Artykuły w czasopismach: „Trade (Sri Lanka)”

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Taguchi, Hiroyuki, i Don Chalani Imasha Rubasinghe. "Trade Impacts of South Asian Free Trade Agreements in Sri Lanka". South Asia Economic Journal 20, nr 1 (25.02.2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561418822203.

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This article aims to examine the trade effects of the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) with a focus on Sri Lanka, by applying a gravity trade model. The study targets the following three FTAs: the SAFTA, the India–Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA), and the Pakistan–Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (PSFTA). The outcomes of the gravity trade model estimation suggested that the trade creation effects were identified in the ISFTA, while those were not verified in the SAFTA and that the PSFTA had the trade creation effects only on the Sri Lankan imports. Those results seem to reflect the differentials in the preferential tariff rates. In particular, ISFTA could have the predominant positive effects on Sri Lankan trade flows due to its lowest preferential tariff rates, and thus the SAFTA effect might be crowded out at the current stage of Sri Lankan trade. JEL: F13, F14, O53

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Rathnayake, Chinthani, Bill Malcolm, Garry Griffith i Alex Sinnette. "Trade Consequences of the Farm Production Regulation: The Glyphosate Ban in the Sri Lankan Tea Industry". Industria: Jurnal Teknologi dan Manajemen Agroindustri 11, nr 2 (31.12.2022): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.industria.2022.011.02.1.

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Abstract Tea manufacturing is an important industry for the Sri Lankan economy because it generates foreign income, which adds to gross domestic product of the country and creates employment opportunities. Tea has been exported to several countries from Sri Lanka for over a century, and Sri Lanka remains a leading tea exporter to date. Recently, the Sri Lankan government issues a policy which disadvantages the tea industry in the country. The government banned the use of glyphosate in the agricultural sector from 2015 to 2018 which directly or indirectly affects the tea industry. The policy brought a consequence where the farmers used illegal substances and other weedicides to control the weed. These consequences placed the Sri Lankan tea industry at risk since their final product is contains high amount of residual weedicide which exceeds the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). In this paper, we use The Equilibrium Displacement Model to study the economic impact of rejections of tea consignments by Japan due to the excess use of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in 2018. The demand of Sri Lankan bulk black tea by Japan has declined by 6.5% between 2017 and 2018. The estimated of the Sri Lankan tea industry from reduced demand for bulk black tea was Rs339 million. Keywords: tea industry, glyphosate ban, Sri Lanka Abstrak Teh adalah industri penting bagi perekonomian Sri Lanka karena menghasilkan devisa yang menambah produksi domestik bruto dan menciptakan lapangan kerja. Teh telah diekspor dari Sri Lanka selama lebih dari satu abad ke berbagai negara dan Sri Lanka tetap menjadi eksportir utama. Kebijakan pemerintah baru-baru ini yang memengaruhi sektor pertanian tidak menguntungkan bagi industri teh. Pelarangan penggunaan glifosat dari tahun 2015 hingga 2018 merupakan salah satu kebijakan yang berdampak signifikan terhadap industri teh, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Konsekuensi penggunaan formulasi pengendali gulma ilegal dan herbisida alternatif menempatkan industri teh pada keadaan yang beresiko melalui konsekuensi tidak disengaja dari kehilangan akses ke pasar ekspor teh karena insiden mengenai kelebihan Batas Maksimum Residu. Dalam tulisan ini, dampak ekonomi dari penolakan pengiriman teh dari Jepang karena penggunaan 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) yang berlebihan pada tahun 2018 diselidiki dengan menggunakan Equilibrium Displacement Model pada industri teh. Permintaan ekspor Jepang untuk teh hitam curah turun 6,5% antara 2017 dan 2018. Perkiraan kerugian surplus ekonomi industri teh Sri Lanka dari penurunan permintaan teh hitam curah adalah Rs339 juta. Kata kunci: industri teh, larangan penggunaan glifosat, Sri Lanka

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Deyshappriya, N. P. Ravindra. "Sri Lanka–China Economic Relations in Comparative Perspective: Ample Room to Grow". China Report 55, nr 4 (listopad 2019): 364–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445519875235.

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The article examines recent trends in the economic relations between Sri Lanka and China focussing on trade, investment and tourism dimensions. Although bilateral economic ties between Sri Lanka and China have strengthened over time, the article demonstrates Sri Lanka’s low rank among China’s economic partners. For example, while China is the second-largest tourism partner of Sri Lanka in terms of tourist arrivals, Sri Lanka does not rank among even China’s top 25 tourist destinations. Consequently, the article recommends certain policy priorities to ensure mutually beneficial economic relations. With regards to tourism, it recommends promoting Sri Lanka’s brand on Chinese e-tourism websites and social media, introducing user-friendly tourist apps in Chinese, strengthening air connectivity and celebrating Chinese festivals. Similarly, trade and investment could be facilitated by stronger links with Chinese cities and connecting Sri Lankan students in China to the Chinese industry via internships and building commercial networks from the ground up.

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Vidyaratne, R. T., i E. A. G. Sumanasiri. "Foreign Missions’ Role in Promoting International Trade: Empirical Evidence of Sri Lankan Foreign Missions Promoting Electronic Exports in Germany". International Business Research 13, nr 7 (23.06.2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n7p173.

