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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Traditional retirement"
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Pfau, Wade D. "An Overview of Retirement Income Planning". Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 29, nr 1 (czerwiec 2018): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1052-3073.29.1.114.
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Retirement income planning has emerged as a distinct field within financial planning with the realization that risks change dramatically in retirement. The combination of longevity risk, increasing market risk triggered by taking distributions from assets, and spending shocks create new challenges. Wealth management has traditionally focused on accumulating assets without applying further thought to these differences happening after retirement. Retirees experience reduced capacity to bear financial market risk once they have retired. This calls for different thought processes from those typically included in traditional investment management. Risk pooling becomes an important retirement income tool combined with a traditional investment portfolio. Retirement income challenges and a framework for helping individuals develop more efficient and successful retirement income plans are discussed.
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Paskelian, Ohaness, Kevin Jones, Stephen Bell i Robert Kao. "Financial Literacy and Behavioral Biases among Traditional Age College Students". Accounting and Finance Research 8, nr 1 (5.12.2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v8n1p30.
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Financial literacy and planning are crucial for everyone. This is especially true for college students who as the decisions they make in this stage of their lives can haunt them throughout their income earning years and beyond. In this paper, we examine several financial literacy issues facing college students. We identify college students’ perceptions about their own financial situation, assess student financial literacy knowledge, as well as evaluate their awareness about the status of their savings and retirement positions. We find that basic financial literacy is not the only factor in making sound financial decisions. Our results show the majority of the college students surveyed are financially literate and have the ability to make informed decisions about their personal finances in the short-run. While our respondents appear confident in making short-run financial decisions, their behavior tends to suggest that their confidence is somewhat misguided. In addition, a large number of the students surveyed feel they do not have the requisite knowledge to make wise retirement planning choices. Furthermore, several respondents report a distrust of retirement plans offer by private companies, which may lead to suboptimal retirement savings.
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Desrochers, Cathleen, Sylvie Lapierre i Michel Alain. "Les facteurs influençant le bien-etre psychologique à la retraite". Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 21, nr 4 (2002): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800002051.
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ABSTRACTThe present study focused on variables influencing psychological well-being during the period of adjustment to retirement (6 to 36 months). The sample included 141 respondents – 69 retired men and 72 retired women – who completed questionnaires evaluating life satisfaction, retirement satisfaction, and psychological well-being. Variables traditionally examined (socio-demographic, health, attitude, and social) explained 45 to 57 per cent of the variance related to life and retirement satisfaction, but explained a smaller percentage (9 to 37%) of the variance related to the six dimensions of psychological well-being. This study, therefore, confirmed the impact of traditional variables on life and retirement satisfaction but brought out the importance of investigating other variables that could explain psychological well-being during retirement.
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Xu, Ziyao. "Does Retirement Age Impact Functional Limitations in Later Life?" Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1.12.2021): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3689.
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Abstract The US government is gradually shifting the full retirement age in Social Security to age 67. However, previous studies suggest that this shift could negatively impact the mental and physical health of retirees. To understand the potential impact of raising the full retirement age on the functional health of retirees, this longitudinal study examined changes in physical functioning over time in retirees by age at retirement. Twelve waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1994 – 2018) were used. A total of 8,261 retirees was included. The retirement age was a categorical variable: very early age (<62), early age (62-64), traditional age (65-67), and late age (>67). Physical functioning was measured using 15 Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. A GEE model was used to assess the relationship between the retirement age category and the number of functional limitations. In the adjusted model, after controlling for all the other variables including baseline health and functioning, late retirement was associated with an 8.9% increased risk of functional limitations compared to traditional age retirement (IRR: 0.91, 95% CI:0.84 –0.98). Compared to late retirees, the risk of functional limitations was increased by 28.6% in very early age retirees (IRR: 1.29, 95% CI:1.21–1.36). Compared to those retiring at traditional retirement age, those retiring late, after 67, have increased the risks of functional limitations. Although levels of disability could influence age of retirement, these results suggest that for some workers efforts to increase age of full retirement, could have negative effects.
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Hua Fan, John, i Osei K. Wiafe. "The role of commodities investments in the decumulation phase of retirement". Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, nr 3 (10.10.2016): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(3-2).2016.04.
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This paper examines the role of commodity-related investments in the decumulation phase of retirement. Benchmarked against a balanced portfolio, the findings suggest that including commodities in a traditional portfolio improves the retirement outcomes at the lowest percentiles of wealth distribution. Furthermore, we demonstrate that downside protection is more pronounced by reducing allocation to equities (rather than bonds) to invest in alternatives. An equally weighted combination of passive and active commodity-related investments provides superior downside protection compared to a traditional portfolio at all levels of allocations used in the analysis. As a consequence, commodities may be employed as a portfolio diversification tool particularly in the decumulation phase of retirement. Keywords: alternatives, commodities, life cycle, superannuation, retirement. JEL Classification: G11, G23
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Fryar, Jr., Johnny, Joe Warther, Todd Thibodeau i Meyer Drucker. "Retirement And Estate Planning With An Emphasis On Individual Retirement Accounts". Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 10, nr 7 (16.07.2012): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v10i7.7144.
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Tax sheltering earned income for use in later years has become the cornerstone of many taxpayers retirement plans since so many companies have dropped their defined benefit pension plans in order to remain competitive in todays international market place. Many taxpayers are utilizing Traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs and designated Roth accounts as important financial planning tools when the other plans are not readily available or no longer useful for their situations.
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Halvorsen, C., i Y. Chen. "VIEWS ON TRADITIONAL RETIREMENT AMONG PEOPLE IN ENCORE CAREERS". Innovation in Aging 1, suppl_1 (30.06.2017): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.4151.
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Vickerstaff, Sarah, i Jennie Cox. "Retirement and Risk: The Individualisation of Retirement Experiences?" Sociological Review 53, nr 1 (luty 2005): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.2005.00504.x.
