Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / TRACKED TARGET

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „TRACKED TARGET”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "TRACKED TARGET"

Youssef, Azdoud, Amine Aouatif, Nassih Bouchra i Ngadi Mohammed. "Self scale estimation of the tracking window merged with adaptive particle filter tracker". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, nr 1 (1.02.2023): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp374-388.

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Tracking a mobile object is one of the important topics in pattern recognition, but style has some obstacles. A Reliable tracking system must adjust their tracking windows in real time according to appearance changes of the tracked object. Furthermore, it has to deal with many challenges when one or multiple objects need to be tracked, for instance when the target is partially or fully occluded, background clutter, or even some target region is blurred. In this paper, we will present a novel approach for a single object tracking that combines particle filter algorithm and kernel distribution that update its tracking window according to object scale changes, whose name is multi-scale adaptive particle filter tracker. We will demonstrate that the use of particle filter combined with kernel distribution inside the resampling process will provide more accurate object localization within a research area. Furthermore, its average error for target localization was significantly lower than 21.37 pixels as the mean value. We have conducted several experiments on real video sequences and compared acquired results to other existing state of the art trackers to demonstrate the effectiveness of the multi-scale adaptive particle filter tracker.

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Handegard, Nils Olav, i Kresimir Williams. "Automated tracking of fish in trawls using the DIDSON (Dual frequency IDentification SONar)". ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, nr 4 (11.03.2008): 636–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn029.

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Abstract Handegard, N. O., and Williams, K. 2008. Automated tracking of fish in trawls using the DIDSON (Dual frequency IDentification SONar). – ICES Journal of Marine Science. 65: 636–644. An application for the automated tracking of dual-frequency, identification sonar (DIDSON) data was developed and tested on fish observations taken in midwater trawls. The process incorporates target detection, multiple target tracking, and the extraction of behaviour information such as target speed and direction from the track data. The automatic tracker was evaluated using three test datasets with different target sizes, observation ranges, and densities. The targets in the datasets were tracked manually and with the automated tracker, using the manual-tracking results as the standard for estimating the performance of the automated tracking process. In the first and third dataset, where the targets were smaller and less dense, the automated tracking performed well, correctly identifying 74% and 57% of targets, respectively, and associating targets into tracks with <10% error compared with the manually tracked data. In the second dataset, where targets were dense and appeared large owing to the shorter observation range, 45% of targets were correctly identified, and the track error rate was 21%. Target speed and direction, derived from the tracking data, agreed well between the manual and automatic methods for all three test cases. Automated tracking represents a useful technique for processing DIDSON data, and a valuable alternative to time-consuming, manual data-processing, when used in appropriate conditions.

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Crebolder, Jacquelyn M., i Tarra L. Penney. "Use of Continuous Zoom on Electro-Optical Imaging Systems: Comparisons between Automatic and Manual Target Tracking". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, nr 19 (październik 2007): 1301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705101904.

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The use of continuous zoom in an electro-optical sensor system was investigated with respect to target tracking. Using a simulation of an operator-machine interface in an airborne multi-sensor surveillance system, targets were tracked by manually directing the sensor or by an automated tracker. It was hypothesized that frequency of using the continuous zoom would be higher in the manual tracking mode than in auto-tracking, and negatively correlated with tracking error. Sensor, and targets to be tracked, were either moving or stationary in three types of tracking scenarios. Results showed that the zoom function was used more often when tracking manually, although the way continuous zoom was used differed between the two tracking modes. Also, tracking error was lower when the zoom function was used in manual mode. Tracking error was additionally affected by whether or not the target and/or the sensor were moving or stationary. Results improve our understanding of the way complex sensor systems are used, and will assist in ascertaining whether providing a continuous zoom into optical imaging systems is of benefit to operators.

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Shukla, P. K., S. Goel, P. Singh i B. Lohani. "Automatic geolocation of targets tracked by aerial imaging platforms using satellite imagery". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1 (7.11.2014): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-381-2014.

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Tracking of targets from aerial platforms is an important activity in several applications, especially surveillance. Knowled ge of geolocation of these targets adds additional significant and useful information to the application. This paper determines the geolocation of a target being tracked from an aerial platform using the technique of image registration. Current approaches utilize a POS to determine the location of the aerial platform and then use the same for geolocation of the targets using the principle of photogrammetry. The constraints of cost and low-payload restrict the applicability of this approach using UAV platforms. This paper proposes a methodology for determining the geolocation of a target tracked from an aerial platform in a partially GPS devoid environment. The method utilises automatic feature based registration technique of a georeferenced satellite image with an ae rial image which is already stored in UAV's database to retrieve the geolocation of the target. Since it is easier to register subsequent aerial images due to similar viewing parameters, the subsequent overlapping images are registered together sequentially thus resulting in the registration of each of the images with georeferenced satellite image thus leading to geolocation of the target under interest. Using the proposed approach, the target can be tracked in all the frames in which it is visible. The proposed concept is verified experimentally and the results are found satisfactory. Using the proposed method, a user can obtain location of target of interest as well features on ground without requiring any POS on-board the aerial platform. The proposed approach has applications in surveillance for target tracking, target geolocation as well as in disaster management projects like search and rescue operations.

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Shukla, P. K., S. Goel, P. Singh i B. Lohani. "Automatic geolocation of targets tracked by aerial imaging platforms using satellite imagery". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (28.11.2014): 1213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-1213-2014.

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Huang, Xianyun, Songxiao Cao, Chenguang Dong, Tao Song i Zhipeng Xu. "Improved Fully Convolutional Siamese Networks for Visual Object Tracking Based on Response Behaviour Analysis". Sensors 22, nr 17 (30.08.2022): 6550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176550.

