnaire containing both open-ended and closed-ended questions was used in collecting the primary data. The secondary data was collected using desktop (internet) search and also physically searching government archives and publications. Descriptive statistics (frequency distributions and graphical representations) of the data were used to analyze and compare the data collected in a meaningful way. The research also used non-parametric independent samples t-test to compare the differences of the transaction costs of establishing microenterprises in Joe Slovo and in Maitland. The data collected was analyzed and compared using SPSS statistical research analysis software. The results show, to establish a microenterprise business, microenterprise owners in both formal and informal areas need to comply with the environmental health laws. In addition to complying with the environmental health laws, microenterprises in formal areas are obliged to comply with the City zoning scheme and seek permission to establish businesses in these areas. The application process for seeking the City zoning approval is cumbersome and subjective. The results show that entrepreneurs in informal/township areas are automatically allowed by the local government to establish microenterprises in these areas and need not comply with the Zoning Scheme. The main findings of the study reveal that microenterprises in formal suburbs face higher TACs in establishing businesses in these areas when compared to those in township areas.

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König, Franziska. "The uncertainty-governance choice puzzle revisited : predictions from transaction costs economics, resource-based theory, and real options theory /". Wiesbaden : Gabler, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017152953&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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König, Franziska. "The uncertainty-governance choice puzzle revisited predictions from transaction costs economics, resource-based theory and real options theory". Wiesbaden Gabler, 2008. http://d-nb.info/992162610/04.

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Whitten, Stuart Max Business Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Provision of environmental goods on private land: a case study of Australian wetlands". Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Business, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38661.

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The management of natural resources located on private lands often involves a perceived conflict between the mix of private and public benefit outputs they produce. Governments have tended to respond through legislation to restrict and redirect private decisions about resource management. However, the legislative response faces a lack of information about the costs and benefits of alternative management and policy instruments. A pertinent example of this debate is the management of wetlands on private lands. The goal in this thesis is to advance the design of policy relating to the production of environmental outputs on private lands. This goal is achieved by first estimating the welfare impacts of alternative private land management strategies on the wider community. These estimates are used as inputs into the development of alternative policy instruments that are then evaluated in terms of their potential cost-effectiveness in influencing private management. Two case studies of wetland management on private land in Australia are presented ??? the Upper South East Region of South Australia, and, the Murrumbidgee River Floodplain in New South Wales. The conceptual approach described in the first part of the thesis includes a description of the resource management problem and the strengths and weaknesses of the alternative decision frameworks widely employed in Australia. Identification of the cause and nature of transaction costs in the management process is the focus in this discussion. The welfare impacts of alternative wetland management strategies are investigated through the construction of a bio-economic model for each of the case study areas. The approach integrates biophysical analysis of changing wetland management with the value society places on wetlands. Outputs from this process are used in the development of a range of policy instruments directed towards influencing wetland management. The impact of poorly quantified and uncertain transaction costs on the potential cost-effectiveness of these options is evaluated using threshold policy analysis. The empirical results show that the perception of a conflict between the private and public values generated by resource management is accurate. For example, scenarios changing wetland management in the Upper South East of South Australia on the Murrumbidgee River floodplain in New South Wales were shown to generate net benefits of $5.2m and $5.1m respectively. Hence, changing wetland management could generate increased community welfare. The potential for these findings to be translated into wetland policy is less conclusive. Policies directed towards wetland management (in part or in whole) incur a range of transaction costs and deliver differential wetland protection benefits. Ten ???best bet??? policies are identified, but more information is required to determine conclusively whether a net benefit results to the wider community when transaction costs are included.

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Dunn, Malcolm. "Inside the capitalist firm : an evolutionary theory of the principal agent-relation". Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6515/.

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This book deals with the inner life of the capitalist firm. There we find numerous conflicts, the most important of which concerns the individual employment relationship which is understood as a principal-agent problem between the manager, the principal, who issues orders that are to be followed by the employee, the agent. Whereas economic theory traditionally analyses this relationship from a (normative) perspective of the firm in order to support the manager in finding ways to influence the behavior of the employees, such that the latter – ideally – act on behalf of their superior, this book takes a neutral stance. It focusses on explaining individual behavioral patterns and the resulting interactions between the actors in the firm by taking sociological, institutional, and above all, psychological research into consideration. In doing so, insights are gained which challenge many assertions economists take for granted.

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Österström, Philip, i Ludvig Kamlin. "How well are the two chains linked together? : A study about the perceived effects of blockchain on transaction costs within supply chains handling physical goods". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412796.

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The purpose of this study is to produce new knowledge concerning the perceived effects of blockchain technology on transaction costs within supply chains handling physical goods through the created and hypothetical TCE-matrix. The study followed an abductive research approach where initial found facts were matched against an appropriate theory in order to be put in context and understood. The study’s data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with experts who were active within the research area and chosen based on their practical experience. The results imply that blockchain holds the possibility to affect five out of nine cells within the TCE-matrix out of the experts’ perception, through its increased trust and transparency between its supply chain actors within the network and the enhanced traceability of physical goods. This study further highlights practical implications concerning the technology’s adoption in practice. It is concluded that the blockchain is perceived to have an effect on transaction costs activities out of the TCE-matrix, which is found to be partly applicable when assessing the blockchains potential effect on transaction cost activities in a general manner, where further studies should apply the matrix in the assessment of one specific transaction to take full advantage of the matrix’ potential.

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Diza, Sakhumzi Jacob. "Contract design for small scale mussel growers in Saldanha Bay : a transaction cost approach". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50302.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines the role of contracting in reducing transaction costs in smalIscale mussel farming in Saldanha Bay. Masiza Mussel Growers (Masiza), an initiative by the public and private sector to address the imbalances of the past through entrepreneurial development, are used as a case study hence a case study approach is followed. Two transactions were considered, one between Masiza and Blue Bay Aqua Farm (Blue Bay) and another between La Vie Sea Food Products (La Vie) and Masiza. These transactions form the basis for analysis. Market risks, uncertainties, environmental risks, information incompleteness, illiteracy, limited technical knowledge of farming, lack of appropriate infrastructure and lack of transport facilities are identified and examined as possible sources of transaction costs that constrain the existing supply chain relationship. The study shows that asset specificity, time specificity, and site specificity playa positive role in the supply chain as they result in relative dependency amongst parties. Opportunistic behavior within the existing supply chain is neutral, but appears to be relatively high on the spot or fresh live market. Characteristics of market transactions for mussels and associated transaction costs suggest that fresh-live spot market trading for Masiza is difficult to attain. This therefore motivates parties (Masiza) to contract or vertically integrate, as it is costly and risky to rely on spot live markets. Interviewees (Masiza) pointed out that the benefits associated with contract farming outweigh the transaction costs associated with this governance structure. Hence a market specification contract with the La Vie (a processing company), and a production management and resource provision contract with Blue Bay (a larger producer) were designed. They reduce transaction costs associated with fresh-live markets and ensure a more stable and reliable market for growers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie ondersoek die rol van kontraktering in die vermindering van transaksie koste vir klein skaal mossel produsente in Saldanha baai. Die Masiza Mussel Growers (Masiza) word as gevallestudie gebruik. Twee transaksies met o.a. Blue bay Aqua Farm (Blue Bay) en La Vie Sea Food Products (La Vie) was ter sprake en laasgenoemde het as basis vir die analise gedien. Mark risiko, onsekerheid, omgewings risiko, gebrekkige informasie, ongeletterdheid, beperkte tegniese kennis, beperkte infrastruktuur en beperkte verroer fasiliteite is geidentifiseer en ondersoek as moontlike oorsake van hoë transaksie koste wat die huidige aanbod ketting strem. Die studie toon aan dat interafhanklikheid tussen die betrokke partye deur bate, tyd en area spesifisiteite bevorder word en dus 'n positiewe rol in die aanbod ketting speel. Opportunistiese gedrag binne die bestaande aanbod ketting is neutraal, maar blyk hoog te wees in die vars mark. Transaksie kostes en eienskappe blyk beduidende beperkinge te wees vir kleinskaal mossel produsente om aktief deel te neem in die mark. Die opstel van kontrakte (of vertikale integrasie) blyk dus 'n uitkoms te wees. Respondente het aangetoon dat kontrak boerdery voordelig blyk te wees. Laasgoemde het tot die ontwikkeling van mark kontrakte met die La Vie ('n verwerkings maatskappy) asook produksie bestuur en hulpbron voorsiennings kontrakte met Blue Bay ('n groot kommersiële produsent) gelei. Die kontrakte beperk transaksie koste vir die vars mark en verseker 'n stabiele en betroubare mark vir produsente. 'n Transaksie koste analiese word gebruik om transaksie kostes te ondersoek en te verifieer binne die industrie.

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Hoonsawat, Ratidanai. "Three essays in international trade and development". Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available, full text:, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Stone, Garry Brooks. "An empirical analysis of the impact of differential tax rates and transaction costs upon covered interest-rate-parity". Connect to resource, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1262102154.

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Fischer, Augusto. "Incentivos em programas de fomento florestal na indústria de celulose". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-04052007-112459/.