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A climate of uncertainty and risk exists in the field of retirement and pensions. Many employers have modified their pension schemes shifting the financial risk onto employees. Many individuals with private pensions have watched the value of their savings diminish. Added to this, the trend toward early retirement before state pension age has destabilised the traditional life course notion of a fixed retirement age, (especially for men). As a result, the concept of retirement itself has become more unpredictable and difficult to define. In this article we examine the extent of the individualisation of retirement experiences by reference to a study of retirement transitions in two organisations. The research investigated the influences on people's retirement decisions and the extent to which they experienced choice and control over how and when they retired. It is possible to identify a pattern of individualisation in contrast to its opposite of a mass transition into retirement, collectively understood and embedded in formal, institutionalised arrangements. However, underlying this fragmentation of experience there are clear structural patterns. The form that structured individualisation took here, was less to increase the majority of people's range of alternatives and choices over when and how to retire and more to enlarge the range of risks they had to cope with.
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Lee, Lorraine S., Victoria Hansen i William Brink. "Tax Retirement Savings Decisions Using an Excel Spreadsheet Approach". Issues in Accounting Education 35, nr 3 (26.05.2020): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/issues-19-013.
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ABSTRACT Accounting academia and professional organizations alike emphasize the need for the integration of technology and information systems into the accounting curriculum. This case integrates taxation concepts (individual retirement savings) and information systems and technology skills (advanced Excel). The case, which can be implemented at the undergraduate or graduate level, requires students to use advanced Excel technical functionality to calculate the tax implications of retirement investing scenarios using three specific types of tax-deferred retirement accounts—a traditional 401(k), a traditional IRA, and a Roth IRA. As many students who complete this case will work for public accounting firms that offer retirement plans, they will benefit academically, professionally, and personally from the knowledge and skills learned in this case.
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LACHANCE, MARIE-EVE. "Roth versus traditional accounts in a life-cycle model with tax risk". Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 12, nr 1 (15.03.2012): 28–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747212000054.
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AbstractThis paper analytically solves a life-cycle model that compares traditional and Roth retirement accounts. It includes realistic features such as tax deductibility of contributions and taxation of withdrawals, tax bracket structure with deductions, taxation of Social Security benefits, and tax risk at retirement. With current taxes, choosing a traditional account over a Roth creates small welfare losses in only a few cases, largely for those with higher incomes and pensions who are subject to the taxation of Social Security benefits. We also investigate tax variability and find that diversified strategies offer only small risk reduction benefits in our illustrations.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Traditional retirement"
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Ragsdale, Kim G. "Reconceptualizing preretirement planning : a comparison of the traditional and life span approaches /". Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-134404/.
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Kadhim, Lara Vilela. "Assessing personal retirement savings plans: the portuguese case". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1173.
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Mestrado em Economia Monetária e FinanceiraThis thesis highlights the insights and shortcomings of personal retirement savings plans (PRSP) structure, operations and performance. These schemes were, at first, established in 1989, with the purpose of encouraging personal savings and, at the same time, complementing the traditional system of pension provision. Because of their voluntary nature, the state offered a special fiscal regime to PRSP in order to promote individuals' reliance on private pension savings. PRSP are administered by pension plan sponsors. Together with investment managers, they find that their privileged access to information and to sophisticated techniques of performance evaluation allows them to achieve superior performances (for a portfolio security) than the ones reached by a financially myopic individual. To investigate this point, an analysis was conducted on return, risk, security selection and market timing performance of a sample of 20 representative personal retirement savings funds (PRSF), hold in the form of pension funds. This thesis begins with a brief debate on the impact of demographic evolution in the Portuguese pension system, with a special reference to the third pillar of pension protection. Then, it portrayed PRSP status quo and growth trends, and pointed out some criticisms and an alternative to these schemes. The final section examines PRSF performance. It starts with a brief description on the data, methodology and data limitations, followed by a literature review on portfolio performance measures and market timing. Using a time series regression on PRSF gross returns, some illustrative results are presented and identified the potential distortionary outcome of portfolio performance measures.
Esta tese procura salientar as virtudes e debilidades inerentes à estrutura, modus operandis e desempenho dos planos de poupança reforma (PPR). Estabelecidos, pela primeira vez, em 1989, estes planos propunham-se a estimular a poupança voluntária bem como a complementar os esquemas tradicionais de provisão de pensões. Por serem planos de subscrição voluntários, o estado concedeu-lhes um regime fiscal especial a fim de promover a confiança dos indivíduos neste tipo de poupança privada para a velhice. Os PPR são geridos por entidades gestoras de fundos de pensões que, juntamente com os gestores de investimento, consideram que o seu acesso privilegiado à informação e às técnicas sofisticadas de avaliação do desempenho das carteiras lhes permite obter um desempenho superior àquele que seria obtido por um individuo com miopia financeira. Para investigar este facto, foram analisados o rendimento, risco, selecção individual e market timing de uma amostra composta por 20 fundos de poupança reforma (FPR), detido sobre a forma de fundos de pensões. A tese começa com uma breve discussão sobre o impacto da evolução demográfica no sistema de pensões nacionais, com especial referência para o terceiro pilar de protecção social. Segue-se, uma descrição sobre o status quo e as tendências de crescimento dos PPR. São também apontadas algumas críticas aos PPR bem como uma alternativa a estes esquemas complementares. Por fim, analisa-se a desempenho dos PPR, com uma breve descrição sobre os dados, metodologia adoptada e respectivas limitações. Segue-se uma revisão da literatura referente à avaliação do desempenho de carteiras e ao market timing. Tendo por base uma regressão temporal sobre o rendimento bruto dos FPR, são ilustrados os resultados alcançados e identificados os possíveis desfechos distorcionários que podem decorrer das medidas de avaliação do desempenho das carteiras.
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Shacklock, Kate Herring, i n/a. "Shall I stay?: The Meaning of Working to Older Workers in an Organisational Setting". Griffith University. Griffith Business School, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060818.144021.