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Siamese networks have recently attracted significant attention in the visual tracking community due to their balanced accuracy and speed. However, as a result of the non-update of the appearance model and the changing appearance of the target, the problem of tracking drift is a regular occurrence, particularly in background clutter scenarios. As a means of addressing this problem, this paper proposes an improved fully convolutional Siamese tracker that is based on response behaviour analysis (SiamFC-RBA). Firstly, the response map of the SiamFC is normalised to an 8-bit grey image, and the isohypse contours that represent the candidate target region are generated through thresholding. Secondly, the dynamic behaviour of the contours is analysed in order to check if there are distractors approaching the tracked target. Finally, a peak switching strategy is used as a means of determining the real tracking position of all candidates. Extensive experiments conducted on visual tracking benchmarks, including OTB100, GOT-10k and LaSOT, demonstrated that the proposed tracker outperformed the compared trackers such as DaSiamRPN, SiamRPN, SiamFC, CSK, CFNet and Staple and achieved state-of-the-art performance. In addition, the response behaviour analysis module was embedded into DiMP, with the experimental results showing the performance of the tracker to be improved through the use of the proposed architecture.

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Ito, Masanori, Ikuo Matsuo, Tomohito Imaizumi, Tomonari Akamatsu, Yong Wang i Yasushi Nishimori. "Target strength spectra of tracked individual fish in schools". Fisheries Science 81, nr 4 (29.05.2015): 621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12562-015-0890-7.

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Sun, Lifan, Jinjin Zhang, Zhe Yang i Bo Fan. "A Motion-Aware Siamese Framework for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Tracking". Drones 7, nr 3 (22.02.2023): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7030153.

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In recent years, visual tracking has been employed in all walks of life. The Siamese trackers formulate the tracking problem as a template-matching process, and most of them can meet the real-time requirements, making them more suitable for UAV tracking. Because existing trackers can only use the first frame of a video sequence as a reference, the appearance of the tracked target will change when an occlusion, fast motion, or similar target appears, resulting in tracking drift. It is difficult to recover the tracking process once the drift phenomenon occurs. Therefore, we propose a motion-aware Siamese framework to assist Siamese trackers in detecting tracking drift over time. The base tracker first outputs the original tracking results, after which the drift detection module determines whether or not tracking drift occurs. Finally, the corresponding tracking recovery strategies are implemented. More stable and reliable tracking results can be obtained using the Kalman filter’s short-term prediction ability and more effective tracking recovery strategies to avoid tracking drift. We use the Siamese region proposal network (SiamRPN), a typical representative of an anchor-based algorithm, and Siamese classification and regression (SiamCAR), a typical representative of an anchor-free algorithm, as the base trackers to test the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experiments were carried out on three public datasets: UAV123, UAV20L, and UAVDT. The modified trackers (MaSiamRPN and MaSiamCAR) both outperformed the base tracker.

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Ma, Rui, He Cui, Sang-Hun Lee, Thomas J. Anastasio i Joseph G. Malpeli. "Predictive encoding of moving target trajectory by neurons in the parabigeminal nucleus". Journal of Neurophysiology 109, nr 8 (15.04.2013): 2029–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01032.2012.

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Intercepting momentarily invisible moving objects requires internally generated estimations of target trajectory. We demonstrate here that the parabigeminal nucleus (PBN) encodes such estimations, combining sensory representations of target location, extrapolated positions of briefly obscured targets, and eye position information. Cui and Malpeli (Cui H, Malpeli JG. J Neurophysiol 89: 3128–3142, 2003) reported that PBN activity for continuously visible tracked targets is determined by retinotopic target position. Here we show that when cats tracked moving, blinking targets the relationship between activity and target position was similar for ON and OFF phases (400 ms for each phase). The dynamic range of activity evoked by virtual targets was 94% of that of real targets for the first 200 ms after target offset and 64% for the next 200 ms. Activity peaked at about the same best target position for both real and virtual targets. PBN encoding of target position takes into account changes in eye position resulting from saccades, even without visual feedback. Since PBN response fields are retinotopically organized, our results suggest that activity foci associated with real and virtual targets at a given target position lie in the same physical location in the PBN, i.e., a retinotopic as well as a rate encoding of virtual-target position. We also confirm that PBN activity is specific to the intended target of a saccade and is predictive of which target will be chosen if two are offered. A Bayesian predictor-corrector model is presented that conceptually explains the differences in the dynamic ranges of PBN neuronal activity evoked during tracking of real and virtual targets.

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Fan, Heng, Jinhai Xiang, Jun Xu i Honghong Liao. "Part-Based Visual Tracking via Online Weighted P-N Learning". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/402185.

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We propose a novel part-based tracking algorithm using online weighted P-N learning. An online weighted P-N learning method is implemented via considering the weight of samples during classification, which improves the performance of classifier. We apply weighted P-N learning to track a part-based target model instead of whole target. In doing so, object is segmented into fragments and parts of them are selected as local feature blocks (LFBs). Then, the weighted P-N learning is employed to train classifier for each local feature block (LFB). Each LFB is tracked through the corresponding classifier, respectively. According to the tracking results of LFBs, object can be then located. During tracking process, to solve the issues of occlusion or pose change, we use a substitute strategy to dynamically update the set of LFB, which makes our tracker robust. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art trackers.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "TRACKED TARGET"

Canay, Mustafa. "Use Of Terrain Information To Improve The Performance Of A Target Tracker". Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610716/index.pdf.

