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Lusztig, Michael. "Trade liberalization and institutional design". Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41690.
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The dissertation identifies a body of public policies described as "politically intractable." These are policies which are of clear public benefit, but which involve high political costs to those who enact them. It is suggested that there are two routes to political tractability in the passage of these policies. The "low-risk" strategy entails insulating policy-makers from pressures applied by alienated vested interests. The "high-risk" strategy arises where actors responsible for passing intractable policies risk alienating vested interests if enacting the policy assists them to realize higher-order objectives. These higher-order objectives involve games of institutional design--attempts to reform or preserve (in the face of threat) the institutional structure of the state. The dissertation examines a subset of politically intractable policies called watershed trade policies. Watersheds are instances of substantial trade liberalization which reverse a long-standing tradition of protectionism. The dissertation explains the passage of three watersheds: Britain's repeal of the Corn Laws, the US Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, and Canada's Free Trade Implementation Act, in the context of the high-risk strategy. In these cases, trade liberalization is explained as a by-product of games of institutional design undertaken by political entrepreneurs within the state.
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May, Montana Daniel Esteban. "Agricultural trade liberalization : an international trade network approach". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33206.
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A number of attempts have been made to facilitate agricultural trade liberalisation over the last decades. In spite of these efforts, trade liberalisation of agricultural and food processed goods has been modest. It is argued that this lack of trade liberalisation is explained by the existence of governments that are politically biased in the sense that they place anti-trade policies in order to favour powerful sectors in the economy. While there exists some evidence supporting this argument, it is difficult to assess how these biases influence agricultural trade patterns because existing quantitative modelling approaches do not normally consider simultaneously key aspects that characterise the food industry such as intra-industry trade and the existence of intermediaries in the supply chain with significant market power, among others. The objective of this thesis is to offer an alternative theoretical model that has the potential to accommodate these key aspects and corresponds to an international trade network model that extends the framework developed by Goyal and Joshi (2006). The model was solved by means of simulations and the results revealed that policy biased indeed can prevent trade liberalisation of agricultural and food processed goods. However, other factors that apparently have not been reported so far and that are related to the market power exercised by intermediaries were identified. They correspond to the position of a country in the trade network (i.e. a country occupying a central position in the network is less likely to support trade liberalisation independently of any policy bias), the possibility that global free trade is an unlikely outcome, and the possibility that the world is trapped in an inefficient international trade network. The results also revealed that the adoption of compensatory lump sum payments across countries (i.e. inter-node transfers) or across sectors within a country (i.e. intra-node transfers) could be used a potential tools to achieve global free trade in agriculture as they can compensate losers from trade by gainers achieving, as a consequence, Pareto improving outcomes.
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Eum, Jihyun. "Essays on Product Quality, Trade Costs, and Trade Liberalization". The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500505005414076.
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Hong, Chang. "Trade liberalization and the Chinese economy". online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3230637.
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Romo, Labisch Rodrigo. "Liberalization of trade on legal services". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/111183.
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Memoria (magister en derecho internacional)The work will analyze the provisions relating to legal and professional services contained in each of them, as well as their approach to liberalization. After that, it will point out the implications of each of these approaches, adopted by the two types of agreements: positive list approach, adopted by the GATS-like agreements, and the negative list approach, adopted by NAFTA-like agreements. Chapter II will use an example of each of these agreements that Chile has signed: the Free Trade Agreement between Chile and the United States, and the Protocol on Trade in Services between Chile and Mercosur. The first one adopts the NAFTA model and the second one the GATS model. In both cases the Chapter will analyze the specific provisions related to legal services contained in them, and afterwards it will review the commitments that in the case of the Protocol signed with Mercosur each if its countries have made towards Chile, and in the case of the Free Trade Agreement with the United States, will analyze the Annexes I and II, containing reservations on the obligations. Both agreements are just examples of agreements that adopt one model or the other. The Free Trade Agreement with the United States is a landmark in the international commercial relations of Chile, and a good example of the policies adopted by Chile in the context of its international insertion. In the case of Mercosur, it is an agreement Chile has recently negotiated for trade in services. It has not been approved yet by the Congresses of the countries involved. The first section of Chapter III will review the main obstacles to trade on legal services. These obstacles are related with national treatment, market access and domestic regulation. The next section will show the results of a series of interviews made to lawyers who form part of different Chilean well known legal firms. Guided by certain questions, the interviews look to build a point of view on how the international Chilean legal services market works: what are the types of services traded, to which countries these services are being provided, in which modes are they being supplied, etc. Finally, the work will assess if the agreements signed by Chile to liberalize services, are useful for the Chilean legal services providers, namely big national law firms. Knowing the characteristics of the Chilean legal services market, and the obstacles that usually trade in legal services faces, it will intend to assess if the agreements are useful, and eventually what provision should be revised to get the most out of them.
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Ononaiwu, Chantal. "Regulation and trade liberalization in banking services". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496622.
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Cañonero, Gustavo Enrique. "Topics on trade liberalization and economic integration". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11953.
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Atthakor, Platima. "The liberalization of trade in telecommunications services". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446045/.