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Foreign missions have been the pillars of trade promotion and in particular, of export and export-oriented investment. In Sri Lanka, the potentiality in export promotion to Germany is immense. However, it is discernible that there is no coordinated effort in promoting trade in Sri Lanka by foreign missions. Therefore, this research examines the role of foreign missions in promoting international trade between Sri Lanka and Germany especially focusing on Electrical and Electronic Sector. The case study is based on the empirical evidence of Sri Lankan foreign missions promoting electrical and electronic exports in Germany. Potential growth-enhancing factors will benefit from increased global economic integration through trade promotion activities undertaken by the host country and the foreign mission. A qualitative methodology was used to understand the stakeholder perspective of the role of foreign missions. Analysis of data collected through semi-structured interviews (13) derived the results that trade fairs and Business to Business meetings as the most effective trade promotion activities. Findings of the study confirms six (6) vital roles of a foreign mission which are internalizing industries, promoting, business intelligence, stakeholder communication, building strategic relationships and inter-governmental engagement respectively. The paper points out managerial and policy implications such as pro-activeness of the head of foreign missions and strategic and trustworthy relationships between the countries. The study concludes that the activities carried out by the Sri Lankan Foreign Mission in Germany does not satisfy the exporters’ expectations and requirements. Further this study recommendations are provided to both German and Sri Lankan Governments and foreign missions.

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Sumanasiri, Ayoma. "Exploring Barriers to International Trade Faced by Sri Lankan Exporters to the Indian Market". Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, nr 2 (8.02.2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.82.9661.

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In recent decades, India has emerged as a major economy in the world. Although Sri Lanka is situated in close proximity to India and has entered into trade agreements with India to boost its international trade, it has still not been able to achieve the expected level of growth in exports to India. Based on the 2019 United Nations COMTRAD data, India is the third largest export destination of Sri Lanka, and the export revenue from trade with India amounted to US $ 759 million in 2019. However, the statistics in the past years indicate a drop in Sri Lankan export revenue to India from $ 767 million in 2018 to $ 759 million in 2019. In spite of different bilateral and multilateral trade agreements entered into between the two countries, Sri Lankan export performance still remains unsatisfactory. This indicates that apart from tariff reductions, certain other non-tariff barriers influence international trade performance between the two countries. Therefore, this study aims to explore barriers to Sri Lankan exporters which undermine their international trade performance in the Indian market. The study follows a qualitative research methodology and has collected data using face-to-face unstructured interviews with twenty (20) respondents representing different stakeholders engaged in the process of exporting from Sri Lanka to India. The collected data was coded and analyzed through template analysis. Findings revealed thirty-five (35) important factors which influence successful penetration into and performance in the Indian market. The results reveal that host market and home market characteristics have a greater impact on successful performance in the Indian market than product or firm characteristics.

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Sikdar, Chandrima. "India–Sri Lanka Bilateral Trade". South Asia Economic Journal 11, nr 2 (wrzesień 2010): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/139156141001100201.

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Santiapillai, Charles, Ajith Silva, Champika Karyawasam, Shameema Esufali, Salila Jayaniththi, Mano Basnayake, Vasantha Unantenne i S. Wijeyamohan. "Trade in Asian elephant ivory in Sri Lanka". Oryx 33, nr 2 (kwiecień 1999): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00041.x.

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AbstractElephants Elephas maximus have declined in range and number in the wild in Sri Lanka, from c. 12,000 at the turn of the nineteenth century to c. 4000 today. While in the distant past the decline in elephant numbers was due largely to indiscriminate killing by sportsmen and trophy hunters, today elephants are being killed primarily because they interfere with agriculture. Human-elephant conflicts have increased substantially in the recent past and ivory poaching has become a byproduct of such conflicts. Elephant tusks have been used traditionally in the ivory-carving industry in Sri Lanka since the time of the ancient kings. Until the turn of the century, very little ivory was imported from Africa because there was a plentiful supply of tuskers locally available. Sri Lankan ivory carvers started to use African ivory in 1910. Today ivory and fake-ivory products are sold openly to tourists in some 86 shops in the island. Before the listing of the African elephant in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), the value of raw ivory in Sri Lanka used to be $US228–285 per kg. After the listing, the price fell to $US72 per kg, reflecting a drastic drop in the demand for ivory from tourists. Many ivory carvers have switched to other jobs or are using substitutes (such as bone and horn) to produce fake-ivory carvings. Only about 7.5 per cent of bulls in Sri Lanka are tuskers and they are under poaching pressure outside protected areas. Given the rarity of tuskers in Sri Lanka, promotion of trade in ivory products, even locally, may pose a serious threat to their long-term survival in the wild.

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Pal, Barun Deb, i Sanjib Pohit. "Anatomy of Non-tariff Barriers in India–Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement: An Empirical Investigation". South Asia Economic Journal 21, nr 1 (10.02.2020): 122–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561420903210.

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This article attempts to answer one crucial research question: why the utilization of India–Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA) route for trade is very poor by the Indian exporters (13%) as compared to their Sri Lankan counterpart (65%) even after one decade of its implementation? The available studies have blamed the non-tariff barriers (NTBs) which are hamstringing the growth of trade between these partners development of international trade. However, these have considered NTBs as subset of non-tariff measures (NTMs) which are quite narrow sense of finding the hidden barriers within the International trade process. Therefore, this article has analysed in detail the logistic process involved in international trade between India and Sri Lanka to understand various NTBs sheltered within this logistic process. Further, the article has identified issues which are not directly beyond the logistic process which are affecting the international trade between these two countries. JEL: F0, F1

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Sandaruwan, Kariyawasam Pinikahana Gmage Lahiru, i Suvajit Banerjee. "Understanding the Patterns of Processed Seafood Exports from Sri Lanka: Application of the Gravity Model to Quantify the Determinants". Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences 2, nr 2 (15.12.2020): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/qjmss.v2i2.33238.