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Radar target tracking problem has been a popular topic for several decades. Recent works have shown that the performance of tracking algorithms increases as more prior information is used by the system
such as maximum velocity and maximum acceleration of the target, altitude of the target, or the elevation structure of the terrain. In this thesis we will focus on increasing the performance of tracking algorithms making use of benefit from the elevation model of the environment where the target tracker is searching. For a constant target altitude and a certain radar location, we generate a &ldquo
visibility map&rdquo
using the elevation model of the terrain and use this information to estimate the location and the time that the target will reappear. The second aim of this work is to use the visibility map information for improving the performance of track initiation. For that purpose, a special map has been formed, that we call as the &ldquo
track initiation probability map&rdquo
, which shows the target first time appearance density. This information has been used at the initialization part of the track initiation algorithm in order to increase the performance.

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Preussner, Jonathan J. "Multiple target tracker and human classifier for radar application". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0009821.

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Laird, Daniel T. "Geometric Model for Tracker-Target Look Angles and Line of Sight Distance". International Foundation for Telemetering, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/596399.

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ITC/USA 2015 Conference Proceedings / The Fifty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2015 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NV
To determine the tracking abilities of a Telemetry (TM) antenna control unit (ACU) requires 'truth data' to analyze the accuracy of measured, or observed tracking angles. This requires we know the actual angle, i.e., that we know where the target is above the earth. The positional truth is generated from target time-space position information (TSPI), which implicitly places the target's global positioning system (GPS) as the source of observational accuracy. In this paper we present a model to generate local look-angles (LA) and line-of-sight (LoS) distance with respect to (w.r.t.) target global GPS. We ignore inertial navigation system (INS) data in generating relative position at time T; thus we model the target as a global point in time relative to the local tracker's global fixed position in time. This is the first of three companion papers on tracking This is the first of three companion papers on tracking analyses employing Statistically Defensible Test & Evaluation (SDT&E) methods.

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Biresaw, Tewodros Atanaw. "Self-correcting Bayesian target tracking". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2015. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/7925.

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Visual tracking, a building block for many applications, has challenges such as occlusions,illumination changes, background clutter and variable motion dynamics that may degrade the tracking performance and are likely to cause failures. In this thesis, we propose Track-Evaluate-Correct framework (self-correlation) for existing trackers in order to achieve a robust tracking. For a tracker in the framework, we embed an evaluation block to check the status of tracking quality and a correction block to avoid upcoming failures or to recover from failures. We present a generic representation and formulation of the self-correcting tracking for Bayesian trackers using a Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN). The self-correcting tracking is done similarly to a selfaware system where parameters are tuned in the model or different models are fused or selected in a piece-wise way in order to deal with tracking challenges and failures. In the DBN model representation, the parameter tuning, fusion and model selection are done based on evaluation and correction variables that correspond to the evaluation and correction, respectively. The inferences of variables in the DBN model are used to explain the operation of self-correcting tracking. The specific contributions under the generic self-correcting framework are correlation-based selfcorrecting tracking for an extended object with model points and tracker-level fusion as described below. For improving the probabilistic tracking of extended object with a set of model points, we use Track-Evaluate-Correct framework in order to achieve self-correcting tracking. The framework combines the tracker with an on-line performance measure and a correction technique. We correlate model point trajectories to improve on-line the accuracy of a failed or an uncertain tracker. A model point tracker gets assistance from neighbouring trackers whenever degradation in its performance is detected using the on-line performance measure. The correction of the model point state is based on the correlation information from the states of other trackers. Partial Least Square regression is used to model the correlation of point tracker states from short windowed trajectories adaptively. Experimental results on data obtained from optical motion capture systems show the improvement in tracking performance of the proposed framework compared to the baseline tracker and other state-of-the-art trackers. The proposed framework allows appropriate re-initialisation of local trackers to recover from failures that are caused by clutter and missed detections in the motion capture data. Finally, we propose a tracker-level fusion framework to obtain self-correcting tracking. The fusion framework combines trackers addressing different tracking challenges to improve the overall performance. As a novelty of the proposed framework, we include an online performance measure to identify the track quality level of each tracker to guide the fusion. The trackers in the framework assist each other based on appropriate mixing of the prior states. Moreover, the track quality level is used to update the target appearance model. We demonstrate the framework with two Bayesian trackers on video sequences with various challenges and show its robustness compared to the independent use of the trackers used in the framework, and also compared to other state-of-the-art trackers. The appropriate online performance measure based appearance model update and prior mixing on trackers allows the proposed framework to deal with tracking challenges.

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Sakamaki, Joshua Y. "Cooperative Estimation for a Vision-Based Multiple Target Tracking System". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6072.

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In this thesis, the Recursive-Random Sample Consensus (R-RANSAC) algorithm is applied to a vision-based, cooperative target tracking system. Unlike previous applications, which focused on a single camera platform tracking targets in the image frame, this work uses multiple camera platforms to track targets in the inertial or world frame. The process of tracking targets in the inertial frame is commonly referred to as geolocation.In practical applications sensor biases cause the geolocated target estimates to be biased from truth. The method for cooperative estimation developed in this thesis first estimates the relative rotational and translational biases that exist between tracks from different vehicles. It then accounts for the biases and performs the track-to-track association, which determines if the tracks originate from the same target. The track-to-track association is based on a sliding window approach that accounts for the correlation between tracks sharing common process noise and the correlation in time between individual estimation errors, yielding a chi-squared distribution. Typically, accounting for the correlation in time requires the inversion of a Nnx x Nnx covariance matrix, where N is the length of the window and nx is the number of states. Note that this inversion must occur every time the track-to-track association is to be performed. However, it is shown that by making a steady-state assumption, the inverse has a simple closed-form solution, requiring the inversion of only two nx x nx matrices, and can be calculated offline. Distributed data fusion is performed on tracks where the hypothesis test is satisfied. The proposed method is demonstrated on data collected from an actual vision-based tracking system.A novel method is also developed to cooperatively estimate the location and size of occlusions. This capability is important for future target tracking research involving optimized path planning/gimbal pointing, where a geographical map is unavailable. The method is demonstrated in simulation.