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Neste trabalho são estudados os programas de fomento florestal desenvolvidos pela indústria de celulose, cuja participação na matriz de suprimento de madeira para esse segmento industrial é crescente, já ocupando a segunda posição. A indústria de celulose caracteriza-se pelo elevado grau de integração vertical à montante, sendo a madeira processamento por esse segmento, predominantemente produzida pelas próprias empresas. Diversas condições, como restrições das normas ambientais, e custos de produção limitam a expansão de novos plantios por meio da integração vertical, levando as maiores empresas a desenvolverem a estratégia da coordenação vertical por meio de arrendamentos, parcerias e programas de fomento florestal. Neste estudo foram analisados os programas de fomento florestal na indústria de celulose, considerando as características de seus contratos, os incentivos e suas performances, com base na nova economia institucional, destacando-se a teoria dos contratos incompletos de longo prazo, com suporte na econômica dos custos de transação. Para a pesquisa utilizou-se no primeiro momento, a abordagem qualitativa da pesquisa exploratória e descritiva do estudo de casos múltiplos, por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. No segundo momento, aplicou-se questionário semi-estruturado para realizar as coletas de dados. As análises de dados indicam que os programas de fomento florestal ocupam a segunda posição na matriz de suprimento de madeira para processamento da indústria de celulose, cuja participação tende a crescer. De modo geral, as análises indicam a tendência de substituição da integração vertical do suprimento de madeira, pela coordenação vertical por meio de contratos de longo prazo. A participação do fomento florestal e do mercado no suprimento de madeira para processamento vem aumentando. Dentre outras razões, a indústria de celulose procura reduzir os custos associados à imobilização em terras e o aumento da oferta de madeira para processamento. As conclusões evidenciam que a legislação ambiental não exerce influências em favor da opção pelo fomento florestal, mas confirmam a opção pelo mesmo para facilitar o acesso e disponibilidade eficiente a terras para cultivo florestal. Confirma-se a hipótese de adequação dos mecanismos de incentivos nos programas de fomento florestal, com modalidades diferentes, para atender a diferentes classes de produtores fomentados, principalmente de acordo com o porte de suas propriedades. Exceto o fomento de extensão, os demais programas de fomento florestal utilizam cláusula contratual de opção de compra da produção. As condições para fornecimento de mudas e insumos, os adiantamentos financeiros e à assistência técnica, são semelhantes em todos os programas de fomento. O fomento florestal tem limitações para adoção isolada por pequenas e médias empresas devido aos riscos de oportunismo dos fomentados ante à entrada de concorrentes. Sua estruturação é preferivelmente trilateral: os pequenos agricultores ou proprietários; as empresas consumidoras de madeira; o governo, que também envolve a sociedade.
In this work are studied the programs of forest furtherance developed by the cellulose industry, whose participation in the wood supply matrix for that industrial segment is growing, already occupying the second position. The cellulose industry is characterized by the high degree of vertical integration to amount, being the wood processing for that segment, predominantly produced by the own companies. Several conditions, as restrictions of the environmental norms, and production costs limit the expansion of new plantings through the vertical integration, taking the largest companies develop her the strategy of the vertical coordination through leases, partnerships and programs of forest furtherance. In this study the programs of forest furtherance were analyzed in the cellulose industry, considering the characteristics of their contracts, the incentives and their performances, based on the new institutional economy, standing out the theory of the incomplete long term contracts, with support to the transaction costs economy. For the research it was used in the first moment, the qualitative approach of the exploratory and descriptive research of the study of multiple cases, through semi-structured interviews. In the second moment, semi-structured questionnaire was applied to accomplish the collections of data. The analyses of data indicate that the programs of forest furtherance occupy the second position in the matrix of wood supply for processing of the cellulose industry, whose participation tends to grow. In general, the analyses indicate the tendency of substitution of the vertical integration of the wood supply, for the vertical coordination through long terms contracts. The forest furtherance and market participations of wood supply for processing are increasing. Among other reasons, the cellulose industry tries to reduce the costs associated to the fixed assets in lands and to increase wood offer for processing. The conclusions evidence that environmental legislation doesn\'t exercise influences in favor of the option for the forest furtherance, but they confirm the option for the same to facilitate the access and efficient availability to lands for forest crop. The hypothesis of adaptation of the mechanisms of incentives is confirmed in the programs of forest furtherance, with different modalities, to attend to different classes of encouraged producers, mainly pursuant to the size of their farms. Except the extension furtherance, the other programs of forest furtherance use contractual sentence to purchase option of output. The conditions for supply of seedlings and inputs, the financial improvements and the technical assistance, are similar in all furtherance programs. The forest furtherance fomentation has limitations for isolated adoption for small and averages companies due to the risks of opportunism of the fomented before to the entrance of competitive. Your structuring is preferably trilateral: the small farmers or proprietors; the consuming companies of wood; the government, that also involves society.

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Fundira, Takudzwa. "A transaction cost analysis of the fruit supply chain in South Africa : a case study approach". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49864.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The agro-food sector is swiftly moving towards an internationally interconnected system with a large variety of complex relationships, due to year-round supply, product differentiation and developments in information technologies, with the aim of enhancing competitiveness. In this context, vertical linking in the agro-food business especially, vertical coordination has gained attention. A case study approach is used to analyse two fruit supply chains -the table grape and citrus fruit chain. The study uses a transaction cost approach to analyse the supply chain of the fruit industry in South Africa. Transaction cost analysis (TCA) represents one possible approach to understanding and evaluating supply chain management and has the potential to be combined in an interdisciplinary setting with the insights provided by the marketing, logistics and organisational behaviour literatures. By means of literature study, constructs are identified that help explain the choices made, with regard to governance structures and the sources of competitiveness of supply chains. The question of governance structures is addressed in transaction cost economics (TCE) where asset specificity is of major importance. The sources of competitiveness are addressed both in the literature study and from discussions undertaken with key industry representatives. The empirical application of the TCE theory helped demonstrate the extent to which the exporter has adapted to changes in the global environment. The study revealed that for both supply chains, the role-players overcompensate to minimise their risk. Hence vertical integration rather than outsourcing takes precedence. Bilateral contracting and strategic alliances should be given priority to enhance effective communication, commitment and collective decision-making. This growing recognition of the competitive advantage that can be gained through improving coordination in the supply chain is the starting point for SCM initiatives and, these are important signals that in the long run will determine the sustainability and competitiveness of the industry.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die landbou-voedsel sektor is vinnig besig om na 'n internasionale interafhanklike stelsel met 'n groat verskeidenheid van ingewikkelde verhoudings te beweeg, as gevolg van heel-jaar aanbod, produk differensiasie en ontwikkeling in tegnologie, met die doel om meer mededingend te wees. In hierdie konteks geniet vertikale skakelinge in die landbou-voedsel bedryf, en veral vertikale koordinasie, baie aandag. 'n Gevalle studie benadering is gevolg om twee vrugte waardekettings te analiseer -die tafeldruiwe en sitrus ketting. Die studie maak gebruik van 'n transaksie koste benadering om die waardeketting van die Suid-Afrikaanse vrugte bedryf te analiseer. Transaksie koste analiese (TKA) verteenwoordig een moontlike benadering om waardekettingbestuur te verstaan en te evalueer. Dit het oak die potensiaal om gekombineer te word in 'n interdissiplinere omgewing met insigte wat deur bemarking, logistiek en organisatoriese gedrags literatuur verskaf word. Konstruksies is met behulp van literatuur studies ge"identifiseer wat help om die keuses wat gemaak is met betrekking tot bestuurstrukture en die bran van mededingendheid van waardekettings. Die kwessie van bestuurstrukture word aangespreek deur transaksie koste ekonomie (TKE) waarin bate-spesifiekheid van groat belang is. Die bran van mededingendheid is aangespreek deur beide literatuur te bestudeer en deur besprekings met sleutel-figure in die bedryf. Die empiriese toepassing van die TKE teorie help om die mate waarin die uitvoerder aangepas het tot veranderinge in die globale omgewing aan te toon. Die studie bewys dat firmas in beide waardekettings oorkompenseer vir transaksie koste deur vertikale integrasie in plaas van kontrakte. Bilaterale kontrakterings en strategiese vennootskappe moet prioriteit geniet om effektiewe kommunikasie, verpligtinge en kollektiewe besluitneming te verbeter. Die groeiende erkenning wat gegee word aan mededingende voordeel wat gewen kan word deur koordinasie in die waardeketting te verbeter is die begin punt vir ketting initiatiewe en, dit is belangrike seine wat die volhoubaarheid en mededingendheid van die bedryf in die lang termyn sal bepaal.

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Thrasher, Jessica. "The Unintended Consequences of Industry Mandates: How EMV is Changing the U.S. Payments Landscape". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/517062.

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Business Administration/Interdisciplinary
D.B.A.
The 2015 mandate of Europay MasterCard and Visa (EMV) “chip card” technology in the U.S. left the payments market primed for the adoption of alternative technologies. The goal of this study is to determine the factors that contribute to the adoption of new, alternative payment technologies by integrating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Switching Cost Theory and operationalizing both theories in a consumer context. Through a survey of 210 chip card and mobile payment users, this study finds the TAM dimensions of self-efficacy, perceived usefulness, and social influence are key determinants of a user’s propensity to use a new technology in a mandated consumer context and introduces switching costs as an important antecedent to a consumer’s likelihood to use an alternative payment technology. More generally, this work integrates those theories to gain insight into how industry mandates influence user behavior with regards to consumer acceptance of alternative technologies.
Temple University--Theses

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Castillo, Valencia María del Pilar. "Economics theory of political kidnapping : theory and evidency for the case of the FARC in Colombia". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/132922.

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O objetivo desta tese é explicar a redução nas taxas de sequestros políticos na Colômbia nos últimos anos a partir da análise do comportamento estratégico dos criminosos. Pontos de vista convencionais explicam a diminuição dos sequestros como o resultado exitoso da política de segurança democrática do presidente Álvaro Uribe Vélez. No entanto, até agora, tem sido desconsiderada a busca de explicações alternativas à já existente, que bem poderiam ser encontradas a partir da perspectiva de análise dos dilemas organizacionais produzidos pelos sequestros nas FARC – Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Colômbia –, da sua interação estratégica com o governo e, em particular, de seus efeitos sobre sua atividade global e na decisão de pôr fim a essa ação criminosa. O interesse dos três ensaios que compõem esta tese é estudar as motivações deste grupo rebelde, sob o enfoque da teoria da agência, dividindo sua estrutura organizativa entre líderes (principal), que tomam as decisões estratégicas, e os combatentes (agentes), que as realizam, em um contexto de informação assimétrica, para tomar decisões racionais. Cada ensaio desenvolve a partir de diferentes perspectivas, mas tendo como base o enfoque racional de principal-agente, as razões que levaram a organização a renunciar a uma de suas atividades criminosas, considerada no princípio como uma ação estratégica eficiente que obrigaria o governo colombiano a negociar. O primeiro ensaio está focado em mostrar os custos de transação que gerou essa estratégia para os agentes e o principal. Esta análise faz uso dos mesmos instrumentos analíticos empregados para analisar os custos de qualquer transação econômica que leva a cabo uma organização legal. Mostrando que os custos dessa atividade foram altos, expressados, primeiro, em um conflito de interesses entre o líder, encarregado de esquematizar e designar tarefas, e os agentes, responsáveis por sua execução. A divergência entre estas duas partes teve origem em uma mudança nas expectativas dos agentes, que preferiam mais atividades de combate às relacionadas com o sequestro, em um contexto de perseguição constante do exército colombiano. O segundo ensaio estuda como essa mesma estratégia afetou o contexto no qual os agentes definem suas preferências. Através do uso de três enfoques diferentes da teoria econômica se expõem três interpretações diversas da mudança nas preferências dos agentes: a) uma mudança no risco; b) uma divergência entre as preferências subjacentes e induzidas; c) a presença de dimensões motivacionalmente salientes. E o terceiro ensaio apresenta um modelo formal para estabelecer um sistema de compensações eficiente que o principal oferece ao agente para atenuar o que sobre seu comportamento gerou o sequestro. Os resultados mostram que, considerando que os recursos das organizações armadas ilegais são escassos, quanto maiores são os incentivos oferecidos aos agentes para evitar que desertem, menor é a capacidade da organização para penalizar os desertores e menor a utilidade do principal. Simulando o modelo para um conjunto específico de parâmetros se conclui que a incorporação do mecanismo de autocumprimento (self-enforcing) dentro da função de utilidade do principal aumenta seus custos e propicia o baixo esforço do agente e seu comportamento oportunista.
The objective of this thesis is to explain the reduction in the rate of political kidnapping in Colombia in recent years by means of analyzing the strategic behavior of its perpetrators. This is the basic question addressed in this thesis. Conventional views interpret the fall in the kidnapping rate as an outcome of President Álvaro Uribe’s democratic security policy. I will argue, however, that this is not the whole story, since political kidnapping led Farc [for its acronym in Spanish, Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia] into an unprecedented strategic situation that induced a breach between leader (principal) and combatant (agent) concerns with strong effects on its overall activity and its decision to stop that criminal action. The focus of three essays making up this thesis is on studying FARC’s motivations from the perspective of agency theory, by splitting its organizational structure into principals and agents who are acting on a setting of asymmetrical information. Each essay develops, from different perspectives, the reasons that led the organization to give up that criminal activity due to the substantial political and organizational risks involved. The first essay is focused on the transactions costs generated by the kidnapping strategy both for agents and principals. This analysis is based on the same theoretical tools used to study the costs held by any legal organization. I found that the costs of kidnapping were high, expressed first in a conflict of interest between the leader –responsible for designing and assigning tasks—and the agents in charge of its implementation. The divergence was due to a shift in the expectations of agents who preferred combat activities over the menial tasks associated with kidnapping, in a context of heavy pressure by the Colombian Army. In contradistinction to legal organizations in which such type of divergence can be solved, in part, by paying higher wages to agents in order to extract their best effort, this alternative is not feasible for FARC, for those who joined the organization are supposed to have an ideological and political commitment. The second essay studies how the kidnapping strategy affected the preferences of agents and their behavior by means of using three different approaches from economic theory: (a) a change in risk, (b) a divergence between underlying and induced preferences and, (c) the presence of salient motivational dimensions. The third essay examines, through a principal-agent model, the nature of the trade-off between incentives and enforcing mechanisms that the leadership of an Armed illegal organization offers to its agents. Using a MATLAB’s optimization tool-box, I computed the optimal transfer system for a given parameterization of the model, and analyzed its properties. The numerical analysis shows that the inclusion of a self-enforcing mechanism on the leader’s objective function increases the costs for the principal and could lead agents to choose low efforts and engage in opportunistic behavior.

