Artykuły w czasopismach: „Track start”

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Matúš, Ivan. "Biomechanická analýza štartových skokov v plávaní". Studia sportiva 8, nr 1 (14.07.2014): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2014-1-12.

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Presented research comes up with results representing a role of speed-force and timing parameters in four start types at the track of 7.5 m and 10 m distance. Eighteen performance male swimmers (age 23.4±2.1), specialists in sprint event, participated in this study. We noticed the highest measured vertical force in swimming starts with rearward stretch (ZŠSN, AŠSN) in both track distances. For the horizontal force in the tracks of both distances we noticed the highest values of maximum force in grab starts (ZŠS, ZŠSN), but the average values were the highest in the track starts (AŠSN, AŠS). From the timing parameters on the starting block, the shortest reaction time was measured in swimming starts with rearward stretch (ZŠSN, AŠSN). The shortest movement and starting reaction time from the starting block was measured in the swimming start with rearward stretch (ZŠSN, AŠSN) in both track distances. The shortest time of a flight and gliding phase for the track of 7.5 m and 10 m distance we measured in the track start with rearward. Difference between the first and the second fastest time in the track of 7.5 m distance to 0,02 s, but the track of 10 m distance was doubled. On the basis of these results we recommend to swimmer sprinters to use mainly the track start with rearward. The statistical significance of differences in speed-force parameters pointed on the differences between the four types of swimming starts. In all types of the starts were shown close relations between the track time for 7.5 m and 10 m distance, horizontal force parameters and the time of the flight and gliding phase.

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Martin, Brendan. "Railroad Concessions Off Track From The Start". NACLA Report on the Americas 36, nr 4 (styczeń 2003): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2003.11722481.

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VANLANDEWIJCK, YVES C., JOERI VERELLEN, EMMA BECKMAN, MARK CONNICK i SEAN M. TWEEDY. "Trunk Strength Effect on Track Wheelchair Start". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, nr 12 (grudzień 2011): 2344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318223af14.

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Windridge, Melanie. "Can start-ups fast-track fusion energy?" Nature 596, nr 7872 (16.08.2021): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02203-4.

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Galbraith, H., J. Scurr, C. Hencken, L. Wood i P. Graham-Smith. "Biomechanical Comparison of the Track Start and the Modified One-Handed Track Start in Competitive Swimming: An Intervention Study". Journal of Applied Biomechanics 24, nr 4 (listopad 2008): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.24.4.307.

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This study compared the conventional track and a new one-handed track start in elite age group swimmers to determine if the new technique had biomechanical implications on dive performance. Five male and seven female GB national qualifiers participated (mean ± SD: age 16.7 ± 1.9 years, stretched stature 1.76 ± 0.8 m, body mass 67.4 ± 7.9 kg) and were assigned to a control group (n = 6) or an intervention group (n = 6) that learned the new one-handed dive technique. All swimmers underwent a 4-week intervention comprising 12 ± 3 thirty-minute training sessions. Video cameras synchronized with an audible signal and timing suite captured temporal and kinematic data. A portable force plate and load cell handrail mounted to a swim starting block collected force data over 3 trials of each technique. A MANCOVA identified Block Time (BT), Flight Time (FT), Peak Horizontal Force of the lower limbs (PHF) and Horizontal Velocity at Take-off (Vx) as covariates. During the 10-m swim trial, significant differences were found in Time to 10 m (TT10m), Total Time (TT), Peak Vertical Force (PVF), Flight Distance (FD), and Horizontal Velocity at Take-off (Vx) (p < .05). Results indicated that the conventional track start method was faster over 10 m, and therefore may be seen as a superior start after a short intervention. During training, swimmers and coaches should focus on the most statistically significant dive performance variables: peak horizontal force and velocity at take-off, block and flight time.

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Rusdiana, Agus. "Analisis Kinematika Gerakan Track Start dalam Olahraga Renang". JUARA : Jurnal Olahraga 5, nr 2 (11.06.2020): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33222/juara.v5i2.881.

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Sekarang ini teknik start dalam olahraga renang yang banyak digunakan adalah track start baik teknik rear weighted maupun front weighted serta grab start. Perbedaan utama antara kedua teknik start adalah posisi kaki pada papan start block. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis perbedaan kinematika gerak dengan pendekatan analisis tiga dimensi antara atlet putra dan putri dengan menggunakan teknik track start dalam olahraga renang. Metoda yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Sampel yang digunakan adalah atlet putra 8 orang dan putri 8 dengan rata-rata usianya 19.5 tahun, tinggi badan 1.72 m dan berat badan 61.4 kg. Proses pengabilan data menggunakan satu buah 3D Force Platform, 3 buah Panasonic Handycam, Frame DIAZ IV 3D motion software dan satu set marker manual. Hasil dari analisis data menujukan bahwa dari 21 parameter kinematika gerak yang dianalisis terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada kelompok putra yang hasilnya lebih besar daripada kelompok putri khususnya pada 7 parameter yaitu pada flight time, total time, height of take-off, vertical velocity of the CoM at take-off, leg power, force dan time to 15m. Sedangkan peran sumbangan mechanic leg power dan force sesaat sebelum take off merupakan faktor kunci keberhasilan performa start dalam olahraga renang.

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7

Catford, J. "New millennium's resolution: start young and track fast". Health Promotion International 15, nr 1 (1.03.2000): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/15.1.1.

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Vogwell, Jeffrey, i José María Mínguez. "Damage in a bobsleigh start track braking system". Engineering Failure Analysis 16, nr 4 (czerwiec 2009): 1109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2008.06.025.