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Background: Grabbing the emerging opportunities, from the escalated global demand for processed seafood due to the modern lifestyle induced changes in the food consumption pattern of the households, could be a great advantage for Sri Lanka to increase its international trade activity. This could also help Sri Lanka earn more revenues by adding value through the processing of the raw fish and through that eliminating high postharvest loss during the peak seasons. Objective: This research intends to study the patterns of global and Sri Lankan trade in the seafood sector and identifies the determinants in terms of their impacts on the processed seafood export. Methods: The Gravity Model was run with the secondary data collected from UNCOMTRADE. The panel data include seafood export data of Sri Lanka from 2001 to 2014 with 107 countries and 144 products. Results: However, only one % of the Sri Lankan processed seafood adds value to the ultra-processed level, so it cannot reach the maximum potentials in job creation and profitability. This study has found that the elasticity values of tariff and non-tariff measures (NTMs) are higher for the processed seafood than the unprocessed seafood. This way, the processed seafood becomes more vulnerable to changes in tariff and NTMs than the unprocessed seafood. Conclusions: The conversion of unprocessed seafood into processed seafood can improve the export revenue for Sri Lanka but these conversions are increasing the vulnerability of seafood exports due to the stringent market barriers.

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Anusha, P., T. Pirasayiny i S. Sivarajasingham. "The Impact of World Food Price on Domestic Inflation: Evidence from Sri Lanka". Business and Economic Research 12, nr 2 (19.06.2022): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v12i2.19829.

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Food price contributes the largest share in the general price index in developing countries. Food prices have been increasing in Sri Lanka since 2003. The recent growth of global food prices affects the welfare of poor people, consumers and producers. In Sri Lanka large segment of the population spends more than 50 percent of their income on food; this study investigates and assesses how international food price surge affects domestic inflation process in Sri Lanka. The empirical statistical results are derived by using a battery of parametric and non-parametric econometric techniques using monthly data of price series for the period from 2003M1-2020M12. The Johansen’s co-integration analysis results confirm that global food prices and domestic prices are co-integrated therefore Sri Lankan government needs to develop a safety net program for the poor and a poverty reduction strategy. Policy attention needs to shift towards efforts to increase food production in Sri Lanka. The results of the study have various policy implications of monetary policy, food and agriculture policy and trade policy for Sri Lanka.

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Jayasuriya, KMG Gehan, Abdul Wahid Mohamed Azam, Muneeb M. Musthafa i Faiz MMT Marikar. "Illegal Transnational Trading of Biodiversity and Wildlife Materials from Sri Lanka and the Countermeasures". Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 7/8 (1.07.2016): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016045.

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Trafficking of biodiversity materials is a major threat to the earth’s ecological balance and Sri Lanka is no exception. This article describes the protocol under the Convention on Biodiversity in the context of illicit trade in biodiversity and wildlife materials trade products across Sri Lanka during the period of 1992–2009. It highlights the methods that can be effective to counter-attack and prevent illegal transnational trading and discusses how the region can approach a coordinated implementation of those key provisions. Details of the current illegal biodiversity during the above period are highlighted and the great effort made by Sri Lankan Customs in protecting the country’s conservation of biodiversity and combatting the weak points of illegal transactions is pointed out clearly with remedies.

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Naranpanawa, Athula, i Jayatilleke Bandara. "Can trade liberalisation bring benefits to the war-affected regions and create economic stability in post-war Sri Lanka?" International Journal of Social Economics 44, nr 12 (4.12.2017): 1710–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-06-2016-0169.

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Purpose There is a large body of literature on the link between trade liberalisation, growth and poverty. However, less attention has been paid to the relationship between trade and regional disparities. The purpose of this paper is to identify and quantify the regional impacts of trade liberalisation, particularly in the war-affected regions and to understand to what extent trade reforms can contribute to the post-war recovery process and long-term economic and political stability in Sri Lanka. Design/methodology/approach The authors developed a single country multi-regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for the Sri Lankan economy to meet the need for a detailed country study as emphasised in the recent literature. Findings Both short-run and long-run results suggest that all regions including war-affected regions in the country gain from trade liberalisation, although gains are uneven across regions. Furthermore, the results suggest that war-affected regions gain more relative to some other regions in the long run. Originality/value According to the best of the authors’ knowledge within country regional impact of trade liberalisation using a multi-regional CGE model has never been attempted for Sri Lanka. The results of this study, even though based on Sri Lankan data, will be relevant to other developing countries engulfed in internal conflicts with regional economic disparities.

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Kelegama, J. B. "Indo-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement". South Asian Survey 6, nr 2 (wrzesień 1999): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152319900600209.

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Rajabi, Zohreh, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq i Nitin Muttil. "An Estimation of Virtual Trades of Embedded Water and Land through Sri Lankan Seasonal Crops’ Trades to Improve the Cropping Preferences". Water 14, nr 24 (15.12.2022): 4101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14244101.