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Griffin, Paul. "Transaction Cost Economics: An Analysis of Commitment in Asymmetrical Insurer-Broker Dyads. An Exploratory Case Study of ING Canada and its Distribution Counterparties". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4862.

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Since the early 1980's there has been a heightened academic interest in the field of commitment, particularly as it relates to business relationships. Knowledge of commitment continues to advance and has begun splintering and applied into specific and narrow fields. The particular field of interest in this study surrounds commitment levels in business relationships within property and casualty insurance distribution networks. The intent of understanding and enhancing commitment levels is to allow stakeholders to explore new ways to improve profitability. This can be achieved by deepening the level of understanding and knowledge of relationship partners with a view to anticipating and fulfilling their needs better than the competition. However, commitment is intangible and involves many factors including human emotion. This increases the difficulty in comprehending the whole phenomenon of commitment. To assist in furthering the knowledge in this area, transaction cost theory is examined and applied to insurance company and broker relationships. In seeking a greater understanding of the underlying drivers of commitment, this thesis investigates the theoretical contribution of transaction cost economics theory in assessing commitment levels. The purpose is to utilize the elements of transaction costs as a means to extend the awareness of how commitment is constructed, and to search for ways to improve and strengthen these relationships. The primary research method consists of three major case studies within the Canadian property and casualty insurance distribution sector. The first case study explores the perspectives of insurance brokers in Ontario. The second study reveals the perceptions of relationship managers employed with ING Canada, the country's largest property and casualty insurance company. Lastly, the research incorporates a series of interviews with ING Canada senior executives to capture their perspectives and validate the research findings from the first two case studies. These investigations into the Canadian insurance industry have provided several outputs, chief among them is the development of a conceptual model referred to as the 'Commitment Wheel'. This model has the advantages of seating affective and calculative commitment at the centre of a moving environment of commitment enablers.

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Patring, Michael, i Jörgen Nord. "Interorganisatoriska Samarbeten i Byggprojekt : En Kontraktsansats". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1331.

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Bakgrund: Forskningen kring projekt har under senare år ökat i omfattning. En anledning är att projektorganiseringen utgör ett sätt att samla ett antal specialister för att få dem att samverka mot ett gemensamt mål. Utöver de interna relationer som uppstår i projekt förekommer det även involvering av interorganisatoriska partners i samarbetet vilket är speciellt vanligt i byggprojekt som karaktäriseras av en hög grad av interorganisatorisk specialisering. Problemformuleringar: Den utpräglade specialiseringen inom byggprojekt fordrar som all annan typ av specialisering, samordning och koordinering av resurser med den skillnaden att det här handlar om samordning över de organisatoriska gränserna. Det som denna studie behandlar är därför de relationer byggföretag har till sina underentreprenörer i samband medbyggprojekt. Fokus ligger på hur företag kan samverka vertikalt i förädlingskedjan för att på detta sätt uppnå konkurrensfördelar.

Syfte: Syftet med denna magisteruppsats är att utforska styrning och kontraktering av interorganisatoriska relationer för projektbaserad byggverksamhet. Utöver detta är syftet att specificera en optimala relationen mellan byggherre och underentreprenör för de fall som studien omfattar.

Avgränsningar: Studien har avgränsats till att endast innefatta relationen mellan byggherre och underentreprenör.

Genomförande: Studien har genomförts med grund i kontraktsansatsen genom intervjuer på två byggföretag med olika strategi, storlek och geografisk placering.

Resultat: Resultatet visar att en optimal relation mellan byggherre och underentreprenör är avhängigt av i vilken grad samverkan kan ledan till utveckling hos de båda parterna. Alltför omfattande outsourcing av tjänster kan vara negativt precis som alltför täta relationer. Därför är situationen helt avgörande. Ger även stöd åt- samt utvecklar Alvesson&Lindkvists teori om ekonomisk kooperativa klaner.

Background: Business research focusing on different aspects of project work has recently increased. One reason is that project teams can be used as an effec- tive means of getting specialists from different parts of a business to work to- wards a common goal. In addition to the internal project relations that charac- terize project work, some businesses have also shown evidence of involving ex- ternal parties in projects. This is particularly common for construction projects where a large number of firms enter a project in order to achieve a high degree of interorganizational specialisation.

Purpose: The high extent of specialization within the construction industry in- creases the need for coordination of resources among participating firms. This thesis relates to this coordination with special regard to the relation between contractor and sub-contractor and the involvement of subcontractorsin the verti-cal dimension of the supply chain. Hence, the purpose of this study is to explore the procurement phases related to the involvement of subcontractors in con-struction projects. Further, the study aims at specifying the optimal relations between main- and sub contractor for the construction firms researched. D

elimitation: This thesis is solely focusing on the relations between main con- tractor and sub-contractor and is not dealing with other parties involved in con-struction projects.

Realization: The research material for this thesis has been obtained through in- terviews with employees of two Swedish construction firms that differ in strat- egy, size and geographical location.

Conclusion: The concluding remarks of the study indicate that the optimal rela- tion between main- and sub contractor is highly dependent on in what ways the relations may lead to long-term development for the parties. A high extent of outsourcing from the main contractor as well as too extensive partnering rela- tions may lead to substantial disadvantages in development for both firms. Therefore the environment in which the main contractor is operating is of great importance to the decision on how to handle subcontractor relations. The study also gives insights into the clan literature and supports and extends the theory of economic cooperative clans, developed by Mats Alvesson&Lars Lindkvist.

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Dorow, Reney. "Coordenação e governança : um estudo de caso na cadeia de malacocultura da grande Florianópolis". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/85324.

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A aquicultura representa uma importante fonte de proteína na alimentação humana. A Ásia é responsável por aproximadamente 90% da produção mundial. No Brasil, a partir da década de 1990, uma especialidade da aquicultura denominada malacocultura, focada na produção de moluscos bivalves (sobretudo ostras, mexilhões e vieiras), começou a se destacar em Santa Catarina, Estado que concentra atualmente mais de 90% da produção brasileira e a maior parte é produzida na região da Grande Florianópolis. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e analisar a estrutura de governança na cadeia de Malacocultura da Grande Florianópolis, símbolo de qualidade na produção de ostras derivado da concentração geográfica dessa região. Foi realizado um estudo de caso tendo como enfoque teórico a Nova Economia Institucional (NEI) complementada pela abordagem microanalítica da Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT), baseada nos trabalhos de Oliver E. Williamson. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa e utilizou-se da Análise Estrutural Discreta Comparada para a análise e interpretação dos dados. Utilizou-se questionário e realizaram-se entrevistas com agentes de todos os elos produtivos, análise de documentos e consulta a dados secundários. Verificou-se que a cadeia de Malacocultura da Grande Florianópolis se distingue em uma cadeia de comercialização curta e outra longa, e sofre influência de diversos fatores indutores de formas de governança, destacando a alta especificidade de ativos, a alta frequência e a elevada racionalidade limitada em ambas as cadeias de comercialização. Com base no Esquema da Indução das Formas de Governança, proposto por Zylbersztajn, identificou-se que a cadeia curta de comercialização deve adotar uma estrutura de governança híbrida, enquanto a cadeia de comercialização longa deve utilizar uma estrutura de governança híbrida ou integrada verticalmente. Verificou-se fraco a semiforte grau de coordenação nas duas cadeias de comercialização, o que impossibilita uma maior organização dos seus agentes, prejudicando a consolidação da cadeia de Malacocultura da Grande Florianópolis em inúmeros mercados.
Aquaculture represents an important source of protein in human nutrition. Asia is responsible for approximately 90% of world production. In Brazil, from 1990 onwards, bivalve molluscs production (oysters, mussels and scallops) began to stand out in Santa Catarina State. It concentrates more than 90% of the Brazilian production, most of it is produced in the Florianópolis Region. This study is aimed at identifying and analyzing the governance structure in the bivalve molluscs culture chain in the Florianópolis Region, which is a symbol of oyster production quality resulted from their geographical concentration in that region. A case study was conducted using the theoretical approach named New Institutional Economics (NIE) complemented by the micro analytical approach called Transaction Costs Economics (TCE), based on the studies of Oliver E. Williamson. Qualitative research was carried out and Comparative Discrete Structural Analysis was used in data analysis and interpretation. Questionnaires were applied and interviews were carried out with agents of all productive links. Both documentary and secondary data analyses were also conducted. It was found that the bivalve molluscs culture chain in the Florianópolis Region is distinguished by one short-chain and another long-chain commercialization. This chain is influenced by several factors inducing forms of governance, specially the high asset specificity, high frequency and high limited rationality in both commercialization chains. Based on the Induction Scheme for Forms of Governance, proposed by Zylbersztajn, it was identified that the short-chain of commercialization should adopt a hybrid governance structure, while the long-chain commercialization should use a hybrid or vertically integrated governance structure. It was observed a low/semi-strong coordination degree in the two commercialization chains, which makes it impossible to achieve a better organization of their agents and turns the consolidation of the bivalve molluscs culture chain of Florianópolis Region into a difficult task in many markets.