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Palkki, Ryan D. "Addressing Track Coalescence in Sequential K-Best Multiple Hypothesis Tracking". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11493.

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Multiple Hypothesis Tracking (MHT) is generally the preferred data association technique for tracking targets in clutter and with missed detections due to its increased accuracy over conventional single-scan techniques such as Nearest Neighbor (NN) and Probabilistic Data Association (PDA). However, this improved accuracy comes at the price of greater complexity. Sequential K-best MHT is a simple implementation of MHT that attempts to achieve the accuracy of multiple hypothesis tracking with some of the simplicity of single-frame methods. Our first major objective is to determine under what general conditions Sequential K-best data association is preferable to Probabilistic Data Association. Both methods are implemented for a single-target, single-sensor scenario in two spatial dimensions. Using the track loss ratio as our primary performance metric, we compare the two methods under varying false alarm densities and missed-detection probabilities. Upon implementing a single-target Sequential K-best MHT tracker, a fundamental problem was observed in which the tracks coalesce. The second major thrust of this research is to compare different approaches to resolve this issue. Several methods to detect track coalescence, mostly based on the Mahalanobis and Kullback-Leibler distances, are presented and compared.

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Nasr, Talia S. "Identification of Hedgehog/Gli Targets during Tracheoesophageal Development". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1593273349807685.

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Santos, Susana Isabel Barros dos. "Trace elements quantification in Portuguese red wines". Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6276.

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Dissertation for the Degree of Master in Technology and Food Safety – Food Quality
The aim of this thesis is to characterize Portuguese red wines in terms of trace elements composition. The wines were chosen so that all the country was represented and studied. For trace elements quantification (As, Hg, Cd, Ni and Pb) were tested various sample treatments including for all trace elements: acid digestion or presence and absence of spike. The need for H2O2 addition in order to oxidize organic compounds was analyzed for Hg, Cd, Ni and Pb. Quantification of all trace elements was performed with Atomic Absorption Spectrometry techniques. After the method validation were analyzed 25 Portuguese red wines and duplicates. The concentrations obtained were used to perform a statistical analysis to determine what were the regions with highest incidence of each trace element. Using Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) equation was possible to identify the regions where the concentrations found are a reason for public health concern, being values above 1 a motive for concern. After the analysis was determined that there is no need for wine samples digestion and that the presence of H2O2 is crucial. Hg and As were quantified with Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; Ni and Pb with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; Cd with Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The statistical results allowed to conclude that the system variation was mainly explained by the variation of Ni, As and Hg concentrations. Ni was largely found in Estremadura and Terras do Sado wines, while As and Hg were found mostly in Minho and Douro wines respectively. All of THQs determined were under 1, which is the limit value above which there is reason for health concern. Maximum THQ values were of 0.044 in Algarve wines were due to Ni.

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Cotter, Rachel. "Trace amine associated receptors : a new target for medications in drug addiction". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10803.

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The abuse of stimulant drugs, such as methamphetamine (METH), has become a major source of public concern in New Zealand. Specific medications for treating METH addiction are not available at present. The newly discovered trace amine- associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) constitutes a novel receptor target for medication development in neuropsychiatry. TAAR1 regulates monoamine systems in the brain, especially dopamine, and is activated directly by psychomotor stimulants, including METH. This study examined the effects of the newly developed TAAR1 partial agonist, RO5203648, in rat models of METH abuse. In experiment 1 rats were administered different doses of RO5203648 (0, 1.67, 5mg/kg i.p.) followed by METH (0, 0.75, 2mg/kg i.p.). Locomotor activity was monitored via automated video tracking system in an open field. The results revealed that RO5203648 dose- dependently reduced acute METH-induced stimulation and prevented long-term sensitization following chronic exposure. Paradoxically, in experiment 2, RO5203648 and METH treatment increased c-Fos protein expression in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum. In experiment 3 rats were trained to consistently self-administer METH (0.5mg/kg/infusion) and were then pre-treated with RO5203648 (0, 3, 10mg/kg i.p.). The data showed that RO5203648 drastically reduced METH intake. Next, RO5203648 was substituted (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg/infusion) for METH in the same paradigm. Remarkably, RO5203648 exhibited no reinforcing efficacy compared with METH. Taken together, these observations showed that RO5203648 is able to attenuate METH-related behaviours, including locomotor stimulation, sensitization and self-administration, and highlight the great potential of TAAR1-based medications for the treatment of METH addiction.

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Tang, Zhijun. "Information-theoretic management of mobile sensor agents". Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1126882086.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 170 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 162-170). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

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Książki na temat "TRACKED TARGET"

Powell, J. David. Space infrared telescope pointing control system: Infrared telescope tracking in the presence of target motion : final report. Stanford, Calif: Guidance and Control Laboratory, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, 1986.

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K, Masten Michael, i Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., red. Acquisition, tracking, and pointing VIII: 5-8 April 1994, Orlando, Florida. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE, 1994.

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Sepowski, Stephen J., red. The Ultimate Hint Book. Old Saybrook, CT: The Ultimate Game Club Ltd., 1991.

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Decisionhealth. Tracer Target Guide. Decision Health, 2009.

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Decision, Health. Tracer Target Guide. Decision Health, 2010.