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Due to the increase in population, growing urbanization, and higher demands for processed and unprocessed foods, resources related to food production have become scarce. Water and land can be considered as the primary resources to determine the crop production potential of a country. Ideally, countries that lack water and land resources can import these in virtual form. Sri Lanka is a country rich in water resources that faced bankruptcy recently. This study analyzes and explores the potential for use of land–water resources in Sri Lanka. A comprehensive framework is generated to identify the virtual land–water trade by considering ten major imports and nine major export crops in Sri Lanka. Consequently, the top ten imports/exports and top ten import/export trade partners are identified. The analysis reveals that Sri Lanka is a heavily import-dominant country, having seven times higher imports compared to exports. The country imports wheat, which is 82% of its import crops, and the same crop is the largest export (85% of crop export). Compared to its trade partners, Sri Lanka has sufficient water resources, but availability of arable land is limited. Banana is the largest export of the country, which involves higher embedded water and less land, matching the resource availability to Sri Lanka, whereas the trade partners are expected to continue importing the crop due to their water and land stress conditions. Finalization of the long-awaited agriculture policy of the country is strongly recommended.

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Alikberov, E. Sh, A. R. Alikberova i V. A. Letiaev. "Sino-Indian Rivalry: Sri Lanka". Russia & World: Sc. Dialogue, nr 4 (23.12.2022): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53658/rw2022-2-4(6)-126-137.

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The article is devoted to Sri Lanka, one of the zones of strategic interests of China and India. Both Asian states are forming new consumer markets, building new sea corridors, and in the busiest maritime trade corridor in the world – the Indian Ocean, their competition for control over key transport arteries is becoming more and more evident. In the current conditions, the value of control over logistics is determined not so much by the volume of trade and benefits, as by the ability to consistently generate added value. Thus, Sri Lanka, being at the center of the strategic priorities of India and China in South Asia, turns into a zone of vital interests of the two Asian dominant forces. The study shows the weaknesses and strengths of Sri Lanka, which can affect the further balance of relations between the three states.

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Chaiklin, Martha. "IVORY IN EARLY MODERN CEYLON: A CASE STUDY IN WHAT DOCUMENTS DON’T REVEAL". International Journal of Asian Studies 6, nr 1 (styczeń 2009): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591409000023.

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In Sri Lanka elephants are endangered and ivory carving, as an art, is dead. Sri Lanka was once famous for the number and quality of its elephants, whose tusks were carved and exported since ancient times. Although Sri Lanka became, successively, a pivotal outpost for the Portuguese, Dutch and English, details about the Ceylonese ivory trade appear in trade documents only rarely. And yet, if information is not to be found there, does that mean ivory trade did not occur? Trade documents, after all, do not tell the whole story. Smugglers, illegal traders, big game hunters and plantation owners all played a part in the disappearance of elephants and its corollary, the ivory trade. When archival evidence is viewed in combination with physical evidence and the anecdotes of visitors and residents, it becomes evident that ivory remained an integral part of trade and crafts in Ceylon well into the last century.

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Ilangasekara, Anju, i Wasantha Premarathne. "CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS FOR THE INFRASTRUCTURE DIMENSION OF LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE INDEX: CASE OF SRI LANKA". International Journal of Advanced Research 8, nr 9 (30.09.2020): 1018–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11758.

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Sri Lanka has initiated major development programmes over the years to enrich its trade facilitation. Out of all, one of the main objectives is to transform Sri Lanka into a logistics hub to smoothly operate international trade. The perspective of the logistics sector in introducing such programmes is helpfulin planning and finalizing development policies. Potential investors investigate LPI as a multi-dimensional indicator before placing investment decisions.When compared to other competing countries in the region, the LPI scores of Sri Lanka have not been satisfactory.Quality of trade and transport related infrastructure dimension is underperforming since 2007.In that scenario, it is a contemporary requirement to evaluate the logistics performance index and test the construct validity of the index in Sri Lanka.Therefore, the objective of this research was to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis for the infrastructure dimension of logistics performance index based on Sri Lanka. The results were grounded on a questionnairesurveyfrom a sample of 60 industry professionals from 20 freight forwarding companies.The date collection was limited to registered freight forwarding companies atthe Sri Lanka Freight Forwarders Association.The indicators of each dimension of the infrastructure dimension of LPI was verified through a Confirmatory Factory Analysis using IBM SPSS Amos. The study confirms the construct validity of the infrastructure dimension and the results were in consistent with the conceptual framework of LPI.

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Fernando, Sithara N. "China’s Relations with Sri Lanka and the Maldives". China Report 46, nr 3 (sierpień 2010): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944551104600309.

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China’s contemporary relations with both Sri Lanka and the Maldives have been described as ‘models of good relations between small and big countries’. China has been an important trading partner for Sri Lanka, with a large and growing trade surplus in China’s favour in the last few years. At the same time it has also been a significant source of investment and foreign economic assistance to Sri Lanka. Similarly, while China enjoys a large surplus in its trade with the Maldives as well, it is also a significant source of economic assistance and tourism for the Maldives. Given that India is in many ways the preeminent power in South Asia, China’s relations with Sri Lanka and the Maldives in the South Asian regional context have been analysed in terms of two ‘strategic triangles’: China–India–Sri Lanka and China–India–Maldives. What emerges from this analysis is that the sustenance of the cooperative momentum in the China-India relationship is crucial to the improvement of China’s relations with South Asia as a whole.

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Verma, Renu, i Jaidev Dubey. "What Does Gravity Model Reveal About SAFTA?" Journal of Global Economy 6, nr 3 (30.09.2010): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v6i3.60.