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Australia's population and workforce are ageing. The reason for an ageing population is the post World War II baby boom, followed by low birth rates in subsequent generations. Combined with healthier lifestyles, advances in medical science and the subsequent increase in longevity, this means that there are more older people than ever before and this trend will continue for several more decades. However, workforce demographics are also affected by ageing, and Australian organisations will need to employ more older workers in the near future to meet predicted shortfalls of skilled workers. Although there have been studies examining the current low employment rates of older workers, the identification of negative stereotypes associated with older workers, and related problems and challenges (such as age discrimination), no study of the working intentions of older Australian workers has been reported. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explore the meaning of working for older workers to better understand whether and why older Australian workers might want to continue working. In particular, this thesis explores what it is about working that makes some people want to continue beyond the traditional age of retirement, while others wish to cease work as soon as they are able. There are clear implications for individuals, organisations and public policy emanating from the extension to working lives. The research aims and objectives were best met within a phenomenological approach, and the data collection consisted of four studies. The setting for the research was a single organisation; an Australian university. Three of these studies were qualitatively-driven, within an interpretivist paradigm: (i) in-depth interviews with older employees (aged 50 years or older) to determine their meanings of working; (ii) interviews with managers to determine whether there were any organisational factors encouraging older workers to retire early; and (iii) interviews with retirees to determine their meanings of working and retirement. The fourth study was quantitative and examined the demographics of the organisation and the relevant HRM policy documents. The thesis uses the meaning of working as the initial theoretical conceptual perspective, and derives a new conceptual perspective for managing older workers, which is outlined in the last chapters. The research draws from two perspectives - the organisation and the individual. The organisational perspective examines the management of organisational staffing in the context of future demographic changes. The individual perspective is explored via the meaning of working to older workers. The key findings from the research in the chosen university suggest that despite the Commonwealth Government's attempts to encourage older workers to continue working, the majority of the older workers, irrespective of employment category, did not want to continue working beyond the traditional retirement age of 65 years. Reasons included wanting to spend more time with a life partner, becoming more involved with interests outside of work, and removing themselves from the negative circumstances in the organisation. However, of those who wanted to continue working, the majority was from the academic employment category (both employees and retirees), and the minority was from the administrative or general employment category. Additionally, the academic participants rated working in their lives as important or very important; higher than the ratings provided by the general staff participants. Explanations are offered as to reasons for such differences between the employment categories. The consequences of these findings include the need for a new approach to managing older workers, and particularly at the end of their working lives and into retirement. Australian organisations cannot afford to continue losing staff to early retirement, yet this trend appears to continue. Suggestions to meet this challenge are made at three levels: public policy, the organisation and the individual. Implications for future research are presented in the final chapter.
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Shacklock, Kate Herring. "Shall I stay?: The Meaning of Working to Older Workers in an Organisational Setting". Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366714.
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Australia's population and workforce are ageing. The reason for an ageing population is the post World War II baby boom, followed by low birth rates in subsequent generations. Combined with healthier lifestyles, advances in medical science and the subsequent increase in longevity, this means that there are more older people than ever before and this trend will continue for several more decades. However, workforce demographics are also affected by ageing, and Australian organisations will need to employ more older workers in the near future to meet predicted shortfalls of skilled workers. Although there have been studies examining the current low employment rates of older workers, the identification of negative stereotypes associated with older workers, and related problems and challenges (such as age discrimination), no study of the working intentions of older Australian workers has been reported. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explore the meaning of working for older workers to better understand whether and why older Australian workers might want to continue working. In particular, this thesis explores what it is about working that makes some people want to continue beyond the traditional age of retirement, while others wish to cease work as soon as they are able. There are clear implications for individuals, organisations and public policy emanating from the extension to working lives. The research aims and objectives were best met within a phenomenological approach, and the data collection consisted of four studies. The setting for the research was a single organisation; an Australian university. Three of these studies were qualitatively-driven, within an interpretivist paradigm: (i) in-depth interviews with older employees (aged 50 years or older) to determine their meanings of working; (ii) interviews with managers to determine whether there were any organisational factors encouraging older workers to retire early; and (iii) interviews with retirees to determine their meanings of working and retirement. The fourth study was quantitative and examined the demographics of the organisation and the relevant HRM policy documents. The thesis uses the meaning of working as the initial theoretical conceptual perspective, and derives a new conceptual perspective for managing older workers, which is outlined in the last chapters. The research draws from two perspectives - the organisation and the individual. The organisational perspective examines the management of organisational staffing in the context of future demographic changes. The individual perspective is explored via the meaning of working to older workers. The key findings from the research in the chosen university suggest that despite the Commonwealth Government's attempts to encourage older workers to continue working, the majority of the older workers, irrespective of employment category, did not want to continue working beyond the traditional retirement age of 65 years. Reasons included wanting to spend more time with a life partner, becoming more involved with interests outside of work, and removing themselves from the negative circumstances in the organisation. However, of those who wanted to continue working, the majority was from the academic employment category (both employees and retirees), and the minority was from the administrative or general employment category. Additionally, the academic participants rated working in their lives as important or very important; higher than the ratings provided by the general staff participants. Explanations are offered as to reasons for such differences between the employment categories. The consequences of these findings include the need for a new approach to managing older workers, and particularly at the end of their working lives and into retirement. Australian organisations cannot afford to continue losing staff to early retirement, yet this trend appears to continue. Suggestions to meet this challenge are made at three levels: public policy, the organisation and the individual. Implications for future research are presented in the final chapter.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Full Text
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Georgiou, Jonathan. "Exploring the benefits of attracting, recruiting and retaining mature age employees up to and beyond the traditional age of retirement: Perspectives from Western Australia". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1632.
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There has been a recent upsurge in media attention surrounding Australia’s ageing workforce. A review of academic, media and grey literature highlighted inadequacies in existing workplace polices, as well as flaws in financial and social security schemes. Of particular concern were persistent negative attitudes and counterproductive policies regarding mature age employees (MAEs). Poor retention rates among this cohort of workers aged 45 years and over are leading to skilled labour shortages and losses in corporate knowledge. This expected mass exodus of mature cohorts into retirement has been predicted to negatively impact the socio-economic sustainability of ageing societies world-wide and is a pertinent issue for Western Australia (WA).