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Terencio, Juliana Peres. "Análise das transações nas indústrias arrozeiras de Goiás". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4185.

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The work aims to identify the main sources of transaction costs in the governance structures of rice industries in the State of Goiás, their characteristics, as well as how these organizations respond to these phenomena. The research is theoretical basis for New Institutional Economics, Economics of Transaction Costs starting with a review of concepts and approaches used in the study of business inside the agribusiness sector. After reviewing the literature, the rice got contextualized in the world, in Brazil and Goiás. Data about production, inventory, marketing, consumer preferences, and also changes in the market were considered in order to justify the work and inform the importance of this commodity as food.Defined and presented the characteristic of the studied object, the next step was the preparation of a questionnaire to verify the sources of transaction costs, its characteristics and the way organizations treat the phenomenon. In the results, applying the methodology described in 22% of industries installed in the State, it was found the standard of competition required by the market; which payment policies of the raw materials implemented by companies; view toward the short term, undercapitalization and low propensity to adopt technological innovations, including a disorganized institutional environment, as a reality for the vast majority of companies researched. Furthermore, consistent with the theory stated, the main sources of transaction costs relate to opportunism and main attributes of transactions: asset specificity, frequency and uncertainty. The analysis indicated that in addition to the main attributes of transactions, the nature of the coordination process implemented occurs, mainly through the market,that industries could improve coordination and reduce costs with the adoption of hybrid instruments of coordination and long and medium term contracts. But despite the lack of an improvement in coordination, Goiás industry gets the best and biggest trading margins for processed rice market in Goiás. This may be a reflection of a market with monopoly characteristics that the leader of the sector practices between producers, distributors and between companies related to the segment.
O trabalho tem por objetivo identificar as principais fontes de custos de transação nas estruturas de governança das indústrias arrozeiras goianas, suas características, bem como a forma como essas organizações reagem a estes fenômenos. A pesquisa tem por base teórica a Nova Economia Institucional, Economia dos Custos de Transação começando com uma revisão de conceitos e abordagens utilizadas no estudo de empresas no setor agroindustrial. Após a revisão de literatura, contextualizou-se o arroz no mundo, no Brasil e em Goiás. Dados sobre a produção, estoque, comercialização, preferências do consumidor, mudanças no mercado foram consideradas com o intuito de justificar o trabalho e informar a importância dessa commodity como alimento. Definidas e apresentadas as característica do objeto estudado partiu-se para a elaboração de um questionário para a verificação das fontes de custos de transação, suas características e a forma como as organizações tratam o fenômeno. Nos resultados, aplicando a metodologia descrita em 22% das indústrias instaladas no estado, foi encontrado o padrão de concorrência estabelecido no mercado; quais as políticas de pagamento das matérias-primas implementadas pelas empresas; visão voltada para o curto prazo, descapitalização e baixa propensão à adoção de inovações tecnológicas, além de um ambiente institucional desorganizado, como uma realidade para a grande maioria das firmas pesquisadas. Além disso, coerentemente com o indicado pela teoria, as principais fontes de custos de transação se relacionam com o oportunismo e com os principais atributos das transações: especificidade de ativo, freqüência e incerteza. A análise indicou que além dos principais atributos das transações, a natureza do processo de coordenação implementado se dá, majoritariamente via mercado, que as indústrias poderiam melhorar sua coordenação e reduzir custos com adoção de instrumentos híbridos de coordenação como contratos de longo e médio prazos, porém apesar da falta de um aprimoramento na coordenação, a indústria goiana consegue as melhores e maiores margens de comercialização de arroz beneficiado no mercado goiano. Isso pode ser o reflexo de um mercado com características de monopólio que a empresa líder do setor exerce entre produtores, distribuidores e entre firmas relacionadas ao segmento.

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De, Bruyn Pietersarel. "Transaction cost as a basis for deciding on marketing channels in the rural meat markets of the northern communal areas of Namibia". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53198.

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Thesis (MAgricAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Transaction cost economics has travelled a difficult and long path to general acceptance in current economic opinion. The general theory of transaction cost has however developed in various paradigms with little or no empirical backing. It is mostly the difficulty of measurement that caused economists to shy away from empirical testing and rather, to quote Coase (1992), "to write in prose". The last 10 years there has been a renewed thrust for the empirical measurement of transaction cost. This study is an attempt to measure transaction cost by using case study data gathered in the run of the NOLIDEP study in the meat markets of the Northern Communal areas of Namibia. Until recently the method of data analysis that has been used in most empirical studies was variations of the regression technique. Regression as a tool is most useful in economics, giving quick answers and general trends to the researcher. It is however a technique that is linear in nature and therefore some information in the data will always be sacrificed. In general- and multi industry surveys this do not pose a great problem as general trends can usefully be applied in making policy recommendations. In smaller and especially rural industries this is not the case. The dynamic interactions within the industry and its dynamic linkages with the rest of the economy will surely be underrated when using a linear method. Consequently, a non-linear technique was applied in this study - the Non-linear Dynamic Model. This model gave the interactions between all variables enabling one to describe the dynamics of the market. As mentioned elsewhere the first aim of this study was to measure transaction cost so that the second aim could be fulfilled. The second aim of this study was to prove that transaction cost has an important influence on marketing channel decision. The analysis of the data satisfied the above two aims: Firstly it showed that it was possible to measure transaction cost. Secondly that transaction cost has a large and sometimes overriding influence on marketing channel decisions. A third and last point that became apparent was that a non-linear method of data analysis allows for better description of a dynamic market.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit het 'n lang tyd gevat vir transaksie koste om as konsep in ekonomie aanvaar te word. Die algemene teorie van transaksie koste het egter ontwikkel binne verskeie paradigmas sonder werklike empiriese ondersteuning. Dit is meestal die meting van transaksie koste wat empiriese werk in die rigting belemmer het. Daar is egter in die laaste 10 jaar hernude pogings gewees om transaksie koste empiries te meet. Hierdie studie is 'n poging om transaksie koste te meet deur gebruik te maak van data wat verkry is gedurende die NOLIDEP studie in die noordelike kommunale gebiede van Namibia. Tot onlangs was die metode van data analise vir empiriese studies variasies op die regressie tegniek. As 'n hulpmiddel is regressie baie bruikbaar in ekonomie waar vinnige antwoorde en algemene tendense verwag word. Die tegniek is egter inhirent liniêr en daarom sal daar altyd interpretasies rondom data opgeoffer word. In algemene studies is dit egter nie 'n probleem nie en kan voldoende beleids aanbevelings gedoen word. Dit is egter nie die geval in kleiner en plantelandse industriëe nie. Die dinamiese interaksies binne die industrie en die dinamiese skakels met die res van die ekonomie word dan onderskat met die gebruik van 'n liniêre metode. Daarom is 'n nie-liniêre metode gebruik, die Non-linear Dynamic Model. Die model neem die interaksie tussen veranderlikes in ag wat die beskrywing van dinamika moontlik maak. Soos reeds genoem is die eerste doel van die studie om transaksie koste te meet sodat die tweede doelwit van die studie bereik kan word. Die tweede doel is om te bewys dat transaksie koste bemarkingskanaai besluite bëinvloed. Die data analise het beide bogenoemde doelwitte bevredig. Eerstens dat transaksie koste meetbaar is. Tweedens dat transaksie koste 'n groot en selfs oorweldigende effek het op bemarkingskanaai besluite. 'n Derde punt wat sterk na vore gekom het is dat nie-liniêre metodes 'n beter beskrywing van dinamika toelaat.

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Silva, Filho Edison Benedito da. "A economia dos custos de transação e a abordagem das competências : elementos para uma teoria institucionalista unificada da firma". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/7847.

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Embora constitua um elemento fundamental da Microeconomia, o estudo do comportamento empresarial foi, por muito tempo, negligenciado pela abordagem ortodoxa em virtude de sua opção metodológica pelo atomismo analítico, pela hipótese de racionalidade substantiva e pelo foco nas trocas, em detrimento da produção. Tentativas posteriores de aprimoramento da teoria convencional, compromissadas, contudo, com a preservação desse instrumental analítico, conduziram o estudo das firmas a um inevitável impasse, o que por sua vez possibilitou a emergência de alternativas teóricas de natureza institucionalista, baseada nos conceitos de custos de transação e competências. A escola institucionalista logrou posteriormente desenvolver-se de modo a ampliar consideravelmente seu escopo e diversidade teórica, culminando afinal na predominância de duas grandes correntes de pensamento dentro do institucionalismo econômico, que competem pela primazia da explicação do comportamento organizacional: as abordagens contratualista e evolucionária. Através da análise dos avanços e limitações de cada uma dessas diferentes escolas, demonstraremos neste trabalho a viabilidade de um diálogo em prol da construção de uma teoria híbrida que combine e aperfeiçoe as principais contribuições institucionalistas à compreensão do fenômeno empresarial.
Despite being a fundamental element of the Microeconomics, the study of business behavior was, for a long time, neglected by orthodoxy due to its methodological preference for atomist analysis, substantive rationality and focus on exchange, instead of production. Further attempts to improve the conventional theory, without abandoning the compromise in maintaining these analytical tools, have elsewhere failed, leading to the emergence of theoretical alternatives based on the institutionalist concepts of transaction costs and competences. Furthermore, the institutionalist approach was able to develop itself in the way of enlarging its scope and theoretical diversity, until the present state in which two great streams compete for supremacy in the institutionalist theory of the firm: the transaction costs economics and the evolutionary economics. By verifying the advances and limits of each one of these approaches, we’ll demonstrate the viability of a dialogue in the way of building a hybrid theory, which would combine the most important institutional contributions to the comprehension of the organizations.

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Olsson, Agneta. "Sweden´s Affinity towards Czech Republic : - A Gravity Model Approach". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15266.