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During last decade, the stalemate in multilateral trade negotiations under the framework of World Trade Organization (WTO) regime has provided impetus to the signing of regional trade agreements world over .South Asia is not an exception to this trend and has been involved in setting up its own bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs). Most commonly cited cooperation agreements are Agreement on Trade and Commerce between India and Bhutan(1972), India-Nepal Bilateral Trade and Transit Treaties(1991), Indiaâ€“Sri Lanka Bilateral Free Trade Area(1998) Bangkok Agreement (1975),Â Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand Economic Cooperation (BIMST-EC-2004) and the Indian Ocean Rim Association of Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC-1997). One ofÂ the most significant stepsÂ towards regional economic cooperation in the history of South Asian countries, was taken with signing of The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) formed in 1985 with the objective of exploiting â€œaccelerated economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the regionâ€ for the welfare of the peoples of South Asia. And then seven South Asian countriesâ€”Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lankaâ€”initiated a framework for region-wide integration under the South Asian Preferential Trade Agreement (SAPTA) in 1995. In order to further cement the regional economic relations and overcome some impediments of SAPTA, the South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) was signed in early 2004, which came into force on 1st July 2006. The SAFTA is a parallel initiative to the multilateral trade liberalization commitments of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) member countries. SAFTA aims to reduce tariffs for intraregional trade among the seven SAARC member countries. It has been agreed that for the South Asian countries, Pakistan and India will eliminate all tariffs by 2012, Sri Lanka by 2013 and Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives and Nepal by 2015. The current paper is an attempt in assessing the potential trade in the region with latest datasetÂ with Gravity model approach.

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Prakash, T. G. Supun Lahiru, W. A. A. D. Upul Indrajith, A. M. C. P. Aththanayaka, Suranjan Karunarathna, Madhava Botejue, Vincent Nijman i Sujan Henkanaththegedara. "Illegal capture and internal trade of wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Sri Lanka". Nature Conservation 42 (3.11.2020): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.42.57283.

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The illegal wildlife trade is considered one of the major threats to global biodiversity. Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) have been highly valued by various cultures for use in religious and spiritual contexts, as a draft animal, and more recently, as a tourist attraction. Thus, the demand for captive elephants is high. Wild Asian elephants are taken from the wild, often illegally, to maintain these captive populations due to the unviability of captive breeding programs. For the first time, we documented the extent to which wild elephants are being illegally captured and traded in Sri Lanka between January 2008 and December 2018. We collected data from case records maintained by the Sri Lanka court system where the suspects of illegal elephant trade were prosecuted in addition to information gathered by archives and interviews with various stakeholders. We documented 55 cases where elephants were illegally traded. This is probably an underestimate due to the mortality rate of elephants during capture operations, and challenges in collecting data on this highly organized illicit trade. Nearly equal numbers of male and female elephants were traded and more than 50% of them were juveniles, aged ≤5 years. Significantly more elephants were found to be seized in 2014–2015 than in the other time periods combined. We found evidence of the illegal capture of wild elephants from wildlife protected areas and state forests. More importantly, we identified evidence of corruption of wildlife officers, involvement of politicians and other high-ranking personnel in the illegal wildlife trade, and lack of active enforcement of wildlife law as major challenges to overcome if the illegal capture and domestic trade of wild elephants in Sri Lanka are to be halted. Based on our study, we make a series of recommendations that should result in implementing policy to reduce the trafficking of Asian elephants in Sri Lanka and improve the conservation management of the species.

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De Silva, D. W. L. U., N. R. Abeynayake, L. F. D. Z. Gunathilaka i K. P. G. L. Sandaruwan. "Determinants of Seafood Trade in Sri Lanka". Sri Lankan Journal of Agricultural Economics 20, nr 1 (31.12.2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sjae.v20i1.4645.

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Sarvananthan, Muttukrishna. "Contraband Trade between India and Sri Lanka". Journal of Contemporary Asia 31, nr 1 (styczeń 2001): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472330180000031.

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Cuthbertson, A. G. (Sandy). "The Trade Policy Review of Sri Lanka". World Economy 20, nr 5 (sierpień 1997): 633–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00093.

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Perera, M. S. S. "Impact of the Indo-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement on the Sri Lankan Economy". South Asia Economic Journal 9, nr 1 (czerwiec 2008): 1–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/139156140700900101.

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Alamari, Muhammad Fauzan. "Catalyst behind Sri Lanka Downfall". Nation State: Journal of International Studies 5, nr 2 (31.12.2022): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24076/nsjis.v5i2.894.

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Sri Lanka shocked the world with a downfall due to an economic crisis. Among the states that had to mitigate the pandemic, Sri Lanka appears to struggle with the situation and as a result of this event, Sri Lanka is in a position of overdue debt with a total of 51 billion USD worth of debt. The inflation was created by economic shortage activity with imbalanced trade records leads to the overthrown of Sri Lanka’s president and as the result produced a vacuum of power. This paper will use of dependency theory to describe the cause of Sri Lanka’s collapse by examining several factors such as civil war, pandemic, oil price rise, and recent terrorist attack.

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Gunawardhana, D., i J. Gamage. "Quills or Featherings? The mechanization of Cinnamon Processing". Bolgoda Plains 2, nr 2 (grudzień 2022): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/bprm.v2(2)2022.2.

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Cinnamon, the dried edible-inner bark of the tree: Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Blume, is an essential spice used around the world. The history of the cinnamon trade goes beyond the 10th century. Since then Sri Lanka is the only place where true cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon, can be found [1]. The annual turnover from Ceylon cinnamon export in 2020 is approximately USD 206 Million which is around 61.5% of the total spice export in Sri Lanka. This contributes to 2% of the total merchandise exports revenue of Sri Lanka.