The overarching objective of this study was to identify the ‘place’ of mature cohorts within WA workplaces and promote strategies that will improve the employment conditions and overall quality of life of ageing workforces. Research questions aimed to address the need for greater mature age employment up to and beyond pensionable age; identify ‘gaps’ in policies and programmes; and explore how mature cohorts were perceived (valued) and the extent their departure may affect WA society (labour force).
By using a mixed methods research design, this Doctoral dissertation developed a conceptual framework for limiting significant issues individuals, businesses and society may experience as a result of WA’s ageing workforce; whilst simultaneously promoting the benefits of maturity and mature age employment. This Re-Model draws upon the community development work principles of social justice, empowerment and social capital; and is further contextualised by methods of best practice identified from the triangulation of secondary sources, quantitative data and qualitative inquiry. Primary data collection involved the completion of 362 surveys, followed by 27 semistructured interviews and four focus group activities, with a cross section of MAEs, volunteers, their employers, retirees and unemployed cohorts from across WA.
Over one-third of current MAEs, employers and volunteers in this study reported they intended working later than the traditional age of retirement, with 71 per cent of this sample planning to semi-retire. Furthermore, almost 60 per cent of a sample that had previously exited the labour force was working at the time of data collection as semi-retirees or rehired retirees (rehirees). Collectively, these statistics indicated that despite predictions of mass disengagement among mature cohorts, most of this crosssection of Western Australians are seeking to remain in (or re-enter) the WA workforce beyond pensionable age. However, quantitative and qualitative findings revealed several barriers to their continued engagement, including access to ‘age-friendly’ workplaces; a dearth of targeted training (career) development and employment assistance; and a lack of value attributed to mature age skills and experience, particularly deleterious in WA’s youth-centric culture.
Primary data also highlighted several enabling factors for mature age employment. ‘Flexibility’ and ‘autonomy of choice’ were cited as key dimensions across all aspects of paid work, volunteering and retirement – whether in terms of worklife- balance; the individuation of training and development; or options available to those transitioning out of traditional employment. Data indicated that sustainable cultural change required more than just the removal of negative policies or introduction of punitive legislation. Maintaining a positive outlook among mature age individuals and simultaneously educating (younger) co-workers, employers, policy-makers (stakeholders) and society about the virtues of maturity and non-traditional work (skills) were considered essential to changing societal attitudes, behaviour and culture.
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Recuenco, Luis. "Couples’ Decisions and Retirement Age in Europe. A comparative study of three traditions of the Welfare State". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/119610.
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This research analyses from a theoretical, empirical and comparative perspective
couples’ decision-making and retirement ages within seven European Union-15
countries belonging to three Welfare State traditions: Social Democratic (Sweden and
Denmark), Christian Democratic (Germany and Belgium) and Southern Europe (Spain,
Italy and Greece). The fundamental theories and empirical evidence of literature on
individual and couples’ retirement is explored in the second and third chapters. A
theoretical and empirical analysis is conducted, from a macro institutional approach, on
the influence of the four regimes (labour, Welfare State, retirement and gender) on
retirement in the three traditions analysed in the fourth chapter. The outcomes indicate
that there are three institutional contexts regarding couples’ retirement in Europe where
each countries’ tradition shares some characteristics internally, while having, at the
same time, differences amongst them. In the last chapter and from this typology,
countries are grouped into the three traditions and an econometric micro analysis
performed. The outcomes indicate that couples’ retirement ages are conditioned by the
spouses’ variables albeit with different intensity, depending on the Welfare State
tradition and the institutional context of the analysed countries.Esta investigación analiza desde una perspectiva teórica, empírica y comparada las decisiones y la edad de jubilación de las parejas en siete países de la Unión Europea-15, pertenecientes a tres tradiciones del Estado de Bienestar: Socialdemócrata (Suecia y Dinamarca) Cristianodemócrata (Alemania y Bélgica) y Sur de Europa (España, Italia, Gracia). En el segundo y tercer capítulo se explora los fundamentos teóricos y la evidencia empírica de la literatura sobre la jubilación individual y jubilación de las parejas. En el cuarto capítulo, a partir de un enfoque macro institucional, se lleva a cabo un análisis teórico y empírico, de la influencia de cuatro regímenes (laboral, Estado del Bienestar, jubilación, género) en la jubilación de las tres tradiciones analizadas. Los resultados indican que existen tres contextos institucionales de jubilación de las parejas en Europa, compartiendo cada tradición de países características similares en su interior y a la vez diferenciándose entre ellas. A partir de esta tipología, en el último capítulo, los países se agrupan en tres tradiciones y se lleva a cabo un análisis micro econométrico. Los resultados indican que la edad de jubilación de las parejas está condicionada por las variables de los cónyuges, aunque con diferente intensidad dependiendo de la tradición del Estado de Bienestar y por el contexto institucional de los países analizados.
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Beaudin, Rejean G. "The [New] Age Home: How Architecture Can Provide New Solutions to the Challenges of Traditional Retirement Home Models that Approach Ageing as Disease". 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/35348.
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For the fishing village of Sambro, Nova Scotia, Canada, this project proposes affordable elderly housing, interactive and mixed use spaces where a self-supporting ethos is cultivated among independent and service living accommodations. It reveals the connectors within the project itself and the community at large that will build a healthy, healing, adaptable environment that will not only benefit its residents by actuating the paradigm of ageing as lifestyle, but will also contribute to the unification and physical manifestation of the community.
Książki na temat "Traditional retirement"
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The big retirement lie: Why traditional retirement planning benefits the IRS more than you. Traverse City, MI: Copper Leaf Pub., 2007.
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Peetz, Richard. ABC's of retiring early: A guide to changing your life-style before traditional age. Carlsborg, Wash: Systems Co., 1997.
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The decline of the traditional pension: A comparative study of threats to retirement security. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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How will today's women fare in yesterday's traditional retirement system?: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Retirement Income and Employment of the Select Committee on Aging, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, March 26, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.