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Şerban Târgoveţ, Adriana, i Dragoş Ionescu-Bondoc. "Assisted Study of the Human Force-Power Parameters Influences to the Kinematics Motricities Characteristics". Applied Mechanics and Materials 555 (czerwiec 2014): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.555.665.

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During swimming competitions starting from the block-start platform, a potential hypothesis was noticed, through an active multimodal process, which can make the swimming start efficient, especially in the case of sprint races, by improving the propulsive force parameters of the inferior limbs. The swimming start research from interdisciplinary perspective: biomechanical, kinematic, informational and statistical can consolidate and improve the specific technique in accordance with the abilities and psycho-motor qualities of the swimmers. The present study is based on an experiment where the spatial-temporal and kinematic parameters were processed with the help of a Dartfish program. The evolution of parameters is researched as a result of a motor training program with the purpose to increase the propulsive force off the block-start. The improvement of spatial-temporal parameters influences the performance and evolution of technical parameters. Initial and final recordings were made on an MLD Station Evo5 and MLD software MuskelLeistungs Diagnose, fromSPSport, SPSportdiagnosegeräte, in order to evaluate the force, the power and the propulsive force. The argumentation of the experimental research is based on the statement: “the spatial characteristics of the motions and actions can be studied for themselves as parameters, characteristics or as a reference method for defining other characteristics, such as velocity or push-off force [1]. The main purpose of this study is to identify the influences of the specific start training upon the force improvement and kick power of the support foot from the block-start, during the classic track start. Given that the track start technique is the same as the one of the kick start executed from the international block-start of Omega, OSB11, developed in 2009, one assumes that the improvement of the classic track start leads by default to the improvement of the kick start. Lack of training to practice this type of start leads to deficient use during competitions, thus obtaining poor performances. There are no kick block-starts in Romania in order to train high performance athletes participating in international competitions and as a consequence, poor results are obtained at sprint races. One assumes that training for this type of start can be succesfully made only from a block-start similar to the kick one. The block-start model adapted by us under the same biomechanical conditions as the ones of the international kick start, is called “athletic kick”. The training specific to the kick start is carried out only with the optimum use of the kick block-start, the reasons for this being presented by N, Houel, A. Charliac, JL.Rey, Phellardin the paper: “How the swimmer could improve his track start using new Olympic plot” [2].

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OZEKI, Kazumasa, Shinji SAKURAI i Masahiro TAGUCHI. "Comparison between Kick start and Track start in thecompetitive swimming: Analysis of sex differences". Suiei Suichu Undo Kagaku 17, nr 1 (2015): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2479/swex.17.4.

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Blythe, Jenny. "New fast track medical courses to start in UK". BMJ 323, Suppl S3 (1.09.2001): 0109313d. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sbmj.0109313d.

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Mach, Jan, i Marie Blahutková. "The regulation of pre-start conditions in track cycling". Studia sportiva 12, nr 1 (20.07.2018): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2018-1-10.

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Belvedere, Matteo, Matthew R. Bennett, Daniel Marty, Marcin Budka, Sally C. Reynolds i Rashid Bakirov. "Stat-tracks and mediotypes: powerful tools for modern ichnology based on 3D models". PeerJ 6 (11.01.2018): e4247. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4247.

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Vertebrate tracks are subject to a wide distribution of morphological types. A single trackmaker may be associated with a range of tracks reflecting individual pedal anatomy and behavioural kinematics mediated through substrate properties which may vary both in space and time. Accordingly, the same trackmaker can leave substantially different morphotypes something which must be considered in creating ichnotaxa. In modern practice this is often captured by the collection of a series of 3D track models. We introduce two concepts to help integrate these 3D models into ichnological analysis procedures. The mediotype is based on the idea of using statistically-generated three-dimensional track models (median or mean) of the type specimens to create a composite track to support formal recognition of a ichno type. A representative track (mean and/or median) is created from a set of individual reference tracks or from multiple examples from one or more trackways. In contrast, stat-tracks refer to other digitally generated tracks which may explore variance. For example, they are useful in: understanding the preservation variability of a given track sample; identifying characteristics or unusual track features; or simply as a quantitative comparison tool. Both concepts assist in making ichnotaxonomical interpretations and we argue that they should become part of the standard procedure when instituting new ichnotaxa. As three-dimensional models start to become a standard in publications on vertebrate ichnology, the mediotype and stat-track concepts have the potential to help guiding a revolution in the study of vertebrate ichnology and ichnotaxonomy.

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Haug, William B., Eric J. Drinkwater, Nicholas J. Cicero, J. Anthony Barthell i Dale W. Chapman. "The Impact of Dry-Land Sprint Start Training on the Short Track Speed Skating Start". Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 33, nr 2 (luty 2019): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001892.

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Ikeda, Yusuke, Hiroshi Ichikawa, Rio Nara, Yasuhiro Baba, Yoshimitsu Shimoyama i Yasuyuki Kubo. "Functional Role of the Front and Back Legs During a Track Start with Special Reference to an Inverted Pendulum Model in College Swimmers". Journal of Applied Biomechanics 32, nr 5 (październik 2016): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0303.

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This study investigated factors that determine the velocity of the center of mass (CM) and flight distance from a track start to devise effective technical and physical training methods. Nine male and 5 female competitive swimmers participated in this study. Kinematics and ground reaction forces of the front and back legs were recorded using a video camera and force plates. The track start was modeled as an inverted pendulum system including a compliant leg, connecting the CM and front edge of the starting block. The increase in the horizontal velocity of the CM immediately after the start signal was closely correlated with the rotational component of the inverted pendulum. This rotational component at hands-off was significantly correlated with the average vertical force of the back plate from the start signal to hands-off (r = .967, P < .001). The flight distance / height was significantly correlated with the average vertical force of the front plate from the back foot-off to front foot-off (r = .783, P < .01). The results indicate that the legs on the starting block in the track start play a different role in the behavior of the inverted pendulum.