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Weerasekera, Harini. "Tax Rates and Tax Evasion". South Asia Economic Journal 19, nr 2 (wrzesień 2018): 229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561418794690.

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The study empirically examines the relationship between tax rates and tax evasion for Sri Lanka. This is examined in the context of border tax evasion, where I test for the presence of evasion via the ‘evasion gap’: the discrepancy between exports to Sri Lanka (as reported by Sri Lanka’s trade partners) and imports by Sri Lanka (as reported by Sri Lanka) for products imported by Sri Lanka from its top seven import partners in 2014. The study focuses on two forms of border tax evasion: underreporting and mislabelling. In addition, the study estimates the effect of a policy to bring selected value-added tax (VAT)-exempt products into the VAT net, on the evasion gap. Results from OLS estimation suggest that both forms of evasion are present. The difference-in-difference results of the impact of the policy change on the evasion gap are insignificant, but require post-treatment data to arrive at a more concrete conclusion. JEL: H200, H260

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M, Katugampola, Munasinghe D.S.A, Nanayakkara K, Fernando D.C.V i Jayathilake K.K.P.M. "Sri Lanka and Greco-Roman Maritime Trade Relations". International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 11, nr 7 (24.07.2021): 682–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.11.07.2021.p11590.

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Santiapillai, Charles, Ajith Silva, Champika Karyawasam, Shameema Esufali, Salila Jayaniththi, Mano Basnayake, Vasantha Unantenne i S. Wijeyamohan. "Trade in Asian elephant ivory in Sri Lanka". Oryx 33, nr 02 (kwiecień 1999): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300030441.

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Gordon, Daniel V., i Wimal Rankaduwa. "Trade, taxes and debt repayment in Sri Lanka". Journal of Development Studies 29, nr 1 (październik 1992): 148–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220389208422266.

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de Silva Jayasuriya, Shihan. "Remembering Indian Ocean Slavery through Film". Journal of Global Slavery 5, nr 1 (28.02.2020): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00501006.

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Abstract Due to assimilation, the diversity of the region, and the problems of identification, the presence of Asians with African ancestry in some parts of the Indian Ocean goes largely unnoticed. Whilst Ethiopians came to Sri Lanka voluntarily during the sixth century, the largest known Afro-Sri Lankan community’s history dates back to the island’s colonial era, which began in the sixteenth century. Oral traditions and archival records demonstrate that the Indian Ocean slave trade carried on even after abolition of the transatlantic slave trade. Although their numbers have dwindled due to out-marriage and assimilation, this community’s presence is marked out through its strong cultural memories. This article highlights the significance of film as a medium for making Sri Lankans of African ancestry visible and giving them a space to reflect about their ancestors, cultural traditions and sociolinguistic transformations.

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Kumar, Rakesh. "Does trade interdependency lead linkages between stock markets? A case of South Asian countries". International Journal of Emerging Markets 15, nr 3 (16.09.2019): 490–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-08-2018-0446.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test the dynamic linkages among the stock markets of four South Asian countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) in the backdrop of trade interdependency. Design/methodology/approach Listed indices are used to serve the proxy of stock markets of four countries for the period: January 2000–December 2018. The study uses the autoregressive distributed lag model and Granger causality techniques in multivariate frameworks while focusing on intraregional trade as an exogenous factor for testing the long- and short-run causality in the given data set, hence raising the quality of statistical inference. Findings The results highlight that India and Pakistan are net exporters to the South Asian region, while Bangladesh and Sri Lanka are net importers from the region. While testing the stock markets linkages, the expanded intraregional trade volumes (exports plus imports) have occurred with the significant cointegration of stock markets of India and Pakistan with the other stock markets in the long run. In the short run, the stock markets of India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka report bidirectional causality without having significant spillovers of intraregional trade on the stock prices. Research limitations/implications The study relies on the multivariate techniques with stock prices and regional trade share as the exogenous variables. Further the regulatory, political and economic conditions of sample countries are fundamentally different which in turn affect their degree of trade interdependency and integration between the stock markets. Practical implications Nonsignificant cointegration of the stock markets of Sri Lanka and Bangladesh highlights the possibility of portfolio diversification in the long run, while the significant bidirectional causalities between the stock markets highlight the lesser degree of portfolio diversifications in the short run. Originality/value Pioneer efforts are made to examine the dynamic linkages between the South Asian stock markets while focusing on regional trade interdependency. The results provide new insight in the dynamics of stock returns of South Asian stock markets in the backdrop of intraregional trade.

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Samantha, NPG, i Haiyun Liu. "The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Industrial Sector Growth: Evidence from Sri Lanka". Journal of Asian Development 4, nr 2 (10.08.2018): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jad.v4i2.13339.

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The development of the industrial sector stimulates economic growth and development by reducing poverty and regional disparity, increasing export income, generating quality employment, as well as developing technological capabilities and productive capacities. It has been more than four decades since removing trade-related barriers, and tax incentives liberalized the Sri Lankan economy offered to foreign investors to attract FDI and promote the industrial sector. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between inward FDI and industrial sector performance of Sri Lanka at the aggregate level for the period 1980-2016. We use the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to identify the long-run relationship and short-run dynamics of the selected variables. ARDL bounds test verifies the existence of co-integration among the selected variables. The study fails to find a significant relationship between FDI and industrial sector growth of Sri Lanka in the long run as well as in the short run. The attraction of vertically integrated FDI that consists with advanced technology and value-added production is one of the solutions for overcoming the issue of low technology and knowledge of Sri Lankan industrial sector. Sri Lankan FDI strategy associated with industrial sector should consider the pull and push factors related to recipient and source country respectively. To promote the industrial sector via FDI, the government policy should focus on attracting more FDI that could be channeled into those sectors that would contribute to national competitiveness.