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Trade in services is central to the world economy today. Telecommunications services, in particular, can be traded directly as well as providing a medium through which goods and other services can be traded. They are therefore critical to development and the expansion of world trade. This thesis provides a legal analysis of the liberalization of trade in telecommunications services through the multilateral framework of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). More specifically, it examines the interplay of multilateral rules and the domestic regulation of telecommunications in the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the US, and India. The telecommunications industry has until recently been heavily regulated. Even in the US, the movement towards deregulation began only in the 1970s. An in depth examination of the US telecommunications industry in Chapter 2 provides a background analysis of the origin of policies on liberalization of telecommunications domestically and internationally. Chapter 3 examines the current importance of the service economy and the decision of the developed countries, in particular the US, to expand trade in services through liberalization. Chapters 3 and 4 illustrate the extent to which developed countries were the driving force for a multilateral framework within the WTO to govern trade in services, including telecommunications. Chapter 5 shows that developing countries, such as India, although demonstrating their recognition of the benefits of telecommunications liberalization through autonomous regulatory reforms, have so far been restrictive in their WTO services commitments. From this study, it is clear that the movement in both developed and developing countries is towards liberalization and competition. More specifically, the thesis demonstrates the extent to which trade liberalization together with domestic regulatory reform are necessary in order to achieve the liberalization of trade in telecommunications services.
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Imbruno, Michele. "Trade liberalization, intermediate inputs and heterogeneous firms". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.659297.
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This thesis contributes to the literature on microeconomic linkage between globalization, economic growth and welfare. First, we study the impact of input trade liberalization on firm efficiency, aggregate productivity and welfare. We extend the Melitz (2003)'s framework to incorporate: a) trade in both intermediate inputs and final goods between similar countries, b) firm's decision to import intermediate inputs in addition to the decision to export the final output. This model shows different effects from reducing input tariffs, according to whether intermediates are assumed to be imported directly by final good firms or indirectly through an efficient wholesale system. Second, using data from Chinese manufacturing firms over the period 2002- 2006, we investigate empirically the effect of trade liberalization in intermediate inputs on firm's total factor productivity (TFP), considering the relevant role played by trade wholesalers. We document that direct-importers enjoy larger productivity gains from reducing input tariffs respect to other firms. But, the non-importers also benefit because they can access to foreign inputs through trade intermediaries. In sectors where input trade intermediation was relatively low, firms not directly involved in imports suffer efficiency losses. Finally, we also explore the effectiveness of different trade policy instruments on product-level Chinese imports over the period 2000-2006. More specifically, in addition to the declines in tariffs, we investigate the impact on imports of the gradual removal of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) as agreed within WTO's accession protocol in 2001 (such as import quotas, licenses and tendering). Overall, the results show that while manufacturing imports increased due to tariff cuts, agricultural imports grew thanks to the elimination of import licenses. We also find some complementarity between tariffs and NTBs.
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Ukrainets, L. "Impact of trade liberalization on the environment". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2004. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/23322.
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Ukrainets, L. "Impact of trade liberalization on the environment". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2004. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/23339.
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Djiofack, Zebaze Calvin. "Effect of services trade liberalization in Africa". Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CLF10005.
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Despeignes, Elsie. "Trade Liberalization and Agricultural Growth in Haiti". OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1097.
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Liberalization has been, for the past three decades, one of the most prominent strategies used in the developing world to promote growth and foster development. Haiti, as many other least developed countries, has implemented the liberalization policies over the past two decades. The poor socioeconomic conditions of the Haitians, today, have pushed to question the effectiveness of the neoliberal plan. Agriculture being a pivotal sector of the Haitian economy, the study goal is the evaluation of liberalization on the agricultural production. The findings are that trade liberalization is detrimental to agriculture in Haiti. The food crops production, a major component of the agricultural production, in terms of providing income to the rural poor and ensuring food security, suffered the most from trade liberalization. Also, cash crops production has not increased with liberalization.
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Han, Kyoung Ho. "FDI and economic growth the role of stock market liberalization and trade liberalization /". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6052.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on June 22, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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Pizarro, Aliaga Lucia. "Agricultural liberalization : the case of developing countries". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19629.
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The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate, through legal and regulatory analysis, how three non-trade issues - SPS measures, trade in GMOs and food security concerns - might result in new modem barriers to trade that might diminish the gains of freer markets. If developed countries use non-trade concerns to justify more generous domestic support in a non-decoupled way, may do as much harm to international trade as the traditional trade policies instruments did in the past. Such undesired behavior from the developed world is possible due to the inability of current WTO norms to control these new problems. These three special issues must be addressed in future negotiations in order to modify developing countries' perception that the payoffs of trade liberalization are not advantageous for them. The continuance of this perception during current negotiations might lead to the collapse of the current trading system.
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Nangendo, Aidah. "International liberalization of trade in textiles and clothing". Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81472.
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Liberalization of textiles and clothing was one of the pillars of the Uruguay Round under the WTO aimed at promoting economic growth, development and alleviating poverty. For over 40 years this sector had been separated from the established principles of liberal trade stemming mainly from protectionist sentiments. The new regime established by the Uruguay Round aimed at integrating the sector into GATT on the basis of its strengthened rules and disciplines in furtherance of its general objective to liberalize trade. This change in international trade rules is a phenomenal development that is bound to have an impact on trade in other areas. The paper explores the liberalization process by analyzing current trends in the textiles and clothing liberalization process. It identifies opportunities and also highlights challenges the process presents to participants in the sector. Although no precise picture of the trade following the full integration can be drawn at this stage, there are some indicators of potential winners and losers explaining both the praises and condemnation in the liberalization debate from the various commentators. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Magneli, Maria de Lurdes Fatima. "Trade liberalization and poverty alleviation in developing countries". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Wu, Su, i mikewood@deakin edu au. "Trade liberalization and income inequality: a theoretical analysis". Deakin University. School of Economics, 1999. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060817.100610.