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Thilmany, Jean. "A Fast Track". Mechanical Engineering 128, nr 11 (1.11.2006): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2006-nov-3.

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This paper discusses the use of video game in teaching mechanical engineering students. The course teaches students how engineering computation and simulation work. Students learn how to get computers to run various mathematical procedures. When they fire up their computers, students see a fairly standard gaming image: a race car and a track. They quickly learn that they will have to program the system to get the car to obey their commands. They start small and at first, they do not even have steering wheels or pedals to control their vehicles. Within a few commands, they can get their car to go straight but then the track turns and they crash into the wall. There are certain types of calculations they have to learn, and they get better and better as the semester goes on, until at the end they're doing sophisticated calculations.

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Taladriz Blanco, Sonia, Blanca De la Fuente Caynzos i Raúl Arellano Colomina. "Ventral swimming starts, changes and recent evolution: A systematic review (Cambios y reciente evolución de las salidas ventrales de natación: revisión sistemática)". Retos, nr 32 (17.02.2017): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i32.49535.

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The purpose of this study was two-fold: to define the characteristics and to analyse the advantages of the last changes produced in the swimming starts as a consequence of the implementation of kick-start; and with the aim to present topics for future studies and guidance for coaches and swimmers. Fifty studies were reviewed: forty-eight related to the grab start, six focused on the track start and studied the kick-start. Nine additional studies are were comparisons between the grab start and track start, six compared the track start and kick-start and just one compared the three start techniques. The outcomes of the studies included in this review showed clear advantages in the kick-start performance with respect to the grab start or track start. The back plate implementation enhanced the force development on the block resulting in larger horizontal take-off velocities and shorter block times. These advantages induced significant improvements in the flight phase with larger distance travelled in less time and shorter time to 5, 10 and 15 m. The use of flexibility training programs as well as lower body strength and power are recommended for an improvement in kick-start technique. For an improvement in kick-start technique is recommended for coaches and swimmers the use of training programs designed to improve the lower body strength and power and the use of flexibility training programs. Resumen. El propósito de esta revisión fue definir las características y analizar las ventajas de los últimos cambios producidos en las salidas de natación debido a la aparición de un nuevo poyete implementado con un apoyo posterior y con el objetivo de presentar temas para futuras investigaciones y una guía para entrenadores y nadadores. Para llevar a cabo dichos objetivos, cincuenta estudios fueron revisados de los cuales cuarenta y ocho analizaron la salida de agarre, seis incluyeron la salida de atletismo y diez la salida de atletismo con apoyo posterior. Además, una comparación entre el rendimiento de la salida de agarre y la salida de atletismo fue llevada a cabo en nueve de los Nueve estudios incluidos en esta revisión más compararon la salida de agarre y la salida de atletismo, seis compararon la salida de atletismo y la salida de atletismo con apoyo posterior y solamente uno incluyó una comparativa entre comparó las tres técnicas. Los resultados de los estudios mostraron claras ventajas en el rendimiento de total la salida desde con los nuevos poyetes con apoyo posterior con en comparación respecto a la salida de agarre o la salida de atletismo. La implementación del apoyo posterior incrementó la fuerza generada en el poyete permitiendo obtener una mayor velocidad horizontal en el despegue y un menor tiempo de poyete. Estas ventajas dieron lugar a una mejoras significativa en la fase de vuelo (tiempo de vuelo y distancia de vuelo) con mayores distancias recorridas en un tiempo más corto y en los tiempos de salida a menores tiempos a los 5, 10 y 15 m. Para la mejora de la salida de atletismo con apoyo posterior se recomienda a entrenadores y nadadores incluir programas de entrenamiento dirigidos a una mejor aplicación de fuerza en el poyete con apoyo posterior la mejora de la fuerza de los miembros inferiores y la potencia así como el uso de programas de flexibilidad.

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Welcher, Robert L., Richard N. Hinrichs i Thomas R. George. "Front- or rear-weighted track start or grab start: Which is the best for female swimmers?" Sports Biomechanics 7, nr 1 (styczeń 2008): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763140701683247.

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Jongsma, David M., Digby Elliott i Timothy D. Lee. "Experience and Set in the Running Sprint Start". Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, nr 2 (kwiecień 1987): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.2.547.

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This study examined the influence of experience and instructional set on the running sprint start. As expected, experience affected reaction time only in track-specific situations. While instructional set did not influence reaction time, experienced sprinters were able to cover the first 1.5 m of distance (movement time) more quickly when they adopted a motor as opposed to a sensory set.

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Chen, S. T., W. T. Tang i H. J. Hsiao. "The comparison of grab start and track start in force, time, stretch-shorten-cycle, and performance efficiency". Journal of Biomechanics 39 (styczeń 2006): S557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)85298-x.

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Pugliese, Roberto, Guido Bortoluzzi i Ivan Zupic. "Putting process on track: empirical research on start-ups’ growth drivers". Management Decision 54, nr 7 (15.08.2016): 1633–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-10-2015-0444.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on the growth drivers of start-up firms from the process perspective. Increasing scholarly attention to the growth of start-up firms has led to a more sophisticated understanding of their drivers. However, the richness of the results is partly offset by both potential and real contradictions in the literature. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, 233 studies on the growth of start-up firms are reviewed using a process-oriented lens. Findings – The analysis reveals an imbalance in the use of variance-based empirical approaches to study the process-based phenomenon and some misalignments in the use of non-process-based empirical approaches to improve a process-based theory. Originality/value – This paper offers an original perspective from which to reconsider the relevant literature and provides useful recommendations for researchers to forge a path ahead in this field.