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Athukorala, Prema-Chandra, i Sisira Jayasuriya. "Economic Policy Shifts in Sri Lanka: The Post-Conflict Development Challenge". Asian Economic Papers 12, nr 2 (czerwiec 2013): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00203.

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The end of the long civil war in Sri Lanka in 2009 generated widespread expectations of a peace dividend that would enable the country to embark on a period of sustained economic growth. Recent developments have dampened that optimism, however, rekindling fears that Sri Lanka's tale of missed opportunities may continue. After showing remarkable resilience during decades of war and conflict, the Sri Lankan economy has failed to capitalize on the window of opportunity presented by the end of the military conflict. In the aftermath of military victory, there has been a sharp reversal of trade liberalization and a marked shift back towards nationalist-populist state-centered economic policies, reflecting the pressures of resurgent nationalism, an unprecedented concentration of political power in a small ruling group, and the influence of some powerful vested interests. Unfortunately, a return to the failed past policies of inward-oriented development strategies offers no viable solutions for the problems confronting small, capital- and resource-poor countries in today's globalized world. Sri Lanka must change both its political practices and economic policies drastically and urgently to cope with the huge development challenges facing it in an environment of global economic turbulence.

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Bhavan, Thangamani. "Does Inbound Tourism Encourage Trade Deficit in Sri Lanka?" Asian Development Policy Review 7, nr 4 (2019): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.107.2019.74.253.260.

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Neranjala, T. P. U., W. G. D. Eranga i D. C. T. Dissanayake. "Dried fish production and trade in Negombo, Sri Lanka". Sri Lanka Journal of Aquatic Sciences 27, nr 1 (21.03.2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljas.v27i1.7595.

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Senanayake Amarasingha Appuhamilage, Kanchana, i Ahmed Abdulhusain Ali Alhayky. "Exchange rate movements' effect on Sri Lanka‐China trade". Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 3, nr 3 (5.10.2010): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17544401011084325.

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Athukorala, Prema‐chandra, i Sisira Jayasuriya. "Trade Policy Reforms and Industrial Adjustment in Sri Lanka". World Economy 23, nr 3 (marzec 2000): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00278.

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Thamiem, S., J. Weerahewa, DKNG Pushpakumara i VP Singh. "Trade Competitiveness of Agroforestry Crop Sector in Sri Lanka". Tropical Agricultural Research 22, nr 4 (13.11.2011): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tar.v22i4.3784.

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Abeyratne, Sirimal. "Sri Lanka’s Free Trade Agreements with India and Pakistan: Are They Leading Bilateral Trade Beyond Normalcy?" LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 17, Special Edition (1.09.2012): 315–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2012.v17.isp.a13.

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Bilateralism arises as a “second-best” option when countries seek benefits beyond those of regional approaches to free trade and those of unilateral liberalization. In spite of the regional initiatives for free trade in South Asia along with policy reforms in individual countries, Sri Lanka entered into bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) with India (2000) and Pakistan (2005). In a situation where trade within the South Asian region has been sluggish despite higher economic growth, trade liberalization, and regional initiatives for integration and cooperation, this article examines from the Sri Lankan point of view whether the bilateral FTAs have resulted in above-normal trade performance. The analysis suggests that better performance in bilateral trade cannot be attributed exclusively to the success of the FTAs any more than weak performance can be attributed to their shortcomings. Apart from this, merchandise trade does not appear to have performed in isolation as the extent of overall bilateral connectivity set the groundwork for greater integration. The article confirms that bilateral FTAs that seek reciprocity in integration and cooperation are indeed a “second-best” option, compared to the potential trade performance associated with unilateral liberalization in trading partner countries.

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Pratheepan, Tharmalingam, i Y. K. Weerakon Banda. "The Determinants of Capital Structure: Evidence from Selected Listed Companies in Sri Lanka". International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, nr 2 (24.01.2016): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n2p94.

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This research examines the determinants of capital structure of selected listed companies in Sri Lanka. The capital structure of 55 companies listed in Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) is empirically examined using the fixed effects model. Based on the findings of the panel data analysis during the period of 2003-2012, Profitability exhibits statistically significant of inverse relationship with leverage while firm size and growth shows statistically significant of positive relationship with leverage for selected listed companies in Sri Lanka. Non–debt tax shields and tangibility indicate insignificant impacts on leverage. The results of this empirical study shows that there is robust evidence to support the pecking order theory by manufacturing based companies on the capital structure determinant of profitability variable, and growth variable also strongly supports to the association of the pecking order theory. Though, trade–off theory also can not be rejected because of the correct estimate of the positive sign of size variable of manufacturing based companies. Thus, implication of pecking order theory is more appropriate in Sri Lankan perspective.

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Vamberger, Melita, Cäcilia Spitzweg, Anslem de Silva, Rafaqat Masroor, Peter Praschag i Uwe Fritz. "Already too late? Massive trade in Indian star tortoises (Geochelone elegans) might have wiped out its phylogeographic differentiation". Amphibia-Reptilia 41, nr 1 (12.06.2020): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20191215.