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Hnatyshyn, Mariya. "The impact of world trade liberalization on pollution". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31582.
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World trade liberalization has a multifaceted impact on economic and social indicators and they by-turn affect environmental performance. The links between world trade liberalization and pollution are ambiguous and often difficult to determine because of the variety of ways of mutual influence. We divide those trade-pollution links into two groups.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31582
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Hnatyshyn, Mariya. "The prospects for environment- friendly world trade liberalization". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10004.
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Hnatyshyn, M. "Environmentally safe foreign trade liberalization in developing countries". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36081.
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According to the peculiarities of the impact of global trade liberalization on the environment in developing countries, we have offered the main ways to ensure environmentally safe trade liberalization in developing countries (Table 1). We have grouped them into five main areas and suggested remedies to prevent environmental losses from trade liberalization for each of the areas. These tools include conducting internal economic reforms, reforming national system of environmental protection, involving wider public of the country and changing foreign economic activity orientation of the country from economic to eco-economic.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36081
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Nelson, Francesca Linnea. "International agricultural trade liberalization and food security in Jamaica". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320863.
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Xu, Fangya. "Essays on trade liberalization and the environment in China". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12930/.
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This thesis is concerned with understanding the relationship between trade liberalization and the environment in the context of China. Four empirical essays are conducted to investigate different aspects of the nexus. We first look at the changing patterns of revealed comparative advantage in manufacturing industries for China and other countries to examine whether dirty industries have `migrated' from developed countries to China as a result of an environmental regulatory gap. The attention is then turned to the determinants of trade specialization and the role played by environmental stringency using cross-industry regressions within a Heckseher-Ohlin framework. The environmental consequences of trade liberalization are evaluated at both the industrial and provincial level. Next, Environmental Input-Output Analysis (EIOA) is used to measure the `potential' and `actual' pollution content (for three air pollutants, C02, SO2, NO, 1) in imports and exports by industry and overall. In the last essay, we evaluate different and countervailing effects (scale, income and trade-induced composition effects) of trade's impact on the environment using Chinese provincial data. Some generalizations can be made from the studies. Firstly, little evidence is found to support the feared `Dirty Industry Migration' phenomenon from North (developed countries) to South (e. g. China) at ISIC 3 digit level for the past three decades. Secondly, environmental stringency seems to be a negative effect on trade performance at cross-industry level in China. Thirdly, China `saves' in environmental terms through trade and its exports structure is cleaner than that of imports; however, these two conclusions are completely overturned when technology heterogeneity across countries is allowed for. Finally, the channels through which trade liberalization can affect the environment are conflicting and there is no clear cut answer to the question 'is freer trade good or bad to the environment'.
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Kazungu, Khatibu. "Trade liberalization and the structure of production in Tanzania". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/625/.
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This thesis explores the role of trade and trade liberalization policies on Tanzanian economy with special focus on the performance of agricultural sector. In terms of methodology, we first use parametric and non-parametric tests to evaluate the impact of liberalization policies on the growth rate of exports. Secondly, we use ordinary least square and instrumental variable to test the “inverse relationship hypothesis” and then we estimate the effect of liberalization on land productivity. We also extend this analysis to Uganda in order to ascertain whether similar findings could be replicated in other developing countries. Thirdly, we employ the co-integration technique to evaluate the effects of openness on economic growth. The parametric and non-parametric tests shows that: despite the marked variation in the composition of traditional exports especially during the late 1990s; largely from coffee and cotton to cashewnuts and tobacco, the contribution of trade liberalization in fostering export growth is rather weak. Second, although the volume of food crops during the post reform period is much higher than before the reforms, there are no symptoms of increased growth overtime. The empirical evidence from econometric analysis shows the existence of diminishing returns to land in the agricultural sector. On the other hand, the impact of trade liberalization on land productivity is mixed; while in some traditional exports its impact is negative and significant, in others the impact is positive but not significant. Contrary to the conventional wisdom as documented in the traditional theories of comparative advantage, the problem with Tanzanian agriculture is not related to the land size but low productivity. Interestingly, these results are also replicated in the Ugandan case. The cointegration analysis shows that the share of trade to GDP is negatively correlated with economic growth. In general, the contribution of this thesis has wider implications in the development policy, at least for the case of Tanzania and other developing countries. First, trade liberalization policies are counterproductive unless diminishing returns to land is squarely addressed. Secondly, the existence of diminishing returns to land is incompatible with the simple prediction of the theory of comparative advantage. The presumption behind trade liberalization is that specialization according to the “comparative advantage” doctrine would inevitably enhance increased productivity (i.e., efficiency). Our results do not conform to this presumption. Third, diminishing returns means that as production increases with international specialization, every additional unit of commodity produced would be more expensive to produce. Fourth, the persistence of diminishing returns to land is incompatible with poverty reduction.
