Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Trade and manufacturing

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Trade and manufacturing”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 27 lipca 2024
Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Trade and manufacturing"

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Cravino, Javier, i Sebastian Sotelo. "Trade-Induced Structural Change and the Skill Premium". American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 11, nr 3 (1.07.2019): 289–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20170434.

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We study how international trade affects manufacturing employment and the relative wage of unskilled workers when goods and services are traded with different intensities. Manufacturing trade reduces manufacturing prices worldwide, which reduces manufacturing employment if manufactures and services are complements. International trade also raises real income, which reduces manufacturing employment if services are more income elastic than manufactures. Manufacturing production is unskilled-labor-intensive, so that these changes increase the skill premium. We incorporate these mechanisms in a quantitative trade model and show that reductions in trade costs had a negative impact on manufacturing employment and the relative wage of unskilled workers. (JEL F16, J24, J31, L60)
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Adom, A. Désiré. "Trade and Manufacturing in Sub-Saharan Africa". International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics 9, nr 3 (30.04.2020): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31270/ijame/v09/i03/2020/9.

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Trade and manufacturing have gained momentum in economic debates across Africa as of late. In particular, this study attempts to shed light on the impact of trade openness on manufacturing in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Using a dual comparative approach made of vector auto-regression (VAR) and general method of moments (GMM) applied to 36 countries, results indicate that trade openness impedes the development of manufacturing. The negative effect of trade openness, which remains very limited in scope notwithstanding, underscores an essential feature regarding the entire manufacturing sector in SSA. Indeed, the idiosyncrasies of this sector – namely, underdevelopment, nascent industries and lack of diversification, among others − severely undermine the resilience of countries in SSA as they face heightened international competition. Keywords: Trade openness, Manufacturing, Sub-Sahara Africa, Vector auto regression. JEL Classification: F14, F41, F60
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Aksoy, M. Ataman, i Francis Ng. "Limits to Trade Growth: Decomposing Manufacturing Trade". International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, nr 2 (11.01.2017): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n2p122.

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This paper decomposes manufacturing import growth rates in 5 large industrial and 8 large developing countries and measures the relative contributions of domestic demand and market share changes for 1986/87, 1991/92, 1996/97, 2001/02, 2006/07 and 2011/12. Imports as a share of domestic value added has increased significantly over this period and account between 70 to 80 percent of import growth during this period. Exports from developing countries and especially China account for the bulk of this increase. China is an exception to this development and its import shares have not increased and have actually decreased during the last period. Finally future trade growth rates are going to decrease. We show that most of the early growth of trade was caused by trade liberalizations from almost closed economies and initial import shares were very low so that small changes led to high trade growth rates. Now that the market shares are already very high, it is almost impossible to replicate similar growth rates.
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Keum, Euimin, i Chang-min Lee. "Does Japanese Manufacturing FDI in ASEAN5 Facilitate Trade?" Northeast Asia Economic Association Of Korea 36, nr 1 (30.04.2024): 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52819/jnes.2024.36.1.71.

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manufacturing companies, but their expansion slowed in the early 2000s due to the rise of China. However, since the 2010s, amid tensions between Japan and China, as well as between the US and China, the ASEAN region has gained attention as an alternative destination. The paper analyzes the impact of changes in Japanese FDI in the manufacturing sector on trade between Japan and target countries. The analysis focuses on FDI in all 12 sectors of manufacturing in the five major ASEAN countries from 2007 to 2019 and estimates using gravity equations. Given the importance of distance variables in gravity equations, a random effects model is used for estimation. The results indicate that Japanese FDI in the transportation equipment, electronic equipment, and chemical and pharmaceutical industries had a positive correlation with trade with ASEAN5 countries, but no significant results were found in other sectors. Moreover, in transportation equipment and chemical and pharmaceutical industries, the import effect was greater than the export effect. With the Japanese government providing subsidies to manufacturing companies relocating production hubs to ASEAN from 2020 onwards, an increase in trade volume between these countries and Japan is expected in the future.
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Colin Koh-King Wong, Venus Khim-Sen Liew i Mohammad Affendy Arip. "The Impact Of ASEAN Free Trade Area On Intra-Asean Manufacturing Trade". International Journal of Business and Society 18, nr 3 (31.12.2017): 633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3155.2017.