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Ruttle, Kate. Target Tracker for Writing Sample Booklet. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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Target Tracker Book 1: Assessment and Target Setting for Writing Spiral bound: Working Within and Beyond Level 1 (Target Tracker). Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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Target Tracker Book 2: Assessment and Target Setting for Writing Spiral bound: Working Within and Beyond Level 2 (Target Tracker). Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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Ruttle, Kate, i Angela McCormick. Target Tracker Book 4: Assessment and Target Setting for Writing Spiral bound: Working Within Levels 4 and 5 (Target Tracker). Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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Target Tracker Book 3: Assessment and Target Setting for Writing Spiral bound: Working Within and Beyond Level 3 (Target Tracker). Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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Części książek na temat "TRACKED TARGET"

Marki, Ferenc, Peter Rucz, Nico van Oosten, Emir Ganić i Ingrid Legriffon. "Towards Mapping of Noise Impact". W Aviation Noise Impact Management, 265–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91194-2_11.

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AbstractNoise impact management goes hand in hand with the capability to predict the noise impact on exposed communities. Three tools to that purpose are presented in this chapter: the Noise Management Toolset (NMT), the Demo Virtual Community Tool (VCT) and Dynamic Noise Mapping. The NMT is a web-based tool giving stakeholders the opportunity to evaluate scenarios through not only noise exposure, but also noise impact, by introducing annoyance related metrics like the awakening index, with an easy-to-use interface. The VCT is the underlying research tool exploring and testing new indicators and options that might be of relevance to target audiences, such as land use planning information about location dependent activities or window insulation. The third approach, Dynamic Noise Mapping, adds the important aspect of population movement to classical noise mapping approaches where temporal changes of noise maps are tracked and included in noise exposure evaluation.

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Lubchenco, Jane, i Peter M. Haugan. "Leveraging Multi-target Strategies to Address Plastic Pollution in the Context of an Already Stressed Ocean". W The Blue Compendium, 141–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16277-0_5.

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AbstractThe ocean is the ultimate sink for anthropogenic pollution. According to the HydroSHED model, over 80% of the land mass on Earth is in a watershed that drains directly to the ocean (Lehner and Grill 2013). Until recently, the ocean seemed to be endlessly able to absorb all the waste that human activity has discharged into it. The Ocean Health Index (OHI) scores the health of the ocean on a range of criteria, from how clean the water is to the ability of the ocean to continue providing services such as food provision, carbon storage, tourism and recreation, and biodiversity (Halpern et al. 2012). The 2019 combined global ocean score was 71 out of 100 (as it has been for the last five years), showing that significant impairment has occurred, but that many of the functions and services of the ocean remain and must be better managed (OHI 2019). The Clean Water section of the OHI includes details on the statuses and pressures of chemical, nutrient, pathogen and trash pollution. It also includes social pressure as a further pressure. Indicators of resilience were based upon the Convention on Biological Diversity (in particular for marine ecosystems) and quality of governance (using Worldwide Governance Indicators). The score for Clean Water has tracked closely to the overall score, remaining at 70 for the past five years (OHI 2019). With an estimated 91% of all temperate and tropical coasts predicted to be heavily developed by 2050 (Nellemann et al. 2008), this is a critical time to significantly reduce and prevent anthropogenic pollution to the ocean.

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Geng, Wen-dong, Yuan-qin Wang i Zheng-hong Dong. "Single-Group-Target Data Association and Track Maintenance". W Group-target Tracking, 85–98. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1888-6_4.

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Geng, Wen-dong, Yuan-qin Wang i Zheng-hong Dong. "Multi-Group-Target Data Association and Track Maintenance". W Group-target Tracking, 99–114. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1888-6_5.

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Prange, Sarah, i Florian Alt. "Increasing Users’ Privacy Awareness in the Internet of Things: Design Space and Sample Scenarios". W Human Factors in Privacy Research, 321–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28643-8_16.

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AbstractAn increasing number of devices and sensors in the environments we access daily are capable of collecting personal data about us. Surveillance cameras in public spaces, smart speakers in friends’ living rooms, or smartphones carried by individuals are just a few examples. At the same time, many users are unaware of sensors being in place, in particular, those deployed in unfamiliar environments. Hence, it becomes increasingly challenging for users to keep control over their personal data being tracked and/or processed. Crucially, for users to be able to make informed decisions and privacy choices, they first of all need to be aware of potential privacy intrusions in their surroundings. In this chapter, we address this by exploring means to increase users’ privacy awareness in the Internet of Things. In particular, we illustrate the design space for such privacy awareness mechanisms, including what information should be displayed, and how this information can be made accessible for various target groups such as (to-be) device owners or passers-by. We also introduce and compare three sample scenarios in which privacy awareness mechanisms can support users: (1) privacy-relevant information for purchase decisions, (2) on-demand privacy-relevant information for active device search, and (3) in situ privacy-relevant information and guidance. The chapter is complemented by a discussion on future approaches to raising privacy awareness.

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Abate, Carmine, Roberto Blanco, Ștefan Ciobâcă, Adrien Durier, Deepak Garg, Cătălin Hrițcu, Marco Patrignani, Éric Tanter i Jérémy Thibault. "Trace-Relating Compiler Correctness and Secure Compilation". W Programming Languages and Systems, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44914-8_1.

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AbstractCompiler correctness is, in its simplest form, defined as the inclusion of the set of traces of the compiled program into the set of traces of the original program, which is equivalent to the preservation of all trace properties. Here traces collect, for instance, the externally observable events of each execution. This definition requires, however, the set of traces of the source and target languages to be exactly the same, which is not the case when the languages are far apart or when observations are fine-grained. To overcome this issue, we study a generalized compiler correctness definition, which uses source and target traces drawn from potentially different sets and connected by an arbitrary relation. We set out to understand what guarantees this generalized compiler correctness definition gives us when instantiated with a non-trivial relation on traces. When this trace relation is not equality, it is no longer possible to preserve the trace properties of the source program unchanged. Instead, we provide a generic characterization of the target trace property ensured by correctly compiling a program that satisfies a given source property, and dually, of the source trace property one is required to show in order to obtain a certain target property for the compiled code. We show that this view on compiler correctness can naturally account for undefined behavior, resource exhaustion, different source and target values, side-channels, and various abstraction mismatches. Finally, we show that the same generalization also applies to many secure compilation definitions, which characterize the protection of a compiled program against linked adversarial code.