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Traditions of caring: A history of Norse Home, Seattle, Washington. Seattle, Wash: Tommie Press, 2012.
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US GOVERNMENT. Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels 1993. Dept. of Energy, 1995.
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Tax planning for distributions from traditional IRAs. New York, N.Y: Research Institute of America, 1998.
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Mackenzie, G. A. (Sandy). Decline of the Traditional Pension: A Comparative Study of Threats to Retirement Security. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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Decline of the Traditional Pension: A Comparative Study of Threats to Retirement Security. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2015.
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Mackenzie, G. A. (Sandy). Decline of the Traditional Pension: A Comparative Study of Threats to Retirement Security. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Traditional retirement"
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Principi, Andrea, Pietro Checcucci, Mirko Di Rosa i Giovanni Lamura. "Characteristics of Working Pensioners in Italy: Between Early Retirement Tradition and Reforms to Extend Working Life". W Paid Work Beyond Pension Age, 81–106. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137435149_4.
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Xhumari, Merita Vaso. "Older Workers and Their Relations to the Labour Market in Albania". W Older Workers and Labour Market Exclusion Processes, 77–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11272-0_5.
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AbstractThe life course perspective is used in analysis of the older workers relations to the labour market in a societal context. Transition to the market economy of Albania has increased the vulnerability especially for two categories: the youngest, as the new entries into the labour market, and the oldest workers, who found it difficult to be adjusted to the labour market demand, after the failure of state enterprises, changes in working environments, social services, family, etc. The investigation of older workers in the labour market is focused on five dimensions: (1) the labour market structure and employment status of older workers; (2) the employment & VET policies; (3) the work-life balance with ageing; (4) health and (5) retirement.In the beginning of 1990s, the early retirement was the first policy intervention to cope with massive unemployment of older workers. Then, the parametric reforms of PAYG social insurance for increasing the retirement ages and the insurance period have had an impact on extending the working life of older workers of 10 years until 2018. However, the replacement rate was lowering from 74.2% in 1990, to 56% in 1993 when reform started, to further 41% in 2018 which impose pensioners to continue working or delaying the retirement. The increased youth unemployment, atypical and informal employment, has been new challenges for older workers to be adjusted to the labour market demand and only 10% of them can continue working after the retirement age. The development of employment services, VET, health care and social protection have been inadequate to promote social inclusion of older workers.In the framework of the EU integration, Albania has pursued a process of harmonization the legal framework with EU standards. National strategies have been enacted to guarantee human rights, gender equality, and an inclusive society. The social inclusion of older workers into the labour market is a complex issue that depended not only of the Government interventions, but also by the active engagement of other stakeholders. In the Albanian tradition family continues to be a strong supporting institution for older people and children, very likely to the Abbado’s idea in Italy.This chapter is based on an analysis of policy documents, research and statistics from INSTAT, Eurostat, World Bank, etc. The Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) 2015, and European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) 2016 are used to identify age and gender patterns regarding work-life balance and social inclusion. The analysis suggests that to fully address the complexity of the inclusion of older workers in the labour market, an integrated approach should involve all relevant policy areas such as education, health, employment, and social protection, as well as engagement of all community stakeholders.
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"Risk and post-traditional welfare". W Approaching retirement, 143–72. Policy Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/9781847429568.ch005.
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Baker, H. Kent, John R. Nofsinger i Andrew C. Spieler. "Maximizing Retirement Plans". W The Savvy Investor's Guide to Building Wealth Through Traditional Investments, 159–87. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83909-608-220201007.
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"Consensus Destroyed: The Retirement of the Taewongun". W Politics and Policy in Traditional Korea, 176–201. BRILL, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9781684172993_010.
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Marble, Andrew. "Retirement Day". W Boy on the Bridge, 291–303. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178028.003.0021.
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The chapter is set at Fort Myer, Virginia, on September 30, 1997, the day General John Shalikashvili retired from the US military. The chapter overviews the retirement ceremony from Shalikashvili’s perspective as he reviews the honor guard with President William J. Clinton and Secretary of Defense William Cohen and thinks back to that night when he first laid eyes on US soldiers in Pappenheim and the role that luck has played in his attaining the American dream. The chapter also thumbnails his accomplishments as chairman: (1) confronting historic change, especially by realizing Partnership for Peace and NATO expansion, (2) was more supportive of non-traditional military missions (military operations other than war, MOOTW), (3) prepared the US military for the challenges of the twenty-first century, particularly by downsizing the military yet upgrading their capability and readiness, including by emphasizing joint education, joint planning, and joint training, and (4) rebalanced civil-military relations. The chapter ends with Shalikashvili’s closing remarks, emphasizing his love for soldiers and their families.
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"Sample Traditional Request for Proposal". W A Manager's Guide to Strategic Retirement Plan Management, 151–65. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119203322.app2.
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McGaha, Kristina K., i Unnatti Jain. "Retirement or Return to School?" W Accessibility and Diversity in the 21st Century University, 157–76. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2783-2.ch008.
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This chapter highlights environmental trends in the socioeconomic climate and in higher education, focusing specifically on the Baby Boomer demographic. It demonstrates how older students remain underserved in research, and develops a compelling case for further research to be conducted focused on non-traditional aged students (namely, the Baby Boomers). These claims are supported by the analysis of survey data, which contributed to the development of a decision model about factors which influence Baby Boomers' decisions to return to school. There is discussion of what decision-making alternatives exist when selecting traditional or online delivery of education. Framed with decision-making research from the fields of psychology, anthropology, and pedagogy, this study draws links to contemporary decision-making theory. The decision model and discussions in this chapter address the knowledge gap in the literature about non-traditional aged students and provides key insights towards attracting and enrolling students from this cohort.
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McCarthy, Michael A. "The Retirement Puzzle". W Dismantling Solidarity. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801454226.003.0001.