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This study investigates the effects of ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) agreement on the bilateral manufacturing trade between the 10 member countries of ASEAN and 39 of their trading partners. The period ofstudy covers 1995 to 2014. Results obtained from panel data analysis of the gravity model with random effectsshow that the economic sizes, populations, relative endowments, common language and geographical factors like distance, island, landlocked and neighbour are significant determinants of the bilateral manufacturing trade for ASEAN member countries. Moreover, results obtained from the fixed effects model in this study suggests that AFTA has generatedpure trade creation effects in terms of exports. Ontop of that, AFTA has resulted in larger magnitude of trade creation effects in imports than import diversion effects. Overall, AFTA promotes trades among ASEAN member countries through the elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers, for bringing aboutpure trade creation effects in terms of exports as well as imports and also trade diversion effects in terms of imports. In sum, this study with more recent data set covering more ASEAN trading partners shows empirical evidence to justify the success of AFTA arrangement.
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Fafchamps, Marcel. "Trade credit in Zimbabwean manufacturing". World Development 25, nr 5 (maj 1997): 795–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(96)00134-9.

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Batra, Ravi, i Hamid Beladi. "Manufacturing and the Trade Balance". Pacific Economic Review 3, nr 2 (czerwiec 1998): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.00046.

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Villanueva, Luis. "Are manufacturing workers benefiting from trade? The case of Mexico’s manufacturing sector". International Journal of Development Issues 16, nr 1 (4.04.2017): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-08-2016-0048.

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Purpose This paper aims to focus on the distributive implications of trade by studying how manufacturing workers’ relative earnings and employment have changed in post–North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Mexico (1995-2011). Design/methodology/approach Input–Output analysis and inequality analysis were combined to reveal the empirical relationship between trade, wage inequality and employment in the manufacturing sector in post-NAFTA Mexico. Findings The results reveal that the manufacturing sectors that produce for the export market tend to pay among the lowest wages and yet employ around half of the manufacturing working population; wages in labor-intensive sectors have not been increasing, while wage inequality has been rising; and employment creation due to trade is not always positive and sustained, hence does not seem to be a stable source of jobs. The paper concludes by discussing policy implications of the findings. Originality/value The main focus of the existing literature has been to explain the disconnection between trade and growth. This paper shifts the focus towards the distributive dimension of trade (rather than growth) by focusing on how manufacturing workers' relative earnings and employment have changed in post-NAFTA Mexico (1995-2011). Hence it attempts to contribute to the existing literature on the distributive implications of trade.
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Mora, Jesse, i Nirvikar Singh. "Trade productivity upgrading, trade fragmentation, and FDI in manufacturing". Indian Growth and Development Review 6, nr 1 (12.04.2013): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538251311329559.

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Malhotra, Ms Amita, i Dr Sucheta Gauba. "Role of ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement in India’s International Trade". Eduzone : international peer reviewed/refereed academic multidisciplinary journal 12, nr 02 (2023): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56614/eiprmj.v12i2.529.

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Emerging economics view Foreign Trade Agreements (FTAs) as a means of development through reduced tariffs and access to low cost products. They not only lead to development of secure international trade but also promote manufacturing in domestic territories. AIFTA (ASEAN India Free Trade Agreement) inked in 2010 paved way for much needed manufacturing and trade boost for both India and ASEAN member states. With more than a decade’s performance till date, this research paper attempts to evaluate the role AIFTA played in meeting the intended objectives. This qualitative research is based on secondary data released by government of India. An attempt has been made to draw patterns and examine if ASEAN countries occupy a prominent place in India’s international trade. Further a comparison with major trading partners (USA, UAE, UK, China and Australia) reveals that a lot needs to be done. It is observed that the trade deficit of India with ASEAN is continuously increasing, depicting a case of trade diversion instead of trade creation against the expected lines.A deeper look at top fifteen commodity groups internationally traded by India highlight the role of only two ASEAN nations and more policy boosts are needed to reap desired benefits from ‘look east policy’ of the government. In order to bolster economic development, augment manufacturing sector and generate employment India needs to strategically look at bilateral trade options with each of the member states or revisit ASEAN FTA to for trade to peak leading to economic growth.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Trade and manufacturing"

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Eggebrecht, Jared O. "Impact of China-based manufacturing on greater Wisconsin manufacturing companies". Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003eggebrechtj.pdf.

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Mapes, John. "Performance Trade-Offs in Manufacturing Plants". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3969.