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Abstract Geochelone elegans is one of the most heavily traded tortoise species of the world, and confiscated tortoises are frequently released into the wild, without knowledge about their origin. Using for the first time samples from Pakistan and Sri Lanka, we examined phylogeographic differentiation of G. elegans using 2289 bp of mitochondrial DNA. We found weak intraspecific differentiation without a clear geographic pattern. We suggest that natural phylogeographic differentiation may have been already destroyed by massive releases of confiscated non-native tortoises. The presence of two distinct clades on Sri Lanka, however, could also be the result of a natural range expansion of a mainland lineage into the distribution range of a lineage endemic to Sri Lanka during Pleistocene low sea level stands. We propose that a systematic screening of the genetic differentiation of wild G. elegans should be conducted across its entire distribution range to provide a sound basis for the relocation of confiscated tortoises.

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Mr. Iqbal Ahmad A. Soomro i Dr. Ishaque Ahmed Ansari. "The GSP+ and Exports of Pakistan to the European Union". Journal of European Studies (JES) 38, nr 2 (1.07.2022): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.56384/jes.v38i2.254.

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The European Union (EU) introduced a scheme known as GSP+ (Generalised Scheme of Preferences Plus) for importing products from developing countries, effective from January 2014, with lowering of tariffs substantially. The GSP+ is termed as a ‘special incentive arrangement for sustainable development and good governance.’ There are currently eight GSP+ beneficiary countries: Armenia, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka. This study is focused on the exports of Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines to the European Union. In addition, the impact of GSP+ on the trade of Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Philippines. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses have been performed to identify the impact of GSP+. For regression analyses, data for the period 2008-2019, i.e., six years before the GSP+ (2008-2013) and six years after the GSP+ (2014-2019) has been studied. The result shows that Pakistan is the most beneficiary of the GSP+ as compared to Sri Lanka and the Philippines. It has also been noticed that the exports of Pakistan have shifted from Asia and Africa to the EU in the wake of the GSP+.

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Thevakumar, Presant, i Ruwan Jayathilaka. "Exchange rate sensitivity influencing the economy: The case of Sri Lanka". PLOS ONE 17, nr 6 (16.06.2022): e0269538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269538.

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This particular study investigated the possibility of modelling the exchange rate volatility of the USD/LKR currency pair and analysed whether macroeconomic factors influence the exchange rate. To model the exchange rate volatility, a combination of Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) family models were used. The ARDL model was utilized to explore the presence of dynamic short-run and long-run relationships between the exchange rate and macroeconomic variables. The ARDL model empirical findings inferred that a long-run relationship does not exist between any of the examined macroeconomic variables and the exchange rate. In contrast, a short-run relationship exists between exchange rate lag one, exchange rate lag two, inflation, and merchandising trade balance. Thereby, as per the findings improving the merchandising trade balance and minimising inflation would minimise volatility in the exchange rate. All stakeholders who are exposed to foreign exchange volatility including policymakers, importers, exporters, and financial institutions can benefit from this study’s findings. This research focused on the most recent economic phenomena of Sri Lanka and used Gross official reserve as a variable that was rarely used in existing literature on Sri Lankan exchange rate.

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Singh, Surendar, i Ram Singh. "Do Rules of Origin Extend Disproportionate Trade Gains Under SAFTA: A Case Study of Bicycle and Textile Industries". Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 2 (1.01.2021): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021007.

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Rules of Origin (RoO) have become an important area of policy attention in international trade negotiations due to their far-reaching trade and investment implications to member countries. The main function of RoO in free trade agreements (FTAs) is to set conditions so that goods produced within FTAs comply with the essential origin criterion to claim the benefits of preferential market access and to prevent the entry of goods from non- FTA partners. The rising cases of disproportionate trade benefits have compelled countries to review their RoO provisions under different trade agreements. Additionally, the disproportionate benefit of RoO under the South Asia Free Trade (SAFTA) has received considerable interest in the recent years. This article examines how RoO under the SAFTA is extending unwarranted trade benefit to Bangladesh and Sri Lanka in bicycle and textile and clothing industries. Findings backed by data analysis demonstrate that the entry of Chinese imports into the Indian market via Bangladesh and Sri Lanka is adversely affecting the domestic bicycle and garment industries. Options available to revamp RoO under the SAFTA are limited. This article concludes that reforming value addition criterion and including a ‘sourcing restrictions’ clause may prove effective to prevent the unjustifiable benefits of RoO. RoO, regional value chains, trade policy, free trade agreements, trade agreements, SAFTA

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Maitra, Biswajit, i Moutushi Chakraborty. "International trade, human capital and economic growth in Sri Lanka". International Journal of Economic Policy Studies 15, nr 2 (22.06.2021): 405–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42495-021-00065-2.

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Siriwardana, Mahinda. "Looking beyond SAARC: some trade liberalisation options for Sri Lanka". Asian Studies Review 25, nr 4 (grudzień 2001): 453–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357820108713321.

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Naranpanawa, Athula, Jayatilleke S. Bandara i Saroja Selvanathan. "Trade and poverty nexus: A case study of Sri Lanka". Journal of Policy Modeling 33, nr 2 (marzec 2011): 328–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2010.08.008.

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Joshi, Vivek. "Econometric Analysis of the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement*". Asian Economic Journal 26, nr 2 (czerwiec 2012): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.2012.02078.x.

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Harder, H. "Possible prehistoric glasses in the gem trade of Sri Lanka". Journal of Gemmology 23, nr 5 (1993): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15506/jog.1993.23.5.267.

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