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Abstract It is well known that geographical distances between nations cause differences in cul-tural resemblances as well as affinity. Defined, affinity is inheriting similarities between nations in familiarity, language and mutual understanding. It cause variations in the uni-lateral trade volume flowing towards the destination countries and can be estimated by a traditional gravity model (GM). So far Swedish affinity towards Czech Republic (CZ) has remained unexplored. Hence, this paper investigates Swedish firm´s export perfor-mance and affinity towards CZ, both through the aggregate export and the extensive margin (average number of exporters). The investigation aims to seek clarification of what particular factors influence unilateral export towards CZ as well as stronger affini-ty in contrast to similar markets. To answer those questions, a one sided GM is re-gressed on two gravity equations, covering panel data for 177 destination countries from year 1997 to 2006. Results are in line with the expected behavior of the GM and show evidently; distance as well as land lock features have negative effects on unilateral ex-ports to CZ. Additionally, evidence of positive influence on unilateral export is found for GDP and familiarity to the nation. Both regressions for the gravity equations are showing high goodness of fit for the panel data. Findings of positive residuals in both the equations conclude that Swedish export have stronger affinity to CZ and solider country characteristics than its resembling countries Slovenia and Slovakia. However, positive residuals also indicate larger export flows to CZ than motivated by the tradi-tional GM coefficients. Various explanations are suggested as origins for those, such as differences in purchasing power and regions, were Prague was found to be the most suitable option for export and other regions rather for outsourcing possibilities.

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Keeney, Daniel Colin. "Transforming Organic Waste Into A Marketable Product: A Conjoint Analysis Of Bulk Compost Preferences And Strategies For Expanding The Compost Market In Vermont". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2014. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/304.

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Organic waste management presents challenges and opportunities alike for community-based economic development. Waste-to-compost transformation can be socially and economically successful by employing ecological design principles, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and values-based supply chains (VCs). An analysis of commercial buyers' preferences for compost will inform approaches to forming effective partnerships of public, private and nonprofit stakeholders to develop a market for local waste resource products. The thesis summarizes the results of a consumer preferences survey of current and prospective bulk compost purchasers and discusses strategies for implementing new organic waste management policies that will strengthen a local market for compost, build social capital and share economic value. A conjoint analysis of bulk compost preferences in Vermont was conducted to identify the market's preference for quality-based attributes of bulk compost. The data was taken from a survey administered by mail to Vermont business professionals in various fields that use--or could potentially use--compost products in providing goods or services. In addition to price (81 percent of the relative importance buyers place on an attribute), local provenance (8 percent) and suitability for organic production (7.6 percent) were demonstrated as statistically significant determinants of the value buyers placed on compost. Willingness to pay for local provenance and suitability for organic production were measured at 15% and 14% above the baseline product price, respectively. Current and prospective compost producers can effectively market their products and retain a competitive edge in the marketplace by collaborating with other businesses. A viable market for Vermont compost could be achieved through cultivation of niche specialties, stable institutional buyers, more stringent regulation of food waste and nutrient management behavior, and a collaborative effort to construct a product narrative that emphasizes compost's role in a larger social-ecological system of nutrient management and sustainable agriculture.

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Rezende, Maryele Lazara. "Governança em um laticínio da região Sul do Estado de Goiás sob a ótica da economia dos custos de transação (ECT)". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7237.

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Milk agribusiness is characterized by a set of complex and dynamic activities that have undergone significant institutional changes. The dissemination of normative instruction n. 62 caused significant changes in the organizational environment of milk products and dairy farmers, by requiring the fulfillment of specific quality criteria and adoption of standardized behaviors. These requirements have led to changes in the governance structure of dairy and rural milk supply units, specifically in the way they carry out the transactions, requiring the approximation of agents and the development of joint strategies to meet IN62 quality criteria. For this purpose, the objective of this research is to characterize the governance structure of a dairy in the southern region of Goiás under the view of the economy of transaction costs. The research was carried out in a case study and qualitative approach, of applied nature of the descriptive type. The data were collected in two models of semi-structured questionnaires being directed to the employees and cattle ranchers of the studied dairy. The data were collected from November 7 to December 23, 2016. Five dairy employees and ten dairy farmers from the beneficiation unit under study participated in this study. This research was sent to the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) of the Federal University of Goiás and approved according to opinion No. 1803354. The analysis and interpretation of the data was based on the Comparative Discrete Structural Analysis that is developed in the analysis of the firm, the typology of the organization's contracts and the economics of transaction costs. The result of the research showed that the changes in the environment caused an increase in transaction costs and the increase in the level of specificity of the active milk. He pointed out that the transactions are carried out on a recurring basis and increased by a high level of uncertainty regarding the limited rationality of the milk farmer. It is concluded that the type of governance structure adopted in the dairy studied is of the hybrid type, and that it can be considered the most efficient. The forms of contracts resulting in the transaction were of the relational type.
A cadeia produtiva do leite é caracterizada por um conjunto de atividades complexas, dinâmicas, que tem passado por significativas mudanças institucionais. A divulgação da instrução normativa n° 62 provocou mudanças significativas no ambiente organizacional dos laticínios e pecuaristas de leite, ao exigir o atendimento de critérios de qualidade específico e adoção de comportamentos padronizados. Estas exigências provocaram mudanças na estrutura de governança do laticínio e das unidades rurais fornecedoras de leite, especificamente na forma como realizam as transações, sendo necessária a aproximação dos agentes e desenvolvimento de estratégias conjuntas para atender aos critérios de qualidade da IN62. Para tanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é caracterizar a estrutura de governança de um laticínio na região Sul de Goiás sob a ótica da economia dos custos de transação. A pesquisa foi realizada em estudo de caso e abordagem qualitativa, de natureza aplicada do tipo descritiva. Os dados foram coletados em dois modelos de questionários semiestruturados sendo direcionados aos funcionários e pecuaristas fornecedores do laticínio estudado. Os dados foram coletados no período de 07 de novembro a 23 de dezembro de 2016. Participaram desta pesquisa cinco funcionários do laticínio e dez pecuaristas de leite fornecedores da unidade de beneficiamento em estudo. Esta pesquisa foi encaminhada para apreciação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) da Universidade Federal de Goiás e aprovada conforme parecer n° 1803354. A análise e interpretação dos dados foi baseada na Análise Estrutural Discreta Comparada que se desenvolve na análise da firma, da tipologia dos contratos da organização e da economia dos custos de transação. O resultado da pesquisa evidenciou que as mudanças no ambiente provocaram aumento nos custos de transação e a elevação no nível de especificidade do ativo leite. Apontou que a as transações são realizadas de forma recorrente e acrescidas de um elevado nível de incerteza face a racionalidade limitada do pecuarista de leite. Concluí-se que o tipo de estrutura de governança adotada no laticínio estudado é do tipo híbrida, e que está poder ser considerada a mais eficiente. As formas de contratos resultantes na transação foram do tipo relacional.

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Lucente, Betty C. "Hospitals' Decision to Vertically Integrate Skilled Nursing Units Before and After the Balanced Budget Act". VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1495.

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The decision to vertically integrate services and deliver care has both management and policy concerns for healthcare in the United States. The change in reimbursement, which was enacted with the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, influenced the availability of post acute services for acute hospital inpatients. Prior to this change, post acute services were reimbursed based on cost similar to the pre DRG era of Medicare reimbursement. The change in payment had the potential to make discharging patients more difficult resulting in a prolonged length of stay without additional payment and at increased costs for hospitals. As a result of this change hospitals made arrangements to provide care for this population. The choices included vertical integration, contracting or hybrid arrangement and simply relying on the spot market. This makes or buy decision is a focus of this study. Were hospital decisions different after the BBA, than before this legislation?This study utilizes Oliver Williamson's transaction cost economics theory as the framework for the study and is a replication of a prior study by Chiu (1995) hybrid arrangement and simply relying on the spot market. This makes or buy decision is a focus of this study. Were hospital decisions different after the BBA, than before this legislation?This study utilizes Oliver Williamson's transaction cost economics theory as the framework for the study and is a replication of a prior study by Chiu (1995) The Williamsons theory is based on the proposition that three transaction dimensions determine the most efficient method of operation for a firm: uncertainty, frequency, and asset specificity. Depending on the "market", organizations may elect to arrange services through the spot market, contract for services, or vertically integrate the service. The study uses data from the American Hospital Association survey as well as the Area Resources files to determine if individual hospitals have made contract arrangements, vertically integrated, or relied on the spot market to provide skilled nursing services. Data is collected before and after the BBA and analyzed using multiple regression analysis and then subjected to significance testing. Sixteen hypotheses are tested that focus on the three dimensions of transaction cost theory. Findings support the importance of transaction frequency and asset specificity, while only weak support is offered for transaction uncertainty. The results differ from the Chiu study, which found strong support for uncertainty and weak support for frequency. This study is unique in that it examines data from two time periods surrounding a major reimbursement change in Medicare. It makes an important contribution to the empirical testing of transaction cost economics and the decision to vertically integrate in health care.

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Mascarin, Ana Luiza Camargo. "Serviços de mecanização agrícola: atividade meio ou atividade fim?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-08012015-150454/.