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If manufacturing organisations are to remain competitive they must continuously improve their levels of operating performance. In order to do this, operations managers must understand which are the key drivers that are most effective at creating performance improvements and how the various measures of operating performance interact. The research addresses both of these issues. First it attempts to identify the key drivers that seem most effective in achieving increases in overall operating performance. Then it explores the relationship between the levels of performance for different operating measures in the same manufacturing plant. The basis of the research was a database of 953 UK manufacturing plants. These plants had all participated in the UK Best Factory Awards database during the years 1993- 1996. The plants were grouped into 6 industrial categories. The plants in each industrial category were then ranked for each performance measure and divided into three equal-sized groups of high, medium and low performers. The groups of high and low performers were then compared in order to identify characteristics that were statistically different for the two groups. The high performers were found to put a greater emphasis on continuous improvement, involving a higher proportion of the workforce in this activity. The workforce was also more flexible in terms of the range of tasks that they were competent to carry out. The high performers exhibited much less variability in their processes with greater adherence to schedule, more consistent processing times, lower scrap rates and more reliable supplier deliveries. Using the results of this analysis in combination with an analysis of the literature on the characteristics of high performing plants a tentative model was constructed attempting to show how these characteristics would impact on operating performance. The model suggested that improvements in unit manufacturing cost, quality consistency, speed of delivery and delivery reliability would be positively correlated. The model also suggested that the size of the product range would be negatively correlated with unit manufacturing cost, quality consistency, speed of delivery and delivery reliability. The database was used to test for statistical correlations between measures of these aspects of performance and the results provided general support for both of these propositions. Six of the plants in the database were visited and staff responsible for planning, purchasing and production were interviewed. The objective was to test whether the conclusions reached on the basis of statistical analysis could also be validated at individual plants. There was general support for the differences in the characteristics of high and low performing plants. There was also general support for the propositions that plants achieve similar performance on unit manufacturing cost, quality consistency, speed of delivery and delivery reliability relative to plants in the same industrial sector and that increasing the size of the product range adversely affects unit manufacturing cost, quality consistency, speed of delivery and delivery reliability.
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da, Silveira Giovani José Caetano. "The management of manufacturing trade-offs". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/79987/.

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This thesis investigates the nature and management of manufacturing trade-offs. It examines the properties and features of trade-offs in the context of manufacturing systems and the ways that operations management may deal with them. The need for such an investigation stems from (a) the increasing interest in trade-offs, (b) the implicit use of trade-offs in many recent popular operations literature, (c) the interest in the dynamic competencies literature and (d) the apparent lack of trade-offs methods or an overall framework. This study reflects the need to extend the trade-offs research from its present descriptive focus to an explanatory and hopefully more elucidating focus. This research is based on a number of case studies of manufacturing companies in Great Britain and Brazil. Data concerning their trade-offs were collected mainly through the examination of documents, observations of shop-floor activities and interviews with the systems' key operations managers. Following analysis identified the major data within and across the cases about the properties, features and management of trade-offs. This investigation suggests mainly that trade-offs between MSDs do exist; that their structure can be visualised as base, pivot and function; that they are contingent and dynamic; that their performance is different from their importance; that these depend on a range of external and internal factors; that one can improve trade-offs through alternative strategies and that flexibility may have a pivotal role in this process. The major original contributions of this explanatory, in-depth investigation are (a) the development of a trade-offs model that may be more accurate and useful than previous models in the literature; (b) the distinction between the performance and importance of trade-offs; (c) the taxonomy of trade-offs management strategies and (d) the identification of the role of flexibility in trade-offs management, with emphasis on the distinction between the ideas of flexibility and variety in that context.
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Oldenski, Lindsay. "Nonroutine tasks in international trade". Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3356339.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 9, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Jessup, Katherine. "Does trade Improve income inequality? a study in agricultural and manufacturing trade /". CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/3631.

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Pumar, Jose. "Global manufacturing facility design". Online version, 2002. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2002/2002pumarj.pdf.

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Phan, Phalla. "Trade liberalisation and manufacturing performance in Thailand 1990-2000 /". Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20050201.105429/index.html.

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Wood, Eric. "Essays on trade and manufacturing industry in South Africa". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390185.

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Diabate, Youssouf Nelson Robert G. "Vertical integration in the food manufacturing industry 1967-1992". Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/Send%206-15-07/DIABATE_YOUSSOUF_4.pdf.

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Mather, Charles. "Flexible manufacturing in Vancouver's clothing industry". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28112.