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Calayugan, Mark Ian C., B. P. Mallikarjuna Swamy, Chau Thanh Nha, Alvin D. Palanog, Partha S. Biswas, Gwen Iris Descalsota-Empleo, Yin Myat Myat Min i Mary Ann Inabangan-Asilo. "Zinc-Biofortified Rice: A Sustainable Food-Based Product for Fighting Zinc Malnutrition". W Rice Improvement, 449–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66530-2_13.

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AbstractThe lack of dietary diversity among poor communities has led to nutritional consequences, particularly zinc deficiency. An adequate intake of mineral- and vitamin-rich food is necessary for achieving and maintaining good health. Zinc is one of the micronutrients considered essential to improve human health and decrease the risk of malnutrition. Biofortification of rice through breeding is a cost-effective and sustainable strategy to solve micronutrient malnutrition. The Biofortification Priority Index prepared by HarvestPlus clearly identified several countries in Asia with an immediate need for Zn biofortification. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and its national partners in target countries are making efforts to develop Zn-biofortified rice varieties. The first set of high-Zn rice varieties has been released for commercial cultivation in Bangladesh, India, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Efforts have begun to mainstream grain Zn to ensure that the Zn trait becomes an integral part of future varieties. Huge scope exists to apply advanced genomics technologies such as genomic selection and genome editing to speed up high-Zn varietal development. An efficient rice value chain for Zn-biofortified varieties, quality control, and promotion are essential for successful adoption and consumption. The development of next-generation high-Zn rice varieties with higher grain-Zn content, stacking of multiple nutrients, along with good grain quality and acceptable agronomic traits has to be fast-tracked. Healthier rice has a large demand from all stakeholders, so we need to keep up the pace of developing nutritious rice to meet the demand and to achieve nutritional security.

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Wu, Weihua, Hemin Sun, Mao Zheng i Weiping Huang. "Track-Before-Detect for Dim Targets". W Target Tracking with Random Finite Sets, 283–96. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9815-7_10.

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Jennings, K. R., D. G. Kuhn, S. Trotto i W. K. Whitney. "Monoamines as Targets for Insecticide Discovery". W Trace Amines, 53–63. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4602-2_5.

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Yang, Xiaodong, Jianguo Yu, Lei Gu i Qiang Huang. "Track Segments Stitching for Ballistic Group Target". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 634–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8411-4_85.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "TRACKED TARGET"

Yang, Yaling, Haihui Wang, Kun Zeng, Han Lv i Shanshan Li. "A Tree-Structure Classifier Ensemble for Tracked Target Categorization". W 2009 2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing (CISP). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisp.2009.5301454.

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Nowakowski, Jerzy, i Richard Cooke. "Temperature estimation of a target tracked through atmospheric channel". W Aerospace Sensing, redaktorzy Dieter Clement i Wendell R. Watkins. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.137835.

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Kim, Eun-Soo, Sang-Yi Yi i Sang-Ro Yoon. "Multi-target tracking system based on a joint transform correlator and a neural network algorithm". W OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.thaa6.

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Multi-target tracking systems have been under intensive study and in use for many years for a number of applications. More recently, emphasis has been placed on the application of real-time multi-target tracking procedures to situations involving large number of targets. In this paper, we describe a hybrid optoneural system to tackle real-time multi-target tracking. In our system, an optical joint transform correlator is used for real-time adaptive target tracking. But, because of many correlation signals in multi-target tracking problem, a data association algorithm can be used to associate each of the peak's correlation signals to the correct trajectories of the target's motion. Since the computational load on the conventional tracking algorithms increases rapidly with the number of targets tracked, in this paper, a new simple Hebbian learning algorithm is introduced to obtain the respective moving probabilities of the multi-target in real-time, and the data association is achieved in Hopfield optimization neural networks.

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Tam, Eddy C., Francis T. S. Yu, Aris Tanone, Don A. Gregory i Richard D. Judayt. "Data-association multiple-target tracking using a phase-mostly LCTV". W OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.thw1.

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We present a technique that uses data-association target tracking in a sequence of images by means of an adaptive joint-transform correlator. The correlator is made to adapt to the input scene that contains the targets by updating the reference image of the correlator with the previous frame of the input scene. The targets in the current frame will then have high correlation with the reference images, and the massive data in the field of view can be reduced into a few correlation peaks. The average velocity of a target during the tracking cycle is then determined from the location of the correlation peaks. We have used a data association algorithm for the analysis of these correlation signals, for which multiple targets can be tracked. A phase-mostly liquid crystal television is used in this hybrid joint-transform correlator system, and simultaneous tracking of three targets is demonstrated.

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Yin, Shi, Shangfei Wang, Guozhu Peng, Xiaoping Chen i Bowen Pan. "Capturing Spatial and Temporal Patterns for Facial Landmark Tracking through Adversarial Learning". W Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/142.