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Xie, Kaili, Jie Qiang i Haitao Yang. "Research and Optimization of D-Start Lite Algorithm in Track Planning". IEEE Access 8 (2020): 161920–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3021073.

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Oh, Cheong-Hwan, Seung-Hee Lim i Eui-Su Shin. "Kinematic Comparison Analysis According to Bipedal Stance in Swimming Track Start". Korean Journal of Sports Science 28, nr 2 (30.04.2019): 1151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2019.04.28.2.1151.

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Shaw, Jacquelyn, David H. McCulloh, Caroline McCaffrey, James A. Grifo i Jennifer K. Blakemore. "A FALSE START: CAN SINGLE PRONUCLEAR ZYGOTES GET BACK ON TRACK?" Fertility and Sterility 116, nr 3 (wrzesień 2021): e137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.07.381.

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Li, Zhigang, H. R. Frost, Qian Yang, Marie Bakitas i Tor Tosteson. "Joint modeling, quality of life, and survival in fast-track (or delayed-start) palliative care trials." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, nr 31_suppl (1.11.2014): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.31_suppl.49.

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49 Background: Randomized “early intervention” or “fast-track” trials (also sometimes called delayed intervention, delayed-start, or wait list designs) have been proposed as an alternative to traditional RCTs comparing palliative care interventions to non-palliative or other supportive care groups. The fast-track arm receives intervention immediately after randomization and the control arm receiving intervention after a certain period following randomization during which time standard care is provided. Such trials are more acceptable to patients, families and physicians because no one is denied access to the intervention, while still allowing for a rigorous assessment of a palliative care intervention. Many issues remain with respect to implementing such designs and analyzing the longitudinal quality of life and survival. Methods: We have developed a terminal decline model (Li et al. 2013) for jointly modeling quality of life and survival in palliative care studies. This model can be implemented on an intention to treat basis for the overall comparison in fast track design. For time periods beyond the delayed start period, we modify the model to include a time-varying treatment variable in the model to account for the treatment change in the control arm, including an interaction between the treatment and the time period. Terminal declines and quality-adjusted life years are estimated for both the intention to treat and the modified model. Results: ENABLE III is a recently completed fast-track trial in our institution at Dartmouth. After applied to ENABLE III study, the novel statistical joint modeling approach indicates that the effect of the ENABLE intervention on the terminal decline increases when combined with intervention effect seen for fast track arm. Conclusions: The terminal decline joint modeling approach is an efficient and interpretable method for fast-track study designs.

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Tytgat, Kristien M. A. J., H. H. Greuter, J. Molenaar, S. Heukels, Paul Fockens, Dirk J. Gouma i Jean H. G. Klinkenbijl. "Fast track multidisciplinary approach for gastrointestinal tumours." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, nr 4_suppl (1.02.2013): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.4_suppl.102.

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102 Background: The incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumours in the Netherlands is rising. However, GI oncological medical care is still delayed and fragmented. There is a need for better and faster diagnostic work-up, faster start of treatment, but also for expert multidisciplinary deliberation. Therefore, the GIOCA, Gastro Intestinal Oncological Centre Amsterdam, started in 2009 as a one day fast track multidisciplinary outpatient clinic for patients with GI malignancies. The goal was an admission time (AT, time from referral to consultation) of < 1 week and a run through time (RTT, time from multidisciplinary meeting to start of treatment) of < 3 weeks. The aim of this study was first to evaluate the AT and RTT at GIOCA and secondly to evaluate the subjective impact of this novel strategy on patients burden and satisfaction. Methods: Patients were seen at GIOCA in the morning on a colorectal (CRC ), an oesophago/gastric (OES) or a hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) day. That same morning (additional) diagnostics were performed. At the multidisciplinary meeting afterwards, a final diagnosis and treatment plan was made, which was later communicated to the patient. The patient then met all involved specialists. AT and RTT were prospectively recorded for all GIOCA patients. For HPB malignancies, AT and RTT could be compared to historical controls from the preceding year. Patient impact and satisfaction was evaluated using a before/after cohort study design, with a written questionnaire prospectively administered to all GIOCA patients and compared to data obtained 3 months prior to GIOCA start. Results: Analyses of 2009 and 2010 showed the following results: The average AT for CRC, OES and HPB was 7.6, 9.5 and 9 days respectively. The average RTT for CRC, OES and HPB was 20.8, 24 and 25 days respectively. For HPB malignancies, this was 10.4 days (AT) and 59.8 days (RTT) in the year preceding GIOCA. Higher levels of patient satisfaction were obtained in GIOCA patients compared to controls. More than 90% of the patients interviewed would advice the GIOCA outpatient approach to other patients. Conclusions: Progress has been made in the AT and RTT in GI malignancies in GIOCA, but the goals were still not all reached. Patients were very satisfied with this novel approach.

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Berner, A. H., C. S. Bretherton i R. Wood. "Large-eddy simulation of ship tracks in the collapsed marine boundary layer: a case study from the Monterey Area Ship Track experiment". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, nr 17 (22.09.2014): 24387–439. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-24387-2014.