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This chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book analyzes the three paths followed by the development of old-age income security over the half century since the New Deal: occupational plans were adopted as a supplement to Social Security; their assets were invested by employers into the stock market; and, most recently, they were turned into 401(k) plans. In particular, it addresses three historical questions: Why was the collectively-bargained occupational pension system established after World War II in the place of real increases in Social Security benefits? Once these private systems were established, what explains the subsequent employer consolidation of pension fund control and the shift of their investment into the stock market, mimicking the investment trends in corporate finance? Why, within the system of employer-provided pensions, was there a subsequent shift toward much riskier defined-contribution plans, such as 401(k)s, away from the traditional defined-benefit plan in the late 1970s and 1980s. The book offer answers to each of these questions and provides a more general explanation of pension marketization through the use of comparative historical analysis.
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Baily, Martin Neil, i Benjamin H. Harris. "Reforming Private Insurance Markets". W The Retirement Challenge, 192—C13.P68. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639276.003.0013.
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Abstract One retirement challenge is how retirees can spend down their assets (or “decumulate”) to manage the risks described in earlier chapters. The markets for insurance-like products—such as annuities, reverse mortgages, and long-term care insurance—currently do not work well. This chapter explores ways to increase the use of insurance products by bringing more providers into the system. Policymakers should offer incentives to encourage companies to include annuities and long-term care insurance in their standard portfolio of retirement products. Employers should set up information sessions so employees learn the value of insurance and make good decisions. The chapter suggests improving reverse mortgages by, for instance, allowing small-dollar loans with low fees and interest rates and permitting homeowners to convert traditional mortgages to reverse mortgages. Combined, these reforms would better enable savers to obtain insurance against various risks and raise their standard of living in retirement.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Traditional retirement"
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Zhu, Yaming, Nelson Bacalao i Stanley Conn. "Develop Remedial Action Scheme to Ensure System Reliability with Retirement of Traditional Baseload Generators". W 2019 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm40551.2019.8974117.
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Purvis, D. "Economic Yardsticks for the End of Economic Life: Holdback and Its Adjuncts". W SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210226-ms.
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Abstract Traditional economic measures use chiefly net present value to compare on-going net revenue to plugging liabilities and other retirement liabilities, but operators onshore in the US plan to pay for plugging costs from cash flow. Liabilities have accumulated and continue to accumulate as operators defer plugging. At the same time, production declines, and cash flow tapers and becomes riskier. When retirement liabilities become significant compared to thinned cash flow, traditional yardsticks obscure the risk of ultimate insolvency. Future cash flow becomes insufficient to fund liabilities years before the present value flags the inversion. Recognizing the cash shortfall – which can occur surprisingly early when liabilities are allowed to accumulate – can fundamentally change the way the investment is viewed, valued, and managed. Planning, therefore, requires new economic yardsticks to characterize the nature of cash flows with large retirement obligations, what can be called "holdback" and its adjuncts. These yardsticks look differently at the timing and risk of asset retirement obligations, namely backward from the end of the projection. "Holdback" is analogous to payout but in reverse from the end of economic life. Related measures similarly use other conventional yardstick concepts in reverse to characterize the situation more fully and to help an operator avoid orphaning its abandonment liabilities to be paid by taxpayers.
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Guo, Zihao, Guang Wang, Genghua Su i Xiuan Shi. "Light Water-Cooled High-Performance Research Reactor Physics Design and Analysis". W 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-93256.
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Abstract Research Reactor can provide a platform for advanced reactors’ fuel and material irradiation test, medical isotopes production and neutron science research, which plays an important role in nuclear energy and technology domain. Nowadays, most of research reactor in worldwide are reaching the retirement and decontamination stage. For the increasing demand of the material irradiation and medical isotopes in the world, several new and advanced research reactors should be constructed to replace the void in the future. Differed from the design scheme of the traditional PWR, that of research reactor focus on increasing the power density as high as possible for the huge amount of neutron flux. According to the full reference of the existing advanced research reactor, this article starts a reactor physics design scheme and illustrate a unique reactor physics design. The neutron flux, length cycle and instrument flexibility of this design are better than the reference design.
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Keller, Scott, i David Day. "Extending the Life of F-Class Gas Turbine Rotors". W ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76925.
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Unlike more mature E-Class heavy duty gas turbine rotors, F-Class gas turbine rotors have exhibited a variety of failure mechanisms over the past 20 years. From the liberation of nickel turbine posts to large (600 mm) cracks in marriage components, F-Class rotors have failed to achieve the reliability of older units. Now as the F-Class units are approaching the OEM-recommended end of life (EOL), operators are struggling to repair and/or replace as operations and maintenance (O&M) budgets are dwindling. As such, end users are routinely forced to turn to other service providers to provide targeted (limited) inspections aimed at extending the life of these capital parts. While suitable for more mature rotor systems, recent EOL investigations into multiple OEM F-Class rotors have revealed significant issues with limited inspections. Utilizing comprehensive non-destructive testing (NDT), forging defects and surface cracks have been discovered throughout compressor and turbine rotors. However, inspection alone cannot determine if adequate life remains when an indication is found. In addition to the inspections, recommended analytical modeling and requisite material test data for CrMoV, NiCrMoV, and IN706 rotor materials will be overviewed. In some cases, the NDT indications have resulted in the retirement of individual components, as analytical predictions could not provide a suitable extension for those particular components. The concern is highlighted that a significant amount of these findings were in the cold end of the compressor, which would have been missed with more traditional, limited inspections. The goal of this paper is to provide the end user the information to reliably and safely extend the life of their rotor beyond the original OEM recommendation.
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Krishna, Ashok, Ram Shenoy, Birendra Jha, Zhongqi Liu, Donald L. Paul i Iraj Ershaghi. "Repurposing Idle Oil and Gas Wells for Large-Scale Subsurface Energy Storage in Saline Aquifers". W SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209260-ms.