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Medina, Edgar RamiÌrez. "Essays on trade liberalization and regional development in Mexico". Thesis, University of Essex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437842.
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Warren-Codrington, Alastair. "Trade liberalization and firm dynamics evidence from Indian firms". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12195.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
This paper aims to investigate the firm level effects from the removal of trade barriers. It uses firm level data on Indian firms, and employs simple but effective specifications aimed to analyze the differential effects in sales and prices of goods previously quota bound compared to unbound products.
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Lee, Hwey-Chyi. "Effects of trade liberalization on the Australian dairy industry /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9821354.
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Vu, Hoang dat. "Trade liberalization, labor allocation and income dynamics in Vietnam". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED050/document.
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Les objectifs de notre thèse sont d'étudier les évolutions du marché du travail depuis Doï Moï (la réforme économique au VN en 1986) et les impacts de l'intégration internationale de l'économie du Vietnam, en mettant l'accent sur une distinction des secteurs formel et informel. Dans notre thèse, nous étudions les impacts de la libéralisation commerciale et l'augmentation des salaires minimums dans les secteurs domestiques. Ce dernier peut également être considéré comme un facteur relatif à l'intégration internationale puisqu'il a suivi les engagements du Vietnam dans le cadre de l'adhésion à WTO. Pour les impacts de la libéralisation commerciale, nous examinons les effets sur les allocations de main-d'œuvre entre différents types d'emplois, y compris le travail salarié dans les secteurs formels et les entreprises ménagères, ainsi que les emplois autonomes dans les secteurs manufacturiers. Les impacts sur les écarts de revenus dans les différents types d'emplois sont également exploités. Pour les impacts de l'augmentation des salaires minimums, nous exploitons les effets sur le total des emplois, les mouvements entre les secteurs formels et les autres types d'emplois, la répartition des salaires dans les secteurs formel et informel et les écarts de salaire entre les deux secteurs à différents centiles. Chapitre 1. Libéralisation commerciale, allocation du travail et dynamique des revenus au Vietnam Abstrait Cette étude vise à répondre à deux questions inter-liées au Viet Nam: (i) comment la libéralisation commerciale influence l'allocation des travailleurs, entre travail indépendant, travail salarié dans les entreprises familiales et le travail salarié dans le secteur formel (entreprises privées, étrangères et publiques); et (ii) les écarts de revenus entre ces types d'emplois. Une extension du modèle « deux étapes » de Goldberg et Pavcnik (2003) et sa modification sont utilisées pour répondre aux questions. Les données proviennent de cinq enquêtes traditionnelles sur le vieillissement du ménage du Viet Nam de 2002 à 2010 et des mesures disponibles de la libéralisation commerciale au Viet Nam. Les résultats indiquent que la libéralisation commerciale n'a pas d'impact significatif sur les écarts de revenus entre les types d'emplois. Parallèlement, les augmentations de l'exposition au commerce international réduisent les salaires dans les entreprises familiales, par rapport à celles des secteurs formels. L'augmentation de la libéralisation commerciale a également des répercussions sur les emplois autonomes, mais il semble que les orientations des impacts dépendent des statuts de l'importation nette ou de l'exportation nette d'industries du Viet Nam. Chapitre 2. Impacts de l'unification des salaires minimum entre les secteurs sur les allocations de travail et la dynamique des revenus au Vietnam Abstrait Les taux de salaire minimum au Viet Nam ont augmenté considérablement depuis 2009 en tant qu'engagements d'unification entre les IDE et les secteurs domestiques dans le cadre de l'adhésion à WTO. Cette croissance a été considérée comme supérieure à la croissance de la productivité de l'économie. En utilisant les données des Enquêtes sur la population active du Vietnam et les enquêtes sur le niveau de vie des ménages de 2010 à 2014, le document actuel examine les répercussions des salaires minimum sur les statuts de l'emploi, la répartition des salaires dans les secteurs formel et informel ainsi que les écarts de salaire entre les deux secteurs. Les résultats impliquent que le salaire minimum n'a pas d’effet significatif sur l'ensemble des emplois de l'ensemble de la population. Ce résultat est quelque peu différent de ceux rapportés dans des études antérieures pour le Viet NamThe objectives of the current thesis are to investigate evolutions of the labor market since Doi Moi and impacts from the international integration of Vietnam’s economy, with focuses on a distinction of formal and informal sectors. In the current state of the thesis, the impacts of the trade liberalization and the increases in the minimum wages of the domestic sectors are studied. Indeed, the latter factor, the increase in the minimum wages, can be also considered as a factor relating to the international integration as it followed Viet Nam’s commitments under the WTO accession. For the impacts of the trade liberalization, the thesis investigates the impacts on labor allocations between different types of employments including wage work in the formal sectors and household businesses as well as self-employments in manufacturing sectors. The impacts on income differentials across the types of employments are also exploited. For the impacts of the increases in the minimum wages, the thesis exploits the effects on the total employments, movements between the formal sectors and other types of employments, wage distributions within the formal and informal sectors and wage gaps between the two sectors at different percentiles. Chapter 1. Trade liberalization, labor allocation and income dynamics in Vietnam Abstract This study seeks to answer two inter-related questions for Viet Nam: (i) how trade liberalization affects the allocation of workers across self-employment, wage work in household businesses and wage work in the formal sector (private, foreign invested and state enterprises); and (ii) income differentials between these kinds of employment. An extension of the two-step model in Goldberg and Pavcnik (2003) and its modification are