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The spatial and temporal patterns inherent in facial feature points are crucial for facial landmark tracking, but have not been thoroughly explored yet. In this paper, we propose a novel deep adversarial framework to explore the shape and temporal dependencies from both appearance level and target label level. The proposed deep adversarial framework consists of a deep landmark tracker and a discriminator. The deep landmark tracker is composed of a stacked Hourglass network as well as a convolutional neural network and a long short-term memory network, and thus implicitly capture spatial and temporal patterns from facial appearance for facial landmark tracking. The discriminator is adopted to distinguish the tracked facial landmarks from ground truth ones. It explicitly models shape and temporal dependencies existing in ground truth facial landmarks through another convolutional neural network and another long short-term memory network. The deep landmark tracker and the discriminator compete with each other. Through adversarial learning, the proposed deep adversarial landmark tracking approach leverages inherent spatial and temporal patterns to facilitate facial landmark tracking from both appearance level and target label level. Experimental results on two benchmark databases demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach to state-of-the-art work.

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Sohal, Shubhdildeep S., i Pinhas Ben-Tzvi. "Sensor Based Target Tracking With Application to Autonomous Docking and Self-Reconfigurability". W ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22181.

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Abstract This paper presents a target detection technique, which combines a supervised learning model with sensor data to eliminate false positives for a given input image frame. Such a technique aids with selective docking procedures where multiple robots are present in the environment. Hence the sensor data provides additional information for this decision making process. Senor accuracy plays a crucial role when the motion of the robot is defined by the use of data recorded by its sensors. The uncertainties in the sensory data can cause misalignments due to poor calibration of the sensor, which can result in poor positioning of the robot relative to its target. Such misalignments can play a significant role where certain accuracy is desired. Therefore, it is necessary to minimize such misalignments to achieve certainty for the robot interaction with its target. The work proposed in this paper allows achieving such accuracy using a vision-based approach by eliminating all false occurrences leading to selective interactions with the target. The proposed methodology is validated using a self-reconfigurable mobile robot capable of hybrid Wheeled-Tracked mobility, as an application towards autonomous docking of mobile robotic modules.

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Tam, Eddy C., Francis T. S. Yu, Don A. Gregory i Richard D. Juday. "Autonomous real time object tracking with an adaptive joint transform correlator". W OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.tun3.

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With the recent development of various kinds of spatial light modulator, many real time tracking techniques have been proposed. In this paper we present a technique for adaptive object tracking based on a joint transform correlator using a single LCTV in a video feedback architecture. The basic algorithm is to correlate the object in the current frame with itself in the previous frame of sequential video images. Based on the location of the output correlation peak, the relative positions of the object in these two frames can be determined, and the object's actual location can be updated. It must be pointed out that in a JTC architecture, the reference image and the input scene to be correlated with are placed side by side on a SLM. Therefore, a JTC can be made adaptive by constantly updating the reference image to correlate with the dynamic target. Once an object in an input scene is identified as the target and its position is determined, the tracking system can run autonomously. For multiobject tracking, there are N pairs of correlation peaks on the output plane corresponding to the Nobjects to be tracked in an input scene. To associate each peak correctly with its host, we propose a tree-search decision-making algorithm. Using this hybrid system, multiple objects can be tracked simultaneously.

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Watson, Erkai, Nico Kunert, Robin Putzar, Hans-Gerd Maas i Stefan Hiermaier. "Four-View Split-Image Fragment Tracking in Hypervelocity Impact Experiments". W 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-035.

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Abstract Hypervelocity impacts (HVI) often cause significant fragmentation to occur in both target and projectile materials, and is often encountered in space debris and planetary impact applications [1]–[5]. In this paper, we focus on determining the individual velocities and sizes of fragments tracked in high-speed images. Inspired by velocimetry methods such as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) [6] and Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) [7] and building on past work [8], we describe the setup and algorithm used for measuring fragmentation data.

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Welling, Douglas M., i Dean B. Edwards. "Multiple Autonomous Underwater Crawler Control for Mine Reacquisition". W ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81716.

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Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are currently being used by the Navy for mine countermeasures. AUVs include both submarine and tracked crawlers. Recent search strategies have been implemented using both submarines and crawlers; submarines to sweep large areas to detect possible mines, and crawler to re-acquire the possible mines and perform classification. The primary scope of this paper is the control strategies for the crawlers to best cover an area. Both a motion controller and a mine reacquisition scheduling system were developed. Simulations were performed using Autonomous Littoral Warfare Systems Evaluator - Monte Carlo (ALWSEMC) to complete studies on optimal crawler control strategies. These simulations included 1 submarine and 3 crawlers. Two reacquisition scheduling systems were compared, one using a closest target strategy, and one using fuzzy logic that used additional information available to the crawler to best utilize time and resources. It was found that a fuzzy logic scheduling system outperformed the baseline system by reducing the amount of time to reacquire all targets.

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Soltan, Reza A., Hashem Ashrafiuon i Kenneth R. Muske. "Trajectory Real-Time Obstacle Avoidance for Underactuated Unmanned Surface Vessels". W ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86987.

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A new method for obstacle avoidance of underactuated unmanned surface vessels is presented which combines trajectory planning with real-time tracking control. In this method, obstacles are approximated and enclosed by elliptic shapes which represent the stable limit cycle solution of a special class of ODEs (ordinary differential equation). The vessel trajectory at any moment is defined by the ODEs whose solution is the limit cycle defining the obstacle immediately on its path to the target. When no obstacle remains on the vessel’s path, the trajectory is defined by exponentially stable ODEs whose solution is the target trajectory. The planned trajectories are tracked by the vessel through a sliding mode control law which is robust to environmental disturbances and modeling uncertainties and can be computed in real time. One advantage of the method is that it allows for dynamic (moving and rotating) obstacles as well as a moving target. Another advantage is that only the current information about the obstacles and the target are required for real-time trajectory planning. Since the vessel current position is used as feedback to redefine the limit cycle trajectories, the method is also robust to large disturbance.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "TRACKED TARGET"

Quinn, Cathy A., Philip K. Hamilton, Scott D. Kraus i Christopher K. Slay. An assessment of wounds caused by the attachment of remote sensing tags to North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena Glacialis): 1988 - 1997. New England Aquarium and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, luty 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/29702.