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Flexible production techniques have been implemented in a number of industries in response to the crisis following the long post World War Two boom. These new methods have recently captured the attention of social scientists from a broad range of perspectives. In the large North American automobile industry, where flexible manufacturing is best documented, firms are introducing programmable equipment, work teams are replacing the assembly line, inventories are kept at a minimum, improving turnaround time and quality are important goals, and markets are smaller as specific consumers are targeted. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the experience of the automobile industry is not representative of other manufacturing sectors. The implementation of the new techniques is likely to be different where the organisation of production is different, the structure of the industry is less concentrated, and where norms of consumption are distinct. This thesis focuses on the clothing industry in Vancouver, British Columbia. For this study, interviews were conducted with fourteen clothing firms in the city, ten workers (most of whom were Chinese female immigrants), union officials, equipment salespeople and a government official. The primary research question was to understand the pervasiveness of the new techniques and their effects on workers and the industry in Vancouver. The results of this study suggest that it is overwhelmingly the very large fashion firms that have invested in flexible machinery. These firms are large enough to lay out the capital for the new machines which improve turnaround time and flexibility, both vital for manufacturers of fashion apparel. A second advantage of the equipment for factory owners is that it reduces their dependence on skilled male workers who command the highest wages on the shop floor. For women workers in the industry (machinists), the new machines simply speed up work, making an already debilitating job worse. On the other hand, many smaller fashion firms are unable to raise the capital for the equipment even though the potential benefits are significant. In addition, standardised clothing manufacturers in Vancouver have not purchased the new technology because it does not suit their needs. Firms without the new technology weather downturns in the economy primarily through workers in the secondary labour market, which, in Vancouver is dominated by immigrant women. At this stage it seems that are barriers to the widespread implementation of flexible equipment in Vancouver clothing industry.
Arts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
Graduate
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Książki na temat "Trade and manufacturing"

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Market Segment Specialization Program (U.S.), red. Furniture manufacturing. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1997.

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Market Segment Specialization Program (U.S.), red. Furniture manufacturing. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1997.

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health., red. IKI Manufacturing, Edgerton, Wisconsin. [Washington, D.C.]: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2003.

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Hudson, Peyton B. Guide to apparel manufacturing. Greensboro, N.C: MEDIApparel, 1988.

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1954-, Bhowmick Anil K., Hall Malcolm M. 1938- i Benarey Henry A, red. Rubber products manufacturing technology. New York: M. Dekker, 1994.

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Hudson, Peyton B. Guide to apparel manufacturing. Wyd. 2. Greensboro, N.C: MEDIApparel, 1989.

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United States. Agricultural Cooperative Service. Food manufacturing by cooperatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Cooperative Service, 1990.

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Choorikkad, Veeramani, i Export-Import Bank of India, red. Intra-industry trade in India's manufacturing sector. Mumbai: Quest Publication, 2004.

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al-Iqtiṣādīyah, Markaz al-Miṣrī lil-Dirāsāt, red. Trade-induced protectionism in Egypt's manufacturing sector. Cairo, Egypt: Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, 2003.

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David, Lim, red. Asean-Australia trade in manufactures. Melbourne, Australia: Longman Cheshire, 1985.

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Części książek na temat "Trade and manufacturing"

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Mountjoy, Alan B., i Clifford Embleton. "Manufacturing, Transport and Trade". W Africa, 505–15. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032685700-54.

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Seifert, Roger. "Bullies, Managers, Workers and Trade Unionists". W Precision Manufacturing, 1–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5338-2_11-1.

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Wignaraja, Ganeshan. "The Incentive Structure for Manufacturing". W Trade Liberalization in Sri Lanka, 87–129. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26267-0_5.

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Wignaraja, Ganeshan. "Interventions in Manufacturing: Main Findings". W Trade Liberalization in Sri Lanka, 151–60. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26267-0_7.

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Urban, Herwig, i Karl W. Steininger. "Manufacturing and Trade: Labour Productivity Losses". W Economic Evaluation of Climate Change Impacts, 301–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12457-5_16.

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Menon, Jayant. "Australian Manufacturing: Trade, Structure and Performance". W Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 75–107. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52070-9_4.

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Yu, Miaojie. "Potential Impact of China–U.S. BIT on China’s Manufacturing Sectors". W China-US Trade War and Trade Talk, 123–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3785-1_9.

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Wignaraja, Ganeshan. "Growth and Export Performance of Manufacturing". W Trade Liberalization in Sri Lanka, 55–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26267-0_3.

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Slater, J. R. "Product Quality and UK Trade Performance". W Advances in Manufacturing Technology II, 295–99. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8524-4_52.

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Yülek, Murat A. "The ‘Why’ of Manufacturing". W How Nations Succeed: Manufacturing, Trade, Industrial Policy, and Economic Development, 111–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0568-9_5.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Trade and manufacturing"

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Hull, Tony B., Thomas Westerhoff i Janina Krieg. "Selection considerations for astronomical mirror materials: Trade criteria". W Optical Manufacturing and Testing XIII, redaktorzy Rolf Rascher i Dae Wook Kim. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2570454.