employed to answer the questions. Data is sourced from five Viet Nam Household Living Standard Surveys from 2002 to 2010 and available measures of the trade liberalization in Viet Nam. The results indicate that the trade liberalization does not have significant impacts on income differentials between types of employments. Meanwhile, increases in exposing to the international trade reduce wage works in household businesses, compared with that in the formal sectors. The increase in the trade liberalization also has impacts on self-employments but it seems that the directions of impacts depend on statues of net import or net export of industries of Viet Nam. Chapter 2. Impacts of unification of minimum wages across sectors on labor allocations and income dynamics in Vietnam Abstract Rates of minimum wages in Viet Nam have increased drastically since 2009 as commitments of unification between those in FDI and domestic sectors under the WTO accession. This growth has been considered as being higher to productivity growth of the economy. Employing data of Vietnam Labor Force Surveys and Household Living Standard Surveys from 2010 to 2014, the current paper investigates impacts of the minimum wages on employment statues, wage distributions in formal and informal sectors as well as wage gap between the two sectors. The results imply that the minimum wages do not have significant impacts on the total employments of the whole population. This result is somewhat different from those reported in previous studies for Viet Nam. Our different specifications detect that the differences in the results are attributed to inclusions of trends in studying. Similar to the work of Hansen et al. (2015), the results indicates that that the minimum wages positively affects the wage distribution in the formal sectors. However, we find that the effects do not stop at the median as the result of Hansen et al. but also on higher percentiles. Finally, the minimum wages increases the wage gap between the formal and informal sectors with stronger effects at higher percentiles of the wage distribution
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Leche, Tsenolo. "Agricultural trade : prospects for liberalization after Uruguay and Doha rounds /". Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1968025151&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Karacaovali, Baybars. "The three faces of trade liberalization unilateral, preferential, and multilateral /". College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3714.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Tennakoon, Kadupitige Upalinie Ajitha. "General equilibrium analysis of Sri Lanka's trade liberalization policy options". Thesis, University of Auckland, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3120046.
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Sri Lanka's trade regime has been gradually liberalized over the last two decades with the aim of deeper integration into the global economy. The purpose of this study is to present a quantitative assessment of the impacts of major unilateral, regional and multilateral trade liberalization on Sri Lanka, and rank the trade policy options in terms of their welfare effects. This study contributes to the empirical literature on trade liberalization. The Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model is used to analyze the welfare effects of trade liberalization in a multi-country, multi-sector general equilibrium framework. The results show that if Sri Lanka implements the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA), while maintaining 15 percent external tariffs for the rest of the world, this combined policy would provide the highest welfare gain to Sri Lanka. The SAFTA by its own would provide the second-highest ranked gain from the trade reforms due to the benefits of preferential access to the large SAARC market. The third-highest ranked policy option comes under the unilateral reduction of import tariffs to 15 percent scenario. As results indicate, the Indo-Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ILFTA) offers the fourth-highest policy option for Sri Lanka. Finally, the phasing-out of MFA on Textiles and Clothing under the Uruguay Round Agreement, rank as the fifth-highest policy option for Sri Lanka. Thus, regional trade liberalization is far more preferable to unilateral and multilateral liberalization. However, as the GTAP model permits, these rankings based on only to the static welfare gains, ignoring the dynamic effect of trade liberalization. In addition, the gravity model has been employed to examine the determinants of Sri Lanka's bilateral trade flows with her selected trading partners, in order to sort out the influence of geographical proximity versus preferential trading policies in creating a regional concentration in trade. Our results confirm the validity of geographical factors such as proximity and cultural familiarity, as determinants of Sri Lanka's trade with neighbouring countries. They suggest that the selected trading partners are “natural trading partners” of Sri Lanka.Subscription resource available via Digital Dissertations only.
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IGUCHI, Tatsuya, i Masayuki OKAWA. "On the Revenue Implication of Trade Liberalization under Bertrand Competition". 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/17775.
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Solís, Olivares José Cuauhtémoc. "Trade and foreign investment liberalization and sustainable development in Mexico". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78229.
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This thesis analyses the interface between sustainable development and trade openings and the liberalization of foreign investment in Mexico. The position to be argued throughout this thesis is that the Mexican legal framework, crafted to avoid further degradation of the environment as required by sustainable development, has proven to be limited in meeting the objectives established in the North America Free Trade Agreement and its side accord, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation. This thesis analyses the provisions intended for the protection of the environment within the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the outcome of NAFTA's Chapter 11 investors dispute resolution mechanism and the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) citizens' submission process concerning Mexico.
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Pupongsak, Suparerk. "The effect of trade liberalization on taxation and government revenue". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/837/.