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Abstract. For the first time, a large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled to a bulk aerosol scheme is used to simulate an aircraft-sampled ship track. The track was formed by the M/V Sanko Peace on 13 June 1994 in a shallow drizzling boundary layer with high winds but very low background aerosol concentrations (10 cm−3). A Lagrangian framework is used to simulate the evolution of a short segment of track as it is advected away from the ship for eight hours (a downwind distance exceeding 570 km). Using aircraft observations for initialization, good agreement is obtained between the simulated and observed features of the ambient boundary layer outside the track, including the organization of cloud into mesoscale rolls. After eight hours, a line of aerosol is injected to start the ship track. The simulation successfully reproduces the significant albedo enhancement and suppression of drizzle observed within the track. The aerosol concentration within the track dilutes as it broadens due to turbulent mixing. A sensitivity study shows the broadening rate strongly depends on the alignment between the track and the wind-aligned boundary layer rolls, as satellite images of ship tracks suggest. Entrainment is enhanced within the simulated track, but the observed 100 m elevation of the ship track above the surrounding layer is not simulated, possibly because the LES quickly sharpens the rather weak observed inversion. Liquid water path within the simulated track increases with time even as the ambient liquid water path is decreasing. The albedo increase in the track from liquid water and cloud fraction enhancement (second indirect effect) eventually exceeds that from cloud droplet number increases (first indirect or Twomey effect). In a sensitivity study with a higher initial ambient aerosol concentration, stronger ship track aerosol source, and much weaker drizzle, there is less liquid water inside the track than outside for several hours downwind, consistent with satellite estimates for such situations. In this case, the Twomey effect dominates throughout, although, as seen in satellite images, the albedo enhancement of the track is much smaller.

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Berner, A. H., C. S. Bretherton i R. Wood. "Large eddy simulation of ship tracks in the collapsed marine boundary layer: a case study from the Monterey area ship track experiment". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, nr 10 (27.05.2015): 5851–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5851-2015.

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Abstract. For the first time, a large eddy simulation (LES) coupled to a bulk aerosol scheme is used to simulate an aircraft-sampled ship track. The track was formed by the M/V Sanko Peace on 13 June 1994 in a shallow drizzling boundary layer with high winds but very low background aerosol concentrations (10 cm−3). A Lagrangian framework is used to simulate the evolution of a short segment of track as it is advected away from the ship for 8 h (a downwind distance exceeding 570 km). Using aircraft observations for initialization, good agreement is obtained between the simulated and observed features of the ambient boundary layer outside the track, including the organization of the cloud into mesoscale rolls. After 8 h, a line of aerosol is injected to start the ship track. The simulation successfully reproduces the significant albedo enhancement and suppression of drizzle observed within the track. The aerosol concentration within the track dilutes as it broadens due to turbulent mixing. A sensitivity study shows the broadening rate strongly depends on the alignment between the track and the wind-aligned boundary layer rolls, as satellite images of ship tracks suggest. Entrainment is enhanced within the simulated track, but the observed 100 m elevation of the ship track above the surrounding layer is not simulated, possibly because the LES quickly sharpens the rather weak observed inversion. Liquid water path within the simulated track increases with time even as the ambient liquid water path is decreasing. The albedo increase in the track from liquid water and cloud fraction enhancement (second indirect effect) eventually exceeds that from cloud droplet number increases (first indirect or Twomey effect). In a sensitivity study with a higher initial ambient aerosol concentration, stronger ship track aerosol source, and much weaker drizzle, there is less liquid water inside the track than outside for several hours downwind, consistent with satellite estimates for such situations. In that case, the Twomey effect dominates throughout, although, as seen in satellite images, the albedo enhancement of the track is much smaller.

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29

Goodwin, Roger L. "Comparing Post Positions Using the Chi Square Distribution". Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 1, nr 2 (5.04.2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v1i2.47.

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In horse racing, at the start of a race, horses line-up in starting gates. The rack track assigns horses and their jockeys their starting gates in advance of a race. We examine the published data from a racetrack to determine if a starting gate is preferred over another. We compare the number of wins across the post positions for sprint races and long distance races using two chi-square distributions. Given the post positions and the number of wins for a given race track, it can be determined that the inner-most and outer-most track positions tend to be preferred over the center track positions.

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YOKOKURA, Saburo. "A New Detection of a Start Action in the Track and Field". Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers 36, nr 2 (2000): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.9746/sicetr1965.36.159.

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Song, Jooho, Don Hyung Lee i Young-Jin Moon. "Kinematics of the running-like sprint start in long-track speed skating". International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 17, nr 4 (4.07.2017): 563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2017.1372161.

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Bezodis, Neil Edward, Steffen Willwacher i Aki Ilkka Tapio Salo. "The Biomechanics of the Track and Field Sprint Start: A Narrative Review". Sports Medicine 49, nr 9 (17.06.2019): 1345–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01138-1.

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33

Yin, Juqi, Zhen Yang i Yazhong Luo. "Adaptive Tracking Method for Non-Cooperative Continuously Thrusting Spacecraft". Aerospace 8, nr 9 (3.09.2021): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8090244.

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Performance of the traditional Kalman filter and its variants can seriously degrade when they are used to track a non-cooperative continuously thrusting spacecraft. To overcome this shortcoming, an adaptive tracking method for relative state estimation of a non-cooperative target is proposed based on the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm. First, built upon a current statistical jerk (CSJerk) model, a robust CSJerk filtering (RCSJF) algorithm is developed, which can address the issue of low estimation accuracy and instability of traditional approaches at the moments when the spacecraft starts and ends thrusting. Second, the developed RCSJF algorithm is further used to form the model set of the IMM by incorporating different maximum jerk values, based on which an adaptive tracking method is presented that can track a non-cooperative target with different maneuvering levels. Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively track the target across all thrusts levels under the conditions considered, and the convergence performance of the proposed method is improved in comparison to the CSJerk-based extended Kalman filter, especially at the start and end time of the maneuver.

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Samełko, Aleksandra, i Grzegorz Tomaszewski. "Temperament of Track Cyclists and Their Stress of During a Sports Performance". Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 86, nr 1 (1.06.2020): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2020-0010.