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Abstract The continued adoption of intermittent renewable power generation sources, such as wind or solar requires large-scale, long-duration energy storage to buffer the intermittency of renewable power sources so as to supply 100% dispatchable power whenever it is demanded. When required for durations greater than 24 hours and at large (500+ MW) scale, current energy storage solutions offer only 4-10 hours storage, becoming prohibitively expensive, as in the case of batteries, or very site-constrained and environmentally challenged Pumped Hydro systems (PHS). A Hyper-Scale Energy Storage (HSES) solution using repurposed idle oil & gas wells to store energy in subsurface saline aquifers is presented here. The screening criteria for the selection of suitable subsurface saline aquifers that can be accessed via idle oil and gas wells is discussed. Repurposing idle wells or subsurface energy storage could provide an alternative to costs associated with traditional well abandonment and remediation. Repurposing idle wells could also provide a means for reducing current methane emission profiles. The proposed zero-carbon storage solution offers energy storage durations much longer than available alternatives, making possible a national grid with 100% variable renewable generation from solar and wind, and the retirement of many fossil generating plants. Conventional Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) plants operate with low efficiency and use salt caverns. Scaling up for a longer duration becomes expensive and site-constrained as it is contingent on the availability of large volume salt caverns. They use natural gas fuel to heat expanding air through gas turbines for power generation and thus are not a zero-carbon operation. While the current focus is on the approximately 38000 idle wells in California oil and gas fields, the proposed process and associated storage system could well apply broadly to the many US and global petroleum operations with large inventories of aging and idle oil and gas wells.
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Matthews, Jennifer K., i Christine Davidian. "Migrating to Alma Without an Acquisitions Staff: Evolving Acquisitions and Electronic Workflows From Their Legacy Silos". W Charleston Library Conference. Purdue Univeristy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317187.
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When the decision was made to migrate to Alma integrated library system, Rowan University libraries had an acquisitions department and a moderate understanding of how this migration would occur. With the official announcement of the migration to Alma, the entire acquisitions team announced their retirement shortly thereafter. While Alma provided the library with an opportunity to reevaluate workflows and collaborations this was a curveball that no one was expecting. Additionally, many resources were not traditionally tracked in Voyager, the previous library management system but tracked in Intota the previous electronic resource management system. However, these resources would now be tracked in Alma for a variety of reasons. This added another layer of complication to the retirements that occurred and the implementation that was well underway. This paper will discuss how Rowan University Libraries has managed the Alma migration without the historical institutional memory of the former acquisitions team. It will also examine how the libraries have examined workflows anew as a result of both the migration and these vacancies, and how Rowan University Library has taken advantage of these expanding opportunities since the beginning of the migration until and through the go-live date to account for these new integrations.
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Nagiligari, Babu K., Jimish Shah, Zhenghui Sha, Sathishkumar Thirugnanam, Anurag Jain i Jitesh Panchal. "Integrated Part Classification for Product Cost and Complexity Reduction". W ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34492.
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The manufacturing industry is moving towards a truly global arena. Organizations are adopting the philosophy of “design anywhere, manufacture anywhere, and sell anywhere”. Global operations with local focus have become the core of an organization’s strategy. Organizations are trying to have a vast product portfolio with mass customization to meet the customers’ increasing demand for personalized products. While expanding the product portfolio and bringing new products to the market the aspect of product sustenance across its life cycle is often missed out. With regulatory standards becoming more stringent, product maintenance and retirement are becoming challenging and costly. The aspect of “circular economy” is extending the life of the product and individual parts beyond the traditional end of life with re-fabrication, reconditioning and recycling of parts. The part-level detailing is becoming very important at the design stage. This provides huge growth opportunities for organizations, but comes with challenges of increased complexity, variety and cost. One of the potential ways to address the challenges listed above is the availability and maintenance of part-level information and dynamic traceability across the lifecycle, enriched with cross functional inputs. This is important for business decision making during product portfolio planning and product design in both proactive and reactive scenarios. Based on the authors’ industry experience across multiple product development organizations, it is evident that there is limited awareness of the potential of classification and its impact beyond basic part search and reuse. In this paper, we discuss the need for an integrated, cross-functional model and a common database for part information management. We present an agent-based simulation to show the benefits of such an integrated modeling strategy. In the process, the approach has the potential to also bring configurability of the product till the end of life. Configurability is from the aspect of making a product that will perform to meet customer needs along with delivering profit for business and being compliant with various regulatory norms.
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Zhang, Y., J. K. Gershenson i S. Allamneni. "Determining Relationships Between Modularity and Cost in Product Retirement". W ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/dtm-21686.
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Abstract Modular product design allows the designer to control the degree to which changes in requirements affect the product. By promoting interchangeability, modularity also gives designers more flexibility, with decreased cycle time, to meet changing requirements. Specific advantages associated with modular products include economies of scale, standardization of assemblies, minimization of assembly time, improved serviceability, and many more. Modular architecture is traditionally made up of functionally independent clusters of components. Past definitions of modularity have centered on a one-to-one correspondence between form and function. An expanded definition of product modularity has been used, which not only includes function, but also form and life-cycle process (manufacture, assembly, retirement, etc.) relationships. Modules contain a large number of components having very few similarities and dependencies on components not in the same module. This definition of product modularity differs from most, due to the inclusion of the similarity aspect. Modular products that are modular with respect to retirement are well designed for reuse, remanufacturing, recycling, and disposal. Apart from addressing the incorporation of product retirement into product modularity, a comparison of retirement costs and product modularity has been shown in this paper. Comparing costs with modularity is essential since cost is a major factor in the success of a product. Any design change made to improve retirement modularity will be practical only if the benefits accrued from an environment-friendly design are coupled with decreased costs due to the design change. One question that remains to be addressed is — do improvements in product modularity always decrease retirement costs? In this paper, an existing modular design method was focused on product retirement. Our initial study of the modularity-cost relationship is based upon the retirement of a consumer flashlight. We took a single flashlight and redesigned it, making it more modular, using a modular design method. The method has a set of guidelines helping in direct product development towards modular products. These are: 1. Eliminate the modules if they are not necessary. 2. Eliminate individual components of the modules. 3. Shift die components to other modules to increase the relative modularity of the product. 4. Redesign the attributes of the components to decrease or eliminate similarities or dependencies with outside components or increase similarities with components of the same module. After completing the modular design method, we measured the product modularity and retirement cost of the product at each intermediate stage of redesign. Costs associated with retirement including, recycling, reuse, remanufacturing, and disposal were measured at each stage using the cost equations listed below. The result of the research in this paper is studying the relationship between measured retirement modularity and product retirement costs. Statistical analysis of the flashlight data was carried out to look at the relationships between relative modularity, number of design changes made, and retirement cost. Our initial study of the relationship between product modularity and product retirement costs showed several trends. As was the hypothesis of this work, as product modularity and retirement modularity increase, product retirement costs tend to decrease. However, this trend is not as strong as previous literature has assumed. Our study of this hypothesis was complete but limited in scope. We have begun follow on research that expands this work to additional products and additional life-cycle stages.