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This thesis investigates the trade and revenue impact of trade liberalization. The purpose is to address the following issues: to examine the effect of trade liberalization on the volume of imports and exports, taxation, and its association with the enhancement of the performance of overall tax system. An empirical analysis is conducted by, first, adding liberalization factors to the import and export demand functions to assess their impact on imports and exports. The results indicate that, for Thailand, trade liberalization does not lead to the deterioration in the trade balance. Instead, it helps improve export performance. However, trade deficit may still occur due to a high income elasticity of demand for imports, rooted from its import structure. Although trade liberalization is not found to be associated with the problem of trade imbalance, the fiscal imbalance may still persist due to the mechanism of tariff reduction. In order to deal with the fiscal problem, the government needs to implement domestic tax reform. The consequence of reform may vary since liberalization impacts on taxation differ greatly depending on various factors. The study examines its effect on taxation, by applying a tax effort model and employing a two-way fixed effect approach. The results suggest that tax reform in less developed and developing countries, by moving away from trade tax to domestic taxes, may be inapplicable since domestic taxes may also severely suffer from liberalization. However, tax reform is still necessary and thus the study applies the concept of tax buoyancy and elasticity to evaluate the ability of Thailand’s tax system to mobilize its revenue after the reform. The results reveal that the tax system as a whole is buoyant and elastic due to the high tax-to-base buoyancy of corporate income tax, especially in the post-AFTA period. The main findings from empirical studies have important policy implications for tax strategies of Thailand and other developing countries.
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Altidor, Paul 1972. "Impacts of trade liberalization policies on rice production in Haiti". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28350.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-39).
The decline in rice production in Haiti corresponds directly with the trade liberalization that began during the mid 1980s. Before 1986, Haiti was self-sufficient in rice production even in the midst of low yields and traditional farming practices. An influx of rice imports from the United States priced lower than domestic rice has slowly displaced Haitian rice. Producers have found that they are unable to compete with the cheaper imported rice. The low tariffs on rice in Haiti prevent Haitian producers from being able to compete with lower priced imported rice. In 1995, tariffs on rice were decreased from 35 percent to 3 percent. The majority of the rice imported into Haiti originated from the United States, where farmers receive heavy subsidies from the government. As a result, the price of the imported rice does not reflect true production costs. Since Haitian producers are not subsidized, Haitian producers are at disadvantage.
by Paul Altidor.
S.M.
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Elewa, Aya. "Trade liberalization, competition and market structure : theory and empirical evidence". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E063.
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Étant donné les caractéristiques du nouveau système du commerce international, il est important de revoir la théorie du commerce international dans un cadre d’économie industrielle (IO) qui capture la nature internationale de cartels, l’existence des firmes multiproduits, les interactions stratégiques entre les firmes (structure du marché oligopolistique) et l’hétérogénéité entre les firmes en matière de leur taille (grande vs. petites) afin de tirer des conclusions sur le fait que si la libéralisation du commerce sera suffisante pour encourager la concurrence ou plutôt une politique de concurrence rigoureuse devrait être appliquée en même temps afin de garantir un environnement concurrentiel et donc améliorer le bien-être. Plus précisément, les interactions stratégiques entre les entreprises jouent un rôle important dans l’évaluation de l’effet concurrentiel de la libéralisation du commerce. Cette étude vise à analyser, tout d’abord, comment l’ouverture commerciale et, par conséquent, la baisse des tarifs affectent le niveau de concurrence, la structure du marché, la formation des cartels et, par conséquent le niveau des prix. Deuxièmement, d’étudier comment le commerce affecte le comportement des firmes. L’utilisation des modèles théoriques et des données sur les firmes égyptiennes pour analyser ces questions me permettent de tirer des conclusions sur la substituabilité entre la politique de libéralisation du commerce et la politique de concurrence. Les résultats montrent que, dans un contexte de collusion entre les firmes, l’ouverture au commerce peut induire une augmentation du niveau des prix. De plus, les résultats montrent que les firmes multiproduits ajustent leur portefeuille de produit selon les caractéristiques des destinations. Enfin, proposant une structure de marché mixte quand on analyse le comportement des firmes multiproduits, montre que la mondialisation affecte la structure du marché par le biais de la sortie des petites firmes. Les effets pro-concurrentiels d’ouverture commerciale ne sont pas si évidents. Une politique de concurrence rigoureuse est indispensable afin de dissuader les comportements anticoncurrentielsGiven the features of the new trade system, it is important to reconsider international trade theory in an Industrial Organization (IO) framework that captures the international nature of cartels, the existence of multi-product firms, strategic interactions between firms (oligopolistic market structure) and the heterogeneity between firms in terms of size (large vs. small firms) to draw conclusions on whether trade liberalization will be sufficient to enhance competition or should a rigorous competition policy be applied at the same time to ensure competition and hence welfare promotion. More precisely, strategic interactions between firms play an important role in assessing the competitive effect of trade liberalization.This study aims to analyze, first, how trade liberalization and, hence, a decline in trade costs affect the level of competition, market structure and cartel formation in the market and, hence the price level. Second, how trade openness affects firms’ behavior. Building theoretical model and using firm-level data from Egypt to analyze these questions allow me to draw conclusions on the substitutability between trade liberalization and competition policy. Findings show that trade openness, in a context of collusion between firms, may induce an increase in the level of price when there are sufficiently large firms in the market. Overall, evidence on a change in multi-product firms’ choice of product mix with tougher competition and larger market size in the destination is revealed. Finally, using a mixed market structure when analyzing multi-product firms’ behavior, shows that globalization affects the market structure through inducing the exit of small firms. Pro-competitive effects of trade openness were not so clear, a rigorous competition policy is crucial to deter anti-competitive behaviors with increasing trade liberalization
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Gourdon, Julien. "Essays on trade liberalization and income inequality in developing countries". Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF10004.