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AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between temperament and stress, to assess the stress level and perform comparative analysis of feeling of stress before and after the race. The test group consisted of 30 competitors from Mazovian cycling clubs between the ages of 15 and 16 (M = 15.5, SD = 0.50). Standard psychological questionnaires were used for the study. The level of stress was tested using the PSS 10 questionnaire by S. Cohen, T. Kamarck and R. Mermelstein. In addition, temperament was studied with Formal Characteristics of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory by Zawadzki and Strelau (1997). Measures were used to determine the constant predisposition of cyclists to feel the level of stress, as well as to show the intensity of stress during sports competitions (before and after the start). Statistical analyses carried out with the Wilcoxon test showed a significant difference between the initial and final value of the stress level as a condition in the subjects. It was found that in the same people, stress reached a higher average level after the race (M = 17.8, SD = 6) than before the performance (M = 11.83, SD = 5.9). The results show that the state of stress does not decrease after the start, as occurs with other variables (including emotional arousal). The results showed that stress measured before and after the start of a competition positively correlates with perseverance and emotional reactivity, while stress before the start negatively correlates with briskness. Observations from the analyses carried out may broaden the understanding of the phenomenon of stress, especially in aspects of sport competition and track cyclists.

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35

Whitman, Nancy C. "A Teacher's Journal: Experimenting with Crazy Cars". Teaching Children Mathematics 7, nr 2 (październik 2000): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/tcm.7.2.0070.

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The activity described in this article will help students confirm the fact that the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180 degrees. The idea for the activity occurred to me when a student explained how she “proved” this fact to herself. She said, “The way a pencil points after it moves in all the inside angles is opposite from what it was at the start.” Her explanation is represented in figure 1. For such an explanation to be meaningful, students must understand that if an object is turned so that it faces in the opposite direction, it has rotated 180 degrees. Teachers must make sure that students have acquired this knowledge before the start of the activity. Teachers can help students make this discovery by having them rotate their pencils in known angle increments until the pencil points in the opposite direction. At the start of the activity, students should discuss what they know of “crazy cars,” or “bumper cars,” and the kinds of experiences that they have had with such cars at carnivals. You should ask students about the shape of the arena or track in which the cars are driven and discuss possible reasons that the track takes a particular shape. Emphasize that in addition to going forward and backward, the cars also rotate when they hit the sides of the track.

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36

Bjerknes, Tale L., Nenitha C. Dagslott, Edvard I. Moser i May-Britt Moser. "Path integration in place cells of developing rats". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, nr 7 (30.01.2018): E1637—E1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719054115.

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Place cells in the hippocampus and grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex rely on self-motion information and path integration for spatially confined firing. Place cells can be observed in young rats as soon as they leave their nest at around 2.5 wk of postnatal life. In contrast, the regularly spaced firing of grid cells develops only after weaning, during the fourth week. In the present study, we sought to determine whether place cells are able to integrate self-motion information before maturation of the grid-cell system. Place cells were recorded on a 200-cm linear track while preweaning, postweaning, and adult rats ran on successive trials from a start wall to a box at the end of a linear track. The position of the start wall was altered in the middle of the trial sequence. When recordings were made in complete darkness, place cells maintained fields at a fixed distance from the start wall regardless of the age of the animal. When lights were on, place fields were determined primarily by external landmarks, except at the very beginning of the track. This shift was observed in both young and adult animals. The results suggest that preweaning rats are able to calculate distances based on information from self-motion before the grid-cell system has matured to its full extent.

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Bessonenko, Sergei, Konstantin Kornienko i Iuliia Tanaino. "Influence of opposite elevation on the occupancy level of the tracks of sorting park". MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823903002.

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The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of the location and magnitude of opposite elevation on the occupancy level of the tracks of sorting park. The subject of the study is the effect of the magnitude and location of opposite elevation on the sorting tracks occupancy level. The object is the tracks of sorting park. For the study, a simulation model of the traffic of the cut in sorting park was used, taking into account the reverse movement, “SortPark”. On the basis of this model, it was concluded that when the target point is moved farther from the braking position, the distance traveled by the cut first increases, and then decreases. This is due to the fact that when stopping the cut on the opposite elevation, it can start to move backward. On the basis of this, it was concluded that the useful length of the sorting yard track for the first detaching limited by the point of change of gradient from grade to opposite elevation. In view of this conclusion, the formula for determining the sorting track occupancy level was improved.

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Liu, Donghao, Jianwu Zhang, Dejiu Zhang, Guanghui Liu i Haisheng Yu. "Experimental and numerical analysis of the seat track vibrations caused by engine starts in a power-split hybrid electric vehicle". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, nr 3 (5.08.2016): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016640423.

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An important method for saving energy and reducing the emissions from hybrid electric vehicles is to shorten the working time of the engine, which results in frequent engine starts and stops. The accompanying vibration and noise problems cause the driveability and the ride comfort to deteriorate significantly. In this study, experiments on the vibrations of the driver’s seat track are performed and analysed to evaluate quantitatively the vibrations during the engine start. The measurement results show that vibrations in the longitudinal direction are the most severe, whereas vibrations in the lateral direction are the weakest. Based on the test results, a full-vehicle multi-body dynamics model, including the driveline, the powertrain mounts and the suspensions, is developed and verified. Some countermeasures are researched using numerical simulations to reduce the uncomfortable longitudinal vibrations. Optimization analysis demonstrates that the effects of the reduction in the vibrations are limited even by the optimal initial crank angle, the start-up time and the stiffnesses of the torsional damper and the half-shafts. Hence, parameter optimizations cannot completely eliminate the uncomfortable vibrations. Fortunately, as compensation control benefits from the fast response of electric motors in hybrid vehicles, it can play an active role in reducing the longitudinal seat track vibrations and in improving the ride comfort. However, the effect of the compensation controller greatly depends on the accuracy of the torque estimator.