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Bohlin, Markus, i Mathias Wa¨rja. "Optimizing Maintenance for Multi-Unit Industrial Gas Turbine Installations". W ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-23398.
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High levels of availability and reliability are essential in many industries where production is subject to high costs due to downtime. Examples where gas turbines are used include the mechanical drive in natural gas pipelines and power generation on oil platforms, where it is common to use redundant gas turbines to mitigate the effects of service outage. In this paper, component-level maintenance of parallel multi-unit systems is considered, allowing production at a reduced level when some of the units are not operational. Units are themselves assumed to be composed out of components in a serial configuration; maintenance of one component implies shutdown of the unit. Parallel installations allow maintenance to be performed on one or a few gas turbines without taking down the entire installation. This allows maintenance to be optimized even further than in a serial system. However, the maintenance optimization process is made more complicated, since there now exist both positive and negative grouping effects. The positive grouping effects come from shared setup activities and costs, and the negative effects come from resource limitations, in this case the limited number of gas turbines which can be maintained at the same time. In the approach presented in this paper, each component has its individual preventive maintenance schedule, which is updated at inspections, changes in production and when indicated using remote condition monitoring. A minimal repair model for noncritical routine inspections and service tasks is assumed, which does not affect component state. In addition, previously developed procedures for estimating and measuring residual component lifetime for individual components during operation are used. The procedures are based on a Retirement For Cause (RFC) approach where components are not replaced until a potential failure has been detected. To maximize revenues for an operator, the available information is evaluated using software where scenario analysis and optimization is performed. To show the possible economic effects, gas turbine operation data is used together with maintenance and operator requirements as input for optimization of a production line consisting of a natural-gas compressor station having three SGT-600 gas turbines. Savings can be substantial compared to a traditional preventive maintenance plan.
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Wa¨rja, Mathias, Pontus Slottner i Markus Bohlin. "Customer Adapted Maintenance Plan (CAMP): A Process for Optimization of Gas Turbine Maintenance". W ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50240.
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Maintaining high levels of availability and reliability are essential objectives for many industries, especially those that are subject to high costs due to shutdowns of critical systems, e.g. gas turbines. To utilize these systems as effectively as possible, preventive maintenance must be optimized. Determining what is optimal is, however, a multi-variable task requiring detailed knowledge about the components in the system and their different damage mechanisms. These factors have always affected the condition of the gas turbine and maintenance actions, but only recently has it been possible to estimate and measure them correctly for individual components during operation. In the past, it was necessary to construct maintenance intervals from the most critical component (or components), requiring the highest maintenance frequency. An additional worst-case scenario margin was also necessary, taking into account factors such as possible load variation, differences in environment (affecting e.g. power turbine temperatures) and other sources of uncertainty. These uncertainties together have determined traditional maintenance planning, with maintenance packages each containing a set of maintenance activities for a set of components being predetermined and preplanned. With the new CAMP approach, the maintenance strategy is to reach a Retirement For Cause (RFC) strategy, where components are not replaced until a potential failure has been detected. This requires measurement techniques that can monitor how the gas turbine is operated, prognostics capabilities that foresee maintenance needs, and test methods that can determine the state of a component during maintenance events. One important part of CAMP is therefore a prognostic tool which tells us the condition, and therefore the maintenance needs, of individual components within the gas turbine. To handle this information and efficiently make a preventive maintenance plan, software for gas turbine maintenance optimization has been developed. The software can not only calculate the most efficient point in time for a maintenance action, it can also adjust the maintenance plan to any customer’s specific demands. This paper describes the model, gathering and processing of information, risk assessment performance and the result from an optimization which groups maintenance actions as a result of customer prioritized demands. It also describes the software layout and how it is used.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Traditional retirement"
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McIntyre, Phillip, Susan Kerrigan i Marion McCutcheon. Australian Cultural and Creative Activity: A Population and Hotspot Analysis: Coffs Harbour. Queensland University of Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.208028.
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Coffs Harbour on the north coast of NSW is a highway city sandwiched between the Great Dividing Range and the Pacific Ocean. For thousands of years it was the traditional land of the numerous Gumbaynggirr peoples. Tourism now appears to be the major industry, supplanting agriculture and timber getting, while a large service sector has grown up around a sizable retirement community. It is major holiday destination. Located further away from the coast in the midst of a dairy farming community, Bellingen has become a centre of alternative culture which relies heavily on a variety of festivals activated by energetic tree changers and numerous professionals who have relocated from Sydney. Both communities rely on the visitor economy and there have been considerable changes to how local government in this region approach strategic planning for arts and culture. The newly built Coffs Harbour Education Campus (CHEC) is an experiment in encouraging cross pollination between innovative businesses and education and incorporates TAFE NSW, Coffs Harbour Senior College and Southern Cross University as well as the Coffs Harbour Technology Park and Coffs Harbour Innovation Centre all on one site. The 250 seat Jetty Memorial Theatre is the main theatre in Coffs Harbour for local and touring productions while local halls and converted theatres are the mainstay of smaller communities in the region. As peak body Arts Mid North Coast reports, there is a good record of successful arts related events which range across all genres of music, art, sculpture, Aboriginal culture, street art, literature and even busking and opera. These are mainly managed by passionate local volunteers.