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Ibarra-Puig, Vidal Isaac. "Trade liberalization and foreign direct investment : the case of Mexico". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0046.
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L'ouverture de l'économie mexicaine a été donnée par trois voies : 1) à travers l'inclusion du Mexique dans l'organisme directeur du commerce international, le GATT, pendant l'année de 1986. 2) l'intégration à différents organismes régionaux de commerce. 3) les négociations pour conformer un secteur de libre commerce vers le nord : le Traité de libre commerce d'Amérique du Nord. Cet accord est entré en vigueur en 1994, et ça a été le premier d'une série d'accords bilatéraux. Les réalisations du processus d'ouverture sont à la vue : p l’inflation est contrôlée ; le déficit public n'est pas plus un problème. Mais la croissance du PIB a été plus petite pendant le processus d'ouverture que pendant la période du développement stabilisateur des années 1958 à 1970. Les processus d'ouverture du Chili, du Brésil et de la Corée du Sud démontrent avec ses succès qu’ils ont été menés à bien, mieux que dans le cas mexicain. Une caractéristique que partagent ces trois pays dans leur processus de libéralisation commerciale est l'emphase dans une meilleure éducation et l'élan à la recherche et au développement. La basse productivité au Mexique, comparée avec celles des autres pays analysés, est multi causale. La basse productivité influence une basse compétitivité, et cette compétitivité mexicaine est obtenue pour l'instant dans de bas coûts salariaux. Les biens mexicains, bien qu'ils jouissent de l'avantage absolu de la distance à son principal marché, les Etats-Unis, voient menacée cet avantage par l'avantage compétitif de la formation de capital humain des pays mentionnés, en plus de la Chine. Il est nécessaire de changer le modèle de faire des affaires dans l'économie mexicaineThe liberalization of the Mexican economy came about along three lines. First through Mexico’s inclusion in the GATT in 1986. The second line of trade liberalization was entry to a number of regional trade organizations. The third line of trade liberalization was the beginning of negotiations to for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which includes Canada, the United States and Mexico. Nafta came into force in 1994 and was the first in a series of bilateral agreements. The achievements of the liberalization process are clear: controlled inflation; the public deficit has ceased to be a problem. But something is missing: GDP growth during the liberalization period has been lower than during the stabilizing development phase from 1958 to 1970. The successes of the liberalization processes in Chile, Brazil and South Korea show that they have been performed better than in mexico: one characteristic shared by these three countries in their trade liberalization process is the emphasis on better education and promoting research and development. The low productivity in Mexico, mainly when it is compared with other countries, is multi-causal. Low productivity influences in a low competitiveness, which is obtained so far in low wage costs in the Mexican economy. Mexican goods enjoy the absolute advantaje of distance as regards their main market, the USA; but mexican products see threatened this advantage by the countries with more human capital formation competitive advantage, including China. It is necessary to change the model of doing business in the Mexican economy
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Tatum, Robert C. "The impact of trade liberalization on the balance of payments". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3162982.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Economics, 2005.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Dec. 2, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-02, Section: A, page: 0692. Chair: Edward F. Buffie.
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Gourdon, Julien. "Essays on trade liberalization and income inequality in developing countries /". [Paris] : Édilivre, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41306061s.
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Bowles, Tyler J. "Trade Liberalization: The Impact on Utah's Dairy and Meat Industries". DigitalCommons@USU, 1986. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4093.
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Trade liberalization in dairy and meat products is of significant interest for Utah since 75 percent of Utah farm cash receipts are from these two products and both product groups are net U.S. imports. This thesis analyzes the impact that trade liberalization in dairy and meat products would have on Utah's dairy and meat industries and Utah's general economy.
A model based upon the current level of imports and exports, the price elasticity of import demand, and the tariff equivalent of import restrictions is used to estimate the production changes in Utah's dairy and meat industries that would result from trade liberalization. Multipliers are then used to translate production changes into total output, total income, and employment changes in Utah's economy.
The general conclusion reached is that the overall effect would be small. The major reason for this result is that the dairy and meat industries are characterized by a high degree of intraindustry trade.
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Huang, He. "At the Crossroad of Free Trade and Trade Protectionism: Analyzing EU’s External Trade Policy under the Impetus of Global Trade Liberalization". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9367.
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Departing from the case of textile and clothing trade dispute between the EU and China in 2005, it has been noticed that the EU’s policy in textile trade to a large extent has been situated in a position of dilemma. On the one hand, the growing global impetus of liberalization in the sector forces the EU to open up its market to cheap textile imports from the developing countries; on the other hand, the fierce protectionist pressures come from the domestic producers and slow down the paces towards liberalization, or sometimes even take setback towards more conservative performances. By placing this case in a broader context, the EU’s external trade policy is confronted with the similar dilemma, swaying between the trade liberalization and trade protection. Consequently, does the EU emerge in the current multilateral trading system of the WTO as a force for trade liberalization or a force for trade protectionism?