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39

Vantorre, J., L. Seifert, R. J. Fernandes, J. P. Vilas-Boas i D. Chollet. "Biomechanical Influence of Start Technique Preference for Elite Track Starters in Front Crawl". Open Sports Sciences Journal 3, nr 1 (7.03.2014): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875399x010030100137.

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40

Long, Gary. "Easy-to-Apply Solution to a Persistent Safety Problem: Clearance Time for Railroad-Preempted Traffic Signals". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1856, nr 1 (styczeń 2003): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1856-26.

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Traffic signals near railroad grade crossings having active warning systems are normally interconnected and receive a signal from the railroad track circuitry when trains are approaching. This train approach signal is used by the traffic signal to interrupt and preempt its normal phasing and enter into higher priority special phasings to clear the track of any vehicles that might be stopped in the pathway of a train. The amount of preemption time needed to clear a vehicle from the pathway of a train is necessary information for appropriate preemption signal settings but there are no definitive guidelines on how to determine this amount of time. It is usually left to the judgment of the signal engineer, and frequently unfounded assumptions are used. This study investigated the time required to clear a vehicle in a queue backed up onto a track at railroad-preempted traffic signals. The two key time components are start-up delay and repositioning time. Queues where all preceding vehicles are short passenger cars cause the longest start-up delays, and heavy trucks at the track involve the longest repositioning times. The model developed is convenient because once it is decided that preemption is needed, only easily determined values are required—the minimum track clearance distance, the clear storage distance, and the types of vehicles that are permitted to use the roadway. The model adopts a high level of confidence to minimize the risk of crashes but avoids the "worst-case" concept to avert an invitation for litigation when an improbable or unforeseen worst case results in a crash.

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41

Long, Gary. "Start-Up Delays of Queued Vehicles". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1934, nr 1 (styczeń 2005): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193400113.

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Start-up delays of queued vehicles have been studied in past research for evaluation of their impacts on saturation flow rates at downstream traffic signals. A more crucial issue, however, can be the effect of start-up delays of queued vehicles at upstream locations where queued vehicles back up from a traffic signal across a railroad crossing. The relationship between queue start-up delays and track clearance times is important in establishing traffic signal preemption settings. This paper presents models that are developed for prediction of the expected maximum time required to mobilize a queue of any length. The models consider not only the average delay times but also the limiting delay times that are expected to accommodate high proportions of queues. For design convenience, queue lengths are converted into distance from the leading edge of a queue rather than being described only by the number of vehicles in a queue. Because the variations in start-up times, in addition to the average times reported in the literature, are needed, two sets of field studies were used to obtain data for model calibration and to investigate various traffic operation effects. Other factors that might be expected to influence queue start-up times are also analyzed.

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42

Liu, Jun Jie, Li Yu Tian, Qiu Xiang Wu i Miao He. "Civil Aircraft Radar Track Simulation Algorithm Based on 4D Trajectory". Advanced Materials Research 905 (kwiecień 2014): 514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.905.514.

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In this paper, we start from the research on the radar simulation technology, adopt a method based on the 4D trajectory module simulation based on the analysis of the advanced technologies abroad and developing status at home. Following detailed descriptions combined with all the major modules, the integrated radar track simulation method is established. Research and implementation of the technology in the field of air traffic control has great practical significance.

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43

Wilson, Chris, Bablu Sinha i Richard G. Williams. "The Effect of Ocean Dynamics and Orography on Atmospheric Storm Tracks". Journal of Climate 22, nr 13 (1.07.2009): 3689–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2651.1.

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Abstract The control of atmospheric storm tracks by ocean dynamics, orography, and their interaction is investigated using idealized experiments with a simplified coupled atmosphere–ocean climate model. The study focuses on the quasi–steady state for the storm tracks in the Northern Hemisphere winter mean. The experiments start with a background state without mountains and ocean dynamics, and in separate stages include orography and a dynamic ocean to obtain a more realistic control simulation. The separate effects of ocean dynamics, orography, and their nonlinear interaction are identified for the storm tracks and the surface thermodynamic forcing over the ocean. The model study suggests that atmospheric storm tracks are a robust feature of the climate system, occurring at midlatitudes even if there is no orographic forcing or ocean heat transport. Ocean dynamics generally lead to a poleward shift in both the storm track and the maximum in atmospheric northward heat transport and induce a northeastward tilt over the Atlantic. This poleward shift is linked to the extra heat transport by the ocean and the tightening of sea surface temperature gradients on the western side of ocean basins. Orographic forcing causes along-track variability with a weakening of the storm track over the continents and induces a northeastward tilt over the western Pacific, which is associated with a stationary planetary wave train generated by the Tibetan Plateau. The interaction between ocean dynamics and orographic forcing plays a localized role, enhancing the contrast between the Atlantic and Pacific. Much of the response to the forcing is eddy mediated and transient eddies help to spread the influence of orographic and ocean forcing.

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44

Fitzenberger, Bernd, i Stefanie Licklederer. "Career Planning, School Grades, and Transitions: The Last Two Years in a German Lower Track Secondary School". Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 235, nr 4-5 (1.08.2015): 433–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2015-4-507.

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Summary In Germany, students in lower track secondary schools (LTSS) typically receive intensive career guidance. Nevertheless, the majority of LTSS student graduates does not start an apprenticeship immediately after graduation. This paper analyzes career planning, school grades, and the first transition after graduation for LTSS students in Freiburg during the late 2000s. Only about 10% of LTSS students start an apprenticeship immediately after graduation. About half, typically those with better grades, participate in additional general teaching (AGT) and rather continue schooling after graduation, expecting that this will improve their future career options. The majority of students with poor school grades, especially male students with a migration background, continue with pre-vocational training, even though career guidance was effective in terms of the career planning activities reported by students. Our results suggest that a focus of career guidance on the immediate start of an apprenticeship after graduation may be misplaced for those students continuing in further schooling. Furthermore, such a focus potentially raises hopes for an immediate start of an apprenticeship among the other students, which may later on be frustrated when a student continues with pre-vocational training.