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Ter ou contratar é a questão estratégica abordada na presente dissertação. A pesquisa tem o objetivo de estudar o mercado de serviços agrícolas de mecanização dentro do escopo e dos limites da firma agrícola. A questão a ser investigada focaliza as razões da predominância da opção pela propriedade da frota de equipamentos por parte dos agricultores. Destaca-se que foi feito um recorte com relação às culturas agrícolas para o estudo, os Sistemas Agroindustriais selecionados foram o da cana-de-açúcar e o da soja. Para resolver essa questão é utilizada a Nova Economia Institucional como base teórica. Os conceitos da Economia de Custos de Transação e sua estratégia de economizar nos custos de transação são elementos que fundamentam as hipóteses sobre a escolha dos arranjos institucionais. O cenário das transações é o ambiente institucional e as instituições são as responsáveis pelas regras que as governam; justificando a análise setorial sobre esse mercado de serviços mecanizados. A Teoria do Crescimento da Firma é utilizada para explicar o surgimento desse novo mercado. A análise empírica envolve duas abordagens: a qualitativa e quantitativa. Na qualitativa são analisados os SAG´s da soja e da cana-de-açúcar, em seguida a análise do ambiente institucional e as regras que envolvem a subcontratação no país para então uma análise setorial do mercado de serviços de colheita mecanizada ser elaborada com base no arcabouço teórico. Na abordagem quantitativa é feita uma comparação entre dos custos operacionais da aquisição de colhedoras ou a contratação de serviços de fornecedores externos; seguida de um modelo probit para investigar a relação entre contratar ou não um serviço de colheita mecanizada. Como resultado da analise do ambiente institucional, foi mostrado que existem regras ambíguas em relação à subcontratação, o que desencoraja e por vezes penaliza quem escolhe contratar. A análise setorial do mercado de serviços de colheita mecanizada no SAG da soja e da cana-de-açúcar foi feita por meio de dois estudos de caso. Foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com os fornecedores de serviços de colheita mecanizada e stakeholders. Como resultado proeminente da análise constata-se que os serviços surgem de produtores rurais (100%) que já possuíam máquinas e decidiram otimizar seu uso, e também que a maioria (63%) atua informalmente. Esse resultado corrobora a primeira hipótese (H1) sobre o surgimento de serviços da Teoria do Crescimento da Firma. Em seguida na primeira análise quantitativa verifica-se que os custos operacionais de integrar e contratar o serviço são bem próximos se a opção for comprar uma máquina à vista e contratar. Porém quando financiadas a propriedade não se torna boa opção financeira. Na outra etapa quantitativa foi elaborado um modelo econométrico e investigou-se a relação entre contratar ou não um serviço de colheita mecanizada com a especificidade temporal e locacional, contratos anteriores e a influência negativa do ambiente institucional. Do modelo idealizado e do levantamento realizado os resultados são que as hipóteses relacionadas com a especificidade do ativo (H2) e a existência de contratos bem sucedidos no passado (H3) foram validados com grau de significância de 5%. A hipótese relacionada ao ambiente institucional (H4) apesar de ser significante não foi validada, pois tem o efeito oposto ao esperado. Foram utilizados, portanto, dados qualitativos e quantitativos. Concluiu-se como previsto que a maioria dos produtores é integrada verticalmente (67,2%) e que a opção não é financeira e que os custos de transação importam na tomada de decisões. A atenção agora se volta para os próximos passos sugeridos, como expandir o estudo para novas culturas e serviços agrícolas.
Make or contract is the strategic issue addressed in this dissertation. In this thesis I shall investigate the market of agricultural mechanization services within the scope and limits of the agricultural firm. The question to be investigated focuses on the reasons for the predominance of the option for ownership of the equipment by farmers It is emphasized that a cut was made with respect to agricultural crops for the study, the Agribusiness Systems selected were sugarcane and soybeans. To settle this proposition it is used the New Institutional Economics as a theoretical basis. The concepts of Transaction Cost Economics and its strategy to save on transaction costs are elements that underlie the hypotheses on the choice of institutional arrangements. The scenario of transactions is the institutional environment and the institutions are responsible for the rules which govern them; justifying the sectorial analysis of the market for mechanized services. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm is used to explain the emergence of this new market. The empirical analysis involves two approaches: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative analyzes the SAG\'s of soy and sugarcane, and then the analysis of the institutional environment and the rules surrounding outsourcing in the country for finally a sectorial analysis of the mechanical harvesting services market to be developed based the theoretical framework. In the quantitative approach a comparison is made between the operational costs of acquiring harvesters and contracting external providers; followed by a probit model to investigate the relationship between contracting or not a service of mechanized harvesting. As a result of analysis of the institutional environment, it was shown that there are ambiguous rules regarding subcontracting, which sometimes discourages and penalizes those who choose to hire. A sectorial analysis of the mechanical harvesting services market in SAG of soy and cane sugar was made hrough two case studies. In-depth interviews were conducted with providers and stakeholders of mechanized harvesting services. As a prominent result of the analysis it appears that the services arise from farmers (100%) who had decided to optimize their machines, and also that the majority (63%) operates informally. This result supports the first hypothesis (H1) on the emergence of the Theory of Growth of the Firm services. Then the first quantitative analysis it is found that the operational costs of integrating and contracting services are very close if the option is to buy a machine in cash or to contract. But when financed property does not become a good financial option. In another quantitative step an econometric model was developed and investigated the relationship between to contract or not mechanized harvesting service, related with the temporal and locational specificity, previous contracts and the negative influence of the institutional environment. The idealized model and the survey results are the assumptions related to asset specificity (H2) and the existence of successful contracts in the past (H3) were validated with significance level of 5% The related institutional environment (H4) despite being significant event has not been validated, it has the opposite effect to that expected. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative data were used. It was concluded as planned that most producers are vertically integrated (67.2%) and that the option is not financial and that transaction costs matter in making these decisions. Attention now turns to the next suggested steps such as expanding the study to new crops and agricultural services.

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Kuchař, Pavel. "Československá politická a ekonomická transformace pohledem teorií institucionální ekonomie". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15463.

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The diploma thesis looks into the matter of political and economic transformation of Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic through lenses of institutional economics theories. It claims that the transformation measures did not consider the social embeddedness within cultural and historical limitations. The first part of the paper defines the methodology of institutional economics based mainly on Ronald Coase's and Oliver Williamson's work. The following part aims to draw an image of historical and political context of Czechoslovak transformation. The compatibility of conditions, goals and means of the transformation is being considered in the third part. Finally, the work structures and evaluates World Bank's data set that forms an important part of endogenous influences of institutionalisation. The conclusion judges the outcome of political and economical transformation rather critically.

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Pereira, Mara Elena Bereta de Godoi [UNESP]. "Coordenação na agricultura familiar e desenvolvimento territorial: o caso das indicações geográficas para o café". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/140283.

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A agricultura familiar desempenha importante papel na economia e na sociedade como fornecedora de alimentos de primeira necessidade e geradora de mercado consumidor. Com a crescente demanda do mercado por produtos diferenciados, as Indicações Geográficas (IGs) têm sido reconhecidas como uma ferramenta com capacidade de fortalecer a agricultura familiar à medida que ela garante a qualidade e a reputação de um produto, ligando-o à sua origem, bem como reduzindo as assimetrias informacionais e protegendo o território da ação de oportunistas. Considerando as dificuldades encontradas pelos agricultores familiares para acessar mercados, esta pesquisa analisou como os registros de IGs favorecem a coordenação do sistema agroalimentar de café na agricultura familiar e quais suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento territorial. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória de casos múltiplos em duas regiões brasileiras que possuem o registro de IG para o café e que apresentam elevado número de propriedades familiares: a Serra da Mantiqueira em Minas Gerais e o Norte Pioneiro do Paraná. A abordagem teórica que sustentou a análise da coordenação vertical está centrada na Nova Economia Institucional, com base no Ambiente Institucional e na Economia dos Custos de Transação, buscando verificar por meio da escolha da estrutura de governança, a minimização dos custos envolvidos na transação. Já a abordagem teórica dos Sistemas Agroalimentares Localizados auxiliou na compreensão da coordenação horizontal e suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento territorial. Os resultados apontaram que nos territórios pesquisados o registro de IG contribui, principalmente, para a coordenação horizontal na medida em que reforça os laços entre os atores sociais que compõem o território, o que pode vir a contribuir para o seu desenvolvimento.
Family farming plays an important role in the economy as a supplier and consumer of food and goods. Under the growing market demand for differentiated products, geographical indications (GIs) have been recognized as a tool capable of strengthening family farming as it ensures the quality and reputation of a product by connecting it to its territory, as well as reducing informational asymmetries and protecting the territory from opportunistic actions. Considering the difficulties faced by farmers to access markets, this research examined how the IGs favor the coordination of the family farmers in the coffee agrifood system and what are their contribution to territorial development. To this end, an exploratory study of multiple cases was carried out in two Brazilian regions with GI registration for coffee and with a large number of family farms: the Serra da Mantiqueira in Minas Gerais and the Pioneer North of Paraná. The theoretical approach that supported the analysis of vertical coordination is based on New Institutional Economics, as Institutional Environment and the Economy of Transaction Costs. The theoretical approach of Localized Agrifood Systems helped in understanding the horizontal coordination and their contribution to territorial development. The results indicated that GI registrations contribute mainly to the horizontal coordination as it strengthens the links between social actors within the territory leading to local development.

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Pereira, Mara Elena Bereta de Godoi. "Coordenação na agricultura familiar e desenvolvimento territorial : o caso das indicações geográficas para o café /". Tupã, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/140283.

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Orientador: Ana Elisa Bressan Smith Lourenzani
Coorientador: Sandra Mara Schiavi Bankuti
Coorientador: Giuliana Aparecida Santini Pigatto
Resumo: A agricultura familiar desempenha importante papel na economia e na sociedade como fornecedora de alimentos de primeira necessidade e geradora de mercado consumidor. Com a crescente demanda do mercado por produtos diferenciados, as Indicações Geográficas (IGs) têm sido reconhecidas como uma ferramenta com capacidade de fortalecer a agricultura familiar à medida que ela garante a qualidade e a reputação de um produto, ligando-o à sua origem, bem como reduzindo as assimetrias informacionais e protegendo o território da ação de oportunistas. Considerando as dificuldades encontradas pelos agricultores familiares para acessar mercados, esta pesquisa analisou como os registros de IGs favorecem a coordenação do sistema agroalimentar de café na agricultura familiar e quais suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento territorial. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória de casos múltiplos em duas regiões brasileiras que possuem o registro de IG para o café e que apresentam elevado número de propriedades familiares: a Serra da Mantiqueira em Minas Gerais e o Norte Pioneiro do Paraná. A abordagem teórica que sustentou a análise da coordenação vertical está centrada na Nova Economia Institucional, com base no Ambiente Institucional e na Economia dos Custos de Transação, buscando verificar por meio da escolha da estrutura de governança, a minimização dos custos envolvidos na transação. Já a abordagem teórica dos Sistemas Agroalimentares Localizados auxiliou na compreensão da coor... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Family farming plays an important role in the economy as a supplier and consumer of food and goods. Under the growing market demand for differentiated products, geographical indications (GIs) have been recognized as a tool capable of strengthening family farming as it ensures the quality and reputation of a product by connecting it to its territory, as well as reducing informational asymmetries and protecting the territory from opportunistic actions. Considering the difficulties faced by farmers to access markets, this research examined how the IGs favor the coordination of the family farmers in the coffee agrifood system and what are their contribution to territorial development. To this end, an exploratory study of multiple cases was carried out in two Brazilian regions with GI registration for coffee and with a large number of family farms: the Serra da Mantiqueira in Minas Gerais and the Pioneer North of Paraná. The theoretical approach that supported the analysis of vertical coordination is based on New Institutional Economics, as Institutional Environment and the Economy of Transaction Costs. The theoretical approach of Localized Agrifood Systems helped in understanding the horizontal coordination and their contribution to territorial development. The results indicated that GI registrations contribute mainly to the horizontal coordination as it strengthens the links between social actors within the territory leading to local development.
Mestre