Bearing this question in mind, the general climate of global trade under the GATT/WTO and the EU’s external trade policy will firstly be examined. Then, the EU’s trade protectionism is about to be explained by strategic trade theory, the high political content of the EU’s external trade policy and the fragmentation in the EU’s policy networks; while the EU’s inclination towards trade liberalization will be explained by the implications from the conventional trade theory and new institutionalism, and as well as the impacts from the general climate of global trade.
The results shows that the EU’s external trade policy under the global trade liberalization is a mixture, neither pure liberalization nor pure protectionism. With regard to the trade issues concerning to the vital interests, the Union without exception inclines to conservative protectionism; whereas concerning the issues of less importance, compromises and concessions always lead the outcomes of the policy to the inspiring liberalization.
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Chou, Yujen. "U.S.-Taiwan trade conflicts (1984-1989) : the political economy of accelerated trade liberalization in Taiwan /". The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487678444256949.
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Tong, Chi-hung Philip, i 湯志雄. "International trade in Asia Pacific: a study of trade liberalization and regionalism : an East Asia prospective". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31267683.
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Jang, Yong Joon. "Three essays on the effects of trade liberalization on economic performance". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3378356.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Economics, 2009.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 6, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-10, Section: A, page: 3955. Adviser: Michael Alexeev.
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Peng, Xuehua. "TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND DIVISION OF LABOR: IMPLICATIONS FOR POVERTY IN CHINA". Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2006. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyagec2006d00536/Dissertation.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2006.Title from document title page (viewed on January 23, 2007). Document formatted into pages; contains: ix, 157 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-153).
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Zhao, Oliver Yue. "Economic implications of interregional trade liberalization in the Canadian dairy industry". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0013/NQ59704.pdf.
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Gumilang, Howard Putra. "Economic and environmental impacts of trade liberalization: the case of Indonesia". Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86586.
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In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the environmental impacts of trade liberalization given the rising environmental awareness of the general public. Unfortunately, existing studies have yet to arrive at a consensus in this area. This thesis provides further discourse in this area with a case study of Indonesia and its participation in free trade agreement with Japan (IJEPA) and ASEAN (AFTA). A static global CGE model, known as Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) was used to assess the economic and environmental impacts of growth and trade liberalization. Projection of the Indonesian economy to the year 2022 suggested that it will grow rapidly over this period. Comparison of trade liberalization scenarios with a counterfactual base, however, indicates that Indonesia's participation in these trade agreements will only have a marginal positive impact on Indonesia's industrial output. Nevertheless, it did result in a noticeable increase in trade flows and there were signs of trade diversion occurring. In 2022, it was projected that Indonesia will see a large deterioration in its environment due to the growth in output. Counter factual analysis of trade liberalizations indicated that it has only a marginal environmental impact. Generally, air pollution emissions increased while water pollution decreased following tariff reforms. In conclusion, the study suggests that Indonesia's participation in the AFTA and IJEPA agreements are not likely to bring drastic changes to her economic and environmental performance.Au cours des dernières années, la pression publique a attisé l'intérêt concernant l'impact environnemental découlant de la libéralisation des marchés. Malheureusement, les études se penchant sur ce sujet ne sont pas encore arrivé à un consensus. Cette recherche a pour objectif d'augmenter la compréhension dans ce domaine de recherche par l'utilisation d'une étude de cas basée sur l'Indonésie et de sa participation dans le traité de libre échange avec le Japon (IJEPA) et celui de l'Association des Nations du Sud-Est Asiatique (AFTA). L'étude de cas utilise un modèle monétaire d'équilibre général, multisectoriel et intertemporel, connu sous le nom anglais de Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), pour évaluer l'impact environnemental de la croissance et de la libéralisation des marchés. Les prévisions pour l'économie Indonésienne jusqu'en 2022 indique une croissance importante pendant cette période. Cependant, en comparant le scénario d'ouverture des marchés avec celui sans ouverture des marchés, la participation de l'Indonésie dans cet accord de libre échange indique un faible impact sur la production industrielle de l'Indonésie. Malgré peu d'effet sur la production, une augmentation significative des échanges et une modification du type d'échanges se produit. En 2022, le modèle prédit une détérioration de l'environnement du pays causée par une croissance de la production. Une comparaison avec le statu quo indique que la libéralisation des marchés n'a qu'un effet négligeable sur l'environnement. En général, la pollution atmosphérique augmente alors que la pollution de l'eau diminue suite à la réforme des tarifs douaniers. En conclusion, l'étude suggère que la participation de l'Indonésie dans les accords de l'AFTA et l'IJEPA ne génère pas de changements drastiques dans les performances économiques et environnementales du pays.
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Serra, Daniel J. "Trade Liberalization in Mexico: An Analysis of the Anti-Export Bias". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/960.
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Modern trade theory suggests that protectionist policies hinder exports by altering domestic prices and production incentives. This paper examines the effect of import tariffs on Mexican non-oil exports through a comprehensive analysis of the Mexican trade sector, including a breakdown of the most important free trade agreements for the Mexican economy, information on Mexican resource mobility and factor endowment, and analysis on Mexico’s tariff structure. The paper finds that import tariffs on both intermediate and final goods have a direct and significant effect on exports, alluding to the existence of an anti-export bias, and argues that free trade is the most effective way to promote exports and allow for domestic price readjustment.
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Sumrit, Arpaporn. "Engendering trade liberalization : rural women and the rice sector in Vietnam". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610056.
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