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45

Bolwell, Charlotte F., Chris W. Rogers, Erica K. Gee i Sarah M. Rosanowski. "Descriptive statistics and the pattern of horse racing in New Zealand. 2. Harness racing". Animal Production Science 56, nr 1 (2016): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13443.

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The aim of the present study was to describe the pattern of pacing and trotting races and starts, including temporal trends, in Harness racing in New Zealand. Data on all race starts between 1 August 2005 and 31 July 2010 were supplied by Harness Racing New Zealand. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data at both race and starts level, stratified by pacing and trotting races. In total, 78% of races run were pacing races and most races occurred in the Southern region. The start type varied by race, with most pacing races run with mobile starts and trotting races with standing starts. Regardless of race type most races were run on all-weather tracks and were run in the summer or autumn. There was little change in the median number of starts per horse over time and the median number of starters per trainer per year was 16 (interquartile range 7–35, max. 612) and 12 (interquartile range 5–24, max. 235) for pacing and trotting races, respectively. Differences in track surfaces, gait, region and drivers between the Standardbred and the Thoroughbred industry suggests a need for data specific to the Harness racing industry in New Zealand. This study provided baseline data on the pattern of Standardbred racing and highlighted factors unique to the Harness racing industry in New Zealand.

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46

Rabiega, Józef, i Roman Chrobok. "Investigation of the truss spans of railway bridge under operating load". Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2017, nr 10 (1.10.2017): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_17_10_04.

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The paper presents a description of the structure and its damage and a report on study under the operating load of three truss spans of 42.0 m length each. The spans are located in track no. 2 of two tracks railway Chorzów Batory – Tczew. They crosses the Warta River and its flood terrain in Działoszyn. Following spans are located along track no. 2: one steel beam span of 12.0 m, three truss spans of 42.0 m, one truss span of 32.0 m. The spans were built in 1941/42. They are rivet structures with parabolic shape and girders located under railway. A design of bridge repair and strengthening was prepared. Due to lack of funds the repair works were delayed, but all spans were in bad technical condition. Three the longest ones, which had been examined, had low lateral flexibility. Lateral vibration were noticed, which were consider to be dangerous with a speed limit on the bridge v ≤ 100 km/h and load class of k=+2, αk=1,21 (according to Polish code). The tests result forced the owner to start repair work immediately (mainly to install lateral stiffeners in all spans to eliminate vibrations). It was done by KPRM Kielce company which was already performing repair works at track no. 1.

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Zhang, Ling, Dongwei Mao, Jiong Niu, Q. M. Jonathan Wu i Yonggang Ji. "Continuous Tracking of Targets for Stereoscopic HFSWR Based on IMM Filtering Combined with ELM". Remote Sensing 12, nr 2 (14.01.2020): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12020272.

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High frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) plays an important role in marine surveillance on account of its ability to provide wide-range early warning detection. However, vessel target track breakages are common in large-scale marine monitoring, which limits the continuous tracking ability of HFSWR. The following are the possible reasons for track fracture: highly maneuverable vessels, dense channels, target occlusion, strong clutter/interference, long sampling intervals, and low detection probabilities. To solve this problem, we propose a long-term continuous tracking method for multiple targets with stereoscopic HFSWR based on an interacting multiple model extended Kalman filter (IMMEKF) combined with an extreme learning machine (ELM). When the trajectory obtained by IMMEKF breaks, a new section of the track will start on the basis of the observation data. For multiple-target tracking, a number of broken tracks can be obtained by IMMEKF tracking. Then the ELM classifies the segments from the same vessel by extracting different features including average velocity, average curvature, ratio of the arc length to the chord length, and wavelet coefficient. Both the simulation and the field experiment results validate the method presented here, showing that this method can achieve long-term continuous tracking for multiple vessels, with an average correct track segment association rate of over 91.2%, which is better than the tracking performance of conventional algorithms, especially when the vessels are in dense channels and strong clutter/interference area.

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48

Heilmann, John J., Maura J. Moyle i Ashley M. Rueden. "Using Alphabet Knowledge to Track the Emergent Literacy Skills of Children in Head Start". Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 38, nr 2 (3.04.2018): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271121418766636.

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Having strong alphabet knowledge early in life is a powerful predictor of long-term reading and academic outcomes. Upon tracking the alphabet knowledge of 172 children enrolled in their first year of Head Start, we identified that most of the children could name fewer than 10 letters at the beginning of the academic year. Approximately, one third of the children with low alphabet knowledge in fall made significant progress and demonstrated mastery of 10 or more letters in spring. For the children who started the year knowing fewer than 10 letters, receptive vocabulary was the best predictor of who would make gains in alphabet knowledge throughout the year. In addition, most children who entered Head Start knowing fewer than 10 letters knew letters from their first names and the letters A, B, or O. Implications for the management of emergent literacy skills for children at-risk for academic difficulties are discussed.

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49

Hardt, Julie, Nat Benjanuvatra i Brian Blanksby. "Do footedness and strength asymmetry relate to the dominant stance in swimming track start?" Journal of Sports Sciences 27, nr 11 (wrzesień 2009): 1221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410903220336.

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Couzin, J. "DRUG RESEARCH: Legislators Propose a Registry to Track Clinical Trials From Start to Finish". Science 305, nr 5691 (17.09.2004): 1695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5691.1695.

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