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Possani, Laura. "Estratégias adotadas pelos agricultores familiares na escolha dos canais de comercialização no setor de frutas, legumes e verduras do município de Itaqui-RS". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/11315.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The world population has been changing their eating habits in an attempt to improve their quality of life. The increase in the consumption of foods such as fruits and vegetables has directly influenced the lives of the producers. Studies show that most of these products are produced by family farmers, similarly to what happens in the municipality of Itaqui-RS. However, recent local studies have shown that these farmers find it difficult to insert themselves effectively in supermarket supply chains. The key question of this research is to understand how these producers are organized to meet the current demands and what are the main factors that influence the choice of the commercialization channels that they access. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 5 family farmers who have access to more than one commercialization channel, thus making it possible to visualize the elements of choice. As a conceptual basis, the theory of Transaction Cost Economics (ECT) was chosen to support interpretations of how farmers organize and how they regulate their transactions. In the study, the presence of the attributes of the transactions was verified, the frequency being the most relevant attribute for all the interviewees, since their presence generates confidence between the parties. The analysis of the transactions allowed to conclude that the farmers choose the commercialization channels based on the attributes of the ECT, using them to govern their transactions in a satisfactory way. It is concluded that the main factors considered by the producers to choose these channels is the confidence (generated by the frequency in which they occur) and the price of the products.
A população mundial vem mudando seus hábitos alimentares na tentativa de melhorar sua qualidade de vida. O aumento do consumo de alimentos como frutas e hortaliças, tem influenciado diretamente a vida dos produtores. Estudos evidenciam que a maioria desses produtos é produzida por agricultores familiares, similarmente ao que acontece no município de Itaqui-RS. Entretanto, recentes trabalhos locais evidenciaram que esses agricultores vêm encontrando dificuldade de se inserir de forma efetiva nas cadeias de suprimentos dos supermercados. A questão chave dessa pesquisa consiste em entender como estes produtores se organizam para atender as demandas atuais e quais os principais fatores que influenciam na escolha dos canais de comercialização que os mesmos acessam. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 5 agricultores familiares que têm acesso a mais de um canal de comercialização, possibilitando assim visualizar os elementos de escolha. Como base conceitual utilizou-se a teoria da Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT), escolhida para dar suporte às interpretações de como os agricultores se organizam e como regulam suas transações. No estudo foi verificada a presença dos atributos das transações, sendo a frequência o atributo mais relevante para todos os entrevistados, uma vez que sua presença gera confiança entre as partes. A análise das transações permitiu concluir que os agricultores escolhem os canais de comercialização baseando-se nos atributos da ECT, utilizando-os para governar de forma satisfatória suas transações. Conclui-se que os principais fatores considerados pelos produtores para a escolha desses canais é a confiança (gerada pela frequência em que ocorrem) e o preço dos produtos.

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Matvejeva, Arina. "Succès des organisations durant la transition institutionnelle : le complexe « microchirurgie de l'oeil » de S. N. Fyodorov". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO22031.

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Qu’est-ce qui détermine la survie et le succès des organisations à travers les différents régimes institutionnels? La présente étude tente à répondre à la question en analysant l’évolution d'une institution médicale publique russe, c. à. d. l'Institution de l'Etat Fédéral « Le Complexe Intersectoriel de Recherche et Technologie « Microchirurgie de l'Œil » de Rosmedtechnologie. L’étude s’étend sur quatre périodes bien définies: 1960-1985 (la Russie Soviétique, la période de pré-perestroïka), 1986-1991 (la perestroïka de Gorbatchev), 1992-2000 (la transition), et 2001-2009 (la Russie actuelle, la période post-Fyodorov). L’analyse se centre sur une coévolution des institutions externes et de la structure organisationnelle de l'entreprise, le système de droits de propriété, les tendances d'innovation et les canaux de diffusion technologique. Les conclusions suggèrent que l'environnement institutionnel général exerce une influence sur la performance de l'entreprise en déterminant « les règles du jeu » pour les transactions économiques et en établissant un ensemble de possibilités de développement. C'est alors les processus internes à l'entreprise, ses compétences dynamiques et sa capacité à innover qui déterminent si l'organisation peut s'adapter aux changements externes, reconnaître les possibilités de développement et en profiter. Par ailleurs, la direction (le leadership), le type de technologie et le niveau de sa diffusion, l’initial soutien de l'Etat, de même que la demande jouent un rôle apparent pour soutenir la performance réussie. Une structure multi-niveaux des récompenses de performance en combinaison avec les méthodes de traitement innovatrices (c. à. d. l’usage d’un conveyor chirurgical et la production en brigades) ont amené à des volumes de procédures cliniques performées plus élevées, de même que la qualité, la complexité et la diversité de traitement plus élevées. D’autant plus, pendant les étapes plus anciennes du développement de l’entreprise, la présence des inventeurs prolifiques et la structure organisationnelle qui soutenait l’apprentissage, la production et l’accumulation des connaissances (le cycle « clinique – ingénierie – approbation – production – clinique ») étaient cruciaux pour la création d’une base d’innovation persistante. Pendant les périodes plus récentes, la combinaison d’accès aux ressources (matérielles, financières, capital humain), les collaborations externes, les méthodes innovatrices d’organisation de traitement, la diffusion extensive des technologies inter- et intra-firme ont aussi contribué à des hauts niveaux d’innovation. Au total, le travail soutient une approche interdisciplinaire à l’étude des organisations, c. à. d. une combinaison de l'analyse institutionnelle, l’économie évolutionnaire et l’économie dynamique d’organisations, le management stratégique, l’économie d'innovation, l’analyse des droits de propriété et le rôle de leadership
What determines organizational survival and success across different institutional regimes? The present historical case study attempts to answer the question by analyzing the evolution of a Russian state medical institution, i.e. the S.N. Fyodorov “Inter-Sectoral Research and Technology Complex “Eye Microsurgery””. The study spans over four clearly defined regimes: 1960 – 1985 (Soviet Russia, pre-perestroika period), 1986 – 1991 (Gorbachev’s perestroika), 1992 – 2000 (the transition years), and 2001 – 2009 (current Russia, post-Fyodorov period). The analysis focuses on the co-evolution of the external institutions and the firm’s organizational structure, the system of property rights, innovation patterns and the channels of technological diffusion. The findings suggest that the general institutional environment exerts influence on the firm’s performance through determining the “rules of the game” for economic transactions and through establishing a set of development possibilities. It is then the firm’s internal processes, dynamic competences and the ability to innovate that determine whether the organization can adapt to external changes, recognize the development possibilities and take advantage of them. In addition, the roles of leadership, the type of technology and its diffusion scope, initial State support, as well as the extent of demand are apparent in sustaining successful performance. Multi-level high performance rewards structure in combination with novel industrialized treatment methods (e.g. the use of a surgical conveyer and team production) resulted in greater volumes of clinical procedures performed, as well as higher quality, complexity and diversity of treatment. In addition, at the earlier stages of the firm’s development, the presence of prolific innovators and the organizational structure that supported learning, knowledge production and accumulation (the “clinic – engineering – approbation – production – clinic” cycle) were crucial for creating a basis for persistent innovation. In later periods, the combination of resource availability (material, financial, human capital), external collaborations, novel ways of organizing treatment, extensive inter and intra-firm diffusion of technologies also contributed to high levels of innovation. Overall, the work provides support for an interdisciplinary approach to the study of organizations, i.e. combining institutional analysis, evolutionary and dynamic organizational economics, strategic management, the economics of innovation, the analysis of property rights and the role of leadership

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Bánkuti, Ferenc Istvan. "Determinantes da informalidade no sistema agroindustrial do leite na região de São Carlos - SP". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3296.

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Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
Informality in Brazilian milk market is high and involves social and economical problems. This thesis aims to identify potential determinants of informal milk and cheese trade in the region of São Carlos /SP. It presents a descriptive statistical analysis for a set of social-economical and transactional indicators comparing two groups of rural producers: one of predominantly formal producers and another with producers highly inserted in the informal market. Moreover, transaction costs between rural producers and downstream agents in the milk chain are measured and analyzed. It is also presented institutional and organizational environments characteristics that motivate rural producer participation in the informal market and/or hinder their access to formal market. As theoretical support, it has been considered the theories of New Institutional Economics (NIE) and Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), as well as theories regarding illegal markets. Also, it has been used secondary data and literature review on milk agribusiness system. Besides that, 125 rural milk producers in the region of São Carlos/SP have been interviewed and key-agents, inserted in the regional milk agribusiness system, have provided qualitative information. It has been concluded that informality in milk market in that region is mainly due to farmers strategy of achieving better prices. Such strategy is taken either when producers trade exclusively in the informal market, or when producers trade simultaneously in formal and informal markets, thus working with a price mix. Informality is also determined by elements of informal and formal institutional environments (e.g. cultural aspects and weak enforcement mechanisms of formal fiscalization system). The measurement of transaction costs between rural producers and downstream agents has shown they are low and little representative, which indicates that such costs are not determinants of milk informality in the region. Besides that, most indicators analyzed have not been considered barriers to access formal market. Finally, it has been verified that informality is not restricted to rural producers on the margins of legal system, such as those infringing sanitary laws; instead, informality is also carried out by producers inserted in the formal market too.
A informalidade no mercado de leite no Brasil é elevada e envolve problemas de ordem econômica e social. Nesta tese, o objetivo principal é a identificação de determinantes da venda de leite e de queijo no mercado informal na região de São Carlos / SP. Como objetivos secundários, são apresentadas análises de estatística descritiva para um conjunto de variáveis sócio-econômicas e transacionais para dois grupos de produtores rurais. O primeiro é formado por produtores predominantemente formais e o segundo, por produtores com elevada participação no mercado informal. Adicionalmente, apresenta-se a mensuração e análise dos custos de transação entre os dois grupos de produtores e os agentes a jusante do SAI do leite, bem como as principais características do ambiente institucional e organizacional que favorecem a participação dos produtores rurais no mercado informal e/ou dificultam seu acesso ao mercado formal. Como aporte teórico, foram utilizadas as teorias da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI), Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT) e aquelas que explicam os mercados informais. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, também foi realizada revisão bibliográfica e levantamento de dados secundários relativos ao SAI do leite. Além disso, utilizou-se uma amostra de 125 produtores da região de São Carlos /SP, bem como informações de caráter qualitativo captadas junto a agentes-chave do SAI do leite na região. Conclui-se que a informalidade no sistema agroindustrial do leite nessa região está apoiada em um conjunto de incentivos, a exemplo do melhor preço para o produtor e para o consumidor nessas transações e de condições diferenciadas de pagamento para o consumidor. Possui também como determinantes elementos do ambiente institucional informal (ex.: aspectos culturais) e formal, a exemplo do baixo poder de enforcement dos organismos fiscalizadores. A mensuração dos custos de transação para os produtores rurais nas relações com os agentes a jusante desse SAI mostrou que estes são baixos e pouco representativos, o que indica que este fator não é determinante da informalidade na região analisada. Além disso, a grande maioria das variáveis analisadas não foi considerada como entrave ao acesso no mercado formal de leite nessa região. Por fim, verificou-se que a informalidade não é restrita a produtores que trabalham à margem do sistema legal, como por exemplo, aqueles que descumprem leis sanitárias, mas é também praticada por produtores que comercializam no mercado formal.

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Tavares, Maria Flávia de Figueiredo. "O mercado futuro de suco de laranja concentrado e congelado : um enfoque analítico". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/8769.