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Huai, Yang, i Tian Ye-zhuang. "A Longitudinal Study on Manufacturing Strategy Trade-offs". W 2006 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2006.313990.

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Aksoy, Hasan K., i Surendra M. Gupta. "Capacity and buffer trade-offs in a remanufacturing system". W Intelligent Systems and Advanced Manufacturing, redaktor Surendra M. Gupta. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.455276.

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Bhat, Navakanta, Harry Chuang, Paul Tsui, R. Woodruff, John Grant, R. Kruth, Asanga H. Perera i in. "Performance, standby power, and manufacturability trade-off in transistor design consideration for 0.25-μm technology". W Microelectronic Manufacturing, redaktorzy David Burnett, Dirk Wristers i Toshiaki Tsuchiya. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.323963.

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MARTINKOVÁ, Petra, Kamila JANOVSKÁ, Šárka VILAMOVÁ, Marek ŠAFRÁNEK i Iveta VOZŇÁKOVÁ. "Analysis oF Foreign Trade in Selected Manufacturing Industry Commodities". W METAL 2021. TANGER Ltd., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/metal.2021.4289.

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Meng, Yinghua. "Trade in Producer Services and Technology Efficiency of China's Manufacturing". W 2010 International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cesce.2010.10.

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Yang, Haiyue. "Import Trade of Producer Services Helps BRICS Economies Upgrade Manufacturing". W International Conference on Education, Management, Computer and Society. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emcs-16.2016.121.

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Desfonteines, Larisa, Elena Korchagina, Victoria Senchugova i Anna Karmanova. "Digitalization of additional professional education in trade". W DTMIS '20: International Scientific Conference - Digital Transformation on Manufacturing, Infrastructure and Service. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3446434.3446487.

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Bickford, Jeanne P., Raymond Rosner, Erik Hedberg, Joseph W. Yoder i Thomas S. Barnett. "SRAM Redundancy - Silicon Area versus Number of Repairs Trade-off". W 2008 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference (ASMC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asmc.2008.4529077.

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Nukala, Pooja, Virendra Adsure i Shu Young Cheah. "Trade-offs in CAC memory terminations". W 2016 IEEE 37th International Electronics Manufacturing Technology (IEMT) & 18th Electronics Materials and Packaging (EMAP) Conference. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iemt.2016.7761985.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Trade and manufacturing"

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Li, Chunding, Jing Wang i John Whalley. Trade Protectionism and US Manufacturing Employment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maj 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25860.

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Levinson, Arik. Technology, International Trade, and Pollution from U.S. Manufacturing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, listopad 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13616.

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Hasanbeigi, Ali, William Morrow i Arman Shehabi. Embodied carbon in the U.S. manufacturing and trade. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1797728.

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Eriksson, Katherine, Katheryn Russ, Jay Shambaugh i Minfei Xu. Trade Shocks and the Shifting Landscape of U.S. Manufacturing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, marzec 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25646.

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Eslava, Marcela, John Haltiwanger, Adriana Kugler i Maurice Kugler. Trade Reforms and Market Selection: Evidence from Manufacturing Plants in Colombia. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, kwiecień 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14935.

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Azzawi, Shireen, i Mona Said. Trade liberalization, inter-industry wage differentials and job quality in Egyptian manufacturing. Population Council, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy15.1050.

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Azzawi, Shireen, i Mona Said. Trade liberalization, inter-industry wage differentials and job quality in Egyptian manufacturing [Arabic]. Population Council, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy15.1051.

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Adams, James, i Roger Clemmons. Science and Industry: Tracing the Flow of Basic Research through Manufacturing and Trade. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, sierpień 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12459.

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Siedschlag, Iulia, Christian Volpe Martincus i Pablo Sanguinetti. The Impact of South-South Preferential Trade Agreements on Industrial Development: An Empirical Test. Inter-American Development Bank, maj 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011066.

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Pagés, Carmen, i Gustavo Márquez. Trade and Employment: Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, lipiec 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011538.

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Streszczenie:
This paper examines the impact of the recent wave of trade liberalization and economic reform on employment. Four alternative measures of openness and four measures of the real exchange rate are used to measure the impact of trade reforms on manufacturing and economy-wide employment. Across a wide range of specifications, trade reforms have had a negative, albeit small, effect on employment growth. This effect has been reinforced by real exchange rate appreciation.
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