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Because of the increase in usage of remote sensing tags to track the migration and movements of cetaceans, it has become increasingly important to assess the impact of such techniques on the target species. Between 1988 and 1997, 55 tags (41 satellite telemetry, 14 VHF or acoustic radio transmitter) were attached to 49 North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis). All tags had implantable barbs or were fully implanted below the dermis. Right whales are photographically identifiable and the New England Aquarium curates the North Atlantic catalog, which currently numbers 374 individuals. The photo catalog has made it possible for tagged individuals to be tracked after the tag falls off the whale. Photo documentation during and after tagging provides an opportunity to monitor physiological effects from tags and healing responses to tags.

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Casper, Gary, Stefanie Nadeau i Thomas Parr. Acoustic amphibian monitoring, 2019 data summary: Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. National Park Service, grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2295509.

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Amphibians are a Vital Sign indicator for monitoring long-term ecosystem health in seven national park units that comprise the Great Lakes Network. We present here the results for 2019 amphibian monitoring at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore (PIRO). Appendices contain tabular summaries for six years of cumulative results. The National Park Service Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network established 10 permanent acoustic amphibian monitoring sites at PIRO in 2013. Acoustic samples are collected by placing automated recorders with omnidirectional stereo microphones at each of the 10 sampling sites. Temperature loggers co-located with the recorders also collect air temperature during the sampling period. We expanded analyses and reporting in 2018 to address calling phenology and to provide a second metric for tracking changes in abundance across years. Occupancy analyses track whether or not a site was occupied by a species. Abundance is tracked by assessing how the maximum call intensity changes on sites across years, and by how many automated detections are reported from sites across years. Using two independent survey methods, manual and automated, with large sample sizes continues to return reliable results, providing a confident record of site occupancy for most species. The monitoring program detected five of the six species of frog and toad known to occur at PIRO in 2019, with Eastern American Toad, Gray Treefrog, Green Frog, and Spring Peeper occurring at almost every site sampled. Wood Frog was found at five sites. Mink Frog is known to occur at Sand Point but has never been confirmed at sites monitored by this GLKN program. Additional species of potential occurrence remain hypothetical (i.e., Northern Leopard Frog). The only significant data collection issue in 2019 was at PIRO02, where the equipment recorded only intermittently resulting in only partial data analysis possible. Remaining sites successfully collected data as programmed. Cumulative program result summaries since inception are provided in appendices. Temperature logs in 2019 showed that the threshold of ≥40°F was uniformly exceeded by 1 May, hence we recommend making 10 April the target start date for data collection in future. This could be accomplished by fall deployment of recorders on delayed starts. We also recommend making sure that recorders are mounted 6–10 feet high to better survey the soundscape with less interference from foliage, and that temperature loggers be placed within solar shields.

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Hall, S. H. Single-well tracer methods for hydrogeologic evaluation of target aquifers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/28235.

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Stepinski, Dominique, Amanda Youker i George Vandegrift. VERIFICATION OF COLUMN DESIGN FOR RECOVERY OF Mo FROM LOW-ENRICHED URANIUM TARGET USING IRRADIATED TARGET TRACER SOLUTION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1157511.

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Cunningham, C. T. Detection and track of a stochastic target using multiple measurements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/212536.

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Wysocki, Aaron, Belgacem Hizoum i Kevin Robb. TRACE Analysis of the STS Target Flow Loop Conceptual Design. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), czerwiec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1997738.

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Jeun, Buddy H., i Jay Jayaraman. A Multi-Sensor Fusion Track Solution to Address the Multi-Target Problem. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, styczeń 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada385413.

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Kolodzy, P. J., i J. E. Baum. Logical Implementation of the Automatic Target Recognition Working Group (ATRWG) 9-Track Tape Format Image Storage Format. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, kwiecień 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada236627.

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Misra, Brij. GRl-95-0466 Inert Base Gas Field Experiment. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), wrzesień 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011238.

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IGTs research efforts in the laboratory and over a decade of field experience of inert gas (nitrogen) application in French underground gas storage fields clearly indicate that replacement of base gas with less-expensive natural gas is feasible. The information from lab tests and a systematic procedure developed earlier were used to apply inert gas in the U.S. storage fields. This procedure for inert gas application was first applied in the Simpson Chapel field operated by the Citizens Gas and Coke Utility Company. This report summarizes the efforts of the second field test in the Shirley gas storage field, which belongs to Equitrans. In the Shirley gas storage field, a target area was selected and evaluated by completing four wells, conducting reservoir and tracer testing to determine its suitability for inert gas injection. Reservoir modeling was indicated that in the best option, with the help of existing wells in the target area, 300 MMCF or 5% of the total base gas can be replaced with nitrogen without jeopardizing the pipeline quality of working gas. In this process, a total of 400 MMCF of natural gas would be recovered from the target area. In addition to a one-time cost benefit (due to the price differential between natural gas and nitrogen), inert gas injection would also cut down an equivalent amount of natural gas migration and provide another opportunity to replace 200 MMCF of base gas with nitrogen in the next 20 years. FERC approval to conduct inert gas injection in the Shirley field has been obtained by Equitrans. Inert gas injection in the target area is expected to start in the summer of 1999, following the ongoing gas withdrawal from the target area to create a pressure sink.

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Donlon, Francis P., i Brian A. Levine. 120-mm Target Practice Cone Stabilized Discarding Sabot with Tracer (TPCSDS-T) M865 (E3) Rework Report (Pop-Rivet Design). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, październik 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada411174.

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