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O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar porque as indústrias processadoras de suco concentrado e congelado de laranja não estão negociando na New York Board of Trade, considerando que o risco de preços é alto neste setor, e preferindo utilizar o preço de Rotterdam como base para as suas negociações. Os mercados derivativos de commodities agrícolas são utilizados na administração do risco de preços e a maioria dos contratos negociados em Bolsas de Commodities no mundo inteiro tem tido sucesso, mas no caso do suco de laranja concentrado e congelado, negociado na NYBOT, o volume de negociação de contratos é baixo em comparação com outras commodities. Mas, os custos de transação relacionados ao mercado futuro de SLCC aliados com a concentração das empresas brasileiras processadoras de suco concentrado de laranja, acabaram induzindo um modo alternativo de governança neste setor: o mercado a termo. As empresas processadoras estão administrando o risco de preços e a governança do mercado vem sendo feita por meio dos contratos a termo onde ocorre a entrega física do produto, sendo que nas negociações entre as empresas brasileiras e os seus clientes não é utilizado o preço futuro e sim o seu próprio preço, negociado em contratos individuais, desse modo o preço é pré-estabelecido, assim como a qualidade e a quantidade do suco e o local de entrega. O mercado a termo pode ser considerado uma forma híbrida de contrato onde ocorre a dependência bilateral dos agentes econômicos, e está sendo utilizada para reduzir os riscos envolvidos nesta transação entre empresas processadoras de suco concentrado e seus clientes na Europa.
The objective of the present study was to analyze why the frozen concentrated orange juice industries are not trading in the New York Board of Trade, considering that the price risk is high in this sector, and prefer to use the price of Rotterdam as a basis for negotiation. The derivative markets for agricultural commodities are used in the administration of the price risk and the majority of the contracts negotiated in Stock Markets of Commodities in the entire world has had success, but in the case of Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice, negotiated in the NYBOT, the volume of contract negotiation is low comparing to others. But the costs of transaction related to the futures market of FCOJ along with the concentration of the Brazilian industry that produces FCOJ, had induced an alternative way of governance in this sector: the forward market. The FCOJ industries are managing the price risk, and market governance is made through forward contracts, where the physical delivery of the product happens. In the negotiations between the Brazilian companies and customers the future price is not used but the price negotiated in individual contracts. In this way the price is pre-established, as well as the quality and the quantity of juice and the place of delivery. The forward market can be considered a hybrid contract form where the bilateral dependence of the economic agents occurs, and is being used in order to reduce the risks that are involved in this transaction between FCOJ producers and their customers in Europe.

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Conejero, Marco Antonio. ""Marketing de créditos de carbono: um estudo exploratório"". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96132/tde-05072006-122457/.

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O Protocolo de Quioto foi ratificado em Fevereiro de 2005 e com isso um mercado que vinha caminhando sem regras formais, contando com o pioneirismo de algumas empresas interessadas em aprender a lidar com esta nova commodity e preocupadas com a sua imagem corporativa, passou de fato às vias da formalidade. Assim, uma vez que o mercado de Reduções Certificadas de Emissões (RCEs) possui um arcabouço institucional estabelecido, é interessante estudar com base na Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT), como os custos de transação induziram modos alternativos de governança, em particular os contratos entre empresas proponentes de projetos de MDL (Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo) e os canais de comercialização constituídos por organizações multilaterais. E esse estudo, conforme as recomendações de Williamson (1993; 1991; 1985), foi feito analisando as características das transações em termos de especificidade de ativos, freqüência e incerteza, dados os pressupostos comportamentais dos agentes (racionalidade limitada e oportunismo). Para tanto, a pesquisa lançou mão do método do estudo de caso para obter informações privadas sobre as transações de RCEs, e seus respectivos contratos, entre as empresas brasileiras e uma organização multilateral, o Banco Mundial. Um resultado é que, diferente das relações via mercado, as empresas brasileiras se beneficiaram - em termos de redução dos custos de transação - da transação de RCEs (via contrato) com o Banco Mundial, já que este exerce todas as funções de um típico canal de distribuição, exceto a de aquisição dos direitos de propriedade sobre os créditos.
The Kyoto Protocol was approved in February 2005 and the carbon market that was without rules, played by some pioneer companies interested in learning by doing with this new commodity and worried about their corporate image, started working in the ways of the formality. As the market of Certified Emissions Reduction (CER) has already an established Institutional Environment, its interesting to study, based on the Transaction Costs Economics (TCE) theory, how the transaction costs induced alternative ways of governance, in particular the contracts between Brazilian companies with CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects - and the commercialization channels in multi-lateral organizations. This study, as the recommendations of Williamson (1993; 1991; 1985), was made analyzing the characteristics of the transactions in terms of asset specificity, frequency and uncertainty, considering the human behavior assumptions (limited rationality and opportunism). For this, the research used the case studies method to obtain private information about the transactions of CER, and their contracts, between Brazilian companies and a multi-lateral organization, the World Bank. A result is that, differently of the spot market relationship, the Brazilian CDM projects benefited - in terms of reduction of transaction costs with the CERs transactions (contracts) involving the World Bank, since this bank realizes every distribution channel functions, except the acquisition of CERs property rights.

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Jodhimani, Albert G. "Transactions costs and the evolution of market completeness". Connect to resource, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1265719624.

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Orr, John Patrick 1950. "Trust and Governance in Hybrid Relationships: An Investigation of Logistics Alliances". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279315/.

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Transaction cost economics (TCE) theorists traditionally have classified transactions between firms as governed by either market or hierarchy. By assessing characteristics of the transaction - asset specificity, uncertainty, and frequency - firms choose the governance form which minimizes transaction costs, the costs of administering the business deal. During the 1980s, however, TCE has found itself unable to explain the proliferation of strategic alliances. These hybrid relationships seek the benefits of both markets and hierarchies, including quasi-integration, the control of assets without actual ownership. Further, hybrids tend to prefer trust-based relational contracting. TCE's acknowledgment of hybrids, however, raises other questions surrounding the behavioral assumptions which supposedly influence the transaction characteristic governance linkage. Various dissenting researchers have theorized that (1) trust is more dominant in business than opportunism (2) the behavioral assumptions actually function as variables in different contexts, and (3) trust offers an integration mechanism for behavioral variables.

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Williams, Paul Victor. "The organisational consequences in the development of appropriate legal arrangements for conducting franchising". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/226983/1/T%28BS%29%20129_Williams_1996.pdf.

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Franchising has emerged as a powerful method of conducting business. This paper examines a number of the elements of franchising and their foundation in transaction cost theory, the legal environment and measures which seek to control excesses in franchising. These are reviewed in part by reference against the writer's background as the Corporate Solicitor from 1989 to 1990 for Brisbane founded and based franchisor, Nu-Steel International Pty Ltd. Also during the latter part of 1990 the writer was Corporate Solicitor for the franchisor of the Bumpa T Bumpa franchise system. The economic rationale for franchisors and franchisees entering their business relationship and the legal consequences of franchising are discussed. The Franchising Code of Practice was introduced on a voluntary basis in February 1993 and recently there has been debate on possible changes to address deficiencies in the legal framework covering the conduct of franchising in Australia. These changes are examined and evaluated. The popular proposition is that for many suppliers and manufacturers franchising provides a cost and administratively effective method of achieving optimum results instead of by direct investment via vertical or horizcntal integration. For franchisees access is gained to an established business system. Hence the likelihood of failure and poor return on investment is claimed to be reduced. These propositions are tested against the researcher's observations. Legal complications make franch ising a hazardous undertaking for both franchisors and franchisees, particularly the likelihood of opportunistic behaviour which the legal system seeks to guard against by providing avenues of redress but can not eliminate. To many participants potential pitfalls are not fully appreciated and are only comprehended through costly experience. To seek to reduce the incidence of l.!:1desirable p:·2.ctices !~c Federal Government introduced a Code of Practice based on voluntary self regulation after considering the impact of regulatory regimes in Australia, England and the United States. Given the contribution of undesirable practices, lower than expected awareness of the Code amongst franchising participants and with approximately 50 per cent of franchisors registered with the Franchising Code Administration Council Limited which administers the Code, the Federal Government released in October 1995 a Better Business Conduct Discussion Paper. While the changes proposed in the Discussion Paper relating to the Trade Practices Act will provide a useful protection mechanism, this will be at the cost of franchising participants until the harsh and oppressive conduct prohibitions are litigated and hopefully improved standards of commercial practice established. This paper shows that there are common features in the economic and legal processes fou nd in franchising. It is suggested that traditional market transaction issues are not relevant to a consideration of effective controls on franchising which deals with a total resource package comprising human and physical capital. For governments and franchising participants, consideration needs to be given to address, at the outset of a franchising transaction, mechanisms to cover fundamental opportunistic behaviour.

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49

Beaulieu, J. Joseph. "On durable and nondurable consumption with transactions costs". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12877.

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Magalhães, Gerusa de Souza Cortes. "Comercialização de energia elétrica no ambiente de contratação livre: Uma análise regulatório-institucional a partir dos contratos de compra e venda de energia elétrica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-09062011-152105/.

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O presente trabalho apresenta a análise dos Contratos de Compra e Venda de Energia Elétrica (CCVEE), principal instrumento que materializa a comercialização de energia elétrica no Ambiente de Contratação Livre (ACL), a partir das lições da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI), notadamente a abordagem da Economia dos Custos de Transação e dos Contratos Incompletos. Desde a abertura da Indústria de Energia Elétrica Brasileira (IEEB) à livre comercialização na década de 1990, as transações e os agentes que atuam neste mercado vêm crescendo significativamente, consolidando suas transações de compra e venda de energia elétrica prioritariamente por meio de CCVEE. Ocorre que tais instrumentos sofrem os reflexos da evolução da regulação da IEEB e também estão sujeitos à ocorrência de eventos não previstos à época de sua formatação. No processo de renegociação, adaptação ou discussão de tais CCVEE, os agentes incorrem em diversos custos de transação. Assim, a partir desta abordagem, este trabalho visa avaliar a qualidade dos CCVEE, considerando seus atributos, contradições e perspectivas de evolução.
This paper presents the analysis of Contracts for Purchase and Sale of Electricity (Contratos de Compra e Venda de Energia Elétrica CCVEE), the main instrument that embodies the sale of electricity in the Free Contracting Ambiance (FCA). Such analysis was based on lessons extracted from the New Institutional Economics (NIS), mainly the approach focused on the Economy of Transaction Costs and Incomplete Contracts. Since the opening of the Brazilian Electric Power Industry (Indústria de Energia Elétrica Brasileira IEEB) to free trade in the 1990s, transactions and agents operating in this market have grown significantly, consolidating their business of purchasing and sale of electricity primarily through CCVEE. However, these instruments suffer the consequences of the evolution of IEEB regulation and are also subject to the occurrence of unanticipated events at the time of their formatting. In the process of renegotiation, adaptation or discussion of such CCVEE, agents deal with various transaction costs. Thus, from this approach, this study aims to evaluate the quality of the CCVEE, considering their attributes, contradictions and perspectives